Hungary consists in the European Union. What European countries are not included in the European Union. EU Organizational Structure

The European Union is the association of states that interact with each other on a democratic basis and conduct joint activities in different fields.

Dear readers! The article tells about the typical ways to solve legal issues, but each case is individual. If you want to know how solve your problem - Contact a consultant:

Applications and calls are accepted around the clock and seven days a week..

It's fast i. IS FREE!

EU participating countries have general governments that ensure decision making at a single level. Consider a list included in the European Union in 2020.

History of the EU

As a result of the two world wars, the heads of European countries came to general consent that to ensure development and stability on the European continent, it is necessary to combine their efforts.

The beginning of the negotiations was the proposal of the Minister of France Shuman in 1950 on the combination of coal and foundry industries french state and Germany.

In 1951, an agreement was signed on the association of the coal and steel coal, whose participants were Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Italy and the Netherlands.

Having achieved success, these states continued their cooperation further. Further in 1957, the Roman Agreement was approved by the UES and the European Atomic Energy Community.

These unions put their main goal of the education of the community in the customs sphere and the cancellation of all trade prohibitions within the association, peaceful cooperation in the nuclear field.

In 1967, a combination of institutions of executive power of 3 associations took place, the result of which the European Commission, Council, Parliament and Court became the formation of the main structure, where the main bodies were the main bodies.

The next step in the history of the EU can be considered the formation of the Maastricht Agreement in 1992, the basis of which was the allocation of three basic EU basic steps - the European Community and interstate cooperation in the political sphere and the field of security, the legal database.

In addition, the agreement was regulated by the creation of a common currency unit and close political interaction.

A few years later, in 1996, an intergovernmental meeting was held in Turin, as a result of which the Amsterdam Agreement was signed in the summer of 1997.

With the onset of the new millennium, the main objectives of the EU are to improve the areas of cooperation and an increase in the number of new participants, the countries of the Central and Eastern parts of Europe are considered in priority.

States that are part of the European Union Table

In 1992, the EU state officially united, the list of participating countries gradually increased.

At present, their number is 28. We will list countries that are included in the European Union at the beginning of 2020.

Country	Year of joining
Austria	1995
Bulgaria	2007
Belgium	1957
British kingdom	1973
Germany	1957
Hungary	2004
Greece	1981
Italy	1957
Italy	1957
Spanish kingdom	1986
Denmark	1973
Ireland	1973
Lithuania	2004
Latvia	2004
Republic of Cyprus	2004
Malta	2004
Kingdom of the Netherlands	1957
Great Duchy Luxembourg	1957
Slovenia	2004
Slovakia	2004
Poland	2004
Finland	1995
French Republic	1957
Portugal	1986
Romania	2007
Croatia	2013
Sweden	1995
Czech Republic	2004
Estonia	2004

For the entire existence of the European Union, not a single state did not come from its composition. The only exception is Greenland, which left the EU due to the reduction of the fish catch quota in 1985.

Also in the summer of 2016, a vote was held in the UK, where most of the citizens supported the exit from EU membership. Consequently, there are still certain disagreements inside the union.

What you need to enter

Approved relevant standards that need to be conformed to be within the EU. Terms of entry are referred to in 49 article EU Agreement.

Criteria for potential participants of the EU were established in 1993 in Copenhagen, and then their confirmation occurred in 1995 in Madrid at the EU Council Meeting.

The main conditions of membership is considered:

Political stability, social justice, democratic principles of development, legal protection population and national minorities	The possibility of each citizen to participate in the process of determining the directions of work of the authorities, the unimpeded formation of political parties. Members of national minorities should not be infrigious and may have the right to communicate on native language and stick to their culture and national values
Economic stability, successful operation within the market competitive field	The economy of states planning to enter into the EU should withstand competition in the global market so that national producers can implement their products without tangible losses.
Compliance with standards (acquis)	Interaction within the borders of general policies, economics, unity of the currency system, legislative framework

If the state is not tested for compliance with these criteria, the EU contains a list of requirements that contribute to the norm to the norm of all indicators.

In the process of conducting reforms in states -Potential candidates, the EU monitors.

When all the necessary criteria reaches the established level, the EU holds a meeting on the decision on the possibility of incorporating the country into the European Union.

Features of economic activity

In the European Union, economic and foreign exchange policies intertwined between themselves and can only function together.

The main goal of economic policy is to create favorable conditions for the implementation of entrepreneurial activities and relationships with EU citizens.

An important component of the element is the unified financial system and monetary policy.

Along with this, a single currency unit is not able to function when the level of inflation and interest rate in the states differ to a large extent.

For this, the leadership of the European Union is developed joint economic Direction Development and regulation important indicators Economy at the European Union level.

Important features of economic activity is the regulation of price levels, inflation, financial and credit operations, tourism, implementation of mineral mining, etc.

In the case when one of the EU member states does not adhere to the Economic Development Course, the EU Council has the right to approve measures towards this country and control the process of their implementation.

The EU economy includes the economies of all participating countries. At the same time in international space it is represented by a separate mechanism.

The EU regulates all disagreements between its members, protects their interests in the world space. All participants in the European Union complement the total income of the community by their gross domestic product and general economic indicators.

Germany, Italy, France, Spain and the United Kingdom are given the greatest share of profits. The EU's special body keeps accounting revenues from each state individually.

