January 5, 1949 was created Council of Economic Mutual Assistance (CEV). The countries of Socialist Europe became the participants of the new Commonwealth, namely: Romania, Bulgaria, Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. After a few months, Albania joins them, and the next year and the democratic part of Germany (GDR).
The main reason for the creation of this economic association in 1949 was the devastating and large-scale consequences of the Second World War. The countries of Eastern and Western Europe during this global military conflict suffered incredible human and economic losses. The financial sector of these states was completely destroyed. Recovery required not only industry, but also a residential sector, as well as infrastructure, not to mention the population. There were regular supplies of raw materials, equipment and, definitely food. In solving these issues, the formation of CMEA was called upon.
Sav's headquarters was in Moscow. The SEA senior authority was the session, management was carried out by the Executive Committee and the Council Secretariat who were in Moscow. The session was determined the activities of the activities and discussed issues included in the competence of the SEA.
The creation of CEA initially assumed that it would include only European states and the USSR. However, in 1962, at the next meeting, it was decided that other countries that are fully separating and supporting the main objectives of the association could be found that participants in the Union. Such correction of the SEA policy made it possible to include the Mongolian People's Republic, Vietnam and Cuba as part of the participants. However, in 1961, Albania ruined all agreements and ceased to participate in the Union, due to the change of state position by the government of the country. Despite the fact that the CMEA was formed by 1949, its active activity is the economic community beginning only in the 60s. It was during these years that the leadership of the largest State party (USSR) it was decided to turn union into a kind of socialist camp with a common market. In other words, the semblance of the modern European Union was created.
Since 1964, CEAs have begun to actively interact in a large-scale system of banking mutual settlements. All operations were made through the MBES (International Bank for Economic Cooperation), established in 1963. Seven years later, a new financial structure appeared. Its task was the issuance of long-term loans to implement the plans of the community. This organization received the name of the International Investment Bank.
In the 70s, an active work was carried out on economic association and interpenetration. A CEV program was developed, which assumed the development of higher forms of state integration: investments, production cooperation, cooperation in the field of scientific and technical developments. It was during this period that various international concerns and enterprises arose. A barter system of trade between participating countries was coordinated via CEV, coordination was carried out and mutual binding of plans.
The share of CMEA member countries in 1975 accounted for a third of world industrial production, the economic potential of these states has grown several times since 1949. At the beginning of 1975, SEV supported relations with more than 30 international, intergovernmental and non-governmental economic and scientific and technical organizations.
In October 1974, the organization was provided by the status of an observer in the UN. However, inside the coalition, the trend towards the capitalist path of market development was brewed. USSR made attempts to join new economic programs, but unsuccessfully. The political situation of the 80s led to the change of governments and the state system in a number of participating countries (the Soviet Union itself, including).
Formally, SEA was dissolved in 1991 on the initiative of his members. At the same time, it should be noted that the creation of SEA allowed many European countries to revive the ruled war and climb the new level of economic development.
Session of the Executive Committee of the Council of Economic Mutual
The main reason for the collapse of CEV - by the time of his joining the "path of socialism", most countries have not reached the high stage of industrial maturity, which involves the formation of internal incentives for integration. The collapse of the CMEA to a certain extent contributed to the issuance of the desired for the actual and production of non-working integration programs.
