Chechens, Nochchy (self-taking), People B. Russian Federation, the main population of Chechnya.
According to the 2002 census, Russia lives 1 million 361 thousand Chechens. According to the 2010 census - 1 million 431 thousand. They also live in Ingushetia, Dagestan, Stavropol Territory, Volgograd region, Kalmykia, Astrakhan, Saratov, Tyumen region, North Ossetia, Moscow, as well as in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, etc.
Ethnonym
In Armenian sources of the 7th century, Chechens are mentioned under the name "Schach Matyang" ("Nakhchi speaking").In the documents of the 16-17 centuries there are tribal names of Chechens ( ichkerintsy, Okokok, Shubuta, etc..). The name of Chechens was the Russian transliteration of Kabardian "Syershai" and came from the name of the village of Big Chechen.
Language
Chechens say in the Chechen language of the nuclear group of the Nakho-Dagestan branch of the North Caucasian language family. Dialects: Plane, Akkinsky, Cheberlowsky, Melchinsky, ITUMKalinsky, Galancheogo, Kittyansky. The Russian language is also distributed. Writing after 1917 first on the basis of Arabic, then Latin graphics, and since 1938 - on the basis of the Russian alphabet.
Religion
Believers Chechens - Muslim Sunni. The Sufi teachings of two senses - Nakshbandi and Nadyri are common. The main deities of the Housesulman Pantheon were the God of the Sun and the sky of the case, the god of thunder and zipper of the village, the patron saint of Gal-Yard's cattle breeding, hunting - Elta, the goddess of fertility of carcoli, the god of the Morobic world Ashm. Islam penetrates Chechnya in the 13th century through the Golden Horde and Dagestan. Fully Chechens are addressed to Muslim in the 18th century. An important element of Chechen society is the Sufi Virgin communities together with the generic clans (teipami), although the priority social role Currently playing common civil institutions.
Traditional classes
Farming and cattle breeding. Chechens bred sheep, cattle, as well as thoroughbred horses for riding. Economic specialization existed between mountain and flat areas of Chechnya: getting bread from the plain, the mountain Chechens were sold in return for surplus of livestock. Jewelry and blacksmith crafts were also developed, mountain fishing, silk production, bone and horns.
clothing
Traditional men's Chechen clothing - Rubaha, Pants, Beshmet, Cherkess. Men's hats - high, expanding papahs from valuable fur. The cap was considered by the personification of male dignity, the knocking of it attracted blood revenge.
The main elements of the women's clothing of Chechen - shirt and pants. The shirt had a tunical cut, the length is sometimes lower than the knees, sometimes to the ground. The color of the clothing was determined by the status of a woman, differed in married, unmarried and widows.
Brief ethnic history of Vainakhov
The ethnic history of Vainakhov (Chechens, Ingush, Covatushin) goes deep in millennia. In Mesopotamia (in the interfluve of the Tiger and Euphrates), in Sumera, in Anatolia, Syrian and Armenian Highlands, in Transcaucasia and on the shores Mediterranean Sea The majestic and mysterious traces of the garrite states, cities, settlements belonging to the IV-I millenniums are left. e. It was Hurrites who allocates modern historical science as the oldest great-grandfather of nakho peoples.
On the right of Nahkh inheriting the genetic, cultural and historical memory of their distant ancestors is evidenced by numerous data in the field of language, archeology, anthropology, toponymy, chronicle and folklore sources, parallels and continuity in customs, rites, traditions.
We are talkingHowever, not about the simultaneous process of resettlement of the Khurritsky tribes from the anterior Asia to the Ceque Floods of the Grand Caucasus Range, where Chechens and Ingush are compact. Numerous and majestic churrician states and communities: Suchmers, Mitanni (Naharina), Alzi, Karakhar, Arrapha, Urartu (Nairi, Biaini) and others - in different historical times were dissolved in new statements, and the main part of the Hurrites, Etruscov, Urartov, was assimilated by more numerous nomadic tribes of seven, assiys, persians, turks and others.
The sensational communication message about the close link of the ancient Nahkhs with front-axia civilizations was made in the middle of the sixties outstanding Caucasian, professor, laureate of the Lenin Prize Evgeny Ivanovich Larovnov:
"... with the study of the past Multiethnic Caucasus, the problem of ethnogenesis of a certain range of ancient and distinctive peoples generating a special language group (the so-called Iberian-Caucasian family of languages) is associated. As you know, it is sharply different from all other language families of the world and turned out to be associated with the ancient peoples of the anterior and Malaya Asia before the speech on the historic arena of Indo-European, Turkic and Thro-Finnish peoples. "
For the first time in Soviet historiography, materials about the close kinship of the Hurrito-Uranty language with Nakhi languages \u200b\u200bwere published in 1954 by the Polish linguist Ya. Brown and Soviet Language and Klimov. Later this discovery was confirmed in the writings of prominent scientists and local historians: Yu. D. Diakheiyev, I. M. Dyakonova, A. S. Chikobava, A. Yu. Militareva, S. A Starostina, H. Z. Bakaeva, K. Z . Chokayev, S.-M. Hasiev, A. Alikhadzhieva, S. M. Dzhamirzaeva, R. M. Nashxoyeva and others.
Among foreign scientists who have paid attention to the ethnolinguistic intimacy of Chechens with the ancient population of anterior Asia, there was German Language Department Joseph Carst. In 1937, in his work "The beginning of the Mediterranean. Prehistoric Mediterranean peoples, their origin, settlement and relatives. Ethnolinguistic studies "(G. Heidelberg) He wrote:
"Chechens are not actually Caucasians, but ethnically and linguistically: sharply separated from other mountain peoples of the Caucasus. They - displaced the Great Hyperborean-Paleo Asian (Orange) tribe, which stretched from Turan (Turkey - N. S. -x.) Through Northern Mesopotamia in Canaan. With its Euphological vocalism, its structure, not tolerant of any harms of consonants, Chechen language is characterized as a member of the family, which is once geographically and genetically stood closer to protohamitic than to the actual Caucasian languages. "
Carsman calls the Chechen language by the "jumped Northern Spring of the Prime Minister", which once occupied a much more southern territory in the pre-Armenian-Alarodian (i.e. Urthi) of anterior Asia.
From Russian pre-revolutionary authors about the origin of Vainakhov with amazing scientific displays in 1913, Konstantin Mikhailovich Tumanov wrote in his book on the prehistoric language of the Transcaucasus, published in Tiflis. After analyzing numerous materials in the field of language, toponymy, written sources and legends, the author came to the conclusion that even before the speech on the historic arena of the current Transcaucasian peoples, the ancestors of the Chechens and Ingush were widely reset.
The fogs even then suggested that the famous "bathing inscriptions" - URRA clinical texts - are made by the ancestors of Vainakhov. This assumption is subsequently confirmed. Scientists today have no doubt that from all the well-known languages \u200b\u200bof the world, the language of modern Chechens and Ingush is close to Urarto Hurritsky.
In the ethnogenesis of coincible Chechens and Ingush, they took part, of course, the aborigines who lived ancient on the core slopes of the Grand Caucasian Range and steppe zone, stretching to the lower volga in the north and shores of the Caspian Sea in the East.
On the territory of modern Chechnya, in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Kesten Am in Vedensky district, traces of people who lived here 40 thousand years ago were found. Thus, we can state that modern Chechens, Ingush, Covatushin - the descendants of the founders of the ancient advanced and quaucasian civilizations, and their current birthplace of habitat ancient peoplewhere one above the other many material and dyxual cultures were layered.
Witnesses dramatic, the heroic history of Novonakhov in the North Caucasus - various cyclopeous structures of huge stone blocks, Scythian mounds, towering in the planar area of \u200b\u200bNakhistan, ancient and medieval towers, which are impressive even today with their grace, the skill of their creators.
How did the distant ancestors of Vainakhov changed the main Caucasian ridge and assured on his northern foothills and valleys? Many sources shed light to this process. The main and most reliable of them are "Kartlis TshShovreba" (the lives of Georgia) - the arch of Georgian chronicles attributed to the Leonity of the rover.