Given all components of economic activities, it is possible to determine the volume of natural resources in a separate country.

Possible membership candidates

Most countries in the European continent seek to enter the European Union. For today, official applicants are Serbia, Turkey, Montenegro, Macedonia and Albania.

Possible applicants are also Bosnia and Herzegovina. Many states are not included in the range of probable candidates for entry, since they do not meet the declared criteria.

Video: Compare countries

Some countries signed an agreement on association with the EU, not only by European states and countries of other continents.

In 2014, the intention to join the European Union Ukraine and Moldova. Analyzing the process of entry into the EU, it can be noted that the European Union is aimed at taking into account the countries of other continents, considering their possible participation in the Union.

The United Europe has always been a dream for the inhabitants of the continent. Many times starting with the Middle Ages, her "collected" by the military. But the moment came when the countries of the continent united voluntarily, wanting to create a political community leading to economic prosperity.

The foundation of the new Union was laid by Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, France and Holland. Then the British, Danes, Irish, and Soon and the Greeks were added to them. But the story did not stand in place and the opportunity to become part of the new community was used by Portugal, Austria, Spain, then Hungary. Soon, two northern states - Finland and Sweden - it was also decided to join the European Union.

At the beginning of the 21st century, ten states hit the EU immediately. Approval to the entry was given to all three Baltic States, as well as Poland, Malta, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Cyprus. Bulgarians and Romanians became next who joined the ranks of the peoples united under the blue flag, decorated with golden stars.

Listed processes occurred from 1957 to 2013. The last participant of the Union became Croatia.

And in 2016, the first in the history of an attempt to leave the EU. The British government organized a general vote: the people spoke in order to break the relationship with the EU. The beginning of the department's process is scheduled for the end of March 2019, but before that time the UK remains a full component of European community. Therefore, now the United Kingdom has the same privileges and responsibilities as other European countries.

Which countries are no longer part of the European Union

On the European continent, quite a few states that could not get into the European Union. Switzerland planned to join, but the application was frozen after inside the country of universal voting. The Swiss referendum gave a negative result. For practically for the same reason, it is impossible to be seen in the EU and Norway lists. Here, the referendum was held twice, and both times the people voted against joining.

Eastern European states that have not entered the European Union made it for various reasons. If Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova have to bring their laws, the economy to comply with the EU standards, then Russia and Belarus did not express a desire to get into the number of participants in one European. And since 2014, the European Union supports the introduction of sanctions against the Russian Federation due to the situation around Ukraine and the Crimea.

Kosovo, Transnistria, Georgia, Moldova, Bosnia cannot be in the EU for political reasons. We are talking about unresolved territorial disputes. These states cannot qualify for equal membership until they decide their urgent problems.

Countries that came out of the EU

By 2019, states that would leave the EU, not yet. Perhaps only Greenland can be considered such a country. She was in the European Union as part of Denmark, but in 1985 it came out, because the fishermen of the harsh north island did not suit low norms for the extraction of fish.

The full precedent will create the United Kingdom, which begins to partition the European Union in the spring of this year. Following the United Kingdom, the organization may leave other states. How many countries in Europe are ready to do this? Analysts from America call six states that can follow the example of England. First, it is Sweden and Denmark. They advocate an increase in border control.

Greece binds their own economic problems With the restrictions that she has to be observed due to the requirements of the European Union. From the Athens - the capital of the state - the voices were repeatedly distributed, who declared their desire to leave the EU.

The problem of refugees also strongly influenced public opinion in Holland, Hungary and France. Euros Sacks have already become the majority of these countries.

Applicants for EU accession

Those who wish to replenish the ranks of the European Union are quite a lot. But official candidates may be considered no more than five of all possible applicants. As you can talk about Turkey, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, and Albania. Two more states are considered as potential associate members of EU - Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The state whose prospects get to the European Union are assessed as the best, called Turkey. It has been negotiating with the EU for more than 20 years. And the associate member is since 1964. The history of Turkey's attempts to get into the Union is full of contradictions.

The country has many supporters inside the organization. They believe that Turkey will strengthen the EU position in the region. Of course, there are both opponents, but despite this, maybe soon Turkey will be referred to on the maps as part of the European Union.

Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro just a couple of dozen years ago were parts of one country - Yugoslavia. They were formed as independent states quite recently. Therefore, the process of joining the EU countries lead a rather short time.

The EU himself spends huge money and great efforts to unite with Serbia, but the position of this country for a number of political issues makes doubt that accession is possible in the near future. Much closer to the introduction is now Montenegro. Macedonia due to political instability can be at all "overboard".

Requirements for applicants

The list of requirements to all who want to be part of the United Europe is reflected in the document that was drawn up in Copenhagen in 1993. According to him, each state subjected to a strict inspection, which submitted an application for entry into the European Union. Criteria are as follows:

following democratic principles. The state should not only adhere to them, but also be able to successfully apply when conducting internal and foreign policy;
the most important qualities of the European state with the right to get into the EU, are considered practical support at the state level of such democratic procedures as protection of the personality and defending the priority of legal law;
the country must successfully develop its own economy, increase its competitiveness;
the correlation of the principles and objectives of the policy of the candidate country with the European Union's course should be respected.

If the state refuses the results of the inspection, it is necessarily provided with a complete list of reasons for such a solution so that it can eliminate them and re-apply.

