Communist International (Comintern, International 3rd) is an international revolutionary proletarian organization that united the communist parties of various countries; existed from 1919 to 1943
The creation of the Comintern was preceded by a long struggle of the Bolsheviks party led by V.I. Lenin against reformists and centrists in the 2nd International for the cohesion of the left forces in the international working movement. In 1914, the Bolsheviks declared a break from the 2nd International and began to collect forces to create the 3rd International.
The initiator of the organizational design of the Comintern was the RCP (b). In January 1918, a meeting of representatives of the left groups of a number of Europe and America took place in Petrograd. The meeting discussed the issue of convening an international conference of socialist parties for organizing the 3rd International. A year later, a second international meeting was held in Moscow under the leadership of V. I. Lenin, which appealed to the left socialist organizations with a call to take part in the International Socialist Congress. On March 2, 1919, the 1st (founding) Congress of the Communist International began its work in Moscow.
In 1919-1920 The Comintern put in front of himself the task: to lead the World Socialist Revolution, designed to replace the world capitalist economy of the global system of communism by the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie. In 1921, at the III Congress Comintern V. I. Lenin criticized supporters of the "theory of the offensive", called for revolutionary battles, regardless of the objective situation. The main task of the Communities was reduced to strengthen the positions of the working class, the consolidation and expansion of the real results of the struggle in defense of everyday interests in combination with the preparation of workers of the masses for the struggle for socialist revolution. The solution of this task required a consistent implementation of the Leninsky slogan: to work everywhere where there is a mass - in trade unions, youth and other organizations.
In the initial period of the activities of the Comintern and the organizations that adjacent to it, when making decisions, an analysis of the situation was preliminary, a creative discussion was carried out, the desire to find answers to general issues Taking into account national characteristics and traditions. In the future, the methods of work of the Comintern have undergone major changes: any dissent is regarded as aiding response and fascism. Dogmatism and sectarianism have adversely affected international communist and working movement. Especially great harm they caused the creation of a single front and relationships with social democracy, which was regarded as a "moderate wing of fascism", "the main enemy" of the revolutionary movement, the "third bourgeoisie party", etc. The negative impact on the activities of the Comintern was provided by the Campaign "His rows from the so-called" right-wing "and" prisoners ", deployed by I. Stalin after the removal of N. I. Bukharin from the leadership of the Comintern.
In the 1st half of the 30s. There was a significant shift in the arrangement of class forces on the world stage. He manifested itself in the offensive of the reaction, fascism, the growth of a military threat. The task of creating an anti-fascist, general-democratic union, primarily the Communists and Social Democrats, was prompted for the fore. Its solution required a platform generating capable of combining all anti-fascist forces. Instead, the Stalinist leadership of the Comintern took a course on a socialist revolution, allegedly able to get ahead of the offensive of fascism. Understanding the need for turning in the policies of the Comintern and Communities came late. The VII Congress Comintern, which took place in the summer of 1935, developed a policy of a single working and wide popular front, which created the possibility of joint actions of the Communists and Social Democrats, all revolutionary and anti-fascist forces for fascism, preserving peace, the struggle for social progress. The new strategy was not embodied on a number of reasons, among which are the negative impact of Stalinism on the activities of the Comintern and Communist Parties. Terror of the late 30s. Against the party frames in the Soviet Union, it was spread to leadership shots of the Communist Parties of Austria, Germany, Poland, Romania, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland, Yugoslavia and other countries. Tragic events in the history of the Comintern did not be linked to the policies of the unity of revolutionary and democratic forces.
Tangible (albeit temporary) damage to the Anti-Fascist Policy of the Communists has concluded in 1939 of the Soviet-German Covenant. During World War II, the Communist Parties of all countries firmly stood on anti-fascist positions, on the positions of proletarian internationalism and the struggle for the national independence of their countries. At the same time, the conditions for the activities of the Communist Party in a new, complicated atmosphere required new organizational forms of unification. Based on this on May 15, 1943, the Icca Presidium decided to dissociate the Comintern.
75 years ago, the communist intermenimal was officially dissolved. The activities of the "World Communist Party" had a significant impact on European and russian history. During the formation of the young Soviet state, the Comintern, the origins of which stood Karl Marx, was the most important ally of Moscow in the world stage, and in the years of confrontation with Nazi Germany, Idean inspirational of resistance movement. As the Comintern became the tool of Soviet foreign policy and why the organization decided to dissolve in the midst of the Great Patriotic War - in the RT material.
"The proletaries of all countries, connect!"
September 28, 1864 historians consider the date of the formation of an organized international working class movement. On this day in London about 2 thousand workers from different countries Europe gathered on a rally in support of the Polish uprising directed against the Russian autocracy. During the promotion, its participants proposed to create an international working organization. In the General Council of the new structure was elected in emigration and was present at the rally Karl Marx.
At the request of like-minded people, the German philosopher wrote the constituent manifesto and the temporary charter of the organization, called the International Working Partnership (the official name of the first international) sounded). In Manifesto, Marx called the proletarians around the world to conquer power, forming his own political force. The document he completed the same slogan as the "Manifesto Communist Party": "Proletarians of all countries, connect!".
In 1866-1869, the International Working Partnership held four Congress, during which a number of political and economic requirements were formulated. In particular, representatives of the Organization demanded to establish an eight-hour working day, abide by the protection of female and the ban of child labor, introduce free trade uniforms and translate into public ownership means of production.
However, gradually in the ranks of the International there was a split between Marxists and anarchists who did not like the theory of "scientific communism" of Karl Marx. In 1872, the anarchists left the first international. The split buried the organization that the defeat of the Paris Commune was so shaken. In 1876, she was dissolved.
In the 1880s, representatives of workers' organizations thought about recreating an international structure. On the Socialist Workers' Congress, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Great French Revolution, held in Paris, was created second international. Moreover, it was originally attended by both Marxists and anarchists. The paths of the left movements were finally separated in 1896.
Up until the First World War, representatives of the Second International opposed militarism, imperialism and colonialism, and also talked about the inadmissibility of entering the bourgeois governments. However, in 1914 the situation changed dramatically. Most of the members of the Second International were for the class world and the support of the national authorities in the war. Some left politicians even entered their homeland into coalition governments. In addition, many European Marxists skeptically looked at the perspective of the revolution in Russia, considering it a "backward" country.
All this led to the fact that the leader of the Russian Bolsheviks Vladimir Lenin in the fall of 1914 thought about creating a new international working organizationThe following principles of internationalism.
"Socialism in one country"
In September 1915, the International Socialist Conference in Tsimmerwald (Switzerland) was held with Russia, at which the core of the left Social Democratic parties formed the International Socialist Commission was formed.
In March 1919, at the initiative of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and personally, Vladimir Lenin, representatives of foreign left social democratic movements gathered in Moscow for the Constituent Congress of the Communist International. Purpose new organization It was the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat in the form of the authorities of the Soviets by the class struggle, an armed uprising was not excluded. For the organization of permanent work, the Comintern Congress created the Communist International Executive Committee (Icca).
The formation of the Comintern led to increased political split in the European Social Democratic Movement. The second international was criticized for cooperation with bourgeois parties, participation in the imperialist war and a negative attitude towards Russian revolutionary experience.
In total, seven Congresses of the Comintern were held in 1919-1935. During this time, the ideological positions of the organization changed greatly.
Initially, the Comintern opened openly to the global revolution. The text of the manifesto of the Second Congress, which took place in the summer of 1920 in Petrograd, said: "The civil war around the world is put in order of the day. The Soviet government is the banner. "
However, on the third congress, it was about the fact that equilibrium was established in relations between the bourgeois society and Soviet Russia, the stabilization of the capitalist system in most of Europe was recognized as a faithful fact. And the path to the global revolution should be not so straightforward, as he thought earlier.
However, according to the expert, after the failure of a number of uprisings supported by the Organization, she moved to a more moderate political line.
In the mid-1920, representatives of the Comintern acutely criticized the European Social Democratic Movement, accusing his representatives in "moderate fascism." At the same time, Joseph Stalin began to promote the theory of "socialism in one country".
