FISH FISHING AGENCY

Kamchatka State Technical University

Policy Faculty

Cateraeconomics and management

Examination on discipline

"WORLD ECONOMY"

Option number 4.

SUBJECT:International organizations of total competence and their activities in the field of economic cooperation: the Council of Europe; Commonwealth of Nations; League of Arab states; Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe - OSCE.
Performed Checked

Female student 06Aus Io Head

Remote form of training Department Economics and management

Miroshnichenko O.A. Eremin M.Yu.

CHIFRA CANCEL BOOK 061074-CF

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Introduction p. 3 - 5
Council of Europe. p. 6 - 12
Commonwealth of Nations. p. 13 - 15
League of Arab states. Page 15 - 18
Organization for Safety and Cooperation in Europe - OSCE

p. 19 - 26

Bibliography.

Introduction

In modern international relations, international organizations play a significant role as a form of cooperation between states and multilateral diplomacy.

Starting from the creation in 1815, the Central Commission of Navigation on the Rhine International organizations are endowed with their own competence and authority.

For modern international organizations, further expansion of their competence and complication of the structure are characterized.

Currently there are more than 4 thousand international organizations, of which more than 300 are intergovernmental. In the center there are UN.

The following features are characterized for an interstate organization:

Membership States;
The presence of constituent international Treaty;
permanent organs;
Respect for the sovereignty of Member States.

Taking into account these signs, it can be stated that the International Intergovernmental Organization is the association of states established on the basis of an international treaty to achieve common goals having permanent authorities and acting in the common interests of Member States in respect of their sovereignty.

The main sign of non-governmental international organizations is that they are not created on the basis of an interstate contract (for example, the Association of International Law, League of Red Cross Societies, etc.).

According to the nature of membership, international organizations are divided into interstate and non-governmental. In a circle of participants, international organizations are divided into universal (UN, its specialized agencies) and regional (Organization of African Unity, the organization of American states). International organizations are also divided into the organization of general competence (UN, OAU, OAS) and a special (World Postal Union, International Labor Organization). The classification by the nature of the authority makes it possible to allocate interstate and sustained organizations. The first group includes the overwhelming majority of international organizations. The purpose of the supreme organizations is integration. For example, the European Union. From the point of view of the procedure for entering into them, organizations are divided into open (any state can become a member at its discretion) and closed (acceptance with the consent of the founders).

International organizations are created by states. The process of creating an international organization takes place in three stages: the adoption of the constituent document, the creation of the material structure of the organization, convening the main bodies.

The first step implies the convening of an international conference to develop and adopt the text of the contract. Its name may be different, for example, the Statute (League of Nations), the Charter (UN, OAS, OAU), Convention (WPU, WIPO).

The second stage involves the creation of the material structure of the organization. To this end, specially prepared bodies are most commonly used, which prepare draft rules for the procedure of future organs of the Organization, recycle the entire range of issues relating to the creation of headquarters and others.

The convening of the main bodies is completed by the events for the creation of an international organization.

Council of Europe.

This is an international regional organization uniting European countries. The Charter of the Council was signed in London on May 5, 1949, entered into force on August 3, 1949. The Council of Europe appeared in 1949 and currently includes 41 states in its composition. The purpose of this organization is to seek rapprochement between the States parties by promoting the expansion of democracy and the protection of human rights, as well as cooperation on culture, education, health, young people, sports, rights, information, environmental protection. The main bodies of the Council of Europe are in Strasbourg (France).

The Council of Europe plays an important role in the development of pan-European legislation and, in particular, in solving problems of legal and ethical nature arising in connection with the achievements of scientific and technological progress. The activities of the Council of Europe are aimed at developing conventions and agreements, on the basis of which the unification and changes in the legislation of Member States are subsequently carried out. The Conventions are the main elements of interstate legal cooperation that have binding force for their ratified states. The conventions relating to legal support of entrepreneurship include the Convention on the laundering, identification, withdrawal and confiscation of income from criminal activity.

Twice (in 1993 and in 1997) held meetings of heads of states and governments of the Council of Europe. Within the framework of the Committee of Ministers, which is the highest body of the Organization and is collected twice a year as part of the Foreign Ministers of Member States, the political aspects of cooperation in these areas are discussed and (on the basis of unanimity) recommendations for the governments of member countries, as well as declarations and resolutions on International political issues related to the field of the activities of the Council of Europe. The Congress of local and regional authorities, recently created as the Council of Europe, is designed to promote the development of local democracy. Several dozen expert committees are engaged in the organization of intergovernmental cooperation in areas relating to the competence of the Council of Europe.

The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, which is the adviser body of the Council of Europe, is very actively active, and which presents parliamentarians of national legislative bodies (including from opposition parties). The Parliamentary Assembly is a consultative body and has no legislative authority. It consists of representatives of the parliaments of the Council of Europe member states. Each national delegation is formed in such a way that it represents the interests of various political circles of their country, including opposition parties. It is the main initiator of the activities carried out by the Council of Europe and conducts its plenary sessions three times a year, taking the recommendation to the Committee of Ministers and National Governments, organizing parliamentary hearings, conferences, colloquiums, forming various committees and subcommittees, research groups, etc. churring the following economic and social directions:

Economic issues and development issues;
agriculture and rural development;
Science and technology;
social issues;
Environment.

The political role of the Secretary General of the Council of Europe, which is elected by the Parliamentary Assembly, organizes the daily work of the organization and speaks on its behalf, carrying out diverse contacts in the international arena.

In all major areas of its activities, the Council of Europe is carrying out numerous events that promote not only the development of cooperation between Member States, but also to the formation of some objectives for them in the organization public Life. The number of representatives from each country (from 2 to 18) depends on the number of its population. The Assembly Council consists of the Chairman and 17 of his deputies. The election of the Chairman of the Assembly is held every year. The Parliamentary Assembly holds its plenary sessions three times a year. It takes a majority recommendation to the Committee of Ministers and Governments of Member States, which fall into the basis of specific areas of the Council of Europe. The Assembly organizes conferences, colloquiums, open parliamentary hearings, elects the Secretary General of the Council of Europe and the judges of the European Court of Human Rights. In 1989, the Parliamentary Assembly established the status of a specially invited country to provide him with Central and of Eastern Europe Prior to their reception in full members. Such status remains so far the Republic of Belarus.

The structure of the Council of Europe includes the administrative and technical secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, who is elected for five years.

The internationally political confrontation existing on the continent made it impossible to participate in the Council of Europe of Socialist countries. With the end of the Cold War, the activities of this organization was given a new impetus, which prompted her to focus on the issues of democratic transformations. As a result, even the entry into the Council of Europe became an additional stimulus for their implementation. Thus, newly accepted into the Council of Europe, the state should have committed themselves to sign the European Convention on Human Rights, which included in 1953, and adopt the entire combination of its control mechanisms. The conditions for the accession of new members to the Council of Europe are also the presence of a democratic legal device and carrying out free, equal and universal elections. It is also important that many issues of the formation of civil society in post-socialist countries have become the subject of attention within the framework of the Council of Europe. Among them, the problems of protecting national minorities, local government issues.

The Council of Europe is an authoritative international organization, the participation itself in which serves for all Member States of a kind of evidence of their compliance. high standards pluralistic democracy. Hence the possibilities of impact on those countries in the Council (or candidates for joining the Council of Europe), where there are certain problems on this basis. At the same time, it can cause concerns of the respective countries regarding unacceptable interference in their internal affairs. In other words, the activities of the Council of Europe are often inscribed in one or another internationally political context and is considered by the participants primarily through the prism of their immediate foreign policy interests; Naturally, as a result, quite serious conflicts may arise. This has not happened more than once, for example, in connection with the internal political situation in Turkey in Belarus, the problem of the rights of the Russian-speaking population in some Baltic countries, separatist movement in Chechnya (Russia), when discussing the issue of accession of Croatia to the Council of Europe.

Within the Council of Europe, the European Commission on Human Rights is functioning. European Court of Human Rights, European Center for Youth. Constant Conference of Local and Regional Authorities in Europe, Social Development Fund.

European Convention on the most developed by the Council of Europe various questions cooperation. More than 145 such conventions have already been adopted. In some of them, for example, in the European Convention on Human Rights, only States members of the Council of Europe can participate, in others, for example, in the European Convention on Culture, are all European states.

"Pompidou Group", which is an interdisciplinary cooperation body at the level of ministers (including 28 Member States), is engaged in the fight against drug addiction and drug trafficking.

In the field of environment and regional planning, the Council of Europe provided a number of regulatory acts aimed at protecting the environment in Europe and to develop integrated arrangement and planning of territory development.

The Convention for the Conservation of Wildlife and the Environment in Europe, known as the Bern Convention, covers all aspects of nature conservation. She entered into force in 1982.

The European Conference of Ministers responsible for regional planning (seed), convened regularly since 1970, aims to conduct such a regional planning policy that will ensure the permanent economic and social development and environmental protection in expanded Europe.

The European Charter of Regional Planning puts forward a global, functional and long-term concept of regional planning, which, along with others, sets goals: the harmonic socio-economic development of the regions; Environmental protection and rational use of land.