Graduation of European countries in the years of entry into the EU

Croatia managed to make the newest member of the European Union. It happened in 2013. Six years before this, joining was successfully completed by Bulgaria and Romania. They became part of the "fifth expansion", which began nine years earlier. Then the EU was replenished with Cyprus, Malta, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, the Baltic States joined. The number of members of the organization has increased significantly.

In 1995, the founding countries managed to attract Sweden, Austria, Finland. It turned out to unite with the Portuguese and the Spaniards at eighty six. Consult Greece in 1981. And welcome Great Britain, Denmark, Ireland in 1973.

Post-war Europe has long experienced the difficulty of recovery and mutual distrust. But by 1957, the Italians, the French and the Germans overcame contradictions, forgot the oldest lane and laid the beginning new story Europe.

Luxembourg, Belgium and Holland has also been assigned an important role. It was they who became the core of the new Union, which was in 1957 after signing in the Rome of the Interstate Treaty. He marked the creation of an economic organization, which for its more than half a century, transformed into the modern European Union. His symbol was the coat of arms depicting 12 sparkling stars on a blue field.

The history of the formation of the EU

Despite deep roots, the EU history is made to count down from 1948, when the Brussels Covenant on Safety Cooperation was signed. Three years later, a document was signed on the formation of the European Association of Coal and Steel (ESO). The contracts have put their signatures German, French, Italian representatives, as well as diplomats of Benilyuks countries. The headquarters of the Union is located in Brussels. In Europe, there has been a tendency to combine.

Relations between states developed. In addition to the broad economic cooperation, a single police and judicial space was created, the foundations of a single foreign policy and military security were laid. The Lisbon Agreement has formed the European Union in its modern form.

One of the fundamental documents that allowed us to formally, but to really erase the borders from the European maps, the agreement was signed near the small Luxembourg village of Schengen. The document allowed to cancel visas when moving within Europe and thereby create a visa-free zone, which was almost immediately called Schengen.

History of expansion

The forms of cooperation and the list of states that showed a desire to work together under the new rules were expanded. Of course, at first there were only six of them: Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, Germany and France. It took a long 16 years to make the first expansion. It happened in 1973 and participants became nine.

The largest increase in EU members was the fifth expansion. Document on accession was signed in 2003. The members of the "European Family" were ten states. The fifth expansion also includes accession to the European Association of Bulgarian and Romanian peoples in 2013.

The officials of the European Parliament promise that by 2025 the list of countries will be replenished again.

EC

The main political institution of the European Union, which is managed, - the European Council. At the congresses of the Council, all important resolutions are accepted that define the current EU policy. Here are the leaders of all countries in the EU. They are all the decisions that are then followed by all national states. Here, not only form political "wishes", but also create regulatory documents that are legally binding and mandatory for fulfilling all subordinate structures and the European Union, and national states.

Currency in the European Union

Euro - the official currency of the European Union. It has a walk in nineteen countries. Three states, being members of the European Union, still continue to use their own currency. But Andorra, Montenegro, Vatican, Monaco completely does not prevent one more currency, and the euro is used there as an official means of payment.

Control over the release, European Central Bank is engaged in the euro course. Another task is to define the financial and economic policies of the association. For the first time, releasing its new money to the foreign exchange market in 1999, the EU Bank provided them with a long life and great popularity. Today, euro - about the bottom of the world reserve currencies, it received this status thanks to the daughter of the jar located in Berlin, and the high status of the German brand, the actual heir of which she became.

Economic activities

It is directed, firstly, to eliminate the obstacles within the EU and, secondly, to uphold the interests of both the Union and its individual members at international trading platforms. The budget of the European Union is controlled by the European Accounts Chamber, the headquarters of which is located in Luxembourg.

Combining such world leaders industrial productionAs Germany, France, Italy, Britain, the European Union can rightly be considered one of the most powerful economic conglomerates. EU GDP is estimated as 22% of the world. Only China and the United States bypass him.

Also, the European Union is one of the world's GDP leaders per capita: the average amounted to about 35 thousand euros per year. In the eurozone largest wages leading Germany, and one of the lowest income among the citizens of Estonia.

Legal system

A unique system of law that appeared in the European Union is based on a general and functional law. These two pillars are the basis of the jurisdiction of the United Europe.

Functional law is a combination of two wonderful principles that complement each other. These are the principles of supremacy and direct action. The first of these announces the priority of the laws of the Union over the legal acts of states in the EU. The second allows the EU structures to apply laws not only to state entities, but also to residents - physical, legal entities, which have not previously been used by any supramitic structures.

Created in 1952 as a court with the EUUS. Now is the permanent Institute of the European Union. The basis of his work is permission and consideration of cases within its jurisdiction. Decisions decisions on legal issues. The activity is regulated by the Charter of the Court, which determines the formation, work, limits of competencies.

Member States, EU structures, physical and legal entities. His decision is required for all national vessels. Most of the cases disassembled by the court relates to the interpretation of EU laws, dispute resolution between EU members.

In Strasbourg, there is another important element of the European Legal System. This is a court that deals with cases related to violation of human rights. His jurisdiction applies to all who signed the Convention on the Protection of Basic Freedoms.

Political device

After signing the Lisbon Treaty in 2007, the EU political structure has changed. Executive, judicial, legislature acquired a number of additional functions and powers.