In these chronicles leaving for prehistoric depth, there is a role of Dzurdzukov - the ancestors of Vainakhov, who moved from the front-Asian Society of Durscka (around Lake Urmia) in the historical processes of Transcaucasia in 1 thousand to the new era. Obviously, the main of these chronicles arose at the end of 1 thousand to n. e. After hiking, Alexander Macedonsky, although they are told about the events of both preceding the campaign, belonging to the time of the state by Urartu, and about events are significantly later.
The legendary form of the narrative, in which, as usual, the events of different eras are confusing, clearly indicates that the distant ancestors of Vainakhov played a very active political role in all of the Transcaucasia and in the North Caucasus. In the annals, it was noted that the most famous and powerful of all children of Caucasus (mythical generics of all Caucasian peoples) was Jurdzuk. This to Dzurdzukov turned at the turn of a new era. The first Georgian king Farnavaz with a request for help when he wanted to establish himself on the throne in the fight against fragmented erystrument (feudal principles).
The Union of Dzurdzukov with the elements and the cartswies was strengthened with a marriage of Farnavas with a woman from Jurdzuki.
The Eastern Hurrites of the state tribes of Urartu, who lived at Lake Urmia, were called Matien. In the "Armenian geography" of the early Middle Ages, the ancestors of Chechens and Ingush are known as Nakhchmathan.
On the shore of Lake Urmia was the city of Durscka, on this ethnonym began to call the nuclear nuclear tribes from there in the Transcaucasia. They were called Dzurdzuki (lady). Matyane, Nakhchmathana, Dzurdzuki are the same nuclear tribes, which for a long historical period remained in sight, retained their material and spiritual culture, mentality, ensured the continuity of traditions, lifestyle.
A similar historical and ethnic bridge between the population of the ancient Hurrito-Urthi world and other related tribes and communities were also like Vainakhs from the Central Caucasus.
The Urartians were not fully assimilated by the Armenians, they continued to live independently in central Transcaucasia and in the Black Sea coast. Part of the URRA tribes merged over time with the dominant ethnic groups. The other part retained itself, remaining the relic islands, and managed to live to today. It is these relict ethnic groups that are today's Chechens, Ingush, Tsova-Tochina, other nations and nationalities, who managed to survive in the will of God in the gorges of the Ancient Caucasus.
Learned, but abundant with reliable data, the history of Nahkh between the Khurrito-Uranty kingdoms in the anterior Asia and the Novonakh State Educations of the Mongol-Tatar invasions indicates that the Nakhi was practically the basis for the emergence of new peoples and ethnic groups in the Central Caucasus, which until then No existed in nature at all. The nuclear ethnos underlies the emergence of Ossetians, Hebusurov, Dzlov, Svanov, Tushin, Udine and other tribes and peoples.
The historian of Vakhushti (1696-1770) also argued that Kakhetintians consider their jourdzuks, holly and cysts, "and they do not know about it since they disappeared."
Najski tribes, unions of tribes and kingdoms, located in the center of the Caucasus on both sides of the ridge at the beginning of the first half of the new era, is Dzurdzuki, Era, Kahi, Ganach, Khaliba, Mehelona, \u200b\u200bHohns, Tsangari, Tabala, Diuhi, Flyals, Soda .
Hurrito-Nakh and close to them tribes and communities were in the Central and Eastern Transcaucasus not only after the collapse of URARTU - the latter, the most powerful kingdom of the Hurrites. Academician G. A. Melikishvili claims that "the rapid development of these lands (Transcaucasian), the transformation into the organic part of the empire is in a considerable extent due to the fact that the Urartians have to deal with the population standing in ethnically close to the population central regions Urartu.
Nevertheless, reliable, unambiguous traces of the accommodation of the Khurrito-Nakh tribes in the Transcaucasia with their names and specific locations we find only after the collapse of the Urthi kingdom. Perhaps this is explained by the lack of written sources at the remote time. But in the most ancient written source from Leonthia, we find a phrase from the era of Alexander Macedonsky (IV century BC. E): "Following this (i.e., after the invasion of Alexander Macedonsky, the Khaldensky tribes came again, and they also came settled in Kartli. "
Historian Hassan Bakayev proved the belonging of the Urartian eras - one of the largest tribes in the state - to Khurrito Naham. It is with the eras that were perhaps the most powerful in Urartu, the names of Erebuni (eras dwelling, "bun" - in Chechen language - dwelling); The name of the erash (s) is the river eras. "Khan" - the Khurrito-Nakh-Special Formant forms hydronicima, "says H. Bakayev.
The Tiger River in Hurrist was called Aranzhah, which means "flat river" in Chechen language. The river, which proceeded through the territory of the Black Sea Hurritov (Mahelona, \u200b\u200bKhaliba and others) was called and so far called Choroi, that in the language of Chechens means "inner river". Terek in antiquity was called Lomechi, i.e. mountain river».
Modern Lahvi in \u200b\u200bSouth Ossetia Ossetians is called Leuahi, that is, in Nakhka, the "glacier river". The name of the Erasha semantically complements this series and allows such a translation - "ero river". Leonty was called "Oretskoye Sea" as one of the bodies of the "Country of Targamos".
In the ancient and Armenian version of Labor, Leonty Moveli is the name transferred as "Sea Eret" (Erelet). It is clear from the text that under this title it is implied not black and not the Caspian Sea, under the "Sea Eret" it was implied in antiquity of Lake Sevan.
In those areas where Araks (Erasha) proceeded at the habitat of the eras, already in the era of the Armenian kingdom there was a speaking (district) of Eraz, there was a Gorge of Yerash (Erashadzor, where the Dzor is "Gorge") and there was also the "Top of Erashadzor"). It is curious that Nakhchradzor community is mentioned not far from this vertex, that is, the community of the Gorge of the Nakhchra. Obviously, the "Nakhchra" echoes the self-configuration of the Chechens - the income, as fairly approves in its recent studies of Bakaev.
At the turn of the new era, the largest Kakhetian society from all sides is surrounded by naughty-speakers and communities. From the south, naughty-speaking tansaars were adjacent to him, from the West - naughty-speaking twalks, from the east - naughty-speaking era (who lived in the Kakheti itself), and from the north of naughty-speaking Jurdzuki. As for the tribe of Kakhov, who gave the name of Kakheti, then this is part of the naughty-speaking tushin, who lived in the flat part of the historical treasure and called himself as Kabatsa, and its territory of Kah Batz.
Naucked were also the Transcaucasian Tabala tribes, Talia, Tibars, Holds.
The Epoch of the Early Middle Ages includes the flourishing of stone construction in the mountains of Nahkh. All the Verkhovyev Daryaal Gorges, Assa, Argun, fortans were built up with complex stone architectural structures, such as combat and residential towers, castles, scleps, temples, sanctuisa.
Later, many settlements appeared - fortresses, which still amazed with their magnificence, skill in progress. Many combat towers were built at the peaks of the rocks and were practically unavailable to the enemy. Such architectural structures, which are considered as works of art, could appear only at a high level of production, with high development of socio-cultural life.
By the time of the great historical shocks, to which the epic belongs to the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the Kingdom of Alania was located in the western part of Chechnya, and in the eastern part of the plane and foothill Chechnya, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe current Gudermes and the Huratovsky districts, the Chechen kingdom of Simsir was located. The feature of this kingdom (in history knows the name of the most influential ruler of Simsir - Gaurekhan) was that it was among the Islamic states and had a close relationship with neighboring Dagestan principles.
Alanya
In the early Middle Ages, a multi-breeding and multilingual union began to be taken into account in the plain areas of the Precaucasia, which became known as Alania.
This union included, as evidenced by archaeologists, linguists, anthropologists and other specialists, both nomads-Sarmat and the original inhabitants of these places, mainly naughty-speaking. Obviously, these were the plain Nakhi, known to the Greek geographer Strabo, called Gargara, which in the Nahph language means "close", "relatives".
Nomads-steppes, who made part of the Tribal Union of Alanya, adopted a settling lifestyle in Nahkh and soon their Seliya and the settlement (fortified villages) have multiplied on the banks of the Terek and Sunii.