He called the world revolution with a strategic period, which could delay the decade, and therefore, on the agenda, he brought the economic development and increasing the political power of the Soviet Union. It did not like the lion of Trotsky and his supporters who told the "traditional" Marxist understanding of the world revolution. However, already in 1926, representatives of Trotsky faction lost key positions in the executive authorities. And in 1929, Trotsky himself was expelled from the USSR.
"On the sixth Congress of the Comintern, in 1928, the organization again tried to translate to active activities. A hard formula "Class Against Class" was bred, the impossibility of cooperation with both fascists and Social Democrats was emphasized, "Kolpakidi told.
But in the early 1930s, the full-scale embodiment of Stalin's formula on "socialism in one country" began.
Foreign Policy Tool
According to the military expert, the editor-in-chief of the Kassaz information and analytical center, Boris Relovina, in the 1930s, the Comintern began to turn into a Soviet foreign policy tool and a means of combating fascism.
The Comintern unfolded the active work in the colonies, struggling with British imperialism, celebrate historians. According to them, at this time, training in the USSR passed a significant number of those who after the war destroyed the global colonial system.
"It seems that Stalin is like practical man At that time, I tried to intimidate potential aggressors, ready to attack the USSR. In the Union on the line of the Comintern, the saboteurs were trained. Western counterintelligence knew about it, but did not have the idea of \u200b\u200ba real scale. Therefore, the leaders of many Western countries had a feeling that it was worth something to do something against the Soviet Union, as a real war began to be started in the rear, "said Kolpakidi in a conversation.
According to him, represented by the Comintern Stalin found a powerful ally of the USSR.
"It was not only workers. These were famous intellectuals, writers, journalists, scientists. Their role is difficult to overestimate. They actively lobbied the interests of Moscow all over the world. Without them, during the Second World War, there would be such a large-scale resistance movement. Moreover, Soviet Union I received invaluable closed technologies along the Comintern. They were transmitted to sympathy researchers, engineers, workers. We "presented" drawings of whole plants. In all senses, the support of the Comintern was the best investment in the history of the USSR, "Kolpakidi said.
The expert indicates that tens of thousands of people on the Comintern line went to fight volunteers to Spain, calling it "practically an unprecedented case in world history."
However, from the mid-1930s, the confidence in the Comintern's individual figures at the Moscow leadership decreased.
"In 1935, it seems, the year (Wizner) gave me an invitation card for the Comintern Congress held in Moscow. There was very unusual for that time in the USSR atmosphere. Delegates, without looking at rapporteurs, went around the hall, talked to each other, laughed. And Stalin walked on the stage behind the presidium and nervously smoked the phone. It was felt that all this liberty he did not like. Perhaps this attitude of Stalin to the Comintern played its role in the fact that they were arrested by many of his figures, "the Soviet statesman Mikhail Smirchukov wrote in his memoirs at the time in the Council.
"It was a world party, heavy in management. In addition, during the war years, we began to cooperate with England and the United States, whose leadership was very nervous due to the activities of the Comintern, and it was decided to formally dissolve him, creating new structures at its base, "the expert told.
On May 15, 1943, the Comintern officially stopped his existence. Instead, the International Department of the WCP (b) was created.
"The Comintern played a very important role in history, but its transformation was needed. The bodies created on its basis have retained and developed all the Comintern workers in a dynamically changing international situation, "Razhin summarized.
magazine, a printed body of the Communction Committee of the Communction International; Published in 1919-43 to Rus., English, Franz., Him., Sp. And Kit. Yaz. Lighted the most important problems of the theory and tactics of world communist., Workers and National.-Free. Movement at the first stage of the general crisis of capitalism. He played a big role in the fight against militarism, fascism and war, in defense of the USSR, in the exposure of reformists, trotskyists, right-wing defenders, and other opponents of Marxism-Leninism. In journal There were publ. Articles V. I. Lenin ("Third International and His Place in History" (May 1919), "Heroes of the Berne International" (June 1919), "On the objectives of the III of International" (Aug. 1919), etc.), as well as articles Dimitrov, P. Tolyatti, D. Z. Manuel, M. Torez, E. Telman, O. Kuusinena, K. Zetkin, etc. V. V. Alexandrov. Moscow.
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(Comintern, III International) - International Organization, which united in 1919-1943. Communist Party of various countries. Seven congresses took place: the 1st (constituent) - March 1919; 2nd - July - August 1920; 3rd - June - July 1921; 4th - November - December 1922; 5th - June - July 1924; 6th - July - September 1928; 7th - July - August 1935 governing body - Executive Committee (ICKI), which included more than 10 delegates from the RCP (b) - WCP (b) (Ya. I. Bukharin, E. Zinoviev, L. M. Karakhan, M. M. Litvinov, V. V. Vorovsky, etc.) and one delegate from other communist parties (Hungary, Poland, Germany, Austria, Latvia, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Finland, Greece, Denmark, Spain, Canada, China, etc.). By the end of the 1920s. In the work of the Comintern, more than 65 organizations from 57 countries participated. It was used by the Bolsheviks to promote the ideas of Marxism-Leninism, political and material support of the working and national liberation movement in different countries, inciting the global proletarian revolution. In the face of folding the antihytler coalition and in connection with the growing variety of conditions for the activities of the Communist Parties was dissolved in 1943
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Communist International
intern. The Organization, which united the Communist Party. countries; existed in 1919-43. In oct. 1941 Apparatus Executive Committee K.I. (Icca) and its institutions were evacuated to the head. By May 1943, it was worked here. Presidium Ikki K.Gotald, Dimitrov, V.Kolarov, I.Kople Ning, O.Kusinen, D.Manuilskiy, A.Marti, V.Pik, M.Terez, Erkoli (P.Tolyatti), V.Florin and Dr. Comintern provided compresses assistance in developing the OSN. Directions of policies, personnel, propaganda materials, etc., made the initiator of the Organization and training of partisan groups from political immigrants. An important means of mobilizing the masses for the struggle against fascism was organized radiopropaganda Icca for the state-in the fascist block and the occupied countries. In 1943, the transfer of nat. The radio was carried out almost around the clock to 18 yaz. One of the directions of the practical activity of the Comintern began to polit. Work among prisoners of war. In Ufa were vol. Non-ry numbers "Communist International". In p. Kushnarenkovo \u200b\u200b(near Ufa) School of Comintern worked. Pres. Ikki in May 1943 decided to dissolve the Comintern. LIT: Soviet encyclopedic dictionary. M., 1984. Great Patriotic War. 1941-1945. Encyclopedia. M., 1985; Uzikov Yu.I. Guards of the planet. Cominterns in Bashkiria. Ufa, 1978. Uzikov Yu.I., Kirillov A.D.