EU executive power has two components:

European Council;
European Commission.

Legislative power is presented:

European Parliament;
Council of the European Union.

The judiciary is a system consisting of three links:

Court of first instance;
Special judicial chambers.

The European Union has priority to the Member States of the Union at the conclusion of international agreements relating to customs rules, the conditions of trade competition, common trading policy, monetary policy, protection ambient and saving resources.

The political structure of the EU states is extremely diverse. The form of the board of some countries has not changed since the Middle Ages, the monarchy is installed there. Of course, there have been no traces of absolutism for a long time, and the kings exist only nominally, and in their essence all these european countries For a long time they are parliamentary or presidential republics.

Perspectives in politics

It is believed that the EU is now experiencing a crisis. Last years Many problems that European states tried to solve together for the Union. Heavy tests were the Ukrainian crisis and the situation around the Crimea, which led to complications of relations with Russian Federation and the emergence of military tensions in the territories located in almost the center of Europe. Also relevant problems of states North AfricaThe Middle East, which caused the appearance of hundreds of thousands of refugees.

The unity of the countries included in the EU was shaken, and the effect of Euros Sacks began to grow. A referendum in the UK was a particularly strong blow, which led to the country's exit from the European Union. But external and internal political challenges multiply are continuously tested for the strength of the "European Family". Is it so worn and one in 2018-2019? Most likely, only the joint efforts of all members of the Union will be able to lead to a happy resolution of all complex problems arising daily before the EU.

Basic political parties

Europaria act in several EU member states immediately. They are funded from the EU funds and interact with both officials of the European Union and representatives of individual states.

The oldest registered party is European folk, it has existed since 1976. Representatives position themselves as a liberal conservatives. It is the most influential political association of the EU.

It is worth noting such batchs like:

European Party Green (1984);
European Free Alliance (1989);
Party of European Socialists (1992);
Party of European Left (1998);
European Democratic Party (2004).

The rest of political associations are younger, they have not yet managed to acquire a sufficient political influence.

Corruption in the EU

Corruption regularly becomes the scourge of all major state formationsIf the control over the activities of financial institutions is insufficient, and the management is difficult, even confused. Such practices of bribery not only undermine the authority of democratic institutions, but also create a favorable ground for the development of organized crime.

According to the reports of various EU departments, the loss of 2018 corruption amounted to about 900 billion euros. The main problem is the insufficient control over the compliance of the law in some Member States of the Union. To combat these phenomena, it was proposed to compile a "corruption rating" of the EU states so that he could influence the distribution of the EU money.

EU armed forces

EU uniform armed forces has no. In its framework, various mechanisms of interaction between military national states were created. But mostly policies are in the framework of the authority of EU countries.

The main military association in Europe today remains NATO. It includes 27 European states, 22 of which are members of the EU.

Nevertheless, the agreement on the European Union, the new edition of which began to operate since 2009, provides for a significant interpenetration of military structures of various EU member states. But the military contingent subordinate to the EU directly is practically absent. Due to disagreements in the European Council, the optimal form of military integration is not yet found.

Population of the European Union

In 28 EU participating countries on an area of \u200b\u200babout 4.5 million square kilometers, the number of residents is more than 500 million people. The largest states in the population are Germany - 81 million people, as well as France - 65 million people. The national composition of Europe did not change in centuries. Various nations living side by side, have long been "laughed" to each other for a long time, and know everything about the habits and ethnic features of their neighbors. The population density in Europe is very high.

Another problem of Europe is high average age population. Every year the percentage of able-bodied Europeans decreases and the number of dependents increases.

It would seem that refugees can help, taking free jobs, but most of them live on benefits that are great enough to work out. Many do not even try to learn the language or to receive citizenship of their country shelter. Until the effective mechanisms for solving these demographic problems have been developed.

EU relations with other countries

Responsibility for links with states outside the EU carries a person who holds the position of Supreme Representative of the Union. Now there is Federica Moglerini in this post. Many EU countries are permanent members of the UN Security Council and are actively involved in international politics.

The European Union has existing cooperation agreements, trade with foreign neighbors. Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Tunisia, Turkey, wasraul managed to become good trading partners of the European Union.

The EU is one of the most important trading partners of Russia and the main consumer of Russian gas and oil. Geographical position EU countries makes it possible to quickly receive energy delivered by land with pipelines.

The EU actively leads not only trading foreign Policy. The diplomatic representations of the European Union work around the world. They are in New York, in the African Union and even in Afghanistan.

The main idea when creating the European Union (EU, the European Union) in 1951 (then the European Association of Coal and Steel) was to organize a single platform for trade and economic cooperation of 6 states without the risk of hostilities from each other. The European Union itself is fixed legally upon signing the Maastricht Treaty by 12 states in 1992. The countries included in the EU are independent, but at the same time obeying general laws relating to education, medical care, pension, judicial and other systems.

Definition and objectives of the European Union

The European Union is a unique organization that integrates European states who have signed an entry agreement in order to improve their lives in all spheres of public life.

EU activities in different fields:

Human rights and freedoms:

facilitating the preservation of peace and well-being of peoples;
providing citizens of freedom, security and legality;
promotion and protecting their interests in relations with other countries.

Economy:

creating a common domestic market;
maintaining healthy competition;
socio-oriented market economy;
promoting employment of the population;
social progress;
improving the quality of the environment;
scientific and technical progress.