Travelers of those years noted that the Alanian settlements were so closely located on each other, which in the same village heard the roosters and the dogs are sled in another.
Huge mounds rose around the villages, some of which were preserved to the present day. Traces of Alanian settlements are also preserved, one of which is the Alkhan Kaline settlement in the territory of the Grozny district, 16 km west of the Terrible, on the left bank of Sunii. Most likely, as the Caucasian scientists suggest, here was at the same time the capital of Alanya The city of Magas (MAAS), that in the language of Vainakhov means "the capital", "main city". For example, the main settlement of Cheberlow Society - Makazha - called Maa-Makazha.
Valuable finds mined there during archaeological excavations received in their time not only all-union, but also world fame.
Medieval naughty tribes and kingdoms
Chechens and Ingush of the first half of 1 Millennium of a new era, who lived on the northern slopes of the Grand Caucasian Range, are known as Nakhchmiatian, "Cysts", "Durzuki", "Glyguy", "Melkhi", "Hamekita", "Sadiks". Town days in the mountains of Chechnya and Ingushetia are preserved. Present and generic surnames of Garden, Hamhoev, Melkhi.
Full and a half thousand years ago, the population of Chechnya and Ingushetia (Nakhistan) who lived in border areas with Georgia and in Georgia itself, struck Christianity.
Until today, the ruins of Christian churches and temples are preserved in the mountains. Almost entirely preserved the Christian Temple of Thaba-Erd near the village of Targim in the Assinov Gorge. Specialists suggest that the temple was erected during the early Middle Ages.
By the same period include intensive connections of highlanders with neighboring and long-term developed countries and states. As evidenced by the study of the Abkhaz scientist Guram Humba, the king of Mallov Anders, for example, was married to the daughter of the Bosporovsky Tsar from the Northern Black Sea region. Intensive were connections with Byzantium and with Khazaria. In the struggle of the Kiev Prince Svyatoslav with Khazaria and Prince Igor and Polovtsy Chechens and Ingush, obviously, performed on the side of their Slavic allies. This is evidenced, in particular, the lines from the "word about the regiment of Igor", where Igor's captive Polovtsy is offered to flee into the mountains. There Chechens, the people of Avura will save and defend the Russian prince.
In the VIII-XI centuries in Chechnya, large caravanways from the Khazar city of Sevendar were held, which was presumably in North Dagestan, to the Black Sea, to Taman Peninsula And then before european countries.
Probably, thanks to this path, the objects of life and the work of art of rare beauty and magnificent skill were distributed in Chechnya.
Another most important way that binds Nahphs with the outside world was the Darialyas. This path joined Chechens with Georgia and with all the front-axian world.
The invasion of Tatar-Mongols
During the period of the Tatar-Mongolian invasion, the kingdom of Alania, which was located in the western part of Chechnya, was subjected to full destruction of the two commander of Genghis Khan - Jebe and subcent. They broke away from Derbent, and the plain population of Nakhistan turned out to be vulnerable to the army of steppes.
Tatar-Mongols did not spare anyone. The peaceful population or killed, or took into slavery. Cattle and property were looted. Hundreds of villages and settlements were turned into ashes.
Another blow to the foothills of the Caucasus. He was inflicted by Horde Batya in 1238-1240. In those years. Nomadic hordes of Tatar-Mongols rolled through countries of Eastern Europe, inflicting them a heavy damage. Did not avoid this fate and Chechnya. Its economic, political, social and spiritual development was discarded back on the century.
The population of plain Nakhistan partly managed to escape to the mountains, to his relatives. Here, in the mountains, Vainahi, perfectly realizing that the invasion of Tatar-Mongol threatens them with complete destruction or assimilation, they had a stubborn tatar-mongola, truly heroic resistance. Due to the fact that the part of Nahkh left high in the mountains, the people managed not only to preserve the language, customs, culture, but also to protect themselves from the inevitable processes of assimilation by numerous steppes. Therefore, Chechens from generation to generation transferred legends and legends about how their ancestors in an unequal struggle retained the freedom and identity of their people.
ALERT
In the mountains there was a clearly thought out system of alert about the appearance of the enemy. On the vertices of the mountains, in distinct visibility from each other, stone signal towers were built. When the nomads appeared in the valley, fires were lit in the top of the towers, the smoke from which was warned by the whole mountain region. The signaling signals were transmitted from the tower to the tower. The smoke towers were alarming, preparation for defense.
Everywhere declared: "Orz gave!" "From the words" Orzs, "that is, go to the mountains, in the forest, save yourself, their children, cattle, property. Men instantly became warriors. About the developed defense system testifies military terminology: infantry, guards, riders, archers, spearnesses, sanitary cars, swords, Scholtarians; Commander hundreds, commander of the regiment, division, leader of the army, etc.
In the mountains, in the area of \u200b\u200bNashha, the system of military democracy was established for many centuries. The strict laws of military discipline of the time also testify to numerous legends of the people.
Education of discipline
Periodically, the Council of Elders (Mehcan Khel) tested the military discipline of the male population. It was done in this way. Suddenly, most often at night, a universal collection was announced. One who came the last threw from the cliff. Naturally, no one wanted to be late ...
Chechens have such a legend. Two friends lived. One of them was in love. It so happened that the alarm was announced that night when the in love went on a date with a girl, in distant aul. Knowing this, feeling that he is late, a friend attached to the grove to approach the place of collection the last. In order to skip the first who will come off with a delay.
And now, finally, he was angry with a friend. He wanted to relieve from the cliff, but here it appeared attached. - "Do not touch him! I'm the last! "
The elders are disassembled in what is happening and, they say, left alive. But it was an exception to strict rules.
Starting from the XV century, the settlements of the Chechens rebound from the mountains begin to the plain naughty societies. They conducted a fierce fight against Kumyk, Nogai and Kabardinian Khans and princes, which in the Union with Horde exploited Chechen plain arable land and pastures, those that Chechens were forced to leave as a result of an unequal struggle.
S-X. Nunuev
Gord Grozny
Chechen Republic
Reviews
5000 years ago, the Caspian Sea went far for the current Vladikavkaz. Louds live only in the mountains. And the most giants who were definitely not Vainakhi. Kaspiy moved somewhere 3.5-4 thousand years ago. For regret, official science claims that writing appeared 3.5 thousand days ago and deeper do not look. Only the DNA can clarify something. There is no role for historical science of DNA, since the people are territorial, cultural, linguistic, economic community. DNA does not fully determine the anthropology , Therefore, the DNA cannot be judged on the DNA. However, DNA can say a lot about continuity and origin. So the DNA of the Trojans with Wainki does not coincide and the Luvian language in which the DRA-DRAYANCE WINE WINEMENT SOCIATED SOES ON THE DNA. Like DNA is significantly present in Greece , little in Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Ukraine, Hungary, Austria, Venice, Scotland, Southern France, Basquies, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland. In accordance with European data, the euro in the first 3-4 thousand years ago P.Oyazik Vainakhsky converges at 20-30% with the Hurritsky, includes a layer of the ancienturgur and the moningol, Turkish, Arab and Iranian, as well as the German and actually Wainkovsky. In the last period, the influence of Russian is noticeable. Okandakik Bunak, anthropologist, speaking excavations concluded that the bony Path of Vainakhov in the Caucasus begins with Malaya Asia. The Profludes of the Krupno came to the conclusion that Vainahi once lived near the enlightened peoples of Asia Minor, Lost in the ancient Asia Asia, but the name of this priest is not yet voiced or deliberately silent. An interesting fact: Employees of the American University managed to decipher the ancient toponymy of Europe only with Wainkovsky. Another fact: now it's known that it is worth it that 15 thousand Vikings in ancient times. settled in the North Caucasus. Look at the Vainakh DNA and on the DNA of Akkintsev, they are different. I want to post the point in studying Wainnovskaya history, but it is also early. My still unresolved questions. Our historians are often patriotically illuminated and this is understandable, but it is not clear why they are looking for in Armenian, Georgian, Arab, Turkish, Russian, Greek and even Roman sources answers to questions, corporate in archives, and do not use their own sources, which, although they are destroyed during eviction, but still still exist. It is known that neither Chechens and Ingush do not have their epic-assembly of folk stories about the valiant tricks and exploits of the ancient heroes . However, there is a NART-ORSTHEEVSK EPOS, which can be fully called Wainkovsky and the links to which you will not notice when studying the history of our or other researchers. Many faithful answers can be found with the mouth of the elders. The value of these stories does not decrease due to the fact that they They were not once recorded on paper. If you look at the map of the current Caucasus, it becomes apparent that Vainahi since ancient times occupied the South and North Caucasus and now they are clamped from all sides with not Wainki peoples.