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Communist International
Comintern, 3rd International (1919-43), - International. The organization created in accordance with the needs and tasks of the revolution. work movement at the first stage of the general crisis of capitalism; originated and acted in the initial period of the Grand Revolution. transformation of the whole world; East. The successor of the 1st International (see International International) and the heir of the best traditions of the 2nd International (see International 2nd). The 2nd International Corrected from the inside by opportunism, openedly changed the span. internationalism as soon as the 1st broke out world War . He collapsed mainly into two warring groupings, each of the reasons moved to the side of his bourgeoisie and actually discarded the slogan "of the proletia of all countries, connect!". The most authoritative and cohesive force in the international. The working movement remaining the right span. internationalism, was the RSDLP (Bolsheviks) led by V. I. Lenin. Browse the essence of the collapse of the 2nd International, Lenin pointed out the work class. Exit from the position created as a result of betrayal of opportunist. Chiefs: the working movement was needed a new, revolution. International. "The II International died, defeated by opportunism. Down with the opportunism and Long live ... III INTERNATIONAL!" - wrote Lenin for 1 Nov. 1914 (cit., Vol. 21, p. 24). The Bolsheviks of Russia actually prepared the creation of K.I. primarily by developing a revolution. Theories. Lenin revealed imperialist. The nature of the World War I began and substantiated the slogan turning it into civil against the bourgeoisie of his own. Countries - as the main strategy. Slogan International. work movement. The conclusion of Lenin on the possibility and inevitability of the victory of the revolution is initially in a few or even in one, separately taken, capitalist. The country formulated by him for the first time in 1915 was the largest, fundamentally new contribution to the Marxist theory of socialist. Revolution. This conclusion that gave the working class of the revolution. The prospect in the conditions of the new era, was the most important step in the development of theoretical. The foundations of the new international. The second direction, on which the work of the Bolsheviks headed by Lenin was followed by the preparation of the new internationally, was the rallying of the left groups S.-D. Parties left the faithful business class. The Bolsheviks used a number of consisting in 1915 international. Conferences (Socialists of the countries of the Entente, Women's, Youth) for the propaganda of their views on issues of war, peace and revolution. They took an active part in the zimmervald movement of socialist socialists, creating a left group in its ranks, which appeared to the embryo of the new international. However, in 1917, when under the influence of February. Bourge.-Democratic. Revolutions in Russia began a rapid rise of the revolution. Movement, Zimmervald movement, which united in the OSN. Centrists, did not go ahead, and back (see Tsimmervald Association), the Bolsheviks broke with him, refusing to send their delegates to the Stockholm Conference (Saint 1917). World imperialist. The war concentrated the huge masses of people in the army of the warring powers, tied them with a common fate in the face of death and most mercilessly pushed these tens of millions, often very far from politics, with the monstrous consequences of imperialism policies. Grew deep spontaneous displeasure on both sides of the fronts, people began to think about the causes of meaningless mutual extermination, whose involuntary participants were. Gradually came the insight. Working masses, especially warring state-in, all the sharper felt the need to restore the board. The unity of their ranks. Countless bloody losses, ruin and cortex exploitation from the bourgeoisie, who has freezed in the war, were severe experience, to-ry convinced of the welfare of nationalism and chauvinism for the labor movement. It was the chauvinism, the collapsed 2nd international intermenimal, destroyed the international. The unity of the working class and thereby disarmed it in the face of ready for all imperialism. In the masses, hatred for those leaders of Social Democracy were born, the chauvinistich had stubbornly stubbornly. The positions of cooperation with "their" bourgeoisie, with "its" governments. "Already since 1915, Lenin said," the process of splitting old, rotated, socialist parties, the waste of the mass of the proletariat from the socialist-chauvinistic leaders left, to revolutionary ideas and sentiments, to revolutionary leaders, was clearly discovered in all countries. "(ibid., Vol. 28, p. 267). So there was a mass movement for the international. Cohesion of the proletariat, for the reconstruction of the revolution. Center of International work movement. It was the objective soil, from which K. I. Rose, however, he managed to create only after the victory led. Oct. Socialist. Revolution. She stirred up the whole world, all nations who were looking forward to exit from bloody deadlock showed in practice, which means the slogan of turning the war imperialist. In war civil. Oct. The revolution woke up the faith of the working class, Nar. The masses in their own strength and showed that they can not only end the war, but also liquidate the system, it spawned it. This is the source of the powerful gust of the masses, the direct effect of Octa is characterized by the direct effect. Revolutions for the whole world. Under their pressure collapsed. The order, the pro-Va of the capitalists and landowners created for more than a hundred years. The appearance of the world's first socialist. The state has created fundamentally new conditions for the struggle of the working class. Success of victorious socialist. The revolutions in Russia were explained, first of all, that only in Russia there was a new type of party. In the setting of a powerful lift of the worker and NC.-free. Movement began the process of education communist. Parties and other countries. In 1918 communist. Party arose in Germany, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Greece, the Netherlands, Finland, Argentina. In Jan. 1919 In Moscow, under the leadership of Lenin, a meeting of representatives of the Communist Parties of Russia, Hungary, Poland, Austria, Latvia, Finland, as well as the Balkan revolution took place. S.-D. Federation (Bulgarian Tests and Romanian Left) and Socialist. US working party. The meeting discussed the issue of convening the international. Congress representatives of the revolution. span. Parties and developed a project platform of the future international. The meeting indicated the inhomogeneity of socialist. Movement. Opportunist. The leaders of social democracy, relying on a narrow layer of t. N. The working aristocracy and the "working bureaucracy" were deceived by the masses of the crowns to fight against capitalism, without resorting to the dictatorship, they jerked the revolution. The energy of workers, distracting them by the theories of the "class world" in the name "NC. Unity". That is why the meeting demanded a merciless struggle with open opportunism - Social Chauvinism and at the same time recommended the tactics of the block with the left groups, the tactics of the discolition of all revolution. Elements from the centrists who were actual. accomplices of renegades. T. about., In these first decisions, approaching the creation of KI I., a firm Leninist line is visible, which has connected the success of the development of the revolution with mobilization and the association of all healthy labor-based workforces. Marxism. But the union on such a basis could be created only by uncompromising marking from ideological and political. The heritage of the decomposed 2nd international. The meeting turned to 39 revolutions. Party, groups and the flows of the countries of Europe, Asia, America and Australia, with a call to take part in the work. Congress of new international. In early March 1919 in Moscow, I was established. Congress K. I., 52 delegates from 35 parties and groups from 30 countries of the world arrived on the Quince. Representatives of Communist participated in the work of Congress. Parties of Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Finland, and other countries, as well as a number of communist. Groups (Czech, Bulgarian, Yugoslav, English, French, Swiss, etc.). At Congress were presented by S.-D. Party of Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, USA, Balkan revolution. S.-D. Federation, Tsimmerwald left wing of France. Congress heard reports, to-rye showed that revolution rises everywhere. Movement that the world is in a state of deep revolution. crisis. Congress discussed and accepted the Platform K. I., the basis of K-Roy was laid a document developed by the January 1919 meeting in Moscow. The new era, which began with the victory of October, was characterized in the platform as "the era of the decomposition of capitalism, its inner decay, the era of communist. The revolution of the proletariat. "In order of the day, the task of conquesting and establishing the dictatorship of the proletariat, the path to K-Roy lies through the gap with the opportunism of all the masters, through the International Solidarity of the Workers on a new basis. In view of this, the Congress recognized the need to urgently. Bases K. I. Report Lenin about Bourges. Democracy and dictatorship of the proletariat has become one of the program documents at the base of K. I. Lenin opened the class in it. The nature of the Bourges. Democracy, Kwyu stubbornly defended under the guise of "democracy" not only bourges 2nd International. He showed that Bourge. Democratic. In whatever shape it, it is always in fact a class. The dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, the minority dictature, while the dictatorship of the proletariat, overwhelming the overthrown classes in the name of the interests of the majority against the minority, means democracy for workers. The entire report of Lenin was permeated by the idea of \u200b\u200bstruggle against the bourge. Democracy, and such a question was then the only right Oh: in the situation of the greatest revolution. Lifting any attempts to tie the work class with references on the advantages of democracy, covering the dominance of the exploiters, played reactors. role. The desire of the right-handed S.