Social sphere:

fighting discrimination, including gender;
social protection of the population;
ensuring equity;
protection of children's rights.

If the founding countries of the EU were aimed mainly to create a common steel and coal market, which would solve the problems of employment in these industries and increased production efficiency, then today the aspirations of the European Union have significantly expanded.

The European Union is designed to provide maximum cohesion and solidarity of the Commonwealth countries in terms of economic development, a territorial organization and social order.

EU countries must respect the wealth and diversity of national cultures of each other, as well as to protect the objects of pan-European cultural heritage.

List of European Union countries for 2020

Since the signing of the Maastricht Treaty process is underway The active development of the European Union: the number of participating countries is increasing, a single European currency is introduced, changes to the contracts are made. To learn how many countries in the EU for 2020, it is necessary to analyze the number of countries that have acceded to 12 EU States after 1992:

1995 - plus 3 countries (Austria, Finland, Sweden);

2004 - plus 10 countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Cyprus, Malta);
2007 - Plus 2 countries (Bulgaria, Romania);
2020 - Plus 1 Country (Croatia).

Thus, the number of countries in the EU in 2020 is 28.

Overdue loans, unpaid receipts of housing and communal services, alimony or fumes from the traffic police. Any of these debts may threaten the restriction of travel abroad in 2018, it is recommended to find out information about the presence of debt with the help of a proven service Retail.

Speaking about which countries are included in the EU, besides those listed above, we call the following:

Germany;
Belgium;
Italy;
Luxembourg;
Netherlands;
France;
Great Britain;
Denmark;
Ireland;
Greece;
Spain;
Portugal.

On the territory of the European Union countries adopted a standardized system of laws, a general market has been created, passport control is canceled within the Schengen zone, which also includes some other European countries that are not included in the EU.

All EU member states are obliged to coordinate their political decisions with other participants of the Union. EU money currency - Euro. To date, the 19 states of the EU introduced the euro in appeal, thereby forming a single eurozone.

EU Economy: Features and Principles of Functioning

The EU economy is the economic systems of all 28 participating countries, the level of which will differ significantly. At the same time, weaker states are supported by effective redistribution of funds and resources between countries. This happens through a common treasury, in which each state makes its share of funds, depending on the volume of the internal gross product (GDP). Such a policy is one of the main principles of the functioning of the EU (the principle of cohesion or cohesion).

On the one hand, such coordination of the economy contributes to social integration in the labor market, prevents unemployment and reduces it, eliminates regional imbalances in the European Union, on the other, can lead to exacerbation and mutual accusations of donor countries and recipients.

Thus, the most developed EU donor countries, that is, inventive more funds in the treasury than from there those who received Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Sweden, Denmark, Austria and Cyprus in 2020 were unhappy with the fact that new members of the Union In fact live in their account. This fact, as well as an increase in cheap labor arriving from countries of Eastern Europewere among the main reasons for the UK's intention to get out of the EU.

Exit UK from the EU: Situation for 2020

Brexit (from two words: BR - Britain - Britain, EXIT - exit), which was activated by the UK during a referendum regarding the country's membership in the European Union in 2020, expected in 2019-2020. Two years are assigned to the transition period, therefore, in 2020, Britain is still listed by the EU's active member.

Possible consequences Bracisite

On a global scale, the braces can negatively affect the development of the Official Development Assistance Foundation (ODA), since the contribution of Britain to the EU budget will decrease, and the European Union is the fourth largest donor in the world in the ODA.

Due to restrictions on the freedom of movement and trade after the UK exit, the British financial sector will be damaged from the EU. The predicted causes of this: problems in the turbines and outflow of qualified personnel. The result of brecsite can also be a significant reduction in the incomes of the working population - according to experts, the loss of British families will be almost one and a half thousand euros annually.

Another possible consequence of Bracisite is the branch of Scotland from the UK. As you know, in 2020, the Scots raised the issue of leaving Britain, and the votes for and against it was then divided then almost equally - 44.7% and 55.3%, respectively. And since Scotland, in contrast to England, intends to remain in the EU, then the braces may force the process of obtaining independence.

Causes and consequences of the referendum - 2017 in Catalonia

The main reason for modern separatism in Catalonia, one of the richest and most developed regions of Spain, lies in the dissatisfaction of the local government and the population by the distribution of state budget funds. The snag lies in the fact that Catalonia pays in the general treasury of the country much more than gets back.

On October 1, 2020, the Catalonia authorities organized and held a referendum on the exit of Catalonia from Spain. However, the authorities of the country this procedure was found illegal. Despite the actions of the Spanish police aimed at blocking the voting, the survey was still held. 43% of voters managed to vote, 9.2 were disconnected, and 7.8% against.

The official recognition of the results of the referendum by the authorities of Spain did not happen. Instead, the Parliament of Catalonia acting at that time was dissolved, the element led by the leader Karles Puchndemon was removed, and early parliamentary elections were appointed for December.

To date, it is definitely not determined which party will form a government. However, according to experts, Madrid is configured to the uncompromising solution of the conflict in favor of preserving the integrity of Spain.

Copenhagen criteria for joining the EU

Entry into the European Union is not available for all countries. Only states can count on membership in the EU, clearly relevant to the Copenhagen criteria adopted in 1993 at the EU meeting in Copenhagen. So, inside the candidate country should:

Observe the principles of a democratic state state.
There is a market economy capable of competing in the European market.
Recognize the rules and standards of the European Union.

