Environmental factors can act as:

stimpers and cause adaptive changes in physiological and biochemical functions;

limiters resulting in the impossibility of existence in these conditions;

modifiers causing anatomical and morphological changes in organisms;

signals indicating changes in other environmental factors.

In the process of adapting to unfavorable conditions, organisms were able to develop three main ways to avoid the latter.

Active Path - contributes to the strengthening of resistance, the development of regulatory processes that allow all the vital functions of the organisms, despite the unfavorable factors.

For example, warm-bloodedness in mammals and birds.

Passive path It is associated with the subordination of the body's life functions by changing environmental factors. For example, a phenomenon hidden Life accompanied by suspension of vital activity while drying out the reservoir, cooling, etc., up to the state imaginary death or anabiosis .

For example, dried plant seeds, their disputes, as well as small animals (proofing, nematodes) are able to withstand temperatures below 200 o C. Examples of anabyosis? Winter peace of plants, hibernate animals, saving seeds and dispute in the soil.

The phenomenon at which there is a temporary physiological peace in the individual development of some living organisms, due to adverse factors of the external environment, is called range .

Avoiding adverse effects - the production of such life cycles in which the most vulnerable stages of its development are completed into the most favorable periods of the year in temperature and other conditions.

The usual path of such devices is migration.

Evolutionary devices for organisms to the conditions of habitat, expressed in the change in their external and internal features are called adaptation . There are various types of adaptations.

Morphological adaptation . The organisms have such features of the external structure, which contribute to the survival and successful life of organisms in the usual conditions for them.

For example, a streamlined body shape in aquatic animals, the structure of succulents, halophyte fixtures.

Morphological type of adaptation of an animal or plant, in which they have an external form, reflecting the method of interaction with the habitat, are called life form of type . In the process of adaptation to the same medium conditions, different types may have a similar vitality.

For example, Kit, Dolphin, Shark, Penguin.

Physiological adaptation Manifest in the features of the enzymatic set in the digestive tract of animals determined by the composition of food.

For example, ensuring moisture due to the oxidation of fat at camels.

Behavioral adaptation - manifest themselves in the creation of shelters, movement in order to choose the most favorable conditions, frightening predators, dragging, mustache behavior, etc.

Adaptation of each body is determined by its genetic predisposition. Rule of compliance of the environmental conditions of genetic predestination Persons: As long as the environment surrounding a certain type of organisms corresponds to the genetic possibilities of adapting this species to its oscillations and changes, this species may exist. The sharp and rapid change in the conditions of the habitat may lead to the fact that the rate of adaptive reactions will fall behind the change in the conditions of the medium, which will lead to the alimony of the species. This fully applies to man.

Explaining based on natural selection The origin of species as a grand and comprehensive process of consistent replacement of devices, Darwin's theory also explained the phenomenon of the expedient structure of organic forms. Forms of adaptations as a reflection of feasibility are infinitely diverse: the swimming bubble in the body of the fish is filled with air and facilitates the mass of her body; overcome the swamps more conveniently on long legs with widespread fingers, like Herons, or with wide hooves, like an elk; In jumping animals, the hind limbs are stronger (kangaroo, grasshopper, frog). In animals leading the underground lifestyle, the limb of a vintage form and are adapted for the digging of the earth. There are appropriate devices in plants and animals for daily and annual fluctuations in temperature and humidity.

Adherents of idealistic views and servants of the church in the phenomena of the adaptability of organisms and their expedient structure saw the expression of the total harmony of nature outgoing, allegedly, from her creator. The theory of Ch. Darwin rejects any participation in the emergence of devices of supernatural forces, she convincingly proved that the whole animal and vegetable world Since its appearance, it is improved along the path of expedient devices to habitat: to water, air, sunlight, gravity strength. Amazing harmony of wildlife, its perfection is created by nature itself: the struggle for survival. This struggle is that the strength that gives the fortress to the roots, the sophisticated beauty of flowers, causes a bizarre mosaic of the spot location and hides the teeth, gives the mighty power of muscles, visual sharpness, hearing, and alone many animals.