-D. Chiefs discredit owls. The power of cries about "dictatorship" and to justify the intervention against it directly and openly served the case of counter-revolution. I Congress K. I. defined its attitude to the Berne Conference carried out by opportunist. leaders in feb. 1919 and formally restored the 2nd International (see Berkin International). Participants of this conference reached such a shame that Okt condemned. The revolution in Russia and even considered the issue of armed. Intervention against her. Therefore, Congress K. I. called on the workers of all countries to begin the most decisive struggle against the yellow international land and warned the broad masses of the people from this "internal lie and deception." Stretch. Congress K. I. adopted a manifesto to the proletarians around the world, it was said that the Communists gathered in Moscow, representatives of the revolution. The proletariat of Europe, America and Asia, feel and conscious of themselves by successors and advocates of the case, the program of which was proclaimed by the founders of scientific. Communism Marx and Engels in the "Manifesto Communist Party". "We urge workers and workers of all countries," the Congress proclaimed, - to unification under the communist banner, which is already the banner of the first great victories "(" Communist International in Documents ", 1933, p. 60). Assessing the role, K-Rui was to play a new international man, Lenin wrote in Apr. 1919 that K. I. "... perceived the fruits of work II of the International, compartment of his opportunist, social-chauvinistic, bourgeois and petty-bourgeois, sully and began to carry out the dictatorship of the proletariat ... A new era began world History . Humanity resets off the last form of slavery: capitalist or hired slavery "(cit., Vol. 29, p. 281). The creation of the Comintern was the answer of the revolution. Marxists for the demand of the new era - the epoch of the general crisis of capitalism, the land. Damn to-right More distinctly designated in the revolution. Events of those days. K. I., according to Lenin's thought, and it was supposed to become international. Org-Qiya, designed to speed up the creation of a revolution. Parties in other countries and thereby give in the hands of the whole work movement. Decisive weapons For victory over capitalism. But at the I Congress K. I., according to Lenin, "... there was only an empty banner of communism, around which the forces of the revolutionary proletariat were to be gathered" (Op., Vol. 31, p. 245). Completely organized. Registration of international. Power. A new type org. It was necessary to implement II Congress. Between the I and II Congress Congresses. The rise continued to grow. In 1919 in Hungary (March 21), Bavaria (13 Apr.), Slovakia (16 June) there were owls. republic. in England, France, with Sha, Italy and in other countries launched a movement in defense of owls. Russia from the intervention of imperialist. Power. Mass NC.-free. The movement arose in colonies and semi-colonies (Korea, China, India, Turkey, Afghanistan, etc.). The process of the formation of communist continued. Parties: They arose in Denmark (November 1919), Mexico (1919), USA (Saint. 1919), Yugoslavia (Apr. 1919), Indonesia, (May 1920), Great Britain (July 31 - 1 Aug. 1920), Palestine (1919), Iran (June 1920) and Spain (Apr. 1920). At the same time socialist. Party of France, Italy, independent S.-D. Party of Germany, the working party of Norway and others broke up with the Berne International and declared their desire to join K. I. Then it was in the Osn. Centrist Parties and there were elements in them, which carried with them in the ranks of K. I. Right danger, threatened its ideological monolithicity, K-paradium was a necessary and obligatory condition for the implementation of K. I. His East. Mission. Along with this in MN. The Communist Party appeared the threat of "left", generated by the youth and inexperience of the Communist Parties, often prone too hard to solve indigenous revolution issues. The struggle, as well as the penetration of the anarcho-syndicalist elements in the world communist. traffic. If with the danger to the right of the revolution. The proletariat faced not for the first time, then the "left" danger, which was also covered with a very revolution. phrase, he was less known. Moreover, it was immediately recognized by its real origins and possible severe consequences. She could put a revolution. Movement is great harm. That is why Lenin in the spring of 1920 sent the fire of his criticism in this direction, creating his immortal book "Children's disease" left-handed "in communism". East. The value of this work is that, summarizing the experience of the strategy and tactics of the revolution in it. The fight of the Bolsheviks party, Lenin helped fraternal parties to master her experience. Lenin showed at Germ., English, Ial. And Gol. Examples Typical features of the "left communism": sectarianism leading to the separation from the masses and in the end to the preservation of key positions of the labor movement in the hands of reformists; The denial of the party and party discipline, which meant the destruction of the party - the decisive weapons of the proletariat in the struggle for their liberation; The negation of the need to work in those organizations and movements (and be able to use them in the interests of the revolution), to which the masses are accustomed, which they are recognized and in which they consist (trade unions, cooperatives, parliaments, municipalities, etc.). Lenin defined "Levizna" as fraught with adventurism, the unwillingness to prepare the political army of the revolution from the mass, which the capitalism gave rise to, and there is no other mass and can not be in the conditions of Bourges. building; The refusal to work with it is equivalent to the abandonment of the revolution, whatever the "ultra-limiting" phrases it is not justified. The reluctance to work in the thick of the masses and learn from their experience, Lenin said, leads to tactic. narrow, to dogmatic. Commitment in some one already known ways of struggle, deprives the party of the opportunity to correctly assess the situation and act in accordance with the specific requirements of the moment. "Right doctrine," Lenin emphasized, "she rested on the recognition of the old forms alone and went bankrupt to the end, without noticing the new content. The left doctrine rests on the unconditional denying of certain old forms, not seeing that the new content pierces his way through everything and all sorts of forms. that our duty, like communists, to master all the forms, learn with maximum speed complement one form, replace one other, to adapt your tactics to any such change caused by our class or not by our efforts "(ibid., p. 83) . Lenin's book largely determined the content and direction of work II Congress K. I., which took place in July-Aug. 1920. II Congress K.I. was more representative than the first: 217 delegates from 67 organizations were participating in his work (including from 27 compatines) from 37 countries. With the right to consistent. Voices at Congress were presented socialist. Party of Italy, France, independent S.-D. Party of Germany and others. Centristian Organizing and Party. Congress heard a report of Lenin about international. Position and Osn. Tasks K. I. Deeply analyzing the situation in the world that established by this time, Lenin warned about two dangers on the way of developing communist. Party of the correct tactics. On the one hand, this is underestimating the depth of the crisis, framed by capitalist. The system, the tendency to consider it only as "temporary anxiety", and on the other hand - reassessing the crisis as a hopeless position, which will automatically lead to the collapse of capitalism. Lenin gave an exhaustive and scientifically substantiated assessment of the situation and on this basis put a nodal question of the Congress: "It is necessary - he said," to prove "now the practice of revolutionary parties, that they have sufficient consciousness, organization, communication with the exploited masses, determination, decrease, To use this crisis for a successful, for a victorious revolution. To prepare this "evidence" and we gathered mainly at the real congress of the Communist International "(ibid., p. 203). Experience of revolution. The fighting 1917-20, the experience of victories and defeat of the proletariat showed what a huge role in the struggle is played by the party of the working class, its theory, strategy and tactics, the principles of its organizational. Building. II Congress K. I. was to, according to Lenin's thought, to become a turning point in the development of the Communist Party, give impetus and create conditions for the formation of games of the new type, so that this process is not behind the course of events and that the parties in a short time have time to put roots in the working The movement of their countries. This was exactly what the need was dictated 21 conditions of admission to K. I., approval. 6 Aug. 1920 II Congress. The main among these conditions were: recognition of the dictatorship of the proletariat, as the main principle of revolution. The struggle and theory of Marxism, the full gap with reformists and the centrists and the exile of them from the rows of the party, the combination of legal and illegal methods of struggle, systematic. Work in the village, in trade unions, in parliament, Democratic. Centralism as ch. Organizer The principle of the party, the obligation for the party of the Decisions of Congresses and the Plenums K.I. and its governing bodies. 21 The condition was necessary to ensure the organizational. politics. Fundamentals of activity as K.I. itself, and the Communities included in it. The conditions proceeded from the Leninsky teaching about the new type of party and played a huge role in the miscarriage of the Marxist-Leninist parties and their personnel, in the fight against opportunism and in the future development of world communist. Movement. Compare. The small number of young compatines, politics. The inexperience of their frames and theoretical. Their immaturity required themselves. Their fencing from pressure is not only from open opportunists, the reversed reversed. The tasks of the labor movement and betrayed the first span. State-in, but also from the influence of genuinely defended, chosen reformism elements, whose inconsistency and compromise to compromise with traitors. Cases excluded the possibility of unity with them. 21 Condition was the shield, which fured out ideological and politics. The integrity of young communist. Movement. In that period, the most important problem of international issue. The working movement was to consolidate it in the position of the revolution. span. internationalism. Requirements span. internationalism in that setting was primarily in self-support support for owls. republic, as unity. Countries of victorious socialist. Revolution and Nature. Base of world revolution. Movement. From the side of the Sov. Communists span. Internationalism was expressed in to make the maximum possible to preserve and strengthen this revolution. Bases and to, leaning on it, help the working class Dr. countries firmly stand up on a revolution. The path of struggle against capitalism. 