Vasily Tatishchev deservedly occupied the honorable place among the great minds of Russia. It is simply not rotated to call it ordinary. He founded the city of Tolyatti, Yekaterinburg and Perm, led by the development of the Urals. For 64 years of his life, several works wrote, the main of which is the "Russian history". About the importance of his books says the fact that they are published today. It was a man of his time leaving the rich heritage.
Young years
Tatishchev appeared on April 29, 1686 in the family estate in the Pskov district. The family led his origin from Rurikovich. But kinship was distant, the princely title did not relieve them. His father was not a rich man, and the estate moved to him after the death of a long-range relative. The genus of Tatishchev was constantly serving the state, and Vasily did not exception. With her brother Ivan at the age of seven, he was sent to the courage of King Ivan Alekseevich as a slack (servant, the main responsibility of which was serviced at the table during the meal). ABOUT early years Tatishcheva G. Z. Yulyuminika written the book "Youth Tatishchev"
Historians have no definite opinion about what he did after the death of the king in 1696. It is known for certain that in 1706 both brothers entered military service And they took part in hostilities in Ukraine in the rank of Lieners of the Dragun Regiment. In the future, Tatishchev took part in the battle under Poltava and the Prut Cam.
Performance of orders of the king
Peter first noticed by the smart and energetic young man. He instructed Tatishchev to go abroad to explore engineering and artillery sciences. In addition to the main travel mission, Tatishchev performed secret orders of Peter of the First and Yakova Bruce. These people had a great influence on the life of Vasily and were similar to it for educational and a wide range. Tatishchev visited Berlin, Dresden and Bereslavl. He brought many books in the engineering and artillery art to Russia, which at that time it was very difficult to get. In 1714, he took Avdotia Vasilyevna to his wife, the marriage of which ended in 1728, but brought two children - the son of Efgraff and the daughter of the Evrapopaccia. According to his daughter, he became the great-grandfather Poet Fyodor Tyutchev.
His trips abroad stopped in 1716. According to Bruce's command, he turned into artillery troops. A few weeks later, he already passed the exam and became an engineer-guarantor. 1717 for him passed in the army leading martialctions Under Königsberg and Danzig. The main responsibility was the repair and maintenance of artillery economy. After carrying out unsuccessful negotiations with the Swedes in 1718, among the organizers of which were Tatishchev, he returned to Russia.
Yakov Bruce in 1719 proved Peter to the first one that it is necessary to compile a detailed geographical description of the Russian territory. This duty was assigned to Tatishchev. It was during this period that he actively became interested in the history of Russia. Finished the compilation of cards did not work, already in 1720 he received a new appointment.
Guide to the development of the Urals
The Russian state required a large amount of metal. Tatishchev with his experience, knowledge and hardworking was suitable for the role of managing all the Urals, like no other. In place, they developed violent operational exploration activities, the construction of new plants or the transfer of old ones to a more appropriate place. They also founded the first schools in the Urals and written job description About the order of cutting the forest. At that time, they did not think about the preservation of trees and this once again speaks of his foresight. It was at that time that they were laid by the city of Yekaterinburg and the plant near the village of Svyshikha, who served as the beginning for the city of Perm.
Changes in the region were far from all. The most Yarma hater became Akinfiy Demidov, the owner of many private plants. He did not want to follow the rules established for all and saw in the treated plants a threat to his business. Even the tax state in the form of a decade did not pay. At the same time, he was in good relations with Peter first, so he counted on the cross. His subordinates in every way prevented the work of civil servants. Disputes with Demidov occupied a lot of time and nerves. In the end, due to the views of Demidov from Moscow, Wilhelm de Gennin arrived from Moscow, which figured out in the situation and honestly reported Peter the first one about everything. The opposition ended with 6000 rubles from Demidov for false novels.
Death of Peter
In 1723, Tatishchev was sent to Sweden to collect information about the mining. In addition, he was charged with Masters for Russia and finding places to teach students. And without secret instructions, it was not dealing, he was ordered to collect all the information that Russia can concern. The death of Peter the first found him abroad and seriously knocked out of the rut. He lost a patron, which was reflected on his further career. Trips financing were seriously reduced by him, despite the reports, which indicated that it could acquire for the state. Upon returning home, he pointed out the need for change in the coin case, which determined its near future.