Fitness as an expression of feasibility is manifested in everything. For example, predators have claws, fangs, beaks, poisonous teeth, from which the victim is very difficult to escape. But in the struggle for life, the means of protection were developed: one forces respond by force, other feet saved, thirdly had a sink, shell, needles, etc., many weak and defenseless insects, being harmless or edible, for many years of natural selection He took over the color and shape of the sherry, OS, became similar to poisonous or inedible forms. Their imitative painting or shape at the same time is a campaign, as the same coincides with the background ambient: She makes predators invisible and helps them to sneak up to mining, pursued by the species makes it possible to hide from enemies. If insects pursued by birds did not have coloring under the color of green grass or wood bark, they would have destroyed the feathers. The plumage of the tundra partridge is merged with the tone of rocks and vertices covered with lichens, the Valdshnepe is immelved among the dried and fallen oak foliage, etc. The pronounced adaptive nature is the ability of animals to take a "threatening" or "frightening" color and pose: the caterpillars wine brahnik There are eye-like stains in front, at the time of danger, it lifts the front of the body, scaring these birds.

A variety of devices exclude the possibility of self-pollution in most plants, allow them to spread the fruits and seeds or thanks to the spines to resist the eating herbivores. The aroma and bright coloring of flowers arose as adaptations to attract insects, which, visiting flowers, cross these plants crosswise, or as a device to a more efficient absorption of the sun's rays of a certain length.

Protective coloration. The patronage of color is developed in the species that live openly and can be available to enemies. Such color makes organisms less noticeable against the background of the surrounding area. In some there are a bright pattern (painting at zebra, tiger, giraffe) - alternation of light and dark stripes and stains. This dismembering color seems to simulate light and shadow stains.

Disguise. Masking - a device in which the body shape and the color of the animal merges with the surrounding items. For example, the caterpillars of some butterflies on the shape of the body and the color resemble the bitch.

Mimicry. Mimicry - imitation of a less protected organism of one species to a more protected organism of another species. This imitation can manifest itself in the shape of the body, color, etc. So, some species are not poisonous snakes And insects are like poisonous. Mimicry - the result of selection of similar mutations different species. It helps unprotected animals to survive, contributes to the preservation of the body in the struggle for existence.

Warning (threatening) Color Types often have a bright, memorable color. Once trying to taste an unbearable cow, the bird, the bird will remember their bright color for his whole life.

(According to the personal page of Ivanova Andrei)

In the teaching on the natural selection of Darwin not only materialistically substantiated the adaptation of organisms (their expedient structure), but also showed its relative nature. So, preventive and patronage color, various other protective devices act far from all pursuers, but, having adaptations, the individual is less likely to be attacked. Holders of sting - wasps, bees, hornets - without difficulty eating mukholovki, chubs. Fly fish, jumping out of the water into the air, is cleverly saved from the predatory fish, but the Albatros enjoys it, overtaking its prey in the air. Turtle shell - good defense, however, the eagle raises it into the air and throws on the rocks; The shell is broken, and the eagle eats the turtle.

Each animal and plant cannot be fully adapted to all the conditions, which have been overwhelmed throughout the living. Any fixture is preserved until it is supported by natural selection, but disappears as soon as it ceases to be useful. As an example of the change of fixtures, the development of the patronage color has a butterfly of birch spin.

Thus, the basis of the theory of Darwin is the doctrine of natural selection - the main and guiding factor of evolution. In the struggle for existence on the basis of hereditary variability occurs sequential shift The devices and survival of the most adapted, increases the variety of forms of wildlife, the process of speciation is performed and the general progressive development of the plant and the animal world is carried out. In this theory, there were resolution of two problems: the mechanism of the speciation and the origin of the expediency of the organic world.

The fitness of the organisms as a result of evolution (T.A. Kozlova, V.S. Kuchmenko. Biology in tables. M., 2000)

Indicators of fitness	Plants	Animals
Methods for mining food	The absorption of water and mineral salts is ensured by the intensive development of roots and root hairs; absorption solar energy carried out most successfully wide and thin leaves; Capture and digestion by marsh plants insects and small amphibians	Communion of leaves by high trees; Capture using a network and towing power facilities; The special structure of the octopic organs ensures the catching of insects from long, narrow holes, the bone of grass, catching flying insects; Grappling and retention predatory mammals and birds
Damage protection	Have spines providing protection from herbivores; contain poisonous substances; the rosette shape of the leaves is not available for blending	Saved fast running; have needles, shells, scareting the smell and other protection; The patronage of color saves under certain conditions
Adaptation to abiotic factors (to cold)	Focusing; cold resistance; preservation; Vegetative organs in the soil	Flight to South; thick coat; hibernation; Subcutaneous layer of fat
Dissemination	Lungs, winged seeds; Chain hooks	Bird flights; Migration of animals
The effectiveness of breeding	Attraction of pollinators: coloring flowers, smell	Attracting sexual partner: bright plumage, sex attractants