Mostly trading, which, for decades, the Coclarage Country for decades has led to the fact that almost all the members of the village were confident that they are deceived that their country gives more than getting. Socintiggration led to leveling economies of CEV member countries: strong lost, and weak won. If you compare the economic situation in countries of Eastern Europe In 1928 (peak of pre-economic lift) and in the 1970s (the most successful period of operation of the SEA), it turns out that the proportion of Eastern European countries in the world industrial production increased from 6.6 to 8.6%. In this case, Romania rose from 0.3 to 1%, Bulgaria - from 0.1 to 0.6%, the share of Hungary - 0.36 to 0.6%, while the share of Czechoslovakia decreased from 1.7 to 1 , 5%, and GDR - from 2.8 to 2.4%
For the USSR and Russia, SEV played a twofold role. On the one hand, the USSR was the owner of debt in the amount of 15 billion rubles. The fact is that in 1975-1985, the partners in the block should have USSR 15 billion rubles., During the period from 1986 to 1990, the roles changed: now the Soviet Union has already owed 15 billion rubles. Since the Council of Economic Communications has ceased to exist in the moment unfavorable for the USSR, it was necessary to pay to the debts. On the other hand, the USSR was acquired by experience in creating an organization regulating economic activities several countries.
Revolutions in the countries of Eastern Europe, the collapse of the USSR, the education of new states in Eurasia.
Social problems.
The deterioration of the economic situation in the countries of Eastern Europe led, ultimately, to the manifestation social problems. Unemployment arose, explicit or hidden inflation devoted wages, worsened food security. They began to disappear those traits of lifestyle, which in the mass consciousness entrenched as "conquest of socialism": no unemployment, social stability, solid prices. Totalitarian socialism has exhausted the latest arguments in their defense as more "advanced" system. The previous ways became ineffective, without which the existence of a totalitarian society is impossible.
Disappointment and discontent accepted various forms. The GDR population preferred to depart in Germany, which took mass forms, despite the repressions of the authorities and total surveillance. In Poland, discontent flowed into the strike movement. In 1980, during the strikes, an independent trade union "Solidarity" arose, which headed the electrician with the Gdansk shipyard Lech Valens. "Solidarity" absorbed almost all opposition forces and turned into a mass organization: its number reached 10-11 million people. The government was forced to enter into negotiations with her. The authorities were thrown a serious challenge .. Hands connected and feet participation in the Afghan adventure soviet leadership It was not possible to directly intervene in the events. But it had a powerful impact on the leadership of Poland, demanding the prohibition of "solidarity". In December 1981, a martial law was introduced in the country. All leaders of "solidarity" were arrested, and the trade union himself was dissolved. But the Military Government of Poland could not find exit from the current situation. The decline in production continued. Solidarity has saved mass support. Her illegal organizations continued to function. The crisis of totalitarian socialism became universal: economic, social, political and moral. But so that he is resolved, I needed an external push. Such an impetus was the beginning of restructuring in the USSR. The resulting changes have played a two-way role in this sense. M.S. Gorbachev began to maintain in these countries with supporters of change and "renewal of socialism". Former leadership lost the support of the USSR. In addition, the USSR recognized the right of the people to choose the path of development. For the peoples of Eastern Europe, this meant that the Soviet intervention is now hardly possible.
The collapse of the Iron Curtain.
In the field of political, as a rule, a line continued to eliminate totalitarianism. In foreign Policy The turn was especially cut. Democratic forces began to seek the withdrawal of Soviet troops from their territory. Everything international organizationsCreated by Eastern European countries with the participation of the USSR, were dissolved.
Walking of the Berlin Wall.
Everything is more insistent, the requirement of accession to the economic and political unions of the West countries has been set. Crumbled "Iron Curtain", separated by Europe all the years " cold War". In the first days of the revolution in the GDR, a free transition to West Berlin-Berlin Wall ceased to exist.
Collapse of totalitarian socialism.
The 40-year history of totalitarian socialism in Eastern Europe ended. Communists, capturing the power here and starting the "Construction of Socialism", promised a sharp acceleration of the development of these countries. This goal was achieved in 40-50 years. Industry has become the leading industry in the economy. Agriculture was transformed. Most residents of these countries have become citizens. Grew up the level of education of the population. But sowing with the colossal victims to ensure the jerk forward to the industrial society, totalitarian socialism turned out to be unable to solve the problems of this more highly developed society. The collapse of totalitarian socialism in Eastern Europe and the USSR created a new situation in Europe. Now there is not a single totalitarian state.