In the social sphere, the Council of Europe aims to increase the level of social protection and assistance in the field of employment, vocational training and protection of the rights of workers. In 1997 Two recommendations were adopted:

about the organization, activities and role of public employment services;
on the development of small and medium enterprises.

Work is underway to follow up:

initiatives to create jobs outside the main labor market;
Social and economic consequences of structural changes in the economy of European states.

The social development fund created in 1956 as the financial body of the Council of Europe "acts as a development bank", acquired in last years Social orientation. The fund provides up to 40% of the total value of investment loans to finance the following areas:

creation of jobs in small and medium-sized enterprises in economically unfavorable zones;
on vocational training programs;
construction of housing and creating social infrastructures;
Environmental Protection: Recycling, Waste Processing;
Modernization of rural areas - the creation of basic infrastructures.

An important area of \u200b\u200bthe Council of Europe is the creation of a consumer health protection system. The system of controlling the use of hazardous chemicals in the production of food, as well as in medicines, cosmetics and their packaging is developing.

Commonwealth of Nations.

It is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states to implement cooperation, consultation and mutual assistance. It is not based on the contract, has no written constitutional act or statute. The relationship between member countries is defined in the Westminster Statute 1931. As a relationship of independent, equal and voluntary countries. In the Declaration on the principles of the Commonwealth, adopted in 1971, confirmed the voluntary nature of the association in the Commonwealth of countries with a wide range of common interests: the preservation of international peace and order; equal rights for all citizens; Strengthening international cooperation to ensure progress; elimination of gaps in the welfare levels of countries; The right of citizens to participate in democratic political processes. Commonwealth members - 53 countries.

The main activities are:

support for political and economic cooperation;
promoting the sustainable development of the economy of member countries;
fulfillment of consulting, executive and information functions;
Development and implementation of the Commonwealth programs, the organization and holding of conferences, seminars, workshops and other events on the following issues: Economic and social development, technology, science, education, vocational training, human rights, democracy and other. Declarations on various problems of world politics and economics are accepted at conferences. So, in 1987. Declaration of world trade was adopted; in 1989 - Environment Declaration; In 1991 - Declaration on fundamental rights and others.

The head of the Commonwealth Member States recognize the monarch of Great Britain.

Meetings of heads of government of the Commonwealth countries are held once every two years. They are discussed questions international situation, regional problems, economic, social, cultural issues, Commonwealth programs. Decisions are made by consensus. Meetings of the ministers of the deliberative and advisory nature are held regularly with the participation of ministers of finance, trade, education, health, labor, etc.

The central coordinating body and the head of the intergovernmental structure is the secretariat established in 1965. and headed by the Secretary-General. The Secretary General and its three deputies (on political issues; on economic and social issues; on technical cooperation) are appointed heads of government. The Secretariat has been developing programs and organizing conferences, seminars and conducting various events. The Secretariat supports communication with almost 300 organizations, of which 200 are non-governmental. In his work, the Secretariat relies on the Commonwealth Fund, which promotes the expansion of relations between professional groups in member countries; encourages the creation of associations; Supports conferences and assistance in organizing vocational training.

The activities of the Secretariat are funded by five different budgets, funds:

Financial funds allocated from the Commonwealth budget;
funds allocated from the budget of the Scientific Council of the Commonwealth;
due to the technical cooperation fund;
along the youth community of the Commonwealth;
At the expense of the Advisory Group on Technology Management.

The Commonwealth Technical Cooperation Fund, established in 1971, is funded by the voluntary contributions from governments. It is the main source of financial support for the secretariat in its development work. The Fund provides assistance to Member States, finances experts, advisers, consultants, national personnel training.

League of Arab states.

The League of Arab States (LAG) was established in 1945 and there are currently 22 member states. This voluntary association of sovereign Arab states, whose goal is to streamline links and coordination of policies and actions of member countries in various fields. The objectives of the League, in addition to the organization of cooperation in the political, economic, social, financial, trade, cultural, and other areas, include the settlement of disputes and conflicts between participants, as well as the adoption of measures against external aggression. But the main thing in the activities of the League is politics, not the economy, so it does not aim to create a free trade zone or a common market.

The supreme body of the League is going twice a year the Council in which each State party has one voice. The adopted unanimously is required for all countries adopted by a majority vote - only for those who voted "for" since 1964 regularly convene a conference of heads of state and governments of the League countries. Located in Cairo General Secretariat of the League ensures its current activities. Within the framework of the lag there are over two dozen different structures - Economic Council, Joint Defense Council, Administrative Tribunal, Specialized Organizations (Industrial Development, Agriculture, Education, Culture, Science, Telecommunications, Combat Crime, etc.).

The lag founded a number of institutions and specialized organizations, including those providing promoting entrepreneurship. It:

Arab management organization;
Arab labor organization;
Council of Arab Economic Unity;
Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development;
Arab Bank of Economic Development in Africa;
Arabic organization of agricultural development;
Arab organization of standardization and meteorology;
Arab Academy of Maritime Transport;
Arab Union of Telecommunications;
Arab founded Fund;
Arab Institute of Oil.

Lag plays an important role in maintaining close relationship between Arab countries, coordinating their actions in connection with the problems for them. For a long time, this organization was the main tool for identifying "Arab solidarity" in confrontation with Israel and at the same time a field of clash approaches of various Arab countries to the problem of Middle Eastern settlement. The League also showed activity during the Persian Gulf War (1990-1991) and the crisis associated with the problem of inspections in Iraq, suspected in the production of weapons of mass destruction, and US threats to produce air bombing (1997-1998).

In order to address issues affecting the interests of the Arab countries, special committees are formed in the framework of the Lag (Committee of the Eight "on the position of the territories occupied by Israel, the" Committee of Three "on Lebanon, the Committee of Three" on the Middle Eastern settlement, the "Committee of Seven" on Libya, "Committee on Jerusalem", "Committee of Seven" on Iraq, etc.).

League Member States are simultaneously members of specialized agencies with Lag, such as: Arabic organization of industrial development and mining sectors of the economy, Arabic Organization of Agricultural Development, Arab Organization for Atomic Energy, Arabic Organization of Labor, Arab Mail Union, Arabic Satellite Communication Organization (ARABSAT) and etc.

Financial assistance is provided by Lag controlled institutions and organizations. The Lag also has a Council for Economic Issues, including the Ministers of Economics and their representatives who discusses and coordinate the economic and social policy of member countries.

Members of the Lag are: Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Yemen, Qatar, Comoros, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, UAE, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia.

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).

The OSCE's forerunner as an international organization itself was a meeting on security and cooperation in Europe, convened in 1973 on the initiative of the USSR to overcome tensions in relations between East and West. His work participated in the United States, Canada and most European states with various political, economic and social systems. The main goal of the participating countries was to strengthen international discharge and stability on the European continent, the development of mutual understanding between the peoples and the establishment of international private contacts in the field of culture. At the Budapest CSCE Summit in 1994, it was decided to renaming the CSCE in the OSCE. Thus, the OSCE was a logical continuation of the CSCE. Therefore, in journalism and scientific literature Often write a CSCE / OSCE as two organically complementing each other in international relations.

The political significance of the OSCE is primarily in its uniqueness compared to other international government organizations in Europe. This is almost the only European security organization directly engaged in early warning, resolving conflicts and post-crisis restoration in crisis regions, as well as preventive diplomacy, election observation, environmental safety in Europe.

The fundamental CSCE / ODE document is the Helsinki Final Act, signed on August 1, 1975, USA, Canada and 33 European states. This document was designed to consolidate the established "status quo" on the European continent and continue further movement towards the discharge of tension in relations between the West and East. It contained basic principles that determine the norms of relationships and cooperation of the participating countries and consisted of three sections (or three "baskets") corresponding to the number of main tasks of the meeting.

OSCE members are 55 countries. A distinctive feature of the CSCE / OSCE is the universal nature of this organization: its participants were not only almost all European states, but also the USSR, USA and Canada, and the main basic provisions of the meeting / organization are aimed at ensuring security in Europe. It is quite obvious that the universal nature of the CSCE / OSCE was also provided by the procedural rules, namely: the principle of consensus when making decisions and the principle of equality of participating countries. The final act was considered as a documentary confirmation of the current balance of the forces of two military-political blocks ( NATO and ATS) and non-aligned countries.

After the collapse of the USSR and the completion of the ideological confrontation between the West and East, former opponents attempted to transform a CSCE (and then the OSCE) to a pan-European organization engaged in maintaining security in Europe, resolving conflicts, developing new arms control agreements, as well as measures to strengthen Trust in the military field. It was at that time that such key documents were developed and signed such key documents as the Paris Charter for New Europe, an agreement on conventional weapons in Europe (CFA), an agreement on the open sky, the "third generation of confidence and security strengthening measures" and other agreements. Thus, the participating countries tried to "adapt" the OSCE to new realities that prevail on the continent after the end of the Cold "war".