Question 1. Give examples of the adaptability of organisms to the conditions of existence.
Animals can adapt the body, painting, behavior. For example, the horses hoofs are the most convenient for quickly moving in open spaces, retractable feline claws provide a silent movement, for the aqueous mammals formed a fishery body for the most efficient movement in water, in birds at different speeds and the nature of the flight is formed by one or another wing form. . Among insects that do not have active protection tools are widespread the body shape, imitating background objects, for example, a mantis, paller, butterflies caterpillars. Some organisms are able to take painting corresponding to the background on which they live (chameleon, flounder).

Question 2. Why do some species of animals observe a bright demasking color?
Bright color is usually characteristic of poisonous animals and prevents predators about the inconcellibility of the object of their attack, characteristic of a poisonous, stinging or burning insects (bees, wasps, beetles-briefs, etc.). God's cow, very noticeable, birds are never climbing due to the insect of the poisonous secret. Bright warning coloring have inedible caterpillars, many poisonous frogs, snakes. This coloring pre-warns predator about the uselessness and danger of the attack. By "samples and errors", predators quickly seek to avoid attacking the victim with warning color.

Question 3. What is the essence of the phenomenon of mimicry?
Mimicria is called the similarity of defenseless and edible view With one or more unrelated species, well-protected and possessing a warning color. Mimicry phenomenon is common in butterflies and other insects. Many insects imitate stressing insects. Known beetles, flies, butterflies, copying OS, bees, bumblebees. Mimicry is also found in vertebrate animals - snakes. In all cases, the similarities are purely external and aimed at the formation of a certain visual impression of potential enemies.

Question 4. What is the way the low number of the imitator is supported?
The imitation of some species is justified: a significantly smaller part of individuals and the kind, which served as a model, and the type of imitator is exposed to extermination. It is necessary, however, so that the size of the imitator is significantly less than the size of the model. Otherwise, enemies will not be developed a steady negative reflex on the warning color. Support the number of the imitator at the desired level allows the genuine effect of these species is saturated with lethal mutations. In a homozygous state, these mutations cause the death of the body, as a result of which the high percentage of individuals does not reach a hawk state.

Question 5. Does the effect of natural selection of animal behavior extends? Give examples.
For the survival of organisms in the conditions of the struggle for the existence great importance has adaptive behavior. The effectiveness of the adaptive color and body shape sharply rises in combination with behavior. For example, the ability of feline for a long time to sit in ambush and make lightning jumps are boring the success of the hunting predator. The ability of the wolf to go from the leeward side and hunt in the pack - useful qualities for this hunter. Undoubtedly, the stocking of some animal feed on the unfavorable season of the year is justified. For example, the chevka-housekeeper spares up to 10 kg of cereals, grains, roots and dry grass. Cutting in case of danger to organisms that do not have active protection methods allows them to save life.

Question 6. Why do the species that care about the offspring in animals are reduced? Give examples.
In low-organized organisms, the offspring is most often left to the mercy of fate. This explains such a high fertility of invertebrates and lower vertebrates. A large number of descendants in the conditions of high extermination of the juvenile serves as a means of struggle for the existence of a species. With the developed care of the offspring, the number of people survivors and reached the sexual maturity of descendants increases sharply, which reduces their initial number.