Disintegration of the USSR.
The changes started in the USSR in 1985 were affected and the foundations of the state device. Although the USSR was under the Constitution by the Federal State, none of the 15 Allied republics had real power. Therefore, they began to demand greater independence from the center. These requirements have intensified as the economic situation deteriorates when the center was not able to stop it. In the 1989-1990 elections, supporters of strengthening independence of the republics, up to their separation from the USSR, were invariably overlooked. The strongest movement for independence was in the Baltic Republics, Armenia, Georgia and Moldova.
But the decisive role was played by a growing movement for strengthening the sovereignty of Russia - the largest republic. After the election of Boris Yeltsin, the President of Russia, the conservative leadership of the USSR tried to make a coup, remove the republics of independence of the republics and to preserve the USSR. But the path undertaken in August 1991 failed, on December 8, 1991. Leaders of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine Stanislav Shushkevich, Boris Yeltsin and Leonid Kravchuk- stated in Belovezhskaya Pushcha about the cessation of the existence of the USSR and on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
Section of the Armed Forces.
The collapse of the USSR set a lot of problems in new states. The question arose about the armed forces. First, the CIS countries tried to save the combined armed forcesBut then each began to create your own. We had to share the USSR military property. The most controversial is the question of the division of Russia and Ukraine of the Black Sea Fleet. Becoming the successor of the USSR, Russia has retained the status nuclear power. Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, in whose territory it was nuclear weapon, agreed to declare themselves with non-nuclear states and transfer it to Russia. Baltic countries generally refused to join the CIS and demanded an output russian troops. This conclusion was completed in 1994.
Ways of economic development republics.
Become independent, republic former USSR Let's go different ways of economic development. The ruble stopped being a common currency, they all acquired their own monetary systems.
Warsha? Hussy contract? P (Agreement on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance) is a document that issued the creation of a military union of European socialist states under the lead role Soviet Union - Organization of the Warsaw Treaty (ATS) and the consolidated bibolarity of the world for 34 years. The conclusion of the contract was a response to the accession of Germany to NATO.
The contract was signed by Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, GDR, Poland, Romania, the USSR and Czechoslovakia on May 14, 1955 at the Warsaw Meeting of European States to ensure peace and security in Europe. The contract entered into force on 5 June 1955. April 26, 1985, in view of the expiration of the term, was extended for 20 years.
In accordance with his terms and charter of the UN, the States Parties to the Warsaw Treaty were obliged to refrain in their international relations From the threat of strength or its use, and in the case of armed attack on any of them, they have an immediate assistance to be attacked by the states by all means, which they are necessary, including the use of armed forces.
At the Moscow meeting of the PAC (1958), a declaration was adopted, in which it was proposed to conclude a non-aggression pact between the States parties to the Warsaw contract and members of NATO.
In the DCC meeting adopted at a meeting in Moscow (1960), the Allied States declaration approved the decision of the Soviet government unilaterally refuse nuclear tests provided that the Western powers will not resume nuclear explosionsAnd encouraged to create favorable conditions for completing the development of a nuclear weapon testing agreement.
At the Warsaw Meeting of the PAC (1965), the provision established in connection with the plans for the creation of multilateral NATO nuclear forces was discussed, and protective measures were considered in case of the implementation of these plans.
The Budapest Meeting of the PAC (1966) - adopted declarations on strengthening peace and security in Europe. In connection with the transformations in the USSR and other countries of Central and Eastern Europe, on February 25, 1991, the State Parties to the ATS abolished its military structures, and on July 1, 1991, a protocol on the complete termination of the contract was signed in Prague.
Hovie? T savings? Česka mutual propellant (CEV) is an intergovernmental economic organization operating from 1949 to 1991, created by decision of the economic meeting of representatives of Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the USSR and Czechoslovakia. Sav's headquarters was in Moscow.