The expansion of NATO to the east and increasing the level of cooperation between the North Atlantic Alliance and Russia led to significant geopolitical changes, without putting, however, doubt on the role of the OSCE as the only Pan-European International Governmental Organization. This organization is practically inseparable from the "key ligament" of NATO - the EU, it is often used by individual participating countries for indirect "sounding" of their own national interests. So, for example, in the late 1980s - early 1990s, Mikhail Gorbachev and Francois Mitteran Tried to oppose the OSCE NATO. In fact, Paris and Moscow were not interested in further strengthening NATO, since they did not have sufficient organizational resources to influence the decision-making process within the framework of NATO, which is under the strong influence of the United States. Moreover, in 1994, the Prime Minister of France, Edward Balyndyur proposed to make a CSCE / OSCE with the main peacekeeping organization in the resolution of the conflict in the former Yugoslavia. Russia also supported this position and up to the 1999 Istanbul Summit tried to "promote" the OSCE as a basic act in the field of European security. However, criticism russian action In Chechnya, at the OSCE Istanbul Summit, as well as the increased cooperation between Moscow with NATO in the end led to a partial loss of Russia's interest in OSCE as an organization to maintain security in Europe. At the beginning of the 21st century. Russia is implementing a pragmatic foreign policy and recognizes NATO as a key organization in the field of European security.

The OSCE Permanent Council consists of representatives of the States Parties and, in fact, is the chief executive body of the OSCE. The Council is going once a week in the Vienna Congress Center "Hofburg" for discussion current status Cases in the area of \u200b\u200bthe territorial responsibility of the OSCE and the adoption of relevant decisions. Like the Council, the Security Cooperation Forum is collected once a week in Vienna for discussion and decision-making on issues related to the military component of pan-European security. This is especially true of confidence and security measures. The Forum also deals with issues related to new security challenges and resolving conflicts in the OSCE Responsibility Area. In turn, the OSCE Economic Forum is going once a year in Prague to discuss economic and environmental issues affecting the security of the participating countries.

The meeting at the highest level or the OSCE summit is periodic meetings of the heads of state or government of the OSCE member countries. The main task of the summits is to determine the political orientation and priorities for the development of the organization at the highest level. Each meeting is preceded by a preparatory conference, during which the diplomats of Contracting Parties control the implementation of the main legal obligations adopted by the OSCE. They agree to the positions of the participants and prepare the basic documents for the upcoming summit. During the existence of the OSCE, 6 summits were conducted. The most significant were:

Helsinki Summit (1975), which ended with the signing of the Final Act, which is a fundamental CSCE / ODE document;

Paris Summit (1990), who was crowned with the signing of the Charter for New Europe and the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. Charter confirmed the decisions of the OSCE Vienna Meeting (1986) and documented the priority of international law over National, which further led to the strengthening of separatist movements in the USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe;

Budapest Summit (1994) ended near institutional reforms. The CSCE was transformed into a permanent organization of the OSCE, the Contracting Parties paid additional attention to the issues of resolving the Karabakh conflict, and so on;

Istanbul Summit (1999), which ended with the signing of the Charter of European Security. During the meeting, the Russian delegation was severely criticized due to the policies of Moscow in Chechnya. Russia has pledged to reduce its military presence in the Transcaucasus and in Transnistria.

OSCE Functions B. economic region Determined by the following provisions:

Strive to achieve sustainable economic development;
Strengthen contacts and practical cooperation on environmental protection;
Promote the strengthening of international peace and security, as well as ensuring the fundamental human rights, the economic and social progress and the welfare of all nations.

The OSCE determines the rights of each citizen and among them establishes the right to be the owner of the property and engage in business activities, and also indicates that everyone has the right to enjoy their economic, social and cultural rights. Among the ten principles that the OSCE holds to allocate two:

Cooperation between states;
Good fulfillment of international legal obligations.

In the practice of the OSCE, the current chairman is managed, re-elected every year and being a foreign minister of one of the countries in the OSCE. The Chairperson is responsible for direct execution of decisions taken by the Smid and at the highest levels. He also carries out the overall coordination of OSCE activities. The OSCE Parliamentary Assembly consists of approximately 300 deputies representing the legislative power of OSCE participating States. The main goal of the Assembly is the parliamentary control and involvement of European deputies in the organization's activities. The Bureau for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights is essentially the main division of the OSCE on monitoring the observance of human rights, basic democratic freedoms in the OSCE participating States. The Bureau also intended to help in the development of demographic institutions in the "area of \u200b\u200bresponsibility" of the OSCE. In turn, a representative of the media freedom issues tracks the development of the situation with the media in the OSCE states and makes the first warning of the government of States parties about the violation of the freedom of speech in their countries. In particular, such a warning was recently issued in 2002 Turkmenistan.

As part of the OSCE structures dealing with respect for human rights, attention should be paid to the Bureau of the High Commissioner for National Minorities (Hague). This unit is engaged in an early warning of ethnic conflicts that threaten stability, the world on the continent and friendly relations between the participating States of the CSCE.

A special place in the organizational structure of the Organization for Safety and Cooperation in Europe is occupied by measures to strengthen confidence and security. This program was created in order to reduce tensions and strengthen mutual trust in the European continent. Within its framework, such documents were signed as: a) CFEs (an agreement on conventional armed forces in Europe), establishing quotas for ordinary weapons in Europe for Contracting Parties; Agreement on the "Open Sky", allowing States to participate to carry out mutual control of each other's actions, in particular in the field of security. As part of confidence and security measures, the current chairman appointed his personal representatives to control the execution of a number of articles of Dayton peace agreements. To resolve conflict situations and disputes between the States Parties that signate the OSCE internal convention on reconciliation and arbitration, a court for reconciliation and arbitration, located in Geneva, was created.

In 2003, the OSCE budget amounted to 185.7 million euros and mainly consists of membership contributions from the States Parties. About 84 percent of all funds spent on military missions and projects carried out on the organization of places.

Directly in the OSCE central office, there are about 370 employees, and in various kinds of missions and projects of this organization - more than 1,000 international employees and 2,000 citizens of those countries, on whose territories these mission are carried out.

One of the fundamentally important issues in the OSCE activities concerns its definition future role. There is a general consent that it will take one of the central places in the organization of international political life in Europe. However, in practice, in view of the desire of a large group of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the Baltic States to join NATO and the European Union, there is a tendency to marginalize the role of the OSCE. Initiated by Russian diplomacy attempts to increase the status and the real importance of this organization are often considered only as aimed at oppose its NATO. The European Security Charter being developed as part of the OSCE could neutralize the indicated trend and contribute to the most complete use of the potential of this organization in the interests of strengthening stability on the continent.

^ BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Gerchichova I.N. International Economic Organizations: Regulation of world-economic relations and entrepreneurship. M. Publisher JSC "Konsaltbankir", 2001
A. Kireev "International Economics" ", Part II, Moscow, 1999.
World economy. Tutorial / Ed. Bulatova A.S., M. Economist, 2004.
World economy. Tutorial for universities / ed. prof. I.P. Nikolaova, ed.3, - M. Uniti-Dana, 2005.
Nashataeva T.N. International organizations and law. New trends in international legal regulation. - M., 1998.
Shpler Kh.A. . Directory. - M., 1997.

FISH FISHING AGENCY

Kamchatka State Technical University

Policy Faculty

Cateraeconomics and management

Examination on discipline

"WORLD ECONOMY"

Option number 4.

Performed Checked

Female student 06Aus Io Head

Remote form of training Department Economics and management

Miroshnichenko O.A. Eremin M.Yu.

cHIFRA CANCEL BOOK 061074-CF

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

Introduction p. 3 - 5

Council of Europe. p. 6 - 12

Commonwealth of Nations. p. 13 - 15

League of Arab states. Page 15 - 18

Organization for Safety and Cooperation in Europe - OSCE

p. 19 - 26

Bibliography.

Introduction

In modern international relations, international organizations play a significant role as a form of cooperation between states and multilateral diplomacy.

Starting from the creation in 1815, the Central Commission of Navigation on the Rhine International organizations are endowed with their own competence and authority.

For modern international organizations, further expansion of their competence and complication of the structure are characterized.

Currently there are more than 4 thousand international organizations, of which more than 300 are intergovernmental. In the center there are UN.

The following features are characterized for an interstate organization:

membership States;

availability of a founding of an international treaty;

permanent organs;

respect for the sovereignty of Member States.

The convening of the main bodies is completed by the events for the creation of an international organization.

Council of Europe.

economic issues and development issues;

agriculture and rural development;

science and technology;

social issues;

environment.

In all major areas of its activities, the Council of Europe is carrying out numerous events that promote not only the development of cooperation between Member States, but also to the formation of some landmarks for them in organizing public life. The number of representatives from each country (from 2 to 18) depends on the number of its population. The Assembly Council consists of the Chairman and 17 of his deputies. The election of the Chairman of the Assembly is held every year. The Parliamentary Assembly holds its plenary sessions three times a year. It takes a majority recommendation to the Committee of Ministers and Governments of Member States, which fall into the basis of specific areas of the Council of Europe. The Assembly organizes conferences, colloquiums, open parliamentary hearings, elects the Secretary General of the Council of Europe and the judges of the European Court of Human Rights. In 1989, the Parliamentary Assembly established the status of a specially invited country to provide its countries in Central and Eastern Europe before their reception in full members. Such status remains so far the Republic of Belarus.