The daily audience of the portal Prose.ru is about 100 thousand visitors who are in total viewing more than half a million pages according to the attendance counter, which is located to the right of this text. In each column, two digits are specified: the number of views and the number of visitors.
Persons of Russia. "Live together, remaining different"
The multimedia project "Persons of Russia" has existed since 2006, talking about the Russian civilization, the most important feature of which is the ability to live together, remaining different - such motto is especially relevant for countries post-Soviet space. From 2006 to 2012, within the framework of the project, we have created 60 documentaries about representatives of different Russian ethnic groups. There were also 2 cycles of radio broadcasts "Music and the songs of the Peoples of Russia" - more than 40 gears. In support of the first series of films, illustrated almanacies were released. Now we are halfway to the creation of a unique multimedia encyclopedia of the peoples of our country, a snapshot, which will allow residents of Russia to know themselves and to descend to leave a picture of what they were.
~~~~~~~~~~~
"Persons of Russia." Chechens. "Nochchachal - Chechen character", 2010
General
Chech'en, Nochchchi (self-confusion), the people in the Russian Federation (899 thousand people), the Wainki people of the North Caucasus, the main population of Chechnya. Number in Chechnya and Ingushetia 734 thousand people. Also live in Dagestan (about 58 thousand people), Stavropol Territory (15 thousand people), Volgograd Region (11.1 thousand people), Kalmykia (8.3 thousand people), Astrakhan (7.9 thousand people ), Saratov (6 thousand people), Tyumen (4.6 thousand people) of the region, North Ossetia (2.6 thousand people), Moscow (2.1 thousand people), as well as in Kazakhstan (49.5 thousand people), Kyrgyzstan (2.6 thousand people), in Ukraine (1.8 thousand people) and others. The total number is 957 thousand people. The total number of Chechens around the world - from 1,550,000 to 2 million people. The population of the Chechen Republic as of January 1, 2008 reached a level of 1209.4 thousand people.
According to the 2002 census data, the number of Chechens living in Russia is 1 million 361 thousand, according to the 2010 census. - 1 million 431 thousand 360 people.
The current name "Chechens" was formed in this transcription in the XVIII century as a result of a close contact of this people with the Russians. The name "Chechens" was the Russian transliteration of the Kabardian name "Shashhan" and took place from the name of the village of Large Chechen. From the beginning of the XVIII century, Russian sources began to use the term "Chechens" in relation to the ancestors of modern Chechens. In the literature on Chechens, the name "Vainakhi" is often found (literally: our people).
Believers Chechens are Muslim Sunnis. The Sufi teachings of two sense are common - Nobcbadi and Nadir. They speak Chechen language of the Nakho-Dagestan group. Dialects: Plane, Akkinsky, Cheberlowsky, Melchinsky, ITUMKalinsky, Galancheogo, Kittyansky. There is also a Russian language (there are 74% freely). Writing after 1917 first on the basis of Arabic, then Latin graphics, since 1938 - based on the Russian alphabet.
In the "geography" of Strabo, the ethnonym of the Gargaria is mentioned, the etymology of which is close to the Nakho "Hergar" - "native", "close". The ethnonyms of the Etnonyms of Isaadics, Dolly, and others are also considered to be the ethnonyms of the 7th century in Armenian sources of the 7th century, Chechens are mentioned under the name of Martyang Thai (i.e. "Nakhchi speaking"). The chronicles of the 14th century mentioned "NOCHCH". In the Persian sources of the 13th century, the name of Sasani was given, later entered into Russian documents. In the documents of the 16th and 7th centuries there are tribal names of Chechens (Ichkerintsy - Nochchchmakhukha, Okokhiy, Schubuta, Charbie, Charba, Cheberela, Chalki - Moylchiy, Changintsy - Chiyantiy, Sharhara - Sharha, Terley - Tiherla).
The cycle of audio sets "Peoples of Russia" - Chechens
The Chechens are very close to the genotype, culture and religion of their neighbors of Ingush. Together they form the Vainakh people bound by blood relations, a common historical fate, territorial, economic, cultural and linguistic generality. Chechens live mainly in Chechnya and Ingushetia. They also live in Dagestan, Stavropol Territory, Volgograd Region, Kalmykia, Astrakhan, Saratov, Tyumen regions, North Ossetia, Moscow, as well as in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine. Believers Chechens are Muslim Sunnis. The Chechen alphabet is drawn up in a Russian graphic basis, in it 49 letters. It is 16 letters more than in the Russian alphabet. These additional letters needed in order to convey specific Chechen sounds (gentle consonants and soft sounds), missing in Russian.
The anthropological type of Pranakh can be considered the late bronze and early iron formed in the era. The ancient Chechens who have mastered not only the northern slopes of the Caucasus, but also the steppes of the Precaucasia, wound up in contact with Scythian, and then with the Sarmatian and Alanian nomadic world. In the flat zone of Chechnya and the nearby regions of the North Caucasus in the 8th and 2nd centuries, the polyethnic Alansky kingdom was formed, in the mountain zone of Chechnya and Dagestan - state Education Sarir. After the Mongol-Tatar invasion (1222 and 1238-1240), the steppe broken and partly Chechen plain became the composition of the Golden Horde. By the end of the 14th century, the population of Chechnya united into the state of Simsm. In the 16-17th centuries, Caucasian stakes was the object of permanent claims of the Ottoman Empire (with its vassal - Crimean Khanate), Iran and Russia. In the course of the struggle between these states in the Chechen lands, the first Russian fortresses and Cossack towns are set, the diplomatic connections of the Chechen rulers and the aural societies with Russia are established. At the same time, the modern boundaries of the Chechens settlement are finalized. Since the Persian campaign of Peter I (1722), Russia's policy in relation to Chechnya acquires a colonial nature. IN last years Catherine's Board II Russian troops occupied the left coast of Terek, building a section of the Caucasian military line here, founded military fortresses from Mozdok to Vladikavkaz in the Chechen-Kabardian border. This led to the growth of the liberation movement of Chechens at the end of the 18th and half half of the 19th century. By the territory of Chechnya and Dagestan, the theocratic state is the theocratic state - Imamat Shamil, initially leading a successful war with Russia, but by 1859 the victim defeat, after which Chechnya was joined in Russia and included with the Khasavurt district, populated by Aukhov Chechens and Kumykov, . In 1922, the Chechen Autonomous Region was formed in the RSFSR. Even earlier, Chechnya returned part of the lands selected from her during the Caucasian War. Discovered and teaching in their native language were introduced, other cultural and socio-economic transformations were carried out. At the same time, the collectivization that began in the 1920s, accompanied by repressions, caused great damage to Chechens. In 1934, Chechnya was merged with the Ingush AO to Chechen-Ingush JSC, from 1936 - Chechen-Ingush ASSR. In February 1944, about 500 thousand Chechens and Ingush were forcibly sent to Kazakhstan. Of these, a significant number died in the first year of reference. In January 1957, Chechen-Ingush ASSR, abolished in 1944, was restored. But at the same time, several mountainous areas were closed for Chechens, and the former inhabitants of these areas began to settle in the plain aulah and the Cossack Stitzi. Chechens-Aukhovtsy returned to Dagestan.
In 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation decided to transform the Chechen-Ingush Republic to the Ingush Republic and the Chechen Republic.