21 The condition just contained the necessary and completely obligatory amount of the requirements of the span. internationalism, to-rye and allowed K. I. to fulfill its function of the organizer of the revolution. Movement of the working class. Part of the items of this document was temporary and, so to speak, an extreme character, the other, Osn. Part, embodied the principles of Leninism, valid for the whole of East. Epochs. The centrist parties participating in the work of the II Congress could not rise to the understanding of East. Responsibility to the working movement that entered into a new era of their development. They did not accept the conditions of admission to K. I. and in Fevr. 1921 created at the conference in Vienna. Intern. Working Association Socialist. Parties, entered the story under the title. Two-team international. This intermenimal actually played the role of a kind of dam, designed to slow down the revolution. Stream, keep the masses from the transition to the position of communism. In 1923, 21 / 2nd International was merged with the 2nd International (Bern) to the Socialist Workers' International (Socintern). Huge fundamental importance was made by the II Congress K. I. decisions on nat. And colum. questions. Based on the fact that in the new East. epoch of nat.-liberation movement becomes part of World Socialist. Revolution, Congress set the task to drain revolution. The struggle of the proletariat of developed countries with NC.-free. The struggle of oppressed peoples into single anti-imperialist. flow. The emergence of socialist. State and its leading role in the global revolution. The movement was opened before fighting for nat. People independence are new tremendous opportunities and above all - the prospect of the transition to socialism, bypassing the stage of capitalist. development. That is why the II Congress with all determination reflected in his resolution Leninist idea about the close alliance of all nat. And colonially free. movements from owls. Russia. At the same time, the Congress pointed out the need to combat small bourge. Nationalist. Prejudice, K-paradium put forward to the fore as the dictatorship of the proletariat in the boarding school. strength. When determining the positions of the Communist Party in AGR. The Congress question came from the Lenin principles of the Union of the proletariat and the peasantry and the inevitability after the victory of socialist. Revolution of the substitutional cross. H-Va collective, emphasizing, however, that in solving this task it is necessary to act "with huge caution and graduality". Congress adopted Charter K. I., based on the principle of democratic. Centralism, and also elected the governing body K. I. - fulfill. K-T (Icca) and others. Organs. Describing the East. The meaning of the II Congress, Lenin said: "First, the Communists had to proclaim their principles for the whole world. This is done at the I Congress. This is the first step. The second step was the organizational registration of the Communist International and the development of the conditions of admission to it, the conditions of the department in fact From the centrists, from the direct and indirect agents of the bourgeoisie inside the labor movement. This is done at the II Congress "(cit., Vol. 32, p. 494). At the end of 1920 - Nach. 1921 International. The situation began to change. Many countries began the first after-military. Economy. The crisis, taking advantage of the bourgeoisie to the occurrence of the working class. Character class. The battles of the proletariat began to change - from the offensive, they began to turn into defensive. Development rate of global span. The revolution slowed down. Change of international. The situation required changes to Tactics K.I. It was obvious that to break the world capitalism by direct assault, "the Krasnogvardee attack" failed. A more solid and planned preparation of the revolution was required, and this was the problem of engaging in the revolution. The struggle of the widespread masses of workers, actual mastering all forms and methods of class. Fight. Crossing the NEPA, which was the first link in the implementation of the genius Leninist plan for the construction of socialism in one country in the context of capitalist. The surroundings, the Bolsheviks party once again showed a sample change in politics. Lines in accordance with the change in the objective situation. The global imperialism was able to resist the first Natius of the revolution. Forces. Therefore, the struggle of two social forces on the world arena - capitalism and the Soviet state - was transferred to the plan of economy. competitions. It found an expression the main contradiction of the era. "What you have to play with us in the field of economics is a huge progress," Lenin said on Dec. 1920, having in mind capitalist. Power of the West (cit., vol. 31, p. 422). Raisted, plundered, discarded for a decade ago from Prevenue. Economy. The level, and without that low, Russia threw no less revolutionary than before, the challenge of the richest powers of the world. "We speak and speak," Lenin said, "we take the whole world to build on the rational economic foundations ..." (ibid.). "Now the main impact on the international revolution is our economic policy ... We decide this task - and then we won on the international scale for sure and finally" (ibid., Vol. 32, p. 413). All international Communist. The movement was to have a serious restructuring in accordance with the requirements of the new stage in world development. The task of the III Congress Comintern, which took place in Moscow in June - July 1921, was to "... determine exactly how to work on, with respect to tactical and in relation to the organizational" (ibid, p. 494). The Congress was attended by 608 delegates from 103 org-cues (including from 48 compartines) from 52 countries. Congress was stormy, in the atmosphere of acute discussions. The fact is that part of the delegates arrived in Moscow with a solid opinion that the old slogans "Down with Centrists" and "offensive tactics" remain in force, despite the change in the situation. The situation was complicated by the fact that some representatives of the RCP (b) in Icca separated such views, believing that K. I. should take a "course to the left". Even before the beginning of the congress, Lenin had to keep an acute struggle against "Levatsky Stupidity." Under the leadership of Lenin, a draft of theses was prepared, the tactics of a single working front was developed in K-ROM. The theses put forward a slogan of a joint performance with all the working class org organizations, including with centrists, in defense. Economy. and politics. Workers' interests, against the bourgeoisie proper to the counteroffensiveness. Delegates of German Communist Parties, Austria, Italy and part of Czechoslovakia subjected the abstract criticism of the "left". They made a numerous. The amendments, fundamentally changed the meaning of the project, reproached Lenin in the fact that he was on the "right wing of the Congress". July 1, 1921 Lenin spoke at Congress with his famous speech in defense of the tactics of the Comintern. This presentation of the brilliant strategist of the revolution and today can serve as an example of how revolutionaries-Communists should act, faced with a change in the real situation: do not hold on old slogans, although the right life, but removed from the agenda itself, and even more so, not to oppose general provisions Marxism need to specifically analyze a new environment and, accordingly, change politics. course. "Left" at the Congress noisy rejected the draft theses from the standpoints of the T.N. Theories of the offensive. Lenin said to them: the one who, in principle, is in Wide East. Plan, I do not agree with the theory of the onset of the working class for capitalism, he is not a communist and should be excluded. But the one who is under this pretext in the above-mentioned Ser. The 1921 atmosphere demands for all means, right now, immediately "step up" on the bourgeoisie, he pushes the working class on the adventure and can destroy the communist. A party that, if it follows a similar call, inevitably turns out to be avant-garde without mass, headquarters without an army. The "left" at the Congress demanded that the main blow and the main forces of the Communists in the working movement were still directed against the centrists (i.e. against the flow of a revisionist). Lenin showed full theoretical. Insolvency and politics. Harm of such a position. K. I., he said, not only Idean defeated the centrists, but also excluded them from his ranks. "Left" also turn the fight against the centrists - this is essentially a solved question - in the sport and, repeating the countless number of times the same, who stamped "exercises" against the centrism, want them to believe that they are engaged in a serious revolution. Business. We are responsible for this, "Lenin said," Stop! "Decisive struggle! Otherwise, the communist international died" (ibid, p. 447). Serious revolution. Work in new conditions was to make young communist. Party, fenced from the centralism and right opportunism, proved in practice that they are an avant-garde of the work movement, that they know how to connect with the mass, to allocate it around the right line, create a uniform front of the working class, going even where it is required for compromises with DR . politicic. currents and org organizations. In this sense, Lenin approved as an exemplary policy. The Act "Open Letter" of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Germany (Jan. 1921), in K-RU, was called to all working class org organizations to the joint fight against the offensive of the bourgeoisie. Our first task, - said Lenin, - the creation of communist. Parties. The slogans of the I and II congresses were the slogan "Down of the Centerrs!". But it will only prepare. school. Now you need to go ahead. The second stage will be to, organized into the party, learn to prepare the revolution. And this requires first of all the conquest of the majority, conquering workers. The III Congress Comintern unanimously approved the abstracts of tactics under the leadership of Lenin. Congress's decisions caused a wide resonance to Communist. Party, although in some way the new tactic was not immediately understood. But Lenin consistently defended the new correct positions. Even during the work of the Congress at the meeting of the German, Polish, Czechoslovak, Hungarian and Italian delegates, he said: "We did not hesitate to call our left" adventurists "in the face of our enemies ... But we said that every attempt to be a little, at least a little , the left of the Central Committee is stupid and who stands to the left of the Central Committee, he has already lost a simple common sense ... Our only strategy is now to become stronger, and therefore smarter, prudent, "optional", and this we must say the masses "(Leninsky Sat. , t. XXXVI, 1959, p. 282). The basics of the tactics of a single working front, which received their further development on the VII Congress K.I., and then in our time, were developed by Lenin on the III Congress K. I. "more thorough, more solid preparation for new, more and more The decisive battles both defensive and offensive - this is the main and main thing in the decisions of the III Congress "(Op., Vol. 32, p. 496). So determined Lenin the meaning of this, one of the most important congresses of the Comintern. Based on decisions of Congress Presidium Icca on Dec. 1921 accepted the launched abstracts about the Unified Work Frote. The first experience in the application of new tactics in the international. Communist. And the working movement was the conference of three intermenimal (3rd, 2nd and 2nd), which took place in Apr. 1922 in Berlin. At the conference, an agreement was reached on the conduct of joint demonstrations under the slogans of the struggle for the 8-hour working day, against unemployment, for the restoration of diplomacy. relationships with owls. Russia. However, V. I. Lenin believed that these agreements were achieved too expensive price, as the delegation of the Comintern (Clara Zetkin, N. I. Bukharin and K. Radek) made excessive and not related to the essence of the unity of political actions. concessions to representatives of the 2nd and 2-th International. IV Congress K. I., held in November. - Dec. 1922, on its own issues, as it were, the continuation of the work of the III Congress. "The main task," Lenin wrote in the greeting of the congress, "the conquest of most workers in the conquest of most workers. And we will perform this task, no matter what, performed" (ibid. 33, p. 379). 408 delegates from 66 organizations from 58 countries of the world participated in the Congress. The report dedicated to the five-year period of Oct. Revolutions and prospects of the world revolution, Lenin substantiated the provision of the need for the Communist Parties not only to be able to occur during the rise period, but to learn to retreat in the face of the revolution. Waves. On the example of NEP in Russia, he showed how to use time. Departure to prepare a new attack on capitalism. Already the first results of the NEP were favorable - he ensured the restoration of Nar. X-WA countries, and strengthening owls. Russia meant strengthening the Base of the World Revolution. The prospects of the world revolution will be even better, indicated V. I. Lenin, if all the commercials will learn and learn to master the organization, the construction, method and content of the revolution. Work. Foreign Communities "... should perceive part of Russian experience" (ibid, p. 394). IV Congress K. I. paid great attention to FSH. Hazards (due to the establishment of FSH. Dictatorships in Hungary and Italy), as the most open form of the onset of the bourgeoisie. Congress stressed that ch. The means of struggle against fascism is the tactic of a single working front. To rally in a single front, wide masses of workers, not yet ready to fight for the dictatorship of the proletariat, but already capable of participating in the economy. and politics. The fight against the bourgeoisie, was put forward by the workshop of the workfield (later expanded to the slogan, the worker-cross. Prospect). Congress pointed out the need to struggle for the unity of the trade union movement, which was in a state of deep split (in 1919 there was an Amsterdam International Interiodonal, and in 1921 - Profintern). Congress explained that the specific use of the tactic of a single front in the context of the columns. and dependent countries is a single anti-imperialist. Front, uniting nat. Patriotic. Country forces that are able to fight against colonialism. 1923 was the year of the last tide postgraduen. revolution. Waves. However, the speeches of the proletariat, including the armed (in Germany, Bulgaria, Poland), did not have success, the proletariat was defeated here again, the Communist Party was revealed. Tragedy Germ. Revolution, noted E. Telman, consisted in the subjective weakness of him. The working movement, expressed in the absence of a span. New Type Parts. In front of K. I., the task of strengthening the Communist Parties based on the Master of Mastering Leninism was to fulfill the task, the name of the majorization of the Communities of Communities. This task had to be solved in a very difficult atmosphere. After the defeat of the working class in 1923, a period of partial stabilization of capitalism began. The right leaders of social democracy and reformist trade unions took advantage of it for enhanced planting in the working movement of the policy of class. cooperation. So, Marseille Congress (1925) of Socyntrist said that the stabilization of capitalism means its development on the path "politicism. and hoz. democracy "that the working class's cooperation and its Org-cues with the bourgeoisieus is natural. Path to socialism. The theory of" organized capitalism "the theory of organized capitalism, nominated in these years, the essence of the Capitalism in socialism, was approved by Brussels in socialism. Congress (1928) of the Socintern. The latter called on S.-D. Party to fight both "against the dictatorship of the right and against the dictatorship of the left." In practice, it led to the fact that the right Social democracy ch. arr. conducted a fight against the USSR and Communisturies received the Communist, the Communist. Movement. Movement. Movement. Movement. Moves. Movement. Motion. Motion. The Communities Raised both right elements and Levate-Sectional, Trotskyist. In Jan. 1924 Lenin died. It was a huge loss For world communist. Movement. After the death of Lenin in the ranks of the RCP (b), the fierce arose. Disputes on indigenous issues of strategy and tactics of the world span. Revolution and construction of socialism in the USSR. Trotsky and his last The drivers opposed the Leninist theory on the possibility of building socialism in one country and imposed RCP (b) and the whole K. I. The disgusting line on the arts. The incitement of the "revolutionary fire" in capital countries. However, the RCP (b), the Comintern defended Lenin's views on the nature of the revolution, the Leninist understanding of the revolution. Debt of the first country of socialism. "Revolutions," Lenin taught, "do not do on request, do not try to a while or another, but ripen in the process historical Development and be worked out at the time due to a complex of a number of internal and external reasons "(cit., vol. 27, with
Prehistory
The 2nd International Executed by Opportunism, openly changed the proletarian internationalism, as soon as the World War I broke out. He collapsed mainly into two warring groupings, each of the reasons moved to the side of its bourgeoisie and actually discarded the slogan of "the proletaries of all countries, connect!". The most authoritative and cohesive force in the international working movement remaining faithful proletarian internationalism was headed by. Browse the essence of the collapse of the 2nd International, Lenin pointed out the work class. Exit from the position created as a result of betrayal of opportunist. The leaders: the working movement was needed a new, revolutionary international. "II International died, defeated by opportunism. Down with opportunism and Long live ... III International! " - wrote Lenin for 1914.
Theoretical prerequisites for creating the 3rd International
The Bolsheviks of Russia prepared the creation of a communist international unit primarily by developing a revolutionary theory. V.I. Lenin revealed the imperialist nature of the World War I began and substantiated the slogan turning it into civil against the bourgeoisie of his own country - as the main strategic slogan of the international labor movement. Lenin's conclusion about the possibility and inevitability of the victory of the revolution initially in a few or even one, separately taken, the capitalist country, formulated by him for the first time in 1915, was the largest, fundamentally new contribution to Marxist theory. This conclusion that gave the work class a revolutionary perspective in the context of the new era was the most important step in the development of the theoretical foundations of the new international.
Practical prerequisites for creating the 3rd International
The second direction on which the work of the Bolsheviks led by Lenin on the preparation of the new International was the cohesion of the left groups of social democratic parties, which remained loyal to the work class. The Bolsheviks used a number of international conferences held in 1915 (Socialists of the Entente countries, Women's, Youth) to promote their views on war, peace and revolution. They took an active part in the zimmervald movement of socialist socialists, creating a left group in its ranks, which appeared to the embryo of the new international. However, in 1917, when a rapid rise in the revolutionary movement began under the influence in Russia, the Zimmervald movement, which united in the main centrists, did not go forward, and back, the Bolsheviks broke out with him, refusing to send their delegates to the Stockholm Conference in September 1917.
Creation of communist international
The world imperialist war concentrated the huge masses of people in the army of the warring powers, tied them with a common fate in the face of death and the most mercilessly pushed these tens of millions, often very far from politics, with the monstrous consequences of imperialism policies. Grew deep spontaneous displeasure on both sides of the fronts, people began to think about the causes of meaningless mutual extermination, whose involuntary participants were. Gradually came the insight. Working masses, especially fighting states, all the sharper felt the need to restore the international unity of their rows. Countless bloody losses, ruin and cortex exploitation from the bourgeoisie, who has freezed in the war, were severe experience that I convinced the defeatibility of nationalism and chauvinism for the labor movement. It was the chauvinism that the announced 2nd International, destroyed the international unity of the working class and thus disarmed him in the face of ready for all imperialism. In the masses, hatred for those leaders of Social Democracy were born, the chauvinistich had stubbornly stubbornly. The positions of cooperation with "their" bourgeoisie, with "its" governments.