Question 7. What is the relative character of adaptive signs in organisms? Give examples characteristic of plants and animals.
The structure of living organisms is very subtly adapted to the conditions of existence. Any species sign or property is adaptive, suitable in this environment, in these life conditions only in the usual setting. With the change in environmental conditions, they become useless or even harmful to the body. Thanks to mimicry, most birds do not touch the OS and bees, however, among them there are species that eate the OS, and bees, and their imitators. Hedgehog and the Secretary Bird without harm eat poisonous snakes. Ground turtles armor reliably protects them from enemies, but predatory birds raise them into the air and break about the ground.
Any fixtures are appropriate only in the usual form for the form. With the change in environmental conditions, they turn out to be useless or harmful to the body. The permanent growth of rodent cutters is very important feature, But only when nutrition is nutrition. If the rat is to keep in soft food, cutters, without wear, grow up to such sizes that the power becomes impossible. So, all the features of the structure and behavior of cats are expedient for a predator that lies in the ambush: soft pads on the fingers, drawn claws, the ability to see in the dark. At the same time, on open spaces, all these devices are useless.
Deeply leaving root system in desert plants does not benefit in conditions of wet habitats. The transformation of the limbs into flippers in aquatic mammals is useful for habitat in water, but on land, cetaceans are fixed, and the laston-eaten moves very clumsy.
Thus, any structure and any function are a device to specific external environmental conditions, i.e. Adaptations are relative. None of the adaptive signs provide absolute security for their owners.

The fitness of organisms to the habitat is inextricably linked with them. life-ability, competition ability (competitiveness) I. leaving normal offspring.

Viability

Animals

Plants

Coloring the body of butterflies

Cat and her wild relatives (Tiger, Leopard) hunt an ambush, grinding. All cats followed by themselves and ripped wool so that there is no smell. After all, the victims should not be honored. The cat hunts most often in the dark, because, having trough, at this time it becomes more accurate. Therefore, all cats in the dark see well. Cat is a single beast, she "walks by itself"; There are still difficult for these animals to train.

A completely different business is a dog. Dog family relatives (wolves, shaky-lies) for the most part hunt the pack, so they are very com-Paniysky and easily get used to obey their leader. The dog can be trained, and it becomes very obedient. Dogs lick themselves very rarely and smells of a psycho - because these animals do not sit in ambush. To find prey, the dog and its relatives are used by a sharp flair. It has excellent dogs, these livelies can go to the trail for a long time.

The fitness of the organisms is the result of evolution factors.
Relative nature devices

11th (9th) class (2 h)

Lesson 1. "Adaptive features of organisms"

Methodical support

The lesson is built using the Spiral technology, which is an integral part of the technology of critical thinking. The purpose of it is applied:

- activation of the mental activity of students in the lessons;
- Formation of the skills of obtaining information from various sources, skills to compare and analyze the material being studied.

This technique allows you to analyze the material being studied as far as possible at different levels of perception, which forms more strong knowledge.

Stages of work:

- creating a problem situation;
– individual work students with cards, follow-up joint discussion and formulating intermediate conclusions;
- work of students in pairs with text, drawing up a working table;
- a collective discussion of the information set out in the text;
- Teacher's story, making additions to the table, formulating the final conclusions;
- drawing up an individual report.

Planned Result: Students expand and systematize knowledge of the adaptive features of organisms.

Training method- Problem: What is the difference between changes from fixtures? Why are organisms (types) are surprisingly well adapted to environmental conditions?

Materials for lesson:

- 12 cards with examples of adaptations different types;
- text "Adaptive Features of Organizations";
- Sample table for filling.

Check the performance of the lesson: assessments of students for individual and paired work; Selective reporting; Through a lesson - Blitz test (biological labyrinth) for 10 minutes.

DURING THE CLASSES

To survive, you need to quickly change.

L. Carroll ("Alice in the Wonderland")

Formulation of the problem

Example 1. On the scholars, the scholars attached to the spikes in the grass cleaned from the grass, tied three colors of the brown, yellow, green. During your experience, the birds were destroyed by 60% of yellow, 55% of the green and only 20% of the brown bears, who had color color coincided with the color of the background.
Similar experiments were delivered with pupae butterflies. In case of inconsistencies in the color of the pupae coloring the background of the bird destroyed much more dolls than in the case of coincidence of the background with the color.
Waterfowl in the pool caught a predominantly fish, the color of which does not correspond to the color of the bottom.

Questions

What could be found with the help of the described experiments?

What was the survival rate of the Bogomolov, the pupa of butterflies and fish?

How can I explain the results of experiments received by scientists?

(Oral mini conclusions).