The structure of the Council of Europe includes the administrative and technical secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, who is elected for five years.

The Council of Europe is an authoritative international organization, whose participation itself serves for all member states of a kind of evidence of their compliance with high standards of pluralistic democracy. Hence the possibilities of impact on those countries in the Council (or candidates for joining the Council of Europe), where there are certain problems on this basis. At the same time, it can cause concerns of the respective countries regarding unacceptable interference in their internal affairs. In other words, the activities of the Council of Europe are often inscribed in one or another internationally political context and is considered by the participants primarily through the prism of their immediate foreign policy interests; Naturally, as a result, quite serious conflicts may arise. This has not happened more than once, for example, in connection with the internal political situation in Turkey in Belarus, the problem of the rights of the Russian-speaking population in some Baltic countries, separatist movement in Chechnya (Russia), when discussing the issue of accession of Croatia to the Council of Europe.

In modern international public law, international intergovernmental organizations are considered as permanent associations of states created on the basis of the international agreements developed and approved by states or other constituent acts in order to coordinate the efforts of governments to solve certain international problems and promoting the development of comprehensive cooperation of states with various social buildings. Such organizations are subjects of international law.

The principle of cooperation of states as the principle of international relations has become a generally accepted and general obligatory principle of international law since the adoption of the UN Charter and was recorded in the charters of many international organizations, in international treaties, numerous resolutions and declarations. Specific forms of cooperation and its volume depends on the states themselves, their needs and material resources, domestic legislation and international obligations assumed.

International intergovernmental organizations have a number of specific features:

- they are created by states with intentions and goals recorded in the Constituent Act (Charter, Convention) developed and adopted by the founders in the form of an international treaty;
- there is such an organization on the basis of the adopted constituent act defining its status, powers, legal capacity and function;
- is a permanent association, this is formed by the Secretariat and other permanent authorities;
- based on the principle of sovereign equality of the member states of the organization;
- Each international organization has a set of rights inherent in the legal entity, which are recorded in the confirmation of the organization or in a separate convention;
- An international organization enjoys certain privileges and immunities that ensure normal operation and recognized both at the place of placement of its headquarters and in any state in the implementation of its functions.

The norms on the status of persons who are personnel of the organization are essential. Appointed or elected officials, as well as the contracting staff, the employees are attributed to the International Civil Service. In the performance of their duties, they cannot be influenced by the governments of their country and are responsible only before the organization and its higher official (Secretary General, Director, etc.).

In the international legal doctrine, various criteria apply to the classification of international organizations. So, international organizations are divided into worldwide or universal The goals and objectives of which are important for all or most of the states of the international community and which are characterized by universal membership (for example, UN, UNESCO, IAEA, WHO, etc.).

AND other which are of interest to a certain group of states, which causes their limited composition. These are regional international organizations in which States are united in the limits of any area and interacting with their group interests. These include, for example, the European Union, the Council of Europe, the CIS, etc.

Classification of international organizations in terms of the volume and nature of their powers. These are organizations common competence (UN, CIS, OSCE) and special competence - World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), etc.

Special species of international organizations are interdepartmental organizations. When creating such organizations and in the process of their activities, the relevant ministries or departments exercise the powers of the state bodies within the domestic legal norms. The solution to the issue of participation in a particular international organization refers to the competence of the government, and subsequent contacts with the organization authorities are carried out through the relevant office.

International organizations have the ability to participate in diplomatic relations.

Each international organization has its own financial resources, which add up from the contributions of the organization's member states and are spent exclusively in the general interests of the organization.

As subjects of international law, international organizations are responsible for offenses and damage to their activities and can act with claims for responsibility.

The organization holding a central place in the system of international interstate organizations should be called the United Nations (UN) established in 1945 on the initiative of the leading countries of the Anti-Hitler Coalition (USSR, USA, England, China and France) as a universal international organization, which is intended Maintain peace and international security, development of cooperation between states.

The main provisions of the Charter of the Organization were developed at the conference of representatives of the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and China, held in August - October 1944 in the old city estate Dumbarton-Ok, G. Washington (so the conference is called Dumbarton-Oxski). The name of the organization, the structure of its statute, goals and principles, the legal status of individual bodies, etc. The final text of the Charter was coordinated and finalized at the United Nations Conference in San Francisco (April - June 1945) with the participation of representatives of 50 states, At the same time, the USSR, the USA, the United Kingdom and China performed as inviting powers.

It was envisaged that the charter will come into force after passing the USSR, USSR, USA, Great Britain, China and France (as the status of permanent members of the Security Council), as well as the status of the status of the statutes of the Charter to be stored. In this afternoon, it was the day on October 24, 1945 - he is the day of creating the UN.

To date, UN member are more than 190 states. The UN Charter is viewed as a charter of peaceful coexistence, the generally accepted code of international behavior aimed at developing cooperation between states. The UN Charter is obligatory for all states, and one hundred preamble reads: "We, the peoples of the United Nations, complete determination to save the upcoming generation from the disasters of war, twice in our lives that brought in humanky in the right grief, and reaffirm the faith in human rights, the virtue of human rights, Personality, in equality of men and women and the equality of the rights of large and small nations, and create conditions under which justice may be respected and respect for obligations arising from contracts and other sources of international law, and promote social progress and improve living conditions for greater freedom , and for this purpose, be tolerance and live together, in the world with each other, as good neighbors, and combine our forces to maintain international peace and security, and to ensure the adoption of principles and the establishment of methods so that the armed forces are not otherwise applied, as in general interests and use the international apparatus to promote economic and The social progress of all nations, decided to unite our efforts to achieve these goals. "

The UN Charter consists of the preamble and 19 chapters covering 111 articles. An integral part of the UN Charter is the Statute of the International Court.

In ch. 1 The objectives and principles of the UN are proclaimed. In art. 1 The following objectives are named: 1) to support international peace and safety and to this end to take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate the threat of peace, as well as suppressing acts of aggression or other violations of the world and conduct peaceful means, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, the resolution or permission of international disputes or situations that can lead to a violation of the world; 2) develop friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples, as well as to take other relevant measures to strengthen universal world; 3) carry out international cooperation in the permitting international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and in the promotion and development of respect for human rights and basic freedoms for all, without distinguishing races, gender, language and religion; 4) be the center to coordinate the actions of nations in achieving these common goals.

According to Art. 2 of the Charter to achieve these goals, the organization and its members are valid in accordance with the following principles; 1) sovereign equality of all members of the organization; 2) conscientious fulfillment of obligations assumed; 3) the resolution of international disputes by peaceful means in such a way as not to threaten international peace and security; 4) abstinence in international relations from the threat of force or its application both against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state and in any other way incompatible with the objectives of the UN; 5) the provision of UN is members of all-friendly assistance in all those undertaken in accordance with the statutes; 6) ensuring that states who are not members of the UN are operated in accordance with the principles of the Charter; 7) UN non-interference in cases included in the internal competence of any state.

All of these democratic principles are essential for the development of modern international law. They found further development in the Declaration on the principles of international law adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1970, and were also an integral part of the final act of the Helsinki Security and Cooperation Meeting in Europe (1975).

Reception in OOP members is open to all other peace-loving states, which will accept the obligations contained in the Charter and which, on the judgment of the organization, may and want these obligations to perform.

The reception of any such state in the members of the organization is made by the Decree of the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.

UN member states have their permanent missions when organizing. According to Art. 105 Charter's organization enjoys in each of its members such privileges and immunities that are necessary to achieve its goals.

Representatives of the members of the Organization and its officials also enjoy the privileges and immunities that are necessary for independently perform their functions related to the activities of the organization. At the UN Secretary General and its assistants, diplomatic immunities and privileges are distributed in full.

Official languages \u200b\u200bof UN are Arabic, English, Spanish, Chinese, Russian and French.

The central institutions of the UN are stationed in New York. The main bodies of the UN in its charter are called: General Assembly of the UN, UN Security Council, Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC), OPEC Council, International Court of OOP and the UN Secretariat. In addition to these bodies, the UN system includes specialized intergovernmental organizations of a universal nature that cooperate in special areas (economic, cultural, humanitarian et al.). Russia is a member of many specialized agencies.

The UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council are a special role in the UN system.

UN General Assembly - This is an organ in which all UN member states are represented. At sessions from each state there are no more than 5 representatives and no more than 5 of their deputies, while each delegation has one voice. In the meeting room, the delegation is posted in alphabetical order.

General Assembly, based on the provisions of Art. 10 UN Charter, authorized to discuss any questions or affairs within the charter or related to the powers and functions of any of the authorities provided for by the Charter, and make recommendations to the UN members or the Security Council or and the Members of the Organization and the Security Council on any issues in question or cases. Recommendations do not have a mandatory force for UN member, but are only a recommendation.

There are seven major committees of the General Assembly on the most significant issues. In each of the committees, all members of the General Assembly are presented. Discussed issues transferred to the Chief Committee, he submits proposals on them for approval at the plenary session of the General Assembly. In order to implement its functions, the General Assembly establishes special committees and commissions both on a permanent and temporary basis.