Traditional agricultural crops - barley, wheat, millet, oats, rye, flax, beans, etc. later began to grow corn, watermelons. Gardening and gardening were developed. Arable guns - Plow (Gota), a polly tool (noh). A tripled system was spread. In the mountainous areas was developed distant sheep. On the plains, large horned cattle was bred, including the workforce. They also diluted with purebred horses for riding. Economic specialization existed between mountain and flat areas of Chechnya: getting bread from the plain, the mountain Chechens were sold in return for surplus of livestock.
Handicrafts played an important role. The Chechen cloth, which was produced in Grozny, Vedensky, Khasavurtovsky, Argunsky districts, was very popular. The widespread spread had skin treatment, the manufacture of felt carpets, bugs and other felt products. The centers of the weapon production were the villages of old attacks, conducted, Dargo, Shatoy, Jugurta, etc., pottery - village Shawli, Duba-Yurt, Old-Yurt, New-Yurt and others. Jewelry and blacksmithing craft were also developed, production, production Shelka, bone treatment and horns.
Mountain villages had an erratic crowded layout. Two-storey stone houses with a flat roof were common. In the lower floor there was a cattle, in the top, which consisted of two rooms, - housing. Many villages had housingly defensive towers in 3-5 floors. Settlements on the plain were large (500-600 and even up to 4,000 yards) stretched along roads and rivers. Traditional dwelling - turbid, consisted of several rooms elongated in a row, with separate outputs on the terrace, held along the house. The main room belonged to the chapter of the family. There was a focus and leaked the whole life of the family. Rooms of married sons were attached to her. One of the rooms served Kunatsky, or for her, they put a special building in the yard. The courtyard with economic buildings was usually applied to the fence. A distinctive feature of the interior of the Chechen dwelling was almost complete absence of furniture: a chest, a low table on three legs, several benches. The walls were taken from the skins, carpets, weapons were hanging on them, the floor was covered with mats. The focus, no longer-sized chain, was considered sacred, disrespectful to them had blood revenge and, on the contrary, if even the murderer had enough for her null chain, he received the rights of a relative. Pretty chain swore and cursed. The keeper of the hearth was considered a senior woman. The hearth shared the room to the men's and female half.
Woolen fabrics were several varieties. The highest quality was considered the fabric "Iskhar" from the wool of the lambs, the lowest - from the wool of milking sheep. No later than the 16th century, Chechens were aware of the production of silk and linen canvas. Traditional clothes had a lot in common with a general-tiled costume. Men's clothing - shirt, pants, Beshmet, Circassian. Shubach - Tunic-shaped cut, the collar with a cut in front of the buttons. On top of the shirt put on Besht, spidered by a belt with a dagger. Cherkesska was considered festive clothing. Circassians sewed cut-off on the waist, unfolded down, to the belt fastened with metal clashes, chases were turned on her breasts. Pants, narrowed down books, refueling in the nogvats from the cloth, safyan or sheepskin. Winter clothes - sheepskin fur coat, bog (verta). Male heads were high, expanding papahs from valuable fur. Shepherds wore fur hats. There were felt hats. The cap was considered an impersonation of male dignity, knocking it intovested blood.
The main elements of women's clothing were shirt and pants. The shirt had a tunical cut, the length is sometimes lower than the knees, sometimes to the ground. The gate with incision on the chest was stamped on one or three buttons. Upper clothes was bosst. Holiday clothing served "Giabi" from Shelka, velvet and brocade, seated in a figure, with beveled sides and clashes to a belt, from which only the bottoms were fastened. Through the sleeves, hanging blades (TIEMASH) were sewn. Giabie wore with a bib and belt. As a festive shoe, women wore shoes on a heel with a deaf toe without a back.
Women's hats - big and small scarves, shawl (Cortali), one end of which descended on the chest, the other - looked back. Women (mostly elderly) under the handkerchief were put on Chukhta - a hat with silent squeezed on his back, in which braids were stacked. The color of the clothing was determined by the status of a woman: married, unmarried or widow.
Food in spring predominantly vegetable, summer - fruits, dairy dishes, in winter - mostly meat. Casual Food - Siskown Beraam (CHUREK WITH CHEEM), Soups, Porridges, Pancakes (Shuri Chiepali-Ash), more wealthy - Kald Dyattiy (Cottage cheese), Zhij Galnash (Meat with Galyushkami), Meat Broth, Shepshushka With cheese, meat, pumpkin, etc.
The dominant form of the community was a neighborhood, consisting of families of both Chechen, so sometimes inventory origin. She combined the inhabitants of one large or several small settlements. The life of the community was regulated by the gathering (Khel - "Council", "Court") of representatives of the generic units (TIP). He solved the judicial and other cases of communities. The whole community is governed by the use of communities, determined the timeline of Pahotot and Senokos, performed by an intermediary when reconciling the bloodstream and others. In the mountains, labor settlements were also maintained, divided into smaller relationship groups (GAR), as well as major associations of Types (Tukhuma), which differed in the peculiarities of the dialects. There were slaves from non-invalid prisoners of war, which for a long service could receive from the owner of the land and the right to start a family, but after that they remained unsolved communities. Great importance We maintained customs of hospitality, robusts, pedigrees, generic and neighboring mutual assistance (Belhi - from "Bolh", "work"), blood revenge. The most serious crimes were considered to be the murder of a guest for a farewell tool, rape, etc. The question of the declaration of blood variance was resolved by the elders of the community, the possibility and conditions of reconciliation were solved on general gatherings. Mission, punishment, murder could not take place with a woman, moreover, throwing a handkerchief from head in the middle of battle, the woman could stop the bloodshed. The customs of avoidance in relations between husband and wife, son-in-law and relatives of his wife, Snow, and relatives of her husband, parents and children were preserved. Persisals retained polygamy, Levirat. Generic associations were not exogans, marriages were prohibited between relatives to the third knee.
A variety of folklore forms: legends, legends, fairy tales, songs, epic tales (Nart-ORTSHOY EPOS, Epos Ill, etc.), dancing. Musical instruments - harmonics, zurna, tambourine, drum, etc. Preserved reverence of mountains, trees, groves, etc. The main deities of the Housesulman Pantheon were the God of the Sun and the sky of the case, the god of thunder and zipper of the village, the patron saint of Gal-Yard's cattle breeding, hunting, the goddess of the fertility of the carol, the god of the afterlife ESHT, and others. Islam penetrates Chechnya from the 13th century through the Golden Horde and Dagestan . Fully Chechens are addressed to Muslim to the 18th century. In the 20th century, Chechen intelligentsia was formed.
Chechen tradition involves the knowledge of the woman eight generations of the preferences on maternal and by the father's line. Men necessarily know the seven ancestors.
These examples show that the penis of the Chechens associates the figure 8, and with a man - a number 7. The seven consists essentially from units. The eight of the same consisting of four twists (otherwise - from par), reflects the motherhood, the principle of generating a similar one. Thus, digital symbolism shows the special, prevailing place of a woman in society compared to a man. The well-known Chechen proverb is also emphasized: "A man will deteriorate - the family will deteriorate, the woman will deteriorate - the whole people will deteriorate." The mother of his mother deserves respect from all nations, the Chechens also put in a completely special position. Mother's female (Tsiin Nana) is a mistress of fire, while a man-father (Ciiiina yes) is only the owner of the house. The wishes are considered the most terrible curse to catch the fire in your house. The greatest shame among Chechens is the urgency of the mother and her relatives. The mother of Chechens pronounces the words of farewell before leaving for war or in a dangerous campaign.
Ya.Z. Akhmadov, A.I. Hasbulatov, Z.I. Khasbulatova, S.A. Hasiev, H.A. Hizriev, D.Yu. Chakhkiev
Essays
Unity of the people - an uncompressed fortress
When meeting, every Chechen will first ask: "How at home? Are you all alive, healthy? " When parting is considered a rule of good tone to ask: "Do I need my help?"
The custom of labor mutual assistance is rooted in deep old. In those days, harsh living conditions forced the mountaineers to unite for agricultural work. The peasants were associated with one rope to twos on the horsepower of the mountain grass. All the village were dismissed in the mountains under the crops. In any misfortune, especially if the family lost the breadwinner, took care of the victims. Men did not sit down to the table until the part of the food was attributed to the house where there is no breadwinner.