1949 at the Moscow Economic Meeting of Representatives of the USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia at the Moscow Economic Meeting of Representatives of the USSR and Czechoslovakia, but of its activities began about 1960, when the USSR leadership was trying to make a sv kind of socialist alternative to the EEC (European Economic Community or "General Market", the predecessor of the European Union). His goal was the economic and scientific and technical cooperation of socialist countries. Also developed uniform standards and norms for the participating countries.
In October 1974, SEV received the status of an observer in the UN. The goal of creating CMEA is to promote the association and coordination of the efforts of the Council member countries to further deepening and improving cooperation and the development of socialist economic integration, systematic development of the national economy, the acceleration of economic and technical progress, an increase in the level of industrialization of countries with less developed industry, continuous growth of labor productivity, gradual rapprochement and leveling levels of economic development and the steady rise in the welfare of the peoples of CEA member countries.
Initially, the staff of the Moscow Meeting was included in the composition of CEV, and then adopted: Albania (February 1949) and German democratic Republic (September 1950).
The Government of Yugoslavia, which was openly held on the path of hostility towards the Soviet Union and the countries of the People's Democracy, was not taken to the SEA statement of Yugoslavia that the act of discrimination was allegedly committed against her, the Government of the Soviet Union was made as unreasonable.
At the beginning of its activities, SEA focused its efforts mainly on the development of trade between socialist countries. In the future, the coordination of national economic plans of the Council participating countries is increasingly becoming increasingly becoming the coordination of national economic plans.
The activities of the CMEV had a number of important positive results: in countries included in this organization, a developed industry was created with the help of other members of the SEV, construction was carried out, scientific and technical cooperation was carried out, etc. SEA contributed to the integration of economic systems of the participating countries, their progress in economic and technical development. Through CMEV, Clearing (barter) coordinated trade between participating countries was coordinated and the mutual binding of national economic plans was carried out.
In 1975, the share of members of the CMEA members accounted for a third of global industrial production, the economic potential of these states increased from 1949 several times.
Meanwhile, the scale and forms of production cooperation inside the SEA significantly lagged on Western standards. This gap increased due to the immunity of non-market economy to the HTR.
On January 5, 1991, at a meeting of the Executive Committee of the Council of Economic Communication, which was held in Moscow, it was decided to transform the SEA to the Organization of International Economic Cooperation.
June 28, 1991 In Budapest, CEV member countries: Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, Cuba, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR and Czechoslovakia at the 46th meeting of the Council session signed a protocol on disbanding the organization. At the same time, the history of socialist economic integration was completed.
Separate structures originally created within the framework of the CEA (for example, an international bank of economic cooperation, an international investment bank, an interperspension), exist and continue their activities so far.
The main reason for the collapse of CEV - by the time of his joining the "path of socialism", most countries have not reached the high stage of industrial maturity, which involves the formation of internal incentives for integration. The collapse of the CMEA to a certain extent contributed to the issuance of the desired for the actual and production of non-working integration programs.
For the USSR and Russia, SEV played a twofold role. On the one hand, the USSR was the owner of debt in the amount of 15 billion rubles. The fact is that if in 1975-1985 the partners in the block should have been USSR 15 billion rubles, and for the period from 1986 to 1990, the roles changed: now the Soviet Union has already owed 15 billion rubles. Since the Council of Economic Communications has ceased to exist in the moment unfavorable for the USSR, it was necessary to pay to the debts. On the other hand, the USSR was acquired experience in creating an organization governing the economic activity of several countries.
SEV is an intergovernmental economic organization of socialist countries established in 1949 with headquarters in Moscow. United NRB, VNI, SRV, GDR, Cuba, MNR, Poland, SirD, USSR, Czechos. With the collapse of the USSR and the Socialist Commonwealth ceased existence. Now in the building of the headquarters of the SEV houses the Moscow City Hall.