In 1727, he received membership in a coin office led by all mint courts. Three years later, after Peter II, he became her chairman. But soon it was raised about bribery and removed from work. This is associated with the origin of the Biron, which at that time was the favorite of the Empress Anna John. Hands during this period Tatishchev did not lower, continuing to work on the "story of Russian" and other works, studied science.
Recent appointments
The consequence unexpectedly ended in 1734, when he was appointed to his habitual role of the head of all the government of the Mountains of the Urals. For three years, that he spent in this post, there were new plants, several cities and roads. But Biron, who conceived the scope with the privatization of state factories, was assumed that in 1737 Tatishchev was appointed head of the Orenburg Expedition.
Her goal was to establish relations with nations Central Asia In order to join them to Russia. But in such a difficult case, Vasily Nikitich showed himself only with best side. He brought order among his subordinates, punishing people who abused their authority. In addition, they were founded by several schools, the hospital and created a large library. But after the dismissal of Baron Shemberg and confrontation with the biron about the mountain grace, a lot of charges fell on it. This led to the removal of Nikitich's Vasily from all cases and take him under house arrest. For some sources, he was concluded in the Peter and Paul Fortress.
The arrest continued until 1740, when after the death of the Empress Anna Ivanovna biron lost his position. Tatishchev was first headed by the Kalmyt Commission, intended to river Kazakh peoples. And then he became the governor of Astrakhan. With all the complexity of tasks, it was extremely poorly supported by finance and troops. This led to a serious deterioration of health. Despite all efforts, the appointment ended as usual. That is the court due to large number accusations and excavation from office in 1745.
He spent the last days in his estate, completely devoting himself to science. There is a story that Tatishchev understood in advance that he dies. Two days before his death, he ordered Masters to dig up the grave and asked the priest to come for communion. Then the messenger rushed to him with an excuse for all cases and the Order of Alexander Nevsky, which he returned, saying that he was no longer needed. And only after the rite of communion, saying goodbye to his family, he died. Despite its beauty, this story attributed to the grandchildren of Vasily Nikitich, most likely fiction.
It is impossible to retell the biography of Vasily Tatishchev in one article. A lot of books are written about his life, and his person herself is ambiguous and controversial. It is impossible to hang a label on it, calling just an official or engineer. If you collect everything he did, the list will be very big. It was he who became the first real Russian historian and did not engage in the appointment of the authorities, but at the order of the soul.
Ilya Kolesnikov
Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev (1686 - 1750) is a large Russian state and military leader, a scientist, the first Russian historian.
He was born under Pskov in a poor, but the informant noble family - the distant ancestors of Tatishchev were "natural Rurikovichi". In 1693, at the age of seven years, together with his ten-year brother Ivan, he was taken by the Court of King Praskovy Fedorovna, the wife of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich, the co-guards of Peter I. In 1704, Vasily Nikitich began military service in the Dragoon Regiment, repeatedly participated in various The battles of the Northern War, including in the Narva Batlia, Poltava battle, Prut campaign. In 1712, Tatishchev received rank captain and was soon sent abroad, as they wrote then "to see the military passage". Upon return, in 1716, he was transferred to artillery, where he was engaged in the inspection of the artillery parts of the Russian army. In 1720 - 1722 Tatishchev was led by state metallurgical plants in the Urals, founded the city of Yekaterinburg and Perm. In 1724-1726 Vasily Nikitich studied the economy and financial business in Sweden, while simultaneously performing a delicate diplomatic instruction of Peter I, associated with dynastic issues. Returning to Russia, 1727 - 1733. Tatishchev headed the Moscow coin office. At the same years, he took an active part in political life The countries participated in the events of 1730, when an unsuccessful attempt was to limit Russian autocracy (Tatishchev was the author of one of the constitutional projects). In 1734 - 1737 Tatishchev again led the Urals mountain plants, and during this period the mining industry of Russia is experiencing the time of its lift. But the temporary chamber of the Imperial Throne, Karron's temporary throne, achieved the removal of Tatishchev from the Urals, because Vasily Nikitich hosted in every way the plunder of government factories. In 1737 - 1741 Tatishchev was at the head of the Orenburg, and then Kalmyk expeditions. In 1741 - 1745 - Governor Astrakhan. All these years, Tatishchev gradually grew in the ranks, and since 1737 he is a secret adviser (for a military scale - Lieutenar General). But in 1745, on the controversial charge of bribery, he was removed from office and referred to the Boldino of the Moscow province (now - in the Solnechnogorsk district of the Moscow region), where Tatishchev lived last years Life.