... Since 1915, Lenin said, "the process of the split, rotated, socialist parties, the waste of the mass of proletariat from social-chauvinistic leaders, to the revolutionary ideas and sentiments, to the revolutionary leaders, was clearly discovered in all countries.
So there was a massive movement for the international cohesion of the proletariat, for recreating the revolutionary center of the international labor movement.
The appearance of the world's first socialist state after victory created fundamentally new conditions for the struggle of the working class. The success of the victorious socialist revolution in Russia was explained, first of all, that only in Russia there was a new type of party. The process of the formation of communist parties and other countries has begun in the situation of a powerful lift of the working and national liberation movement in other countries. In 1918, the Communist Party arose in Germany, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Greece, the Netherlands, Finland, Argentina.
Moscow Meeting 1919
In January 1919, a meeting of representatives of the Communist Party, Hungary, Poland, Austria, Latvia, Finland, and the Balkan revolution took place in Moscow under the leadership of Lenin. S.-D. Federation (Bulgarian Tests and Romanian Left) and Socialist. US working party. The meeting discussed the issue of convening the international. Congress representatives of the revolution. span. Parties and developed a project platform of the future international. The meeting indicated the inhomogeneity of socialist. Movement. Opportunist leaders of social democracy, relying on a narrow layer of t. N. The working aristocracy and the "working bureaucracy" were deceived by the masses of the crowns to fight against capitalism, without resorting to dictatorship, they jammed the revolutionary energy of workers, distracting them by the theories of the "class world" in the name of "national unity". The meeting demanded a merciless struggle with open opportunism - social chauvinism and at the same time recommended the tactics of the block with the left groups, the tactics of the respiration of all revolutionary elements from the centrists who were actual accomplices of renegades. The meeting requested to 39 revolutionary parties, groups and the flows of European countries, Asia, America and Australia, with a call to take part in the work of the Constituent Congress of the New International.
I (constituent) Congress
In early March 1919, the Constituent Congress of the Communist International was held in Moscow, which arrived 52 delegates from 35 parties and groups from 30 countries of the world. Representatives of the Communist Party of Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Finland and other countries, as well as a number of communist groups (Czech, Bulgarian, Yugoslav, English, French, Swiss and others) took part in the Congress. At Congress, Social Democratic Party of Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, USA, Balkan Revolutionary Social Democratic Federation, Cimmerwald Left Wing of France were presented at Congress.
Congress heard reports that showed that the revolutionary movement is growing everywhere that the world is in a state of a deep revolutionary crisis. Congress discussed and accepted the Communist International Platform, the document was based on a document developed by the 1919 January Meeting in Moscow. The new era, which began with the victory of October, was characterized in the platform as "the era of the decomposition of capitalism, its inner decay, the era of communist. The revolution of the proletariat. " In order of the day, the task of conquesting and establishing the dictatorship of the proletariat, the path to which lies through the gap with the opportunism of all the masters, through the international solidarity of workers on a new basis. In view of this, Congress recognized the need for an urgent basis for the Communist International.
I Congress of the Communist International has determined its attitude to the Berkin Conference, conducted by opportunistic leaders in February 1919 and formally restored. The participants of this conference condemned the October Revolution in Russia and even considered the issue of armed intervention against it. Therefore, the Congress of the Communist International called on the workers of all countries to begin the most decisive struggle against the Yellow International and to warn the broad masses of the people from this "internal lie and deception." The Constituent Congress of the Communist International adopted a manifest for the proletarians of the whole world, which said that the Communists, representatives of the revolutionary proletariat of Europe, America and Asia, gathered in Moscow, feel and conscious of themselves by successors and advocates, whose program was led by the founders of scientific communism Marx and Engels in "Manifesto Communist Party."
"We call for workers and workers of all countries," Congress proclaimed, - to unification under the communist banner, which is already the banner of the first great victories "
The creation of the Comintern was the answer to the revolutionary Marxists to the demand of the new era - the epoch of the general crisis of capitalism, the main features of which were increasingly reimbursed in the revolutionary events of those days. The Communist International, according to Lenin, was to become an international organization designed to accelerate the creation of revolutionary parties in other countries and thereby give in the hands of the entire working movement a decisive weapon for victory over capitalism. But at the I Congress of the Communist International, according to Lenin, "... there was only an empty banner of communism, around which the forces of the revolutionary proletariat were to be gathered." The complete organizational registration of the international proletarian organization of the new type was to implement II Congress.
II Congress
The II Congress of the Communist International was more representative than the first: 217 delegates from 67 organizations (including 27 compatines) from 37 countries participated in its work. The Socialist Party of Italy, France, an independent Social Democratic Party of Germany and other Centristian organizations and Parties was presented with the right of conscriptive vote at Congress.
In the period between I and II Congress, the revolutionary rise continued to grow. In 1919 in Hungary (March 21), Bavaria (April 13), Slovakia (June 16) there were Soviet republics. In England, France, USA, Italy and other countries, a movement was launched in defense of Soviet Russia on the intervention of imperialist powers. Mass national liberation movement emerged in colonies and semi-colonies (Korea, China, India, Turkey, Afghanistan and others). The process of formation of communist parties continued: they arose in Denmark (November 1919), Mexico (1919), USA (September 1919), Yugoslavia (April 1919), Indonesia, (May 1920), Great Britain (July 31 - 1 August 1920), Palestine (1919), Iran (June 1920) and Spain (April 1920).
At the same time, the Socialist Party of France, Italy, the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany, the Working Party of Norway and others broke up with the Berne International and stated their desire to join the Communist International. These were mostly centrist parties and there were elements that carried with them the right danger with them in the ranks of the Communist International, threatened its ideological monolith, which was a necessary and prerequisite for the fulfillment by the Communist International of its historical mission. Along with this, the threat of the "left", generated by the youth and inexperience of the Communities, often inclined to solve indigenous questions of the revolutionary struggle, as well as the penetration of the anarcho-syndicalist elements into the world communist movement, often appeared in many compises.
This was the need for 21 conditions for admission to the Communist International, approved on August 6, 1920 II Congress. The main among these conditions were: recognition of the dictatorship of the proletariat, as the main principle of the revolutionary struggle and the theory of Marxism, the full gap with reformists and the centrists and the exile of them from the rows of the party, the combination of legal and illegal methods of struggle, systematic work in the village, in trade unions, in parliament, Democratic centralism as the chief organizational principle of the party, the obligation for the party of the Decisions of Congresses and the Plenums of the Communist International and its governing bodies. 21 The condition was necessary to ensure the organization of the political framework of activity as the most communist international and the Communist Communist and the Communist Parties. Conditions proceeded from the Leninsky teachings about the new type of party and played a huge role in the dissolution of the Marxist-Leninist parties and their personnel, in the fight against opportunism and in the future development of the world communist movement.
Congress adopted the Charter of the Communist International, based on the principle of democratic centralism, and also elected the governing body of the Communist International - and other bodies. Characterize historical meaning II Congress, Lenin said:
"First, the Communists had to proclaim their principles for the whole world. This is done at the I Congress. This is the first step. The second step was the organizational design of the Communist International and the development of the conditions of admission to it, the conditions of separation in fact from the centrists, from direct and indirect agents of the bourgeoisie inside the labor movement. This is done at the II Congress. "
The Comintern (III International) is an international organization that united the communist parties of different countries. The Communist International operated its activities from 1919 to 1943. The founder and organizer of the Comintern was the Batch of RCP (b) headed by V.I. Lenin.
The first intermenimal founded by Marx existed from 1864 to 1872. The defeat of the heroic Paris workers, the famous Paris commune, meant the end of this international. He laid the foundation of that building of the World Socialist Republic.
The second intermenimal existed from 1889 to 1914, before the war. This time was the time of the most calm and peaceful development of capitalism, time without great revolutions. The working movement was growing and matured during this time in a number of countries. But leaders workers in most parties, accustomed to peacetime, lost the ability to revolutionary struggle. When it began in 1914, the war, fouling with blood with blood for four years, war between capitalists because of the part of profits, because of the power over small and weak people, these socialists moved to the side of their governments. They changed the workers, they helped tighten the slaughter, they became enemies of socialism, they switched to the side of the capitalists.