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Incomplete definition ↓
CEV) - intergovernmental economy. Organization Socialist. countries created to facilitate, by combining and coordinating the efforts of Council member countries, a systematic development of Nar. x-wa, acceleration of economy. and tech. progress, acceleration of industrialization of countries with less developed prom.; Continuous increase in labor productivity and the steady rise in the welfare of peoples in these countries. The decision on the creation of SEAs (originally uniting only Europe. Countries) was accepted for economic. Meeting of representatives of Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the USSR and Czechoslovakia, which took place on 5-8 yans. 1949 in Moscow. In 1949, Albania entered into SEV (since the end of 1961 ceased to take part in the work of the SEA due to the split position occupied by its leaders), in 1950 - GDR, in 1962 - MNR (after the 1962 Council of the Council held in June 1962 In his charter, the reasons allowed to take Neenev in Sav. Countries that share the principles and goals of the Council). Organizer The design of the Council happened at the first session held in Apr. 1949. In St. 1964 Agreement was concluded between the SEA and the PRI of the SFRA on the participation of Yugoslavia in the work of the CMEA bodies. Representatives of the DRR, DPRK and the Republic of Cuba are involved as observers in the work of CEAs. Until 1966, in the work of SEV, representatives of the PRC participated as observers. Cooperation in the SEA is carried out in accordance with the underlying socialist. internationalism principles of complete equality, respect for sovereignty and national Interests , mutual benefit and friendly mutual assistance. Compliance with these principles makes it possible to successfully overcome well-known difficulties in the development of efficiency. Socialist cooperation. Countries related to differences in the level of economy. Development, unequal security of raw materials resources, etc. Forms of cooperation within the framework of the SEA are developing and improved as the economy of the Council member countries grow and grow. At the first stage (approximately in 1949-57), the cooperation of CEA countries mainly covered foreign trade, the transfer of technical. documentation and scientific and technical. Experience. All R. 50s, when the conditions for cooperation in the field of production, sectoral commissions were created, and CEA members began to coordinate their economies. plans. But only at the next stage (1958-62) this form of collective activities was widely developed. Held on May 20-23, 1958 in Moscow Meeting of representatives of communist. And the workers' parties of the CMEA participants gave fundamental instructions on the development of promising development plans for their drugs. H-VA, paying attention to the need for specialization and cooperation of the production, all-possible development of raw materials of the Nar. X-Wa and energy, introduction of new technology. 2-3 feb. 1960 Communist meeting was held in Moscow. and workers' batches of socialist. European countries devoted to the exchange of experience in development with. xy. Meeting participants recognized appropriate to develop production and forage crops in all CEA member countries and expressed SEAs to study the possibilities of specialization in S.-H. Engineering, as well as in the production of Chemis. Funds for needs with. xy. In the same years, the CMEA bodies adopted recommendations on specialization and cooperation of the production of many types of engineering products, plastics, synthetic. rubbers, chemical. fibers, mineral fertilizers, individual types of rolled products, the development of the raw material base of CMEA member countries; It was decided to build the "Friendship" oil pipeline and the Mir power system. Refused scientific and technical. cooperation. June 6-7, 1962 A meeting of communist representatives was held in Moscow. and workers' parties of the CEV member countries, which pointed out that the coordination of nar.-host. The plans are the main method of CMEA's activities, and approved the "basic principles of the international socialist division of labor", developed by the 15th session of the Council. This meeting marked the beginning of the third stage of the activities of the SEA (1962-69), characterized by the deepening and expansion of cooperation of its participants. July 24-26, 1963 held a meeting of the first secretaries of Communist. and workers' parties and heads of the CMEA members, which developed the areas of work on the coordination of the people. Plans for 1966-70 (Further work on the coordination of plans for these years was carried out in the same way as in 1956-60, 1959-65, countries and bodies of the Council). July 7, 1966 A new meeting of communist managers took place in Bucharest. and workers' parties and heads of the SEA member countries; Its participants declared the need for further development of mutual cooperation. In accordance with the recommendations of the CEA in the 60s. A number of large economies were carried out. events: in the 1st floor. 