Welcoming the older in age, the young man necessarily includes a sentence. If the elderly person in Chechen villages begins some kind of work on the housework, then the neighbors also take part in it. And often the work has completed voluntary assistants.
"The unity of the people is an unsolved fortress," Chechen wisdom fairly reads.
Since then, live in the mountains of the Caucasus
There is a legend that when God shared the land between nations, the mountaineers arranged a feast in his honor and therefore were late for the beginning. Then God gave them the earth, which he left, the Caucasus. Since then, in the mountains of the Caucasus, where, according to legend, was chained to the rock of Prometheus and where militant Amazons lived, people lived and now the people of Nohchi live, more famous for the name of Chechens. Chechens - one of ancient peoples Caucasus belong to the Caucasian race.
The current name "Chechens" was formed in this transcription in the XVIII century as a result of a close contact of this people with the Russians. In the literature on Chechens, the name "Vainakhi" is often found (literally: our people). In the North Caucasus, Chechens are the largest ethnos (over one million people).
The Chechens are very close to the genotype, culture and religion of their neighbors of Ingush. Together they form the Vainakh people bound by blood relations, a common historical fate, territorial, economic, cultural and linguistic generality. Chechens live mainly in Chechnya and Ingushetia. They also live in Dagestan, Stavropol Territory, Volgograd Region, Kalmykia, Astrakhan, Saratov, Tyumen regions, North Ossetia, Moscow, as well as in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine.
The population of the Chechen Republic as of January 1, 2008 reached a level of 1209.4 thousand people. Believers Chechens are Muslim-Sunits.
Chechen language refers to the Caucasian-Iberian language family. The roots of this language are fixed in the wedge-shaped inscriptions of the Ancient states of the Mititani (XIV - XI century BC) and URARTU (IX - VI century BC).
Digital symbolism
In one of the Chechen fairy tales, the young man Sultan, cared for the girl exactly 8 years old. An infant child in Chechen customs can not be shown a mirror to eight-month-old age.
In the Wainka version of the myth on Adam and Eva, the first man and a woman diverged into different directions to find a couple; Eva said that on his way she switched through eight mountain ranges. The choice of figures 8 in this case is not accidental. Chechen tradition involves the knowledge of the woman eight generations of the preferences on maternal and by the father's line. Men necessarily know the seven ancestors.
These examples show that the penis of the Chechens associates the figure 8, and with a man - a number 7. The seven consists essentially from units. The eight of the same consisting of four twists (otherwise - from par), reflects the motherhood, the principle of generating a similar one. Thus, digital symbolism shows the special, prevailing place of a woman in society compared to a man. The well-known Chechen proverb is also emphasized: "A man will deteriorate - the family will deteriorate, the woman will deteriorate - the whole people will deteriorate."
The mother of his mother deserves respect from all nations, the Chechens also put in a completely special position. Mother's female (Tsiin Nana) is a mistress of fire, while a man-father (Ciiiina yes) is only the owner of the house. The wishes are considered the most terrible curse to catch the fire in your house. The greatest shame among Chechens is the urgency of the mother and her relatives. The mother of Chechens pronounces the words of farewell before leaving for war or in a dangerous campaign.
The most cruel fight, as the magic wand, stopped at the appearance among battle women with a uncoated head. It was worth the potential victim of blood revenge to touch the alert of any woman, as weapons immediately hid, as the victim turned out to protect the woman.
Construction of family life
Chechens have a special institution - a girlfriend. Moreover, the girl was given the same rights as the young man. This necessity was based on the conviction that offspring, conceived not for love, flawed, defable. To choose a spouse, it was necessary to control, but wide communication: at parties - "synckers", the works of help - "Belhi", the Rodnik - Hin Yist, during the special invitations of the girl for conversations.
Acquaintance and meetings were not allowed. For example, at parties through the guests chosen by the girls (sometimes the hostess of the house), the guy could find out if she agreed to care for her. If the young man wanted to continue relations, then again the girl was requested to be consent to these new relations. Then the girl reported the chosen one that could marry. She in the sign of this gave a guy to a guy some thing in a deposit: a handkerchief, an earring, ring. Finally, the time and place was appointed, where he was the groom with comrades and the bride accompanied by some of the women, usually the wives of the elder brother.
Having gathered, the most eldest of the friends of the bridegroom took the bride for his arms and said: "I take the witnesses of the heavens and earth, from now on, you are our daughter-in-law."
But even if the groom immediately admitted any misconduct, it was enough for the bride to refuse him. Marriage was completely easily and on both sides initiative. With her husband, when divorced, two witnesses were needed, under which he uttered: "Taking the witnesses (calls), nine times burning, that is, leave ...".
During the existence of this institute, a special language of gestures, mimic signs was developed. Uniquely given in the people, the definition of these relationships of the young - "Daha Daha" (literally: to snatch the heart). The marriage by theft of the bride was not popular.
Happiness without consent does not happen. As the Chechen proverb says: "Where the sun shines, and the Earth will warm."
Chechens are the North Caucasian people, which is the main population. However, Chechens live not only in Chechnya, they inhabit Ingushetia, Russia, Kabardino-Balkaria and other regions. To date, there are about 1.55 million Chechens in the world, most of whom live in the Russian Federation.
Although the state is part of Russia, Chechens are talking, mainly on their own, Chechen language, it is a state. If we talk about, then almost all Chechens profess Islam, representatives of other religions are rare. According to the anthropological basis, Chechens are representatives of the Caucasian type of the Caucasian race.
The absolute majority of the population of the Chechen Republic are Chechens (95.5%), also live, Kumyki, Avars, Nogai, Ingush, and other Natznyshina live -, Kyrgyz, Tajiks). Before the deportation of Chechens and the subsequent return of them in the northern regions of the Republic of Russian and Russian-speaking (Terek Cossacks), the absolute majority of the population, in the city and the Suni pool their number was also significantly. The pre-war Russian and the Russian-speaking population was forced to leave Chechnya territory during the reign of Johar Dudayev in 1991-1994, and a significant number died in the period of active hostilities in 1994-1996.
Arslan Ahmed Alaudin - General, twice Hero Jordan.
Abdurakhmanov, Canti - Starshina, participant in the Great Patriotic War, Hero of Russia.
Uzuyev, Magomed Yakhyaevich - Sergeant, Defender Brest Fortress, Hero of Russia (1996).
Nuradilov, Khanpasha Nuradilovich - Sergeant, Hero of the Soviet Union.
Enginoev, Duda Edievich - Scout, Senior Sergeant, Full Cavalier Orden Glory.
Sheikha Mansur - a member of the Caucasian War, the National Hero of the Chechen peoples.
Yamadayev, Ruslan Bekmirzaevich - Colonel, Hero of Russia (2004).
Yamadayev, Dzhabel Beckmirzaevich - Lieutenant, Hero of Russia (2003).
Yamadayev, Sulim Bekmirzayevich - Lieutenant Colonel, Hero of Russia (2005).
Altemirov Ruslan Saidovich, Military pilot Fighter, Chronicles, Deputy. Commander for combat training of the Trans-Baikal Air District, died in 1994.
Politics:
Arsanukaev-Dyszninsky, Inaluk - General of the Tsarist Army, the Great Vizier of the North Caucasus Emirate (1919-1920)
Akhmat Abdulhamidovich - Chechnya Mufti, President of Chechnya (2003-2004), Hero of Russia (2004).
Kadyrov, Ramzan Akhmatovich - Chairman (2005-2007), then Chechnya President (from 2007).
Khasbulatov, Ruslan Imranovich - scientist and publicist, chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR (1991-1993).
Khadzhiev, Salambek Nabovich - Minister of Petrochemical Industry of the USSR (1991).
Albiyev, Islambek Tsilimovich - Greco-Roman Style Wrestler, Olympic Champion (2008), Champion of Russia (2005) and (2008).