The General Assembly has a session work order. The regular sessions are convened annually and last three months. Special and special emergency sessions at the request of the Security Council or most members of the organization can be convened, they are convened within 24 hours. At each session, the chairman of the 21st deputy is elected, and the chairmen of the seven major committees are applied. The Assembly approves the agenda, which is compiled by the Secretary-General and is reported to the UN members at least 60 days before the opening of the session.

The UN General Assembly elected non-permanent members of the UN Security Council, members of the ECOSOC, Council for the OPEC and the International Court of Joint.

UN Security Council - The main constant political UN political authority, which, according to the UN Charter, is entrusted with the main responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. The Security Council of 15 people, of which five - permanent (Russia, USA, United Kingdom, France and China), the remaining ten - non-permanent, are elected to the Council in accordance with the procedure provided for by the UN Charter.

The Security Council is endowed with an extremely large amount of powers in preventing military clashes between states. Only the UN Security Council has the right to decide on the conduct of operations using the UN Armed Forces. To assist in the application of the Armed Forces in submission of the Security Council, a military-staff committee is located, consisting of headquarters of permanent members of the Security Council or their representatives, which leads to these forces.

The Security Council functions continuously. At meetings of the Security Council, the chairmanship is carried out by all its members within one month alternately, in alphabetical order by the name of countries in English.

The Council is authorized to investigate any dispute or any situation that can threaten the International Mire, and recommend proper settlement methods through the UN International Court of Justice. If the dispute is not settled, then it is transmitted to the safety of safety sleep, which decides what measures should be taken to maintain or restore the world. These may be measures of an economic, political nature, and if they were insufficient, the Security Council of the OOP may decide on the application of the UN Armed Forces.

The decision of the Security Council is considered adopted if most of the most non-permanent members and all permanent members of the Council voted. If at least one of the permanent members voted against, then the decision is not accepted.

Economic and Social Council of the UN (ECOSOC) was created in order to under the guidance of the UN General Assembly to facilitate the implementation of international cooperation in the economic, social, cultural and other fields; raising the standard of living, full employment and conditions of economic and social progress and development; resolution of international issues in the field of economic, social and health care; International cooperation in the field of culture and education.

Ecosos consists of 54 members who are elected by the General Assembly of the OOP for three years (the election procedure is provided for by Art. 61 of the UN Charter). Within the framework of ECOSOS, there are numerous committees and commissions of various profiles, including regional.

ECOSOC, based on Art. 62-67 UN Charter, empowers:

- to take research and draw up reports on international issues in the field of economic, social, culture, education, health care and similar issues or encourage others to this, as well as to do on any of these issues to the recommendation of the General Assembly, members of the organization and interested specialized agencies;
- make recommendations in order to encourage respect and compliance with human rights and fundamental freedoms for all;
- prepare for the submission of the General Assembly projects of conventions on issues included in its competence;
- convene in accordance with the rules prescribed by the UN, international conferences on issues included in its competence;
- to enter into agreements that determine the conditions on which relevant institutions will be delivered to the UN. Such agreements are subject to approval by the General Assembly;
- coordinate the activities of specialized agencies through consultation with them and recommendations to such institutions and through the recommendations of the General Assembly and members of the organization;
- take appropriate measures to receive regular reports from specialized institutions; conclude agreements with members of the Organization and with specialized agencies in order to obtain reports from them on measures taken by them in pursuance of its own recommendations and recommendations of the General Assembly on issues included in its competence;
- to inform the General Assembly of their comments on these reports;
- to submit information to the Security Council and, on the proposal of the Security Council, is obliged to help him.

As we can see, the ecosos is entrusted with a variety of functions of coordination and development of state cooperation in such important economic and social areas, such as economics, trade, social security, science and technology and much more.

The supreme body of Ecosos is a session that is convened twice a year - in the spring in New York and in the summer in Geneva. Decisions are made by a majority vote of its members present and participating in the voting.

UN OPPEC Created to guide the international system of guardianship, which included territories previously under the mandate of the League of Nations, territories rejected from enemy states as a result of World War II (former Italian and Japanese colonies), and territories voluntarily included in the guardian system by states responsible for their management.

As a result of the liberation struggle from 11 ward territories that were under the jurisdiction of the Council from the very beginning of its activities, only one territory remained - Micronesia (Pacific Islands), which is under the US guardianship. The Council includes permanent members of the OOP Security Council. The Council annually presents the report of the General Assembly on the political, economic and social progress on information submitted by the authorities, managing territory, as well as after visiting the territory under guardianship.

International Court of OU - The main judicial authority of the UN. It operates in accordance with the UN Charter and the Statute of the International Court. Parties of the cases under consideration can only be states, this is the main specific feature of this court. Its main purpose is that he must resolve any international disputes that will be transferred to him by arguing states. The court solves disputes on the basis of international law, international customs, general principles of law, as well as international conventions. A number of states, including Russia, according to some international treaties, recognize the jurisdiction of the court as a mandatory.

The UN International Court of Justice consists of 15 independent judges, elected regardless of their citizenship by the UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council for nine years with the right of re-election.

UN Secretariat. Performs administrative and technical functions of the UN, and also serves the work of other UN bodies. Headed by the Secretary-General appointed by the UN General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a period of five years. He has the right to bring to the attention of the Security Council any issues that, in his opinion, can threaten the maintenance of international peace and security.

The Secretary-General appoints its deputies and other officials of the secretariat, heading various management, departments and bureaus. The main divisions of the Secretariat are departments on political issues, on disarmament issues, economic and social issues, on the affairs of the General Assembly, on legal issues, etc. The Secretariat's functions include conference services, as well as verbal and written translation of speeches and documents and the dissemination of documentation.

As for regional international organizations, it should be accepted from the point of view I. V. Tymoshenko and A. N. Simonov that in ch. VIII The UN Charter is provided for the terms of the legitimacy of the creation and activities of regional security organizations, but some international organizations do not quite meet the objectives and principles of the UN Charter, and are also not states of one region. Traditionally, the regional international organization usually consider the membership of the organization's member countries to one geographical region.

The UN Charter allocates regional international political organizations aimed at maintaining peace and security, but no definitions of such organizations does not contain. The main requirement is the provisions of paragraph 1 of Art. 52 UN Charter: Regional International Organizations should be created "to resolve issues related to the maintenance of international peace and security, which are suitable for regional actions, provided that such ... bodies and their activities are compatible with the objectives and principles of the organization." Collective forced operations of a regional international organization regarding any states in accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 53 UN Charter can be applied by these organizations only on behalf of the UN Security Council and under its leadership. However, a number of regional international organizations provide for the opportunity to resort to forced measures against any state at its discretion without the instructions of the Security Council (for example, the European Union, OSCE). Therefore, they cannot be considered as part of the UN system.

The most complies with the requirements of the Charter of the OOP from modern regional international organizations. Commonwealth of independent states (CIS). This international regional organization was created by a number of states from among the former republics of the USSR. Its constituent documents are an agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States in 1991, signed in Minsk Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, as well as the Protocol to the Agreement, signed in 1991 in Almaty 11 States (all former republics of the USSR, except The three Baltic republics and Georgia). At a meeting of the Council of Heads of the CIS states in Minsk on January 22, 1993, the Charter of the Commonwealth was adopted, which Ukraine and Turkmenistan also signed and thereby de-Yura are not member states of the CIS, and can be attributed to the States Parties to the Commonwealth. Turkmenistan at the CZAN Summit in August 2005 declared that he would participate in the Commonwealth as an "associated member". A year after the adoption of the Charter, he entered into force. According to Art. 2 Commonwealth Charters CIS Goals are:

- the implementation of cooperation in the political, economic, environmental, humanitarian, cultural and other regions:
- comprehensive and balanced economic and social development of Member States within the framework of general economic space, interstate cooperation and integration;
- ensuring the temper and fundamental freedoms of a person in accordance with the generally accepted principles and norms of international law and the CSCE documents;
- cooperation between Member States in providing international peace and security, the implementation of effective measures to reduce armaments, the elimination of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction, achieving universal and complete disarmament;
- promoting citizens of Member States in free communication, contacts and movement in the CIS;
- mutual legal assistance and cooperation in other areas of legal relations;
- Peaceful resolution of disputes and conflicts between the Commonwealth States.

To achieve the objectives of the CIS, Member States should build their relations in accordance with the generally recognized principles of international law and the Helsinki Final Act:

- respect for the sovereignty of Member States, the inalienable right of peoples to self-determination and the right to dispose of their fate without interference from the outside;
- irregularities of state borders, recognition of existing borders and rejection of unlawful territorial acquisitions;
- territorial integrity of states and the refusal of any actions aimed at dismembering other people's territories;
- non-use of the force or threat of force against the political independence of the Member State;
- resolution of disputes by peaceful means in such a way as not to threaten the International World, Security and Justice;
- the rule of international law in interstate relations;
- non-interference in the internal and external affairs of each other;
- ensuring human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinguishing races, ethnicity, language, religion, political and other beliefs;
- conscientious fulfillment of the obligations assumed on the CIS documents, including the Charter;
- accounting of interest in each other and the CIS as a whole, rendering on the basis of the mutual consent of assistance in all areas of their relationship;
- Combining effort and support to each other in order to create peaceful living conditions of the peoples of the CIS member states, ensuring their political, economic and social progress;
- development of mutually beneficial economic and scientific and technical cooperation, expanding integration processes;
- The spiritual unity of their peoples, which is based on respect for their identity, close cooperation in the preservation of cultural values \u200b\u200band cultural exchange.