60s. The "Friendship" oil pipeline was built and the Energy Systems of the CEA Members (Mir Energy System ") were combined, in 1963 an agreement on multilateral calculations in translated rubles was concluded, in 1964 internationally was organized. Bank economy. cooperation. Successful development of specialization, cooperation and other forms of economy. and scientific and technical. Cooperation of CEA countries find an expression in socialist. Economy. Integration, K-paradium is an objective, systematic adjustable process of rapprochement, mutual adaptation and improvement of efficiency. The structures of these countries, the formation of deep and sustainable relations in the leading branches of production, science and technology, expansion and strengthening of international internationals. Market of CEA countries by creating relevant economies., Technology. and organizational conditions. The transition to this new stage of cooperation marked the 23rd (special) session of the CEV held in Moscow 23-26 Apr. 1969 with the participation of the first secretaries of the Central Committee Communist. and workers' parties and heads of the CMEA members. The session decided to proceed with the development of the main directions of further economic development. and scientific and technical. Cooperation of CEA member countries and specific measures relating to their implementation calculated for a long-term future period. These measures should contribute to the development of effective, sustainable international international. specialization and cooperation of production, especially in industries that determine technical. progress; Promote the development of links between the Mine, Hoz. org organizations, enterprises, scientific, technical., research institutes, as well as the creation of concerned countries as the need for the transfier. Scientific and technical. and others. Org-cues. In accordance with the decisions of the session, the investment bank of the CMEA member countries was established, temporary working groups were formed on the development of a comprehensive, calculated on the long term of the program of further deepening and improving the cooperation of CEA member countries. Taking into account the decisions of the 23rd session, work began on the coordination of nar.-host. plans for 1971-75. Interested countries, it is recommended to carry out joint planning for some types of metal-cutting machines, electronically calculate. Techniques, container transport system, some deficient types of sheet rolled, pipes and other profiles. In 1970 interested countries - Members of the SEA created by international. In-t Economy. Problems of world socialist. Systems for complex theoretical., Methodological. and applied developing problems of socialist. integration. In order to improve the contractual basis of the ECONOM. Cooperation within the framework of CEA in 1969, a meeting was formed by representatives of the CMEA member countries on legal issues. Cooperation collaboration in the field of construction of the host. Objects by joint efforts of the SEA stakeholders. A lot of work is carried out to improve the forms of foreign trade. and currency and financial relations, according to standardization. On May 12-14, 1970, the 24th session of SEV was held in Warsaw, the question of the course of the implementation of the decisions of its 23rd session was considered. The session approved the presented proposals for improving cooperation in the field of the planning activities of the CEA member countries and made decisions aimed at the successful completion of work on the compilation of a comprehensive program of further deepening and improving cooperation and development of socialist. Integration of CEA member countries. The Multilateral Activities of SEA facilitates a number of topical problems of the development of Nar. H-Wa of its participants, satisfying more and more of their need for raw materials, fuel and energy, black and non-ferrous metals, products Chemical. Prom-Sti, Mechanical Engineering, Radio Engineering and Electronics. Due to the mutual supply of the country, the CMEA members satisfy 98% of their imported need for coal, 96% in petroleum products, approx. 