Bujuisa? R (Bujuisa?) Hami? Dovich City? Eva (born in 1975 in Khasavyurt, USSR) - the famous Russian wrestling wrestler, six-time world champion, six-time champion of Europe, three-time champion of the Olympic Games, five-time champion of Russia, seven-time champion Krasnoyarsk Ivan Yarygin tournament, winner of goodwill games. Honored Master of Sports of Russia (1995). Chechen by nationality.
Adam Khamidovich Sitiyev (December 12, 1977, Khasavyurt, Dagestan ASSR) - Russian wrestling wrestler, Chechen by nationality, Master of Sport of International Class (1998), Honored Master of Sports of Russia (2000).
Arthur Asilbekovich Betherbiev (1985 was born, Khasavyurt Dagestan, USSR) - Russian amateur box, honored master of sports, European champion (2006).
Salman Hasimikov 4th multiple world champion in free wrestling, champion of Europe, champion of the USSR
Aslanbek Bisultanov - 1973 won the Cup and the USSR personal championship among young men in the fight against 1976 in became the youngest champion of the USSR. 1977 European Champion 1977 World Champion and winners "Best Wrestlers of the 1977 World Cup" and the Cup "For the shortest fight at the Championship"
Zaurbek Baysangurov (1985 born in the village of Achkhoy Martan, USSR) - Russian Boxer-Professional, speaking in a lightweight mass medium (Light Middleweight) Weighing category, | International Champion of HBC (WBC) in the first average weight, world champion according to IBF (IBF) among juniors, Master of Sports of Russia of the International Class, two-time winner of the World Championships, two-time champion of Europe, three-time champion of Russia among young men and youth, champion of Russia among lovers.
Bream Kurbanov-1997 year. . Championship of "Oyama Karate" - I place. 1997. Khasavyurt. The open championship of the city dedicated to the 200th anniversary of Imam Shamil - I place. 1998. Kutaisi. International Karate Cyokushinkai Tournament - III Place. 1998. . International Karate Cyokushinkai Tournament - III Place. In 2000 on International tournament In and in 2001, at the European Championships in Hungary, he won first place in the weight category of 90 kg.
Public figures
Kunta Hajji - saint, pacifist, Sufi Sheikh, founder of zickrism.
Akhtakhanov, Magomet - the first Chechen doctor.
"I saw many peoples, but such unfortunate and unsuitable as Chechens, there is no way and the path to the conquest of the Caucasus lies through the conquest of Chechens, or rather, through their full destruction."
"Sovereign! .. The mountain people are an example of their independence in the most subjects of your imperial majesty give rise to the spirit of rebellious and love for independence."
N.F. Dubrovin, "History of War and Master of Russians in the Caucasus":
"Chechens, undoubtedly, brave people in the eastern mountains. Hiking in their land always cost us huge bloody victims. But this tribe never penetrated with Muridism completely. Of all the grief, they forced Shamil, who ruled in Dagestan, despotically, make them a thousand concessions in the form of government, folk beans and ritual rigger faith. "
A.Dume. Caucasus. (Paris, 1859):
Chechens- Magnificent riders - can overcome only one night one hundred and twenty, one hundred and thirty or even one hundred and fifty miles. Their horses, not driving the step - always a gallop, - storming such slopes, where it would seem, not to pass and walking. Highlander, riding, never looks on the road in front of himself: if the cleft is the cleft, which is not solved to overcome his horse, the Chechen bursts the head of the rake and trusting himself with the Almighty, makes the correspondent to jump over the abyss of a depth of twenty feet.
The unenviable state of affairs in the foothills of the Caucasus outlined Professor S.N. Svetvers in their report reading October 11, 1912 at a meeting of the Society of Jealous History:
"Although the Caucasus has been conquered by Russia, but he is not fully chained. Inhabiting his Muslim nations in the wilderness of their Aules breathe irreconcilable hatred of Russia and expect only the chance to stand on the defense of Muslim ... The entire history of the Caucasus shows that the hearth of all unrest in the Caucasus ... is Dagestan and, in particular, Chechnya, which, thanks to his geographical position, Until now, it is a completely isolated, impregnable, wilderness ... "According to Mitavishnikov, the authorities were to blame (then - Petersburg) and the local Caucasian administration, which is not even trying to introduce Chechnya to the benefits of modern culture, tie it with the outside world At least some roads. "Under the influence of all these circumstances, as well as thanks to the natural tooth and the hot character of the Chechens, a militant, freedom-loving and fanatical tribe developed from the latter, which is easy to propagate the hatred of Muslims to" Giauras, "- brought the professor.
General Mikhail Orlov, 1826:
"It is also impossible to conquer Chechens, how to smooth out the Caucasus. Who, besides us, can boast that he saw the eternal war? "
Maxim Shevchenko:
"Chechens are the most educated people as part of the Russian Federation. By virtue of national characteristics, due to the closedness and conservatism, Chechens were able to turn the Kazakh reference for themselves to the possibility of an innovative jerk. While many people of the Caucasus and Cuccasses, hitting the link, almost died, minimally Russified Chechens managed to intensify their lives and sharply, jump, many times to increase the level of education. Chechens reached the situation of the 90s organically belonging to the high-tech part of the Soviet elite. Let me remind you that many ministers in commodities, oil and oil and gas, gas producing, were Chechens and Ingushi. "
V. Potto, XIX century:
"Someone rightly noticed that in the type of Chechen, in its moral appearance there is something that resembles a wolf. The lion and the eagle depict the strength, they go on a weak, and the wolf goes on a stronger than himself, replacing everything in the latter case - with unlimited audacity, bothering and dexterity. And since he falls in trouble hopeless, it dies already silently, not expressing fear or pain, no go
Vadim Belotserkovsky, 02.22.08:
"As for the Chechens, they, in my opinion, in their mass they have the increased potential of courage, energy and freedom and freedom. At the end of the first Chechen war, I wrote in the then another "independent newspaper" that Chechens are represented by their qualities, including intellectual data, some fluctuation of positive properties. I am familiar with many Chechens of various positions and age, and always amazed by their mind, wisdom, collens, perseverance. One of the components mentioned above the fluctuation seems to me that the Chechens, the only among the peoples of the Russian Empire, did not have aristocracy, never knew serfdom, and about three hundred years live without feudal princes. "
Jan Chesn:
Chechens are a few people, their country takes not much place on the geographical map. But on the ethnic map, on the map of peoples and cultures, Chechnya is a civilization, comparable in status, say, from the Russian. It sounds extremely unexpected, but it is.
Prediction from the ancient manuscript of the 18th century:
"... as a sandstanding rider caught out of the hands of sandstone, the Chechens will disappear ... However, the same wind, picked up in reverse side, carries the sand and the beach will appear again on white light. So the Chechens will leave for a while in oblivion, they will again rise for good and justice and wait to the vessel day. "
General M.Ya. Olshevsky:
"Chechens, as their enemies, we tried to destroy all measures and even their dignity to pay for disadvantages. We considered them the people to the extreme of non-permanent, lung, insidious and treacherous, because they did not want to fulfill our claims that are uncomfortable with their concepts, nravami, customs and lifestyle. We picked them up so because they didn't want to dance under our drawing, the sounds of which were too tough and deafening ... "
Johann Blamberg, Caucasian Manuscript:
"... if there were no reasons for the contention in their environment, the Chechens would become very dangerous neighbors, and it is possible not without reason to apply to them what Fukidide spoke about the ancient Scythians:" No in Europe, nor in Asia people who could to resist them if the latter united their strength "
Joseph Kobzon:
... But there is upbringing: respect for the eldest, respect for a friend, respect for a woman, law-abiding. Respect for religion, and not intake, not contrived, and the present. I love and respect Vainakhov. And they show me the most kind relation, at least for the simple reason that I have never changed this people for all my long life. Chechens - courageous, invincible, moral pure people. And bandits? So they are among the Russians, gangsters and the Jews are enough ...
... And when my son or daughter starts to reap, I say: "You had to send to raising in Chechnya, you would have learned to respect the parents ... I like this culture.