Negotiations are held with the Candidate Candida Court, then check for compliance with the above criteria. Based on careful analysis of data, a decision is made on the possibility (or inability) of membership in the Union.

Countries applying for accession to the European Union

Among those who want to join the EU not only developed states, but also countries with developing economies. In 2020, the following official candidates for EU accession were identified:

Turkey - Application since 1987.
Macedonia - 2004.
Montenegro - 2008.
Albania - 2009.
Serbia - 2009.

Disposal negotiations are already underway with three of these countries - Turkey, Montenegro and Serbia. All candidates, except Turkey, signed an Association Agreement, which is usually preceded by accession to the EU.

And finally, the most interesting is to restrict the debtors abroad. It is about the status of the debtor the easiest way to "forget", going to another abroad. The reason may be overdue loans, unpaid receipts of utilities, alimony or fines from the traffic police. Any of these debts may threaten the restriction of the exit abroad in 2020, find out information about the presence of debt we recommend using a proven service Retail. RF

Only three and a half weeks left until May 1 - the Day of Expansion of the European Union. "One European Family" will increase almost twice. EU members will be Hungary, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Czech Republic and Estonia. Total ten states. But even after that, there will be many countries that are not members of the EU in Europe. Moreover, it is not only economically underdeveloped or politically unstable countries, not only dwarf states like Andorra and Monaco, but also, for example, quite prosperous Norway, Iceland, finally, Switzerland.

Swiss themselves are jokingly called their country island. After all, if not considered a tiny Liechtenstein, then the "Alpine Republic" is surrounded by the EU states from all sides: in the north - Germany, in the West - France, in the south - Italy and East - Austria.

More recently, most residents of Switzerland performed categorically against joining the European Union. Certificate is the results of the referendum last three years ago. However, recently, many Swiss overcome doubts: did they choose the right choice then? In more detail about today's sentiments of the residents of the Alpine Republic, it will be in the material that prepared Joachim Schubert-Ankenbauer.

It seemed that on March 4, 2001, all points over "I" are arranged. As it became clear after summing up the referendum, three quarters of Swiss did not want to join the "United European Family", then you mean to the European Union. So it is not surprising that at the fall in Switzerland, the parliamentary elections none of the major parties decided to make joining the EU the main theme His election campaign, says political scientist Claude Lonshan:

For the public, the relevance of this topic has lost their former importance. Switzerland began to cooperate very closely with the European Union after signing bilateral contracts with him, but at the same time, the country is still not a member of the EU. It is about this that the Swiss always dreamed.

Agreements governing the issues of moving the EU residents in Switzerland, the order of transit of freight transport, has already entered into force. The question of signing the second package of documents is discussed. Nevertheless, critics indicate that it is not possible to solve all available problems with bilateral contracts. In particular, Germany recently decided to limit flights over the southern regions of the country in order to reduce the level of aviation noise. This measure directly affects the interests of Switzerland. After all, the main airport of the country in the suburb of Zurich is just 12 kilometers from the German border.

By the way, on the border itself is also not safe. Switzerland is not included in the Schengen zone. Until recently, it did not prevent the inhabitants of the Alpine Republic to at all freely visit Germany and other EU countries. However, now the situation has changed. Swiss still does not need a visa in order to enter Germany. But after tightening the rules, German customs officers and border guards now inspect and check passports from everyone without exception to people crossing the Swiss-German border. This is 700 thousand people every day.

As a result, in checkpoints at first there were often queues. The crossing of the border is now much longer than before. It is even concerned about to re-make a mandatory stamp in the passport when crossing the border.

As a result, Switzerland also herself is no longer averse to join the Schengen Agreement. This was stated by the head of the Swiss Department of Finance Hans-Rudolf Merz. True, there is one "but". Bern insists on keeping secrets banking operations. The European Union requires Switzerland to refuse this principle. This, according to EU countries, will prevent the removal of illegally acquired capital in Switzerland. That's right, they melt, please in the Schengen zone.

But even greater indignation caused Brussels's intention to introduce duties to the re-cons of goods from the Alpine Republic. Taking similar measures is a serious test for the Swiss economy. The European Union went on concessions, promising to postpone, but not to cancel the decision to collect duties. In response to the indignation of Bern, FRG Foreign Minister Yoshka Fisher during negotiations with the Swiss government, in particular, said:

We are discussing many questions, the decision on which is not the Federal Republic of Germany, but European Union generally. And I ask you to understand that in the future the number of such solutions will increase rather than it will decrease.

It becomes obvious that with the help of two-sided contracts alone, all conflict situations will not succeed. So, even an agreement on the crossing of the EU residents in Switzerland should already be reviewed due to the upcoming expansion of the European Union. Otherwise, the flow of the workforce from Eastern Europe is injected into the labor market of the "Alpine Republic".

Nevertheless, it is not in a hurry to join the confederation of the Confederation in the European Union. Especially after at the fall of the parliamentary elections, the Swiss People's Party managed to achieve significant success, and Her leader Christoph Blocher, which is extremely critical towards the EU, entered the government.