80% - in iron Rud., 95% - in machines and equipment. Soviet deliveries play a big role. They almost fully satisfy the needs of CEV countries in oil and cast iron, on 3/4 - in petroleum products and phosphate fertilizers, on 3/5 - in cotton and steel of ferrous metals, almost half in the skin, by 70% in timber. The supply of the USSR cover one third of the imported needs of CEV member countries in machines and equipment. OK. 90% of the needs of CMEA member countries in electrocars and electric devices and 20% of their batteries satisfy Bulgarian exports. Hungary provides the basic needs of CEV member countries in buses, diesel trains, equipment. GDR provides countries - CMEA members with refreshing trains, cement plants, blacksmith-presses. From the MNR of the country - the members of the CMEA receive wool, fur-fur and leather raw materials, as well as a platituate sword. Poland supplies in countries - members of the Sev ships, complete equipment Chemical., Sugar, yeast plants, passenger cars. Romania delivers petrobrow and oil refractory equipment, chemical equipment. Industry. From Czechoslovakia Countries - Members of the CMEA receive equipment for chemical. Prom-stove, metal cutting machines, electric locomotives, rolling and other equipment. ACTIVITY CES for the organization of efficiency. and scientific and technical. Cooperation contributes to the rapid increase in the economy of CEA member countries. In 1969 compared with Dovonen. Level prom. production in Bulgaria increased 33 times, in Hungary - 7.7 times, in the GDR - 5.6 times, in MNP - at 17 times, in Poland - 15 times, in Romania - 15 times, in USSR - 11 times, in Czechoslovakia - 6.6 times. The share of CMEA member countries in world industrial production reached almost one-third in 1969. The activity of CEAs is determined by its charter adopted on Dec. 1959, with amendments made on the 16th (July 1962) and the 17th (Dec. 1962) of SEV sessions. The highest authority of the Sav - Session of the Council; The main execution. The authority will execute. The Committee, which has a bureau fulfill. Committee on Consolidated Hosase Questions. plans. In order to promote the development of efficiency. Relations and organization of multilateral cooperation in PL. branches of nar. H-Wa has established regular commissions, as well as a meeting of representatives of freight and shipowner. Org-qi of the CEV member countries, the meeting of the leaders of waterfront. CMEA member states and Institute for Standardization. The Council has a secretariat that is its economy. and the executive authority (the location of the secretariat - Moscow). Secretaries SEV: Apr. 1949 - March 1954 - A. I. Lotoskov; March 1954 - June 1958 - A. A. Pavlov; Since June 1958 - N. V. Faddeev. LIT: Multilateral Economic Cooperation of Socialist States (Collection of Documents), M., 1967; Faddeev N. V., Council of Economic Mutual Assistance, M., 1969; Ivanov N. I., international economic relations of a new type, M., 1968. L. I. Lukin. Moscow.
The Warsaw Agreement (Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance) is a document that issued the creation of a military union of European Socialist states of the leading RisoSovtsky Union-organization of the Warsaw Agreement (ATS) and the consolidated bibolarity of the world for 34 years. The conclusion of the contract was a response to joining the FRGGKNATO.
The treaty was signed by Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, GDR, Poland, Romania, Sssrichoslovakia14 May1955 at the Warsaw Meeting of European States to ensure peace and security in Europe.
The contract entered into force on 5 June 1955, on April 5, 1985, due to the expiration of the term, was extended for 20 years.
In accordance with his terms and conditions of the UN Charter, the States Parties to the Warsaw Agreement were obliged to refrain in their international relations from the threat of force or its use, and in the case of armed attack on any of them, to attack the state immediate assistance to all means, which will be introduced to them necessary, including the use of armed forces.
At the Moscow meeting of the PAC (1958), a declaration was adopted, in which it was proposed to conclude a non-aggression pact between the States parties to the Warsaw contract and members of NATO.
The Allied States declaration adopted at the DKC meeting in Moscow (1960) approved the decision of the Soviet government to unilaterally abandon the nuclear tests of the condition that Western powers will not resume nuclear explosions, and encouraged to create favorable conditions to complete the development of the Treaty Treaty Treaty.
At the Warsaw Meeting of the PAC (1965), the provision established in connection with the plans for the creation of multilateral NATO nuclear forces was discussed, and protective measures were considered in case of the implementation of these plans.