Dmitry Panin , the descendant of the ancient nobleman, the Russian scientist and religious philosopher, which spent 16 years in Stalinist camps. In the 70s in the West, his book "Lubyanka - Ekibastuz", which literary critics call the "phenomenon of Russian literature, equal to" memorized from the dead house "F.M. Dostoevsky. " That's what he writes in this book about Chechens:
"The most successful and witty escape was (from particular in Kazakhstan - V.M.) of two towers during a strong burana. During the day, hung trees of compressed snow, barbed wire turned out to be listed, and the zeki passed on it as a bridge. The wind blew them in the back: they unzipped the boots and tied them with their hands like sails. Wet snow forms a solid road: during the Touran, they managed to do more than two hundred kilometers and go to the village. There they are sacreling rags with numbers and mixed with the local population. They were lucky: they were Chechens; They provided them with hospitality. Chechens and Ingush are closely related to each other Caucasian people of Muslim religion.
Their representatives in the huge majority are resolute and brave people. Hitler they were considered as a liberator from the shafts of Stalinism, and when the Germans were driven from the Caucasus, Stalin made a eviction of these and other minorities to Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Kids, elderly and weak people, but a large chaininess and life mixture allowed Chechens to resist during barbaric relocation. The main force of Chechens was the loyalty of her religion. They tried to shake the bunny, and in every village the most educated from them took on the duty of Mullah. Disputes and quarrels tried to resolve among themselves, not bringing to the Soviet court; Girls were not allowed to school, the boys went to her year or two to learn only to write and read, and after that no fines helped. The simplest business protest helped Chechens win the battle for their people. Children were brought up in religious performances, let them be extremely simplified, in respect for their parents, to their people, to his customs, and in hatred for the godless Soviet boiler, in which they did not want to be cooked for any bait. At the same time, clashes were invariably, protests were expressed. Small Soviet satrapy peaked out a dirty case, and many Chechens fell behind a barbed wire. With us, too, were reliable, bold, decisive Chechens. There were no sinks among them, and if such appeared, they turned out to be short-lived. In loyalty, Muslims, I have repeatedly had the opportunity to make sure. I chose myself a brigadier by an assistant Ingush Idris, and was always calm, knowing that the rear was reliably protected and every order would be made by a brigade. In the link I was in Kazakhstan in the midst of the mastering of virgin, when, receiving five hundred rubles of lifting. Representatives of the criminal world poured there. Patorg of the Counsel, frightened for his life, hired three Chechens for the big money with his bodyguards. He was disgusting to all the Chechens to all, but once promised, they kept the word, and, thanks to their defense, Patorg remained whole and unharmed. Later, in the wild, I put in an example of a friend of Chechens many times and offered to learn from them to defend their children, to protect them from the anegous influence of godless, unprincipled power. What is so simple and naturally turned out from the little Muslims, was divided into the desire formed and semi-educated Soviet Russians be sure to give higher education Its usually the only child. Simple people with a fearlessness and bloodless, defeated, almost everywhere, the closed church was impossible to defend their children alone. "
*****
"The management of the head of the left flank of the Caucasian line includes space limited by the main ridge of the mountains, RR. Andiy Koisu, Sulacom, Caspian Sea and PP. Terek, Assa and Dutner. The main population of this space is the Chechen tribe, the strongest, most violent and militant of all Caucasian peoples ... "
"The movement of Highlanders of the Northeast Caucasus in 20-50. 19th century. " Makhachkala 1959, Dagestan branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, p. 280, document No. 154. Stop note of General Pullo on the situation on the left flank of the Caucasian line from 1834 to 1840. And the measures necessary to strengthen the power of the royal government over the mountaineers. 1840 "
Speaking about the settlement of these land Chechens, Professor P. I. Kovalevsky I wrote that they were "... Ironing little began to descend from the mountains and gradually occupy Kumyk Square under our aules. This formed a number of auls from the Kacalekovsky Range and almost to Kizlyar along Terek, forming Kacalekovsky Chechnya "(23). The influence of them in Auye and in all the Terek-Sulak interference was so great that, as General V. Potto wrote, "... None of the princes of Kumyki ... did not dare to leave, without being accompanied by Chechen."
Plane or, more correctly, the detached northern slopes of the Caucasian Range, covered with forests and fruitful valleys and inhabited in the eastern part of the Chechen tribe, the most militant of the Tribes of the Gorski, was always the heart, a resident and most powerful hiring hostile to the coalition of the mountains.
E. Cellertsky. Conversations about the Caucasus. Part 1, Berlin, 1870:
Shamil, good knowing the price and choosing its residence initially Dargo, and then behaved, apparently tried to keep the chechnya, than all other ownership. The importance of these prevings was understood by the Commander-in-Chief of the Prince Baryatinsky, focused on all of our strikes on the lands of Chechen, with the fall of which in April 1859 he did not stand up and six months old Dagestan, although he had rested from our offensive actions discontinued from Dagestan since 1849 .
Abstracts of reports and communications of the All-Union Scientific Conference on June 20-22, 1989 Makhachkala, 1989, p. 23:
The Government Commission of Russia, having studied the issue of bringing them to the service to the Russian army, in 1875 reported: "Chechens ... The most militant and dangerous potters of the North Caucasus are of themselves ... ready-made warriors, which military service is hardly in the sense of dying ride And the ability to own weapons ... Chechens are literally getting used to communicate with weapons ... Shooting at night on the dressing room: the sound, on the light, shows the explicit advantage of the horseshicles in this above the trained Cossacks and especially soldiers. "
."The conquered Caucasus. Essays of the historical past and modern Caucasus St. Petersburg. 1904 Kaspari):
"Chechens, both men and women, extremely beautiful. They are highly tightened, very slight, their physiognomy, especially the eyes, expressive; In the movements, Chechens are prompt, debris; In character, they are all very impressionable, cheerful and witty, for which they are called "the French of the Caucasus", but at the same time suspicious, hot-tempered, treacherous, cunning, vertigany. When they strive for their goal, all means are good for them. At the same time, Chechens are neurotims, unusually enduring, brave in the attack, protection and persecution. These are predators, what a little among the proud Knights of the Caucasus; Yes, and they themselves do not hide it, choosing among the kingdom of animals with their ideal wolf "
Nemirovich-Danchenko V. Along Chechnya:
"The pretty sides of Chechens affect their epics and songs. Poor in the number of words, but an extremely figurative language of this tribe seemed to be created, according to the knowledgeable researchers of the Andiy Range, for legends and fairy tales - naive and instructive at the same time. The humiliated bouncer, punished enviousness and predators, the celebration of generous, although sometimes weak, respect for a woman who is a husband and a comrade, is the roots of folk art in Chechnya. Attach the Highlander to this wit, his ability to joke and understand the joke, the funnyness that even the heavy current position of this tribe did not cave, and you, of course, with all respect for uniform moralists, agree with me that Chechens are people like people, no Worse, and perhaps, a better than any other, distinguishing such virtuous and merciless judgments from its environment. The ability of this tribe is out of any doubt. From the Caucasian intellectors there are already many Chechens in schools and gymnasiums. Where they learn - they do not click. Those who arrogantly humiliate the incomprehensible highlander must at the same time agree (...) What, talking to a simple Chechen, you feel that you deal with a person sensitive to such phenomena of public life, which are almost inaccessible to our peasant of medium-sized provinces. "
V.A. Potto. Historical essay of the Caucasian Wars ... (Tiflis, 1899):
Chechens were always a formidable opponent. They beat us not for life, but to death.
S. Belyaev, the diary of the Russian soldier, former ten months in captivity of Chechens:
"Chechens are very poor, but they never go for alms, they do not like to ask, and this is their moral superiority over the mountaineers. Chechens in relation to their own never order, but they say "I would need it, I would like to eat, I will do, I will go, I find out if God gives." The crucial words on the local language almost do not exist ... "
A.A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky in the "letter of Dr. Erman":
"... Chechens did not burn homes, they did not get trampled by the intentionally, did not break the vineyards. "Why to destroy the gift of God and the work of a person," they said ... and this rule of the Gorsky "Robber" is the valor that the peoples could be proud of the most educated if they had her ... "