The Charter noted that a state can be a member of the CIS, which shares the goals and principles of the CIS and assumes the obligations contained in the Charter, by joining it with the consent of all Member States.

Article 9 of the Charter provides the Member State of the right to exit the CIS. About such intention, the Member State is notified in writing 12 months before the exit. At the same time, the Member State must fulfill all the obligations arising for the stay in the CIS.

Georgia took advantage of this right, submitting on August 18, 2008 in the Executive Committee of the Note of the MFA Georgia on the exit from the CIS. At the meeting of the ISID SIS in Bishkek on October 9, 2008, on the initiative of the chairmanship in the CIS of Kyrgyzstan, a technical nature was made about the membership of Georgia in the CIS, according to which the yield of Georgia from the Commonwealth will take place 12 months after the written notice of the CIS Charter's depository. Thus, in accordance with the CIS Charter on August 18, 2009, Georgia officially ceased to be a member of this international organization.

Charter of the CIS in Part 3 of Art. 1 states that the CIS is not a state and does not have supranational powers. In 2011, the CIS marked his 20th anniversary. The Commonwealth of Independent States, which currently combines at the present time, was held as a form of cooperation between equal independent states, a regional interstate organization, recognized by the international community, whose distinctive features are interaction in various fields of interstate communication, the flexibility of mechanisms and cooperation formats. The Commonwealth plays a role in ensuring the safety, stability and interaction of States parties, which is carried out through its statutory authorities: Council of Heads of State, Council of Governments, Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Economic Council, Council of Ministers of Defense, Council of Commander of Border Guards, Inter-Parliamentary Assembly, Economic Court.

Council of Heads of State (SGG) is the highest CIS body, in which fundamental issues related to the activities of participating States in their common interests are discussed at the level of the heads of states.

Council of Heads of Government (SGP) Coordinates the cooperation of executive bodies in the economic, social and other areas of common interests. At its meetings, the most important issues of economic, humanitarian, social, military cooperation of the States parties are discussed, the projects of the most important documents that are made to subsequent consideration of the SGH are being consistent.

Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Smid) is the main executive body providing cooperation in the foreign policy activities of the CIS member states on issues of mutual interest in the period between the SGG meetings and the Commonwealth SSG.

Economic Council - The main executive body, which ensures the implementation of agreements adopted within the framework of the CIS, SGG decisions and the Commonwealth SGP on the formation and functioning of the free trade zone and on other issues of socio-economic cooperation. The Economic Council consists of deputy heads of the Government of the CIS member states.

With the Economic Council on an ongoing basis acts Economic Commission, consisting of plenipresent representatives from all CIS member states, except Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. It provides comprehensive elaboration and consideration of draft documents prepared by the CIS Executive Committee and sectoral bodies of socio-economic orientation, as well as coordination of positions of states.

Council of Ministers Defense (SMO) is a SGG authority on military policy and military construction of the CIS member states. The members of the SMO are the defense ministers of the CIS member states (except Moldova, Turkmenistan and Ukraine).

Council Commander Border Forces (SKV) is a SGG body for the coordination of the protection of external borders of the CIS and ensuring a stable position on them. The commander (chiefs) of the CIS border troops (or other authorities) of the CIS member states (or other authorities) of the CIS member states, as well as the Chairman of the Coordination Service of the Commanders Council, are members of the CIS.

Inter-Parliamentary Assembly (MPa) conducts inter-parliamentary consultations, discusses issues of cooperation within the CIS, develops joint proposals in the field of activities of national parliaments. The CIS Assembly was formed and operates on the basis of an agreement on the Inter-Parliamentary CIS Assembly of March 27, 1992 and the Convention on the Inter-Parliamentary CIS Assembly of May 26, 1995, the Parliaments of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova take part in the work of MPA CIS, Russia, Tajikistan and Ukraine.

Economic Court CIS Created to ensure obligations arising from the economic agreements and contracts between the states between the states of the CIS, by resolving disputes arising in the process of economic relations. It is formed from an equal number of judges from each State party to the Agreement on the Economic Court Court (initially - 8, at present - 5, according to one judge from Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan).

Council of Permanent Plenipotentiary Representatives of States Parties of the Commonwealth with the statutory and other CIS bodies is the permanent body of the CIS. The Council in the period between meetings of the SGG, SGP and the Smid contributes to the interaction of states in matters of mutual interest; discusses and presents to States parties to proposals on the prospects for the development and priorities of the CIS; Forms draft agendas for SGH, SGP and Smid; As part of its competence, controls the progress of the instructions of the highest statutory bodies of the CIS. The Council employs representatives of all 11 States parties to the Commonwealth.

Along with the considered CIS bodies, more than 70 bodies have been created industry cooperation. They coordinate the joint efforts of the States Parties in the most important sectors of the economy and social development, issues of humanitarian cooperation, the fight against crime and terrorism, in other areas of vital activity of the CIS member states.

A single permanent executive, administrative and coordinating bodies of the Commonwealth is defined CIS Executive Committee Headquartered in Minsk and the Board of Executive Committee in Moscow. Representatives of the CIS Executive Committee take part in the work of the largest meetings and forums held on the UN, EU, OSCE, ECE, ESCAP, ASEAN, UNESCO, FAO, OAS and other international organizations.

Article 52 of the UN Charter provides for the establishment and functioning of regional agreements or bodies to resolve issues related to international peace and security. At the same time, such bodies should be suitable for regional actions, and their activities are compatible with the objectives and principles of the UN. States that entered into relevant agreements and created such bodies should make every effort to the peaceful resolution of local disputes with the help of regional authorities before the transfer of these disputes to the Security Council. In turn, the UN Security Council should encourage the development of this institute both on the initiative of interested countries and on its own initiative. In the necessary cases, the Council may use regional agreements or bodies for compulsory actions under its leadership. Finally, in accordance with Article 54 of the Charter, it should always be fully informed about the activities taken or planned to maintain peace and security at the regional level.

Thus, the UN Charter dismits to regional organizations a significant role in achieving the main statutory goal of the organization. More than half a century practice confirmed the viability of this institution. Moreover, regional international structures began to play an increasingly role in coordinating state cooperation in other areas: economic, social, humanitarian, etc. In fact, several existing international organizations of total competence can be viewed as peculiar "regional UN", which solve a whole complex Actual problems of international relations in the respective region. The most authoritative of them are ASEAN, LAG, OAS, OAU, OSCE, etc.

Association of States of Southeast Asia (ASEAN) It was created in 1967 by five founders: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines. Later, ASEAN entered Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia and other countries. The main documents regulating the cooperation of states within ASEAN are signed in 1976 on the island of Bali Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation in Southeast Asia and the Declaration of ASEAN's consent, as well as the Singapore Declaration of 1992. During the Cold War period, ASEAN was the object of struggle for the influence of two world social systems.

The objectives of ASEAN are: 1) the organization of cooperation between member states in the economic, social and other fields; 2) facilitating the establishment of peace and stability in Southeast Asia. The main form of cooperation of Member States is regular meetings and consultations of authorized officials: heads of states, foreign ministers, managers of various departments, etc. In fact, ASEAN coordinates a very wide range of issues, which is where to develop a general approach to political issues, so and the development of mutually beneficial relations in certain sectors of the economy, environmental protection, the fight against crime, countering the proliferation of drugs, etc.

The highest body of the Organization is the meeting of heads of state and governments, which discusses the most important issues of regional partnership and the main decisions are made. Each State party is presented at such meetings at the highest level. Meetings are held with periodicity once every three years alternately in each country in alphabetical order.

Since 1994, the ASEAN Regional Forum on Safety (ARF) has also been operating. Officials of not only the states of ASEAN, but also of the partner countries of the Organization, the number of which are steadily growing are taking part in his work. In fact, two blocks of questions are solved on the forum at once: on the one hand, coordination of the cooperation of ASEAN countries in the field of security strengthening, on the other hand, the coordination of the positions between ASEAN and third countries, contacts with the world's largest states.

The permanent body of ASEAN is the Permanent Committee, which performs the functions of the executive and coordination body, ensuring the implementation of decisions and signed documents adopted within ASEAN. The Committee includes employees of foreign policy agencies of ASEAN member states: their ambassadors in the country of the Organization Chairman, as well as heads of ASEAN National Secretariats. Heads the work of the Committee Minister of Foreign Affairs of the State in which the last meeting of the heads of state and governments took place. Periodically (once a year), within the framework of Asaen, meetings of foreign ministers are held, which for the time they take on the functions of the Permanent Committee.

Current organizational work is carried out, in addition, the ASEAN secretariat led by the Secretary General.