The Budapest Meeting of the PAC (1966) - adopted declarations on strengthening peace and security in Europe.
In connection with the transformations in the USSR and other countries of Central Eastern Europe, February 251991, its military structures are parties, A1 July 181 in Prague signed a protocol on the complete termination of the contract.
The Council of Economic Mutual Assistance (SEA) is an intergovernmental economic organization, which operated C1949P1991, created by decision of the Economic Meeting of Representatives, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Svrichoslovakia. Interested in VMoskwe.
1949 was created at the Moscow Economic Meeting of Representatives of the USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia at the Moscow Economic Meeting, but it was truly active about 1960, when the USSR leadership was trying to make a sigh kind of socialist alternative to the EEC (European Economic Community " general market, "predecessor European Union). His goal was the economic and scientific and technical cooperation of the cocialist countries. Also developed uniform standards and norms for the participating countries.
In October 1974. SEV received observer status in UN. The goal of creating SEA is to promote the association and coordination of the efforts of the Council member countries to further deepen and improving cooperation and the development of socialist economic integration, the systematic development of the national economy, the acceleration of economic and technological progress, to increase the level of industrialization of countries with less developed industry, continuous growth of labor productivity, gradual rapprochement and leveling levels of economic development and the steady rise in the welfare of the peoples of the CMEA member countries.
Initially, the staff of the Moscow Meeting was included in the composition of CEV, and then adopted: Albania (February 1949) and the German Democratic Republic (September 1950).
The Government of Yugoslavia, which was openly held on the path of hostility towards the Soviet Union and the countries of the People's Democracy, was not taken to the SEA statement of Yugoslavia that the act of discrimination was allegedly committed against her, the Government of the Soviet Union was made as unreasonable.
At the beginning of its activities, SEA focused its efforts mainly on the development of trade between socialist countries. In the future, the coordination of national economic planners - participants of the Council is increasingly becoming increasingly becoming the coordination of national economic planners.
The activities of the CMEV had a number of important positive results: in countries included in this organization, a developed industry was created with the help of other members of the SEV, construction was carried out, scientific and technical cooperation was carried out, etc. SEA contributed to the integration of economic systems of the participating countries, their progress in economic and technical development. Through CMEV, Clearing (barter) coordinated trade between participating countries was coordinated and the mutual binding of national economic plans was carried out.
In 1975, the share of the CMEA member countries had a third of global industrial production, the economic potential of these states increased from 1949 several times.
Meanwhile, the scale and forms of production cooperation inside the SEA significantly lagged on Western standards. This gap increased due to the immunity of non-market economy to the HTR.
January 51991 At the meeting of the Executive Committee of the Council of Economic Compact, which was held in Moscow, it was decided to transform the SEA to the Organization of International Economic Cooperation.
June 281991 In Budapest, CMEA member countries: Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, Cuba, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, the USSR and Czechoslovakia at the 46th meeting of the Council session signed a protocol on disbanding the organization. At the same time, the history of socialist economic integration was completed.
Separate structures originally created within the framework of the CEA (for example, an international bank of economic cooperation, an international investment bank, an interperspension), exist and continue their activities so far.
The main reason for the collapse of CEV - by the time of his joining the "path of socialism", most countries have not reached the high stage of industrial maturity, which involves the formation of internal incentives for integration. The collapse of the CMEA to a certain extent contributed to the issuance of the desired for the actual and production of non-working integration programs.
For the USSR and Russia, SEV played a twofold role. On the one hand, the USSR was the owner of debt in the amount of 15 billion rubles. The fact is that if in 1975-1985 the partners on the block should have been USSR 15 billion rubles, then over the period from 19861990, the years have changed: now the Soviet Union has been owned 15 billion rubles. Since the Council of Economic Communications has ceased to exist in the moment unfavorable for the USSR, it was necessary to pay to the debts. On the other hand, the USSR was acquired experience in creating an organization governing the economic activity of several countries.