But the mood of the residents of the Alpine Republic changed a few. According to the survey reports published at this Sunday, now the seven of the ten Swiss in the long run is not going to protest against the accession of their country to the European Union. Responding to a question about the problems that Switzerland is experiencing is, one of the residents of the country said:

Everything will be resolved by itself after Switzerland becomes a member of the European Union. Everything is simple. And someday it will happen.

Interestingly, the Swiss cantons are more friendly in relation to the EU than the government in Bern. At the meeting held at the end of March, most of the heads of cantons stated that the policy of concluding bilateral agreements with the European Union leads to a dead end.

We formulate it like this: in the long run, most cantons can submit entry into the EU as their strategic goal,

She stated, for example, the representative of the canton Basel Hans-Martin Cugh. So the discussion on the accession of Switzerland to the European Union may soon be defeated with new powers. It is possible that an additional impulse will serve as an extension of the European Union on May 1.

Among other highly developed European countries not included in the EU, Norway and Iceland are emphasized. Unlike Switzerland, these countries have never taken into service the principle of "eternal neutrality". Both Norway and Iceland - NATO member since the founding of the Alliance. Just the inhabitants of these countries, until recently, believed that they were better and more profitable to enter the European Union. So, in Norway over the past three from a small decade, two referendum has already been held on the issue of joining the EU. And both times - in 1972 and 1994. - Norwegians were opposed to join the "United European Family".

However, soon in Norway, one more thing is already one - the third participation is the referendum on this issue. This recently stated Prime Minister Hiel Magne Bunnevik. At the same time, he, however, found it necessary to add:

I do not want it to be perceived as if everything was already predetermined. I have not changed my point of view, now it simply does not need to urgently take some decision on this. But since there is a lot in the EU now, we just need to be aware of what is happening to know what European Union we have to build relationships after the elections in 2005.

Until recently, Hiel Magne Bunnevik was considered one of the most tary opponents of accession to the European Union. In 2001, when he came to the position of Head of the Cabinet, no one had no doubt about his negative attitude to the possible membership of Norway in the EU. So, the prime minister often reminded that in the case of the country's entry into the European Union, people employed in the field of agriculture and fisheries will undoubtedly suffer. What caused the Bunnevik to change the position?

According to the Prime Minister, two circumstances played the main role. First, the adoption in the EU 10 new member countries. Secondly, the need to strengthen the European Union as a counterweight of the United States in world politics and economics.

True, according to experts, there is another circumstance, which Hiel Magne Bunnevic pretended to be silent. We are talking about the research of public opinion, testifying to the growth of the popularity of the idea of \u200b\u200baccession to the European Union. According to the latest polls, two thirds of the Kingdom's population are advocating for the entry of Norway in the EU. More than ever.

Unlike Norway or Switzerland, the Balkan Republic (be on their will) would come to the EU tomorrow ... and better - right today. The misfortune is that no one is waiting for them in the European Union. The political situation in the Balkans remains too unstable, the economy of the former Socialist Republics is relatively poorly developed. Nevertheless, the prospect of joining the European Union, say, countries like Croatia, Albania and Macedonia seems to be very real. Let not now, even if not in 2007, when, expected, the "United European Family" will be replenished by Romania and Bulgaria, but sometime it will happen. The first step is already made. Two weeks ago, the Government of Macedonia sent to Ireland (the country presiding the EU governing bodies now) an application for the beginning of negotiations on the issue of accession to the European Union. Details - in the message Zoran Yordanovsky.

It was planned that the ceremony of the transfer of the official application for accession to the EU will be held in Dublin on February 26. However, on this day there was a tragic event: as a result, the President of Macedonia, Boris Trinkovsky, and eight more people who were on board the aircraft were killed as a result of the aircraft crash. The ceremony was postponed, and the government delegation led by Prime Minister Branco Tsrvenkovsky urgently returned to Skopje.

At the funeral of the deceased president, the Chairman of the European Commission Romano Prodi said:

We are calm for the political future of your country. Boris Triakovsky's dream is that Macedonia has become a full member of progressive and peaceful Europe, must be incarnated.

Unlike Switzerland or Norway among the political establishment of Macedonia, there are no yarn opponents of the country's entry into the EU.

The future of Macedonia and the future of the whole region depends on integration into European and transatlantic structures.

With the statement of the head of the Macedonian Foreign Ministry Mitreic Solidarity and representatives of all opposition parties.

But Macedonia has a lot of problems, without deciding which, should not even think about joining the European Union. Corruption flourishes in the country, there is no effectively fighting organized crime, money laundering, women's traffic and drug trafficking. The state still failed to reform the law enforcement system, to ensure independence judicial authority.

In the deplorable state is the economy. Many enterprises that have been inherited from the socialist past have not been working for a long time. As a result, every third adult resident of Macedonia today has no work. The average salary in the country is 175 euros. 30 percent of the population bare ends with ends. What to say is to achieve the standards generally accepted for the EU will be very difficult. This is aware of the Prime Minister of Macedonia Branko Tsrvenkovsky:

We cannot be content with a small level of economic growth, because (realistically assessing the situation) is not enough to bring the country to a qualitatively different level of development. We need to make a sharp jump forward. This requires investment. Our own capabilities are limited, so we make a bet on foreign capital. To do this, we should demonstrate our capabilities and openness of the country to attract foreign investors in such a way. In the economic and trade sector - the same as in any other life spheres is very important to create an atmosphere of confidence.