Mass workers turned away from these traitors of socialism. All over the world began a turn to the revolutionary struggle. The war showed that capitalism died. He is replaced by a new order. The old word Socialism disgraced the traitors of socialism.
Now the workers who remain the right thing to overthrow the yoke capital call themselves communists. All over the world grows the Union of Communists. Soviet power has already won in a number of countries. Still not long and we will see the victory of communism around the world, we will see the foundation of the World Field of Soviets.
The creation of the Comintern was preceded by a long struggle of the Bolsheviks party led by V.I. Lenin against reformists and centrists in the 2nd International for the cohesion of the left forces in the international working movement. In 1914, the Bolsheviks declared a break from the 2nd International and began to collect forces to create the 3rd International.
The initiator of the organizational design of the Comintern was the RCP (b). In January 1918, a meeting of representatives of the left groups of a number of Europe and America took place in Petrograd. The meeting discussed the issue of convening an international conference of socialist parties for organizing the 3rd International. A year later, a second international meeting was held in Moscow under the leadership of V. I. Lenin, which appealed to the left socialist organizations with a call to take part in the International Socialist Congress. On March 2, 1919, the 1st (founding) Congress of the Communist International began its work in Moscow. There were 52 delegates from 35 parties and groups from 21 countries of the world. The 1st Congress called on the workers of all countries to unite on the principles of proletarian internationalism in the revolutionary struggle for the overthrow of the bourgeoisie and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat, decisively oppose the 2nd International, formally restored in February 1919 in Berne his right-in-stop leaders.
In 1919-1920 The Comintern put in front of himself the task: to lead the World Socialist Revolution, designed to replace the world capitalist economy of the global system of communism by the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie.
In the period between the 1st and 2nd Congress, the revolutionary rise continued to grow. In 1919 in Hungary (March 21), Bavaria (April 13), Slovakia (June 16) there were Soviet republics. In the UK, France, USA, Italy, and in other countries, a movement moved to the defense of Soviet Russia from the intervention of imperialist powers. The process of formation of communist parties continued. In May 1919, the Bulgarian Working Social Democratic Party was renamed communist and joined the Communist International. From March 1919 to November 1920, the Communist Parties were formed in Yugoslavia, USA, Mexico, Denmark, Spain, Indonesia, Iran, Great Britain, the party of Argentina, Greece, was announced to joining the Communist International,
The 2nd Congress of the Communist International (opened July 19, 1920 in Petrograd, July 23-August 17, continued and completed work in Moscow), the 2nd Congress Communist International was more representative than the 1st: 217 delegates from 67 participated in his work Organizations (including 27 Communist Parties) from 37 countries. The French Social Party and Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany were represented with the right of advisory voices in Congress. A number of decisions on the strategy and tactics of the Communist Movement are adopted at the Congress, such as the forms of the participation of the Cominterns in the Comintern, (they included: recognition by parties entering the Comintern, the dictatorship of the proletariat as the main principle of revolutionary struggle and theory Marxism; a complete gap with reformists and centrists and the exile of them from the rows of the party; a combination of legal and illegal methods of struggle; recognition of democratic centralism as the main organizational principle of the party, selfless loyalty to the principles of proletarian internationalism, etc.) were called upon to protect the communist parties from the penetration of not only open Opportunists, but also those elements whose inconsistency and compromise with proletarian cause aggregates excluded the possibility of unity with them).
3rd Moscow, June 22 - July 12, 1921; 605 delegates participated from 103 parties and organizations. E The main task of the Communist Party was reduced to strengthen the positions of the working class, the consolidation and expansion of the real results of the struggle in defense of everyday interests in combination with the preparation of workers in the struggle for the socialist revolution. The solution of this task required a consistent implementation of the Leninsky slogan: to work everywhere where there is a mass - in trade unions, youth and other organizations.
The Communist International has decided on national and colonial issues. Based on the fact that in the new historical era The national liberation movement becomes an integral part of the world revolutionary process, congress set the task to drain the revolutionary struggle of the proletariat of developed countries with the national liberation struggle of oppressed peoples into a single anti-imperialist stream.
The 3rd Congress Comintern unanimously approved the abstracts of tactics under the leadership of V. I. Lenin. "A more thorough, more solid preparation for new, increasingly decisive battles, both defensive and offensive, is the main and most important in the decisions of the Congress"
November 4th - December 1922; 408 delegates participated from 66 parties and organizations from 58 countries of the world. By the decision of the congress, an international organization of assistance to the wrestlers of the revolution was created. The main idea is to create a "single working front".
The 4th Congress Communist International emphasized that the main means of fighting fascism is the tactic of a single working front. To rally in a single front, wide masses of workers, not yet ready for the fight for the dictatorship of the proletariat, but already able to participate in the economic and political struggle against the bourgeoisie, the slogan "Working Government" was nominated (later expanded to the slogan "Workers' and Peasant Government"). Congress pointed out the need to struggle for the unity of the trade union movement, which was in a state of deep split. Congress explained that the concrete application of a single front tactic under the conditions of colonial and dependent countries is a single anti-imperial front, uniting national patriotic forces, capable of fighting against colonialism.
1923 was a year of large revolutionary speeches that completed the post-war revolutionary rise. Having ended with the defeat of the speech of the proletariat in Germany, Bulgaria, Poland revealed the weakness of communist parties. In full growth, the task of their strengthening on the basis of mastering with Leninism, the assimilation of the international, common in Bolshevia. This task, which received the name of the bulk of the Communist Party, had to be solved in a difficult situation. The compatines raised their heads both right and levate-sectarian, Trotskyist elements.
5th June - July 1924 made decisions on the Bolshevization of national compatures and their tactics in the light of defeat revolutionary speeches in Europe.
he entered the story as a congress of struggle for the bulk of the Communist Party. The main document of the Congress - theses was emphasized that the dissolution of authentic Leninsky parties is the central task of all activities The Communist International Congress indicated that the features of a truly Bolshevik party are: Massiness (slogan "to the masses!" The 3rd Congress extended); maneuced, excluding any dogmatism and sectarianism in methods and means of struggle; loyalty to the principles of revolutionary marxism
The Communist Course International gave the opportunity to every communist party using his own experience of practical struggle, to become a national political force capable of acting independently in the specific conditions of his country, to become a valid avant-garde of the labor movement. But when they are implemented, Congress tried to formulate common methods for all parties to apply a single edge tactics. The unity of action is only from below, negotiations in the top between the parties and organizations were allowed only if unity in Nizakh was originally achieved. This limited the initiative of the Communist Party, prevented them from converting their actions with a specific environment.
6th July - September 1928 Congress appreciated the world-political situation as a transitional to a new stage, characterized by the global economic crisis and an increase in class struggle, developed the thesis of social fascism.
Congress noted the approach of the new, third period in the revolutionary development of the world after October 1917 - the period of sharp exacerbation of all the contradictions of capitalism, as evidenced by signs of the world economic crisis, the growing class battles and a new rise in liberation movement in colonial and dependent countries. In this regard, the Congress approved tactics, which was then expressed in the formula of the class against class. This tactic envisaged to strengthen the fight against the reformism of social democracy and focused the Communist Party to prepare for the possible emergence of the acute socio-political crisis in capitalist countries. However, it proceeded only from the perspective of the proletarian revolution as the immediate task of the day and underestimated the danger of fascism, which could take advantage of the crisis for reactive purposes. Congress urged the protection of the Chinese revolution from imperialist interventory.
On July 7, July 25 - August 20, 1935, the main topic of the meeting was to resolve the issue of consolidation of forces in the fight against the increasing fascist threat. A single working front was created as an organ harmonization body of various political orientation.
\u003d) In the initial period of the activities of the Comintern and the organizations adjacent to it, when making decisions, an analysis of the situation was pre-conducted, the desire to find answers to general issues taking into account national characteristics and traditions. In the future, the methods of work of the Comintern have undergone major changes: any dissent is regarded as aiding response and fascism. Dogmatism and sectarianism have adversely affected international communist and working movement.
In the 1st half of the 30s. There was a significant shift in the arrangement of class forces on the world stage. He manifested itself in the offensive of the reaction, fascism, the growth of a military threat. The task of creating an anti-fascist, general-democratic union, primarily the Communists and Social Democrats, was prompted for the fore.