ASEAN actively cooperates with states and organizations that are not included in it, but interested in maintaining peace and stability in the region. Representatives of the respective countries regularly participate in meetings and consultations held within the organization. Recently, this cooperation began to acquire both institutional forms: in many states the relevant committees and other bodies are being created, which is usually the diplomats of ASEAN countries. In particular, the status of permanent partners ASEAN has the United States, China, Japan, Russia, Korea, Canada, the European Union, and others. The cooperation between ASEAN and the Republic of Kazakhstan is developing quite intensively.

League of Arab States (Lag) It was created in 1945 in Cairo, when the Conference of the Arab States adopted the main constituent document - the league pact. In accordance with it, the objectives of the organization are:

Ensuring closer relations between Member States;

Coordination of political actions of Member States;

Organization of cooperation in the economic, financial, trade, cultural and other regions;

Ensuring the independence and sovereignty of Member States;

Consideration of all issues affecting Arab States and their interests.

In fact, the main activity of Lag was a very long time to ensure the sovereignty of Arab states, which is associated with a tense international situation in the region. Members of the lag may be all independent Arab countries, which are currently more than twenty. At the same time, a member of the Lag are the organization of the liberation of Palestine and one non-Ukrainian state (Somalia). In 1979, the membership of Egypt was suspended in Lag, which was associated with the signing of a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel.

The main bodies of the Lag are the Council, the Conference of the Heads of State and Government, as well as the General Secretariat. The League Council is a session plenary authority, which includes representatives of each member state. The main organizational and legal form of the Council's activities are the regular sessions that are convened twice a year.

According to the 1945 Covenant, Council decisions are mandatory only for those states that voted for their adoption. The exception is only those solutions that relate to the inner life of the League (budget, personnel, etc.) - they are accepted by a majority vote and are mandatory for all members of the Lag. If any decision is made by Member States of Lag unanimously, it is mandatory for all.

The conference of Heads and Government Heads since 1964 is convened to discuss the most relevant problems for the Arab World countries. Decisions made at the conference are an important source regulating the activities of the Lag and its bodies. The Secretariat provides current and organizational issues of the League. The headquarters of the Secretariat is located in Cairo.

In addition to those indicated, the structure of Lag includes various bodies coordinating cooperation of Member States in certain areas of international relations: the Council of Joint Defense, the Economic Council, the Legal Committee, the Oil Committee and other specialized bodies.

In most cases, lag seeks to develop a unified position of all Arab States on key international problems. Within the framework of the League, the mechanism of peaceful settlement of disputes between its members, as well as the mechanism of preventing and unsubsioning aggression, was created and operates. As practice shows, lag plays a significant role in modern international relations. The League has the status of a permanent observer in the United Nations.

Organization of American States (OAS)was created in 1948, when her charter was adopted (entered into force on December 13, 1951 and was repeatedly changed). Its creation has become a logical continuation of the process of deepening cooperation of American countries: who adopted the Charter of the Inter-American Conference in Bogota was the ninth in a row. In addition to the Charter, the OAS major constituent documents traditionally include the Inter-American Agreement on Mutual Assistance of 1947 and the Inter-American Treaty on Peaceful Resolution of 1948 Disputes. The OAS includes more than 30 states of North America, Latin America and the Caribbean.

The objectives of the OAS are:

Maintaining peace and security in the Western Hemisphere;

Settlement of disputes between Member States;

Organization of joint actions against aggression;

Development of cooperation in the political, economic, social, scientific and technical and cultural fields.

The main bodies of the OAS are the General Assembly, the Advisory Meeting of Foreign Ministers, the Advisory Committee of Defense, the Permanent Council, the Inter-American Council for Integrated Development, the Inter-American Legal Committee, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the General Secretariat. In addition, within the framework of the OAS, several specialized organizations operate (for example, the Pan American Organization of Health), which are regional analogues of UN specialized agencies.

The General Assembly is the Supreme Plenary Authority of the OAS, going to its regular sessions once a year. The competence of the General Assembly includes a discussion of the most important issues of inter-American cooperation. The advisory meeting of foreign ministers considers situations and urgent problems and is collected as they occur. In fact, this is an organ response body for crisis situations. As a rule, the OAS member states are presented at the General Assembly at the level of their foreign ministers.

The Permanent Council is a permanent authority (he holds meetings with a periodicity twice a month), which provides general management of the OAS in the period between the sessions of the General Assembly. As for the Inter-American Council for Integrated Development, it coordinates all socio-economic programs acting within the framework of the OAS. Both authorities are formed from representatives of all Member States on a parity basis. Location of the Permanent Council - Washington.

The Supreme Official of the OAS is the Secretary General, who is elected by the Assembly for a five-year period without the right to re-election. Moreover, according to the Regulations, the successor of the Secretary-General cannot be a citizen of his state.

Within the framework of the OAS, it was not always possible to satisfactorily solve the issues of maintaining peace and security (as follows because of ideological disagreements from the OAS, Cuba was excluded at one time). At the same time, Member States work closely in issues such as the unification of legal systems, the protection of personal rights, the expansion of cultural ties, etc.

Organization of African Unity (OAU) was created on May 25, 1963. On this day, which is celebrated as the Day of the Liberation of Africa, the Charter of OAU was signed in Addis Ababa, an institutional constituent document of the organization.

OAU goals are:

Strengthening the unity and solidarity of African states;

Coordination and strengthening of cooperation between African states in areas such as politics and diplomacy, defense and security, economics, transport, communications, education, culture, etc.;

Protection of sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of African states;

Elimination of all types of colonialism in Africa;

Encouraging international cooperation in accordance with the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

The main bodies of the OAU are the Assembly of Heads of State and Government, the Council of Ministers, the Commission on Mediation, Reconciliation and Arbitration, the African Lawyer Committee, the Liberation Committee, a number of specialized commissions, as well as the General Secretariat.

The Assembly of the Heads of State and Government is the Supreme Plenary Authority of the OAU, in which all Member States are presented at the highest level. The Assembly meets at its regular meetings once a year, and at the request of 2/3 of its members - for emergency sessions. This body is authorized to consider the most important issues of international cooperation of African states and to make legally binding decisions following the discussion. The Assembly works closely with the Council of Ministers, to whom it gives instructions to organize the implementation of the decisions made. The Council of African States are presented, as a rule, ministers of foreign affairs, however, depending on the nature of the issues being solved, other ministers can participate in the work of the Council. The Council of Ministers is the executive body of the OAU and has a session work order: it is going to his sessions twice a year.

The current work of the OAU organizes the secretariat whose headquarters is located in Addis Ababa. The remaining OAU organs coordinate cooperation of African countries in various fields, starting with a peaceful settlement of disputes and ending with cultural exchanges.

OAU, along with the OSCE, is the largest of all existing regional organizations: it includes more than 50 states. As practice shows, at all major international forums, including the UN General Assembly, African states are trying to perform a single block in order to better protect the special interests of Africa. The relevant efforts are regularly reflected in various international documents (for example, in the Millennium Declaration, where African interests are allocated to an independent structural section). According to the Charter OAU, this organization adheres to non-aligned policies to any military-political bloc. After the final elimination of the colonial system, the OAU activity is concentrated on the implementation of a fair global economic order and solving social problems. As part of the OAU, the mechanism of peacekeeping operations is valid; The organization has the status of a permanent observer in the UN.

An important milestone cooperation in Africa was the signing in 1991 by the African Economic Community Agreement, the result of which should be the creation on the continent of a single market of goods, services and labor, as well as the introduction of a single currency and deepening economic integration.

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Formed from among the States Parties to the Security and Cooperation Meeting in Europe and States that share the goals and principles formulated in the final CSCEC Case of 1975. This name is the organization from January 1, 1995. As for the OSCE constituent documents, their exact list is quite difficult to determine, since many acts of importance for this structure do not have the form of an international treaty. The most famous of them, in addition to the final final act, are the Paris Charter for the New Europe 1990, the Declaration of Time Challenge 1992 (Helsinki), the decisions of the Budapest Meeting in the top of 1994, documents of Lisubonsky (1996) and Istanbulsky (1999 ) Meetings and some others. In accordance with these acts of the CSCE, it was transformed into the OSCE with a new structure of bodies, principles and activities, etc. Since 1993, the OSCE was provided by the observer status under the UN.

The renaming of the CSCE in the OSCE occurred at the end of 1994 (at a meeting in Budapest), although already in Helsinki documents, it was decided to consider as a regional agreement in the sense, as stated in the UN Charter, chapter 8 of which practically does not make differences between regional agreements and regional authorities. Member States themselves have repeatedly emphasized in various documents that the renaming of the CSCE does not change its status and the obligations of its participants.

The main objectives of the OSCE are:

Creating conditions for the provision of a long-lasting world;

Support for the discharge of international tension;

Cooperation in the field of security, disarmament and preventing conflict situations;

Contribution to respect for human rights;

Deepening cooperation in economic, cultural and other areas.

According to December 3, 1996 in Lisbon Declaration on the General and Comprehensive Security Model for Europe, the OSCE is designed to play a key role in strengthening security and stability in all of their measurements.

The main organs of the OSCE are the meeting of the heads of state and governments, the Council of Ministers, the Governing Council, the Permanent Council, the Bureau for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, the Center for Conflict Prevention, the High Commissioner for National Minorities, Parliamentary Assembly and the Secretariat.