About how successful measures taken by the current government of Macedonia will become clear in the coming years ...

The idea of \u200b\u200bforming a community of European countries appeared after the Great Patriotic War. At the official level of the country of the European Union, they united together in 1992, when the corresponding contract was signed.

Dear readers! The article tells about the typical ways to solve legal issues, but each case is individual. If you want to know how solve your problem - Contact a consultant:

Applications and calls are accepted around the clock and seven days a week..

It's fast i. IS FREE!

The list of countries participating in the European Union has been expanding, and today there are about 28 countries. Consider more EU participants and the system as a whole.

What is the European Union

European countries that have entered the union possess government sovereignty and independence.

Moreover, each possesses:

personal national communication language;
personal authorities executive power, not only local, but also central.

Despite this, there are a lot of things unite. In particular, there are specific requirements for which countries must necessarily comply with, including the adoption of key political issues in strict agreement with other EU states.

Countries that have expressed a desire to become a full participant in the European Union will be forced to prove the fact of commitment to the basic principles of the contract and European values, in particular:

democracy;
providing human rights protection;
principles of free market trading in the context of the modern economy.

The European Union also has personal self-government bodies, in particular:

general Parliament - it includes representatives of all states;
general judicial authority;
general Commission to address various issues;
coalition for the consolidation of funds.

Thanks to the general standards of the legislation of those countries that are included in the European Union, it is safe to talk to the formation of a single market.

Most of them are used in the process of their vital activity a single monetary unit - euros.

Moreover, many European Union countries are part of the Schengen zone, which provides the opportunity to civilians without any difficulties to travel throughout EU countries.

The whole list of states today (table)

In 2020, the list of EU countries, which are included at the official level, has the form:

Austria	Spain
Bulgaria	Denmark
Great Britain	Lithuania
Hungary	Cyprus
Italy	Holland
Slovenia	Poland
Portugal	Romania
Czech Republic	Estonia
Belgium	Ireland
Germany	Latvia
Greece	Malta
Luxembourg	Slovakia
Finland	France
Croatia	Sweden

These countries are part of the European Community. In addition, there are several other countries that only claim to enter the community.

Among them are distinguished:

Serbia.
Montenegro.
Macedonia.
Turkey.
Albania.

From recently, Ukraine is also claimed to join the EU, but taking into account the political and economic situation, there can be no more speech about full membership.

It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that a special EU card was developed, thanks to which it can be clearly examined by geography.

The economic activity of the Power, which are included in the European Union, contains a lot in common.

In particular we are talking The fact that the economy of each individual country is quite independent, but all of them must contribute specific shares, of which general GDP is formed.

Additionally, it is necessary to pay attention to the Customs Union policy in the European Union.

This suggests that full members of the EU may well trade with other participants without any specific restrictions and at the same time without duties.

It is important to remember - in the case of other states that are not full members of the EU, unified customs tariffs have been established.

In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that for the entire period of the Association Treaty, no one has ever ruined the agreement.

Exception is only Greenland. This Danish autonomy with significant powers, in 1985, decided to exclude membership in the Union.

In many respects, it was the result of a decrease in quotas for fisheries. One of the last sensational world events was the holding of a referendum about the exit from the UK EU in June 2016, when most of the local population voted for it.

However, in fact. The United Kingdom remains a full member of the EU, and this has become a reason to start solving numerous problems.

Requirement for candidates for entry

To be able to become a full member of the Union under consideration, it is extremely important to fully comply with the declared criteria that find their mapping in international Law, refer to as "Copenhagen Requirements".

The so-called etymology of documentation is dictated by the place of its formation. Requirements for potential applicants were developed and adopted in Copenhagen back in 1993 during the meeting of the European Council.

To the main list of requirements, which are extremely important to compliance, is customary:

In most cases, potential applicants for joining the European Union are subject to impressive verification, based on the results of which the appropriate decision is made.

Upon receipt of a negative solution in a particular country, the state will be issued an official list of grounds, on the basis of which the corresponding answer was made.

In this situation, it becomes necessary to eliminate the identified inconsistencies in the maximum deadlines.

Only, in this case, it is possible to re-submit applications and rely on full participants in the European Union.

As practice shows, years and even decades can be revealed to correct the identified inconsistencies.

Perspectives of adoption

The process of globalization every year covers more and more spheres of life. Moreover, exceptions do not exist both for large and small countries.

Thanks to the enhanced interaction of peoples and continents, in general, it allows us to talk about the maximum activation of competition.

It is very difficult to achieve, if you act alone, because of which territorial associations were formed and formed, and some of them achieve major players at the world level.

According to the indicators of the economic development of the state, which are a full member of the European Union, precisely such players and are considered.

Many years of experience in the formation of interethnic state formations arose to modern years.

In particular, we are talking about the 19th century, when some European countries made repeated attempts to form such unions.

But at that time the numerous contradictions and the lack of a sufficient level of competition among other countries did not benefit the opportunity to realize such plans.

Video: Initial aspects

Using the experience of past years, in modern world Asian countries, as well as a direct EU competitor, America, were significantly strengthened, because of which the question regarding the compound and unity was again raised among the leaders of European states.

Today, an unstable military and political situation around the world only says that many countries have plans to become full members of the EU, since in this case you can count on improving personal defenses and the objectives of your state.