Example 2. Everyone knows that the roots of the plants grow down, penetrating the soil. However, in the jungle of Venezuela, 12 types of trees were discovered, the roots of which climbed up the trunk.
What could be the reason " strange behavior"Roots?

(Schoolchildren answer options).

(Control response for the teacher: Soil in these places contains so few nutrients that the roots have adapted to choose ions of Ca, Mg, K, etc. Elements flowing on the trunk of rainwater. To confirm this assumption, researchers artificially increased the content of mineral substances in flowing water. The growth of the roots after that intensified).

Primary understanding of the lesson theme (recording on the board):

Fitness of organisms

The adaptability of the organisms (from the lat. "Adaptation" is a device) - the ability of organisms to resist the reeddance of environmental conditions.

The teacher distributes cards (each even party reads even examples, odd, respectively - odd) and proposes to perform the task:

- Read the proposed examples.
- Try to define the types of adaptation.
- Break these examples into groups, explain your choice.

Card 1. About 10 species of sloths live in South America - strictly wood animals. The normal position of the body of these extremely slow creatures is hanging back down. In contrast to all the rest of the mammal, the fur of the sloths on the torso is not directed from the back to the belly, but, on the contrary, with a belly to the back. On a loose, the algae, giving the animal green color, which gives him to be hidden in foliage.

Card 2. The caterpillars of the spiders, clinging to the branch by the rear pairs of feet and flexing the rest of the body at an angle to it, the bitch is likened. Some mantis color and body shape are similar to those or other parts of the flower, so they are called floral.

Card 3. Breidy's English entomistist, who studied the behavior of Tsetz Fly, came to the conclusion that she attacks any moving warm object, even a car. Muha not attacks only on Zebra, which perceives only as the flashes of black and white stripes.

Card 4. Beetle-bombarder produces chemical substanceswho, at a danger, enter the funk-like department of the rear of his body. There begins a stormy reaction, and the resulting unpleasant fluid, blowing up, is thrown directly on the attacker. The usual driver "rewards" a predator with a liquid, which causes Naryavy.

Card 5. Along the coast of the Australian province Queensland and near Sydney lives a very poisonous octopus. Although its sizes rarely exceed 12 cm, poison in it is enough to kill 10 people.

Card 6. Some animals use the smell as protection: North American skuns is able to throw a stream of badly smelling fluid by 3 m with striking accuracy. It can temporarily blindfooting and definitely understand him from a re-attack on skunk.

Card 7. Covered by concentrating stripes, but completely harmless fly - hovering extracts nectar from a flower, like honey bees, possessing a terrible sting. Imitation of the Burchable is not limited to the color, but includes behavior. Burbed imitate the sounds, published by bees and axes, and, if you disturb them, threateningly buzz.

Card 8. Australian bearded lizard is capable of scaring a brave predator self-brave. She loudly whistles, hits the tail and raises the ridge so that it seems 4 times more than it really is.

Card 9. In some cases, fish can be masked under other animals, and they make it collectively. For example, small marine catches, finding what is approaching them predatory Fish, immediately grouped into a kind of girl's sembrella. Their heads turn out to be in the center of this "architectural structure", and pointed tails stick out out. They published the "tangle" resembles a barbed sea hedgehog, which predators prefer to bypass the party.

Card 10. In African savannas, there is a small underground rodent - naked farm. This is a strange, almost naked, deprived of the Created Creation. That is more fun to see Vibrisa sticking in different directions - on the head and on the belly. Numerous sensitive hairs help excav workers to navigate in huge underground labyrinths laid by these hardworking animals.

Card 11. Some hedgehogs use the allocations of poisonous toads to lubricate their needles. Attacking the toad, hedgehog, first of all, biting her poisonous parole glands, and then the poisoned saliva lubricates its needles. Cunning habits are absorbed in childhood. The newborn, even blindly licks a poisonous lubricant with a needle of a mother and inflicts her tongue to his still soft needles.

Card 12.Animals per minute danger often resort to different tricks: especially the birds do it - pretending to be wounded, they distract predators from the nests. Even such large animals as elephants are able to deceive predatory
Cove - they are also pretending, only dead.

One day in the jungle of India caught a wild elephant. It was tied with chains. Suddenly the elephant fell to the ground. The hunters tried to extract him, but he lay motionless. They decided that the elephant died, removed the chains and left him. The elephant jumped on his feet and rushed to run.