The meeting of the heads of state and governments is a body that is similar to the form of work reminds the international conference. Decisions made at such meetings (they are conducted with different periodicity since 1990), determine the areas of cooperation of European states, establish benchmarks for European integration.

The Council of Ministers is going to its meetings, as a rule, once a year. In this authority, each state is presented at the minister of foreign affairs. Its solutions are more regulatory nature, therefore the Council is considered to be the OSCE central governing body. One member of the Council during the year is the chairman of the OSCE. As a rule, it works in close contact with the preceding and next chair (the so-called "leading trip"). Currently, the question of the upcoming OSCE chairmanship in the Republic of Kazakhstan is considered.

Control over the execution of decisions of the Council of Ministers and the preparation of the agenda for its meetings is carried out by the Governing Council. He also coordinates the activities of all bodies in the OSCE structure. Meetings of the Steering Council are held in Prague at least twice a year.

On an ongoing basis within the OSCE, the Permanent Council has a permanent advice, the location of which is Vienna. The Council, which is engaged in the current issues of the OSCE policy, includes representatives of each participating state. One of the functions of the Permanent Council is an operational response in case of emergency situations. Also the permanent authority is the OSCE Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General. The latter is elected for a period of three years by the Council of Ministers on the recommendation of the Steering Council.

To strengthen regional security within the OSCE, a conflict prevention center is functioning, which is a mechanism for multilateral consultations of Member States, as well as coordinates the cooperation of states in certain aspects of military activities. This structure is valid in close contact with the Council of Ministers. The location of the center is Vienna.

It should also be mentioned about such a specific structure as the OSCE Cooperation Forum on Security Cooperation, which lies a function of preventing possible conflict situations with the participation of OSCE member states and strengthen confidence-building measures in the region.

OSCE members are currently 53 states, including the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Control questions

1. Transfer the constituent documents of the CIS.

2. What is the legal nature of the Commonwealth of Independent States?

3. Name the main CIS bodies and characterize their competence.

4. What are the main problems of the functioning of the CIS on modern stage?

5. Keep the structure of the European Union.

6. What should be understood by the EU right?

7. What views on the nature of the EU exist in the doctrine of international law?

8.Scider about the status of international regional organizations of common competence (OAU, LAG, OAS, ASEAN, OSCE).

Literature

Egorov V., Zagorsky A. Cooperation of the CIS countries in the military-political field. - M., 1998.

Zaitseva O. G. International Intergovernmental Organizations. - M., 1983.

Isinger N. Problems of integration in the CIS. - Almaty, 1998.

Kalachan K. Economic integration Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States: International Legal Aspects. - M., 2003.

Kapustin A. Ya. European Union: Integration and Law. - M., 2000.

Moiseev E. G. Decade Commonwealth: International Legal Aspects of the CIS. - M., 2001.

Nazarbayev N. A. Eurasian Union: ideas, practice, prospects. - M., 1997.

Tolstukhin A. E. On the supranational nature European Union // Moscow Journal of International Law. 1997. No. 4.

Topornin B. N. European Communities: Law and Institutes. - M., 1992.

Shibaeva E. A. The right of international organizations. - M., 1986.

European law: Textbook for universities / ed. L. M. Entin. - M., 2000.

International Law: Tutorial for universities / d. ed. G. V. Ignatenko, O. I. Tiunov. - M., 2006.

International public law: studies. / Ed. K. A. Bekyasheva. - M., 2004.

Fundamentals of the Right of the European Union / Ed. S. Yu. Kashkin. - M., 1997.

The right of the European Union: Sat. Documents / Sost. P. N. Biryukov. - Voronezh, 2001.

European Union's right: textbook / ed. S. Yu. Kashkin. - M., 2002.

Collection of documents by international law. Volume 1. / under total. ed. K. K. Tokayeva. - Almaty, 1998.

Bekker P. The Legal Position of Intergovernmental Organizations. - Dordrecht, 1994.

Autonomous OECD organizations

One of the most powerful organizations belonging to the OECD system is the "Group of Big Seven", established in 1975 in order to solve global financial and currency issues at the level of heads of government leading countries of the West. In 1997, Russia entered into this organization, and the group began to call "G8" (United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Canada, USA, France, Japan, Russia).

At meetings of the organization, issues of achieving the balanced dynamics of the growth of major exchange rates, coordination and coordination of economic development strategies, developing a common economic course leading countries of the world are considered.

Autonomous authority within the OECD International Energy Agency (MEA), established in 1974, with the participation of all OECD member countries, with the exception of Iceland and Mexico.

The organizational structure of MEA includes: A Manager Council, which consists of high-ranking representatives of each state responsible for energy issues; Permanent groups and special committees (on long-term cooperation in the field of energy, emergency situations, oil markets, etc.); The secretariat consisting of experts in the field of energy and performs auxiliary functions.

Main goals and objectives MEA:

Cooperation on the development and application of various sources of energy;

Events to improve energy efficiency;

Ensuring the continuous functioning of the information system on the state of the international oil market;

Establishment of cooperation with countries not included in MEA and international organizations for solving global problems energy development;

Improving the system of overcoming disorders in the supply of electricity.

The OECD system also owns a nuclear energy agency (AJE), formed in 1958 with the participation of the OECD countries, with the exception of New Zealand and the Republic of Korea. The purpose of the activities of this organization is cooperation between the governments of the participating countries in the use of nuclear energy as a safe, economy source.

The main functions of a nuclear energy agency include: - assessment of the contribution of nuclear energy into the total energy supply; - development of the system of exchange of scientific and technical information; - Organization international Studies, preparation of nuclear energy development programs; - encouraging cooperation on the harmonization of policies and the practice of regulating nuclear energy (protection of people from radiation and environmental protection).

The organizational structure of the Agency includes the following divisions: the OECD Council; Executive Committee on Nuclear Energy; Five specialized committees (on the development of nuclear energy and fuel cycle; on regulating nuclear energy activities; nuclear safety safety, with radiation protection; health).

International organizations of total competence within economic cooperation

Competition organizations include organizations formed after the colonial empire decay or due to the macroregionalization of world-economic relations.

The most important of these are the Council of Europe, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of Northern Cooperation, the League of Arab States, the Organization for Safety and Cooperation, the Organization of the Islamic Conference.

1. The Council of Europe (has 46 countries, founded in 1949) - the organization of a wide profile, which covers such areas of activity: human rights, media, cooperation in the legal oblast, social and economic issues; Health, education, culture, youth, sports, environmental protection. The Council of Europe is developing pan-European conventions and agreements that are the basis for relevant changes in national legislation in order to harmonize them.

Ukraine has chosen a democratic path of development that meets the standards of the European Community. In the headquarters of the Council of Europe in G. Strasbourg (France) on November 9, 1995, a solemn ceremony of Ukraine's entry into this organization took place. The Council of Europe has developed a number of programs for promoting democratic and legal reforms in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, which was granted about $ 10 million. Programs concerned local government, legal proceedings, elections. Thus, the program "Demosphen" envisaged expert analysis drafts of bilateral agreements in ensuring the rights of national minorities, Ukraine proposed to conclude a new independent states On the territory of the former USSR. The Council of Europe provides advisory assistance in developing training programs for training lawyers in Ukraine (for example, at the Institute of International Relations of the Kiev University. T. Shevchenko). Representatives of our state participate in the work of the main and special committees of the Council of Europe, in particular on human rights, on social security issues, migration, cultural heritage, mass media. Ukrainian experts worked in the Committee on the legal issues of refugees and individuals without citizenship, the rights of national minorities and their linguistic rights. Ukraine has become one of the Contracting Parties to Some Conventions of the Council of Europe of the European Cultural Convention, the European Framework Convention on Cross-Border Cooperation of Territorial Communities and the Authorities, the European Convention on Information on Foreign Legislation, as well as Conventions to Combat Crime, Protection of Rights of National Minorities.

2. The Commonwealth of Nations (including 53 countries and was formed in 1931) operates in the following main areas: support for political and economic cooperation; promoting the sustainable development of the economies of the participating countries; consulting, representative and informational tasks; Development and implementation of Commonwealth development programs; The organization and holding of conferences for the adoption of declarations on various problems of world politics. In 1987, a declaration of world trade was adopted; In 1991, the Declaration on Major Rights.

3. The organization of northern cooperation, including five countries, was established in 1971. Its main tasks are: improving the quality and competitiveness of the products of the Northern region; ensuring environmental protection and environmentally sustainable use of natural resources; Rising level of employment, improving working conditions and social security.

4. The League of Arab States (LAG) was established in 1945. Its participants are 21 Arab Country and Palestinian Authority. The purpose of the functioning is to thoroughly and coordinate the participating countries in various fields, the protection of national security and independence.

5. The Organization for Safety and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), established in 1975, has 55 countries, main tasks 6: Achieving sustainable economic development; improving contacts and practical cooperation on environmental protection; Promoting the strengthening of international peace and security.

6. The Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) includes 57 Muslim states. II was established in 1969 in order to deepen cooperation in economic, social and scientific issues, consultation between participating countries in international organizations, strengthening Muslim solidarity.