Following the discussion on the board there is a record of those options for adaptation that found students in the examples.

Reading and organizing text

Teacher: To find out what other adaptations are found in nature, get acquainted with the following text, prepare a table to summarize and make brief records in it. Work under the same conditions as in the previous case: each even party reads about plants; Each odd - about animals.

Text "Adaptive Features of Organisms"

One of the results of natural selection, which is the guide of the driving force of the process of evolution, can be called development in all living organisms of adaptations - accessories to the habitat.

The variety of specific devices can be divided into several groups that are forms of fitness of organisms to the environment.

Some forms of fitness in plants

• Adaptations to elevated dryness: the input of the leaves, the accumulation of moisture in the stem (cactus, baobab), the conversion of leaves in the needles (coniferous plants).

• Adaptations to high humidity: a large surface of the sheet, a lot of stomits, an increased intensity of evaporation.

• Fixtures to pollination by the wind: render of stamens with anthers far beyond the flower, small light pollen, the pestle is strongly omitted, petals and cups are not developed, do not interfere with the blowing of other parts of the flower by the wind.

• Fitness to pollination insects: bright attracting flower color, the presence of nectar, smell, flower shape.

• Adaptations to the settlement and distribution of seeds and disputes: juicy, attractive fruits or cones for animals; Seeds with stealing, wipers, hooks, parachutes; Light numerous disputes; "Exploding" fruits (loft, "mad" cucumber).

• Adaptations to the maximum amount of light: sheet mosaic, flat wide leaves, multi-layered columnar and spongy photosynthetic fabric, narrow interclausers, a large number of chlorophyll.

• Adaptations to transfer unfavorable conditions: leaf fall; Power supply of nutrients in bulbs, rhizomes, tubers, root plans; Efhemerity (snowdrops, crocuses, proleski).

• Adaptations to a lack of nutrition or oxygen: insectoity (Rosyanka, Veineree Mukholovka); Air roots (orchids); Respiratory roots (Mangra).

• Damage from eating herbivores: Needles; spines; Druz (potassium oxeline crystals) accumulating in spines or leaves; poisonous juices; Claiming cells with burning hairs.

Some forms of fitness in animals

• Body shape:

- Torpedo-shaped (prevents the formation of curvatures of water flows when driving): sharks, dolphins, penguins, squid;
- Imprive (makes an organism invisible among certain objects): Distributions, Padenic Caterpillars, Tsicades, Sea Skates, Funns;
- Flavored (for life at the bottom or in narrow crevices): Planaria, Fambal, Skates.

Body coloring:

- warning (in species possessing poisonous, burning, stuffing structures): wasps, bumblebees, bees, beetles, coughes, caterpillars of cabbage butterflies, ladybugs, rattling snakes;
- Pontreamious (hides against the background of the environment): green grasshopper, white owl, flabble, octopus, hare of white, twi, white partridge;
- Dismembering, "camouflage" (blurs the contours, helps to remain invisible against the background of an inhomogeneous medium, among stains and light and shadow bands): zebras, tigers, spotted young deer, giraffes, zebra fish.

Adaptation at which the body shape and coloring of the animal merge with the surrounding objects, is called maskirovka.
Imitation of well-protected and possessing the warning color or, on the contrary, harmless animals, helps potential victims to protect against eating predators and is called mimicria..

Table. Adaptation of organisms

Indicators of fitness	Animals	Plants
1. Adaptations to abiotic factors (for example, cold)	1. thick wool 2. Fat subcutaneous layer of fat 3. Flight to South 4. Hibernation 5. Painting feed for the winter	1. Listopad 2. Cool resistance 3. Preservation of vegetative organs in the soil 4. The presence of modifications (bulbs, rhizomes, etc. with nutrient reserves)
2. Food Methods	For mining food and water: 1. Communication of leaves at high trees (long neck) 2. Capture with the help of networks (weaving web and the creation of other diverse traps) and tuning power facilities 3. The special structure of the digestive organs for catching insects from narrow holes, whispering of grass, fishing of flying insects, multiple peeling of coarse food (sticky long language, multi-chamber stomach, etc.) 4. Grappling and retention of prey with predatory mammals and birds (predatory teeth, claws, hooked beak)	To mining biogenic, water and energy: 1. Absorption of water and mineral substances (intensive development of roots and root hairs) 2. Wide fine leaves, sheet mosaic (solar energy absorption) 3. Water stocking (thick network of interclausers, thickened stem and others.) 4. Capture and digestion of small animals (insectoral plants), etc.
3. Protection against enemies	1. Quick run 2. Needles, shell 3. Scare up the smell 4. Pontroval, warning, etc. Types of color	1. Spinys 2. Outlet form, inaccessible to boom (mowing) 3. Poisonous substances 4. Clamping cells
4. Ensuring the effectiveness of reproduction	Attracting sexual partner: 1. Bright plumage 2. "Crown" Rogov 3. Sex attractants 4. Songs 5. Marriage dancing	Attracting the pollinator: 1. Nettle 2. Pollen 3. Bright coloring of flowers or inflorescence 4. Smell
5. Requirements for new territories	Migration: The movement of herd, colonies, flocks in search of food and suitable conditions for breeding (birds flying, nomads antelope, zebras, fish swims)	Spreading seeds and dispute: 1. Chain hooks, spines 2. Khokholki, Wolfings, Freaks for the transfer of the wind 3. Juicy fruits, etc.

Examples:

- Mukho-hoverings look like bees, OS, bumblebees;
- innocuous tropical merges are similar to poisonous snakes;
- Eggs, laid by the cuckoo, correspond to the color of the eggs of the owner's birds, etc.

Solid bodies of body, spikes and needles (mechanical protection against predator): sea hedgehog, beetles, crabs, snails and bivalve mollusks, turtles, hedgehogs, dickerages).

Poisonous glands or toxins (for the victim - protection against eating; for predators - means of killing or immobilization of production): jellyfish, spiders, multi-peas, some fish, many amphibians, snakes.

Physiological adaptation:

- removal of excess water through the kidneys in the form of a weakly concentrated urine (maintaining the constancy of the inner environment of the body in conditions of life in fresh water): Freshwater fish and amphibians;
- Isolation of a small amount of strongly concentrated urine (preservation of the constancy of the inner environment of the body in terms of living in a hyperosmotic medium or in the desert): marine fish, sea snakes, desert rodents.
- ability to echo, thermo- and electrolocation (for orientation in space): the bats, Dolphins, some snakes (they differ at a distance of objects whose body temperature differs from the temperature of the medium just 0.2 ° C), fish.

There are many other types of physiological adaptations, for example, the ability to fall into the hibernation, the ability of body fluids to resist freezing, the ability to bypass a small amount of oxygen, etc.

Adaptive behavior:

- repellent (protection against predators): Eared roundhead, bearded lizard, owls;
- Fooling (Protection against predators): Opossula, some beetles, amphibians, birds;
- stocking (many animals spare food for unfavorable season of the year): Keedrovka, Coyake, Chipmunk, Protein, Food;
- migration (avoiding adverse conditions by moving to other areas): migratory birds, some types of butterflies.

There are many other types of adaptive behavior. For example, in the desert for many species, the time of the greatest activity is the night when the heat falls.

Caring for offspring:

- tooling caviar on the body or in the oral cavity: crustaceans, sea skates, tilapia, Suriname Pipe;
- the construction of the nest and the elimination of it in it: some amphibians and fish (barbons, cocks, macropods), birds, all placental mammals that born helpless young;
- Feeding offspring: wasps, bees, ants, some fish (discs), birds, mammals. Scratis beetles and single wasps do not roll out the larvae, but provide them with a food margin.

According to the results of the text discussion, a table is drawn up (see p. 18).

Summing up the lesson

Plants and animals are surprisingly adapted to the conditions of the medium in which they live. The concept of "fitness of the species" includes not only external signs, but also the correspondence of the structure of the internal organs by them by the functions (for example, a long and complexly organized digestive tract of ruminant animals feeding on vegetation food).

Compliance of the physiological functions of the body conditions of its habitat, their complexity and diversity also enters the concept of fitness.

Think of which output should be made from the above, discuss in pairs, make entries in your reports.

Homework

• Option 1. Think and write down in the notebook signs of mutual facilities of predators and victims.

To be continued