V.N. Tatishchev is an outstanding Russian scientist and thinker who has manifested his talents in many areas. He is the founder of Russian historical science. For thirty years (from 1719 to 1750), he worked on the creation of the first fundamental scientific volume of labor "Russian History". Tatishchev opened the most important documents for science - "Russian truth", "Judicial 1550", "Book of a Big Drawing", etc., found the rarest chronicles, whose information was preserved only in his "stories", because His archive burned down during a fire. Tatishchev is one of the first Russian geographers who created the geographical description of Siberia, the first of the naturally historical substantiation of the border between Europe and Asia in the Ural Range. Vasily Nikitich is the author of the first in Russia of the encyclopedic dictionary "Lexicon of the Russian historical, geographical, political and civilian". In addition, Tatishchev wrote work on economics, politics, right, heraldry, paleontology, mining, pedagogy, etc. All the works of Tatishchev, including the "Russian history", were published after the author's death.
The main philosophical essay V.N. Tatishcheva - "Talking two buddies about the benefits of science and colleges." This is a kind of encyclopedia in which all the knowledge of the author is collected about the world: philosophical, historical, political, economic, theological, etc. In the form of "conversation ..." is a dialogue, in which Tatishchev, as the author, is responsible for questions of his friend (total - 121 questions and as many replies). Written in the mid-30s. XVIII century, "Conversation ..." was first published in more than 140 years - in 1887.
As a philosopher, Tatishchev tried to use the most modern achievements of Western European science, premining them in accordance with domestic historical experience (the greatest influence on Tatishchev had the teachings of the Dutch thinker of Grozddorf, German philosophers and lawyers of S. Pufendorf and H. Wolf). That is why he turned out to be a man who stood at the origin of the origin of many new trends in the Russian philosophical and socio-political life.
For the first time in the history of the Russian social thought, Tatishchev considered all the problems from the standpoint of philosophical deesma. Thus, Tatishchev traces a rather difficult, controversial understanding of the essence of God, which manifested itself in his definition of the concept of "nature" (nature), which is given in the work "Lexicon of Russian historical, geographical, political and civil society." In this definition, Tatishchev highlights three points: under the "nature" of course: a) "Sometimes God and the beginning of all things in the world", b) "creature in its being", c) "The state of natural things in their internal capacity, strength and act , in which spirits and bodies are concluded. And in this two, the word nothing means like nature, on the wisdom of God certain, but some, not knowing the properties of this, often the adventures of the nature, naturo and nature name. "
First of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the internal contradiction of this definition. On the one hand, God is "the beginning of all things in the world," and on the other, God also enters the concept of "nature", along with the "creature" (animals). On the one hand, nature is defined by God's wisdom, and on the other hand, body and even "perfumes" are in some common natural state.
In this inconsistency of the understanding of the essence of the relationship between God and the world and is something new in Russian social thought. The God of Tatishchev dissolves in nature, connects with "Nature". Therefore, the Tatishchev definition of "nature" is a deissisant attempt to find a definition of a certain substance, even "matter", as a single state of all living, all things and even human shower. In other words, Tatishchev seeks to rise to a look at nature, on the worldlike a "single integer." However, in other writings, for example, in the will ("spiritual"), Vasily Nikitich demonstrates a more traditional understanding of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Lord.
In the field of knowledge of knowledge, Tatishchev is also worth a dental position - he shares theological and scientific knowledge. In the manner characteristic of Deists, Tatishchev refuses to discuss theological problems, because it is not a subject of secular science. But the Russian thinker persistently proves the possibility of the cognition of the surrounding world, a man, "nature" in general with the help of science.
Such beliefs were given Tatishchev to the new understanding and essence of man. Following the humanistic and rationalistic tradition, he believes that a person is the most important object of knowledge, and the knowledge of a person leads to the knowledge of the universe at all. Tatishchev wrote about the equal position of the soul and body, that in the man "all movement" occurs "consonant from the soul and body." That is why Vasily Nikitich pays so much attention in their works to proof the need for sensory knowledge - only through the knowledge of the body a person can know his soul. The well-known Tatishchev classification of sciences is also evidenced by the sciences, when the sciences are divided into "spiritual" - "theology", and "bodily" - "Philosophy". At the same time, Tatishchev himself calls to study, first of all, "bodily sciences", because, with the help of "bodily" science, a person can know the "Natural Law".
Traditionally for science XVII - XVIII centuries. Tatishchev elected his deissis worldview in the form of a "natural law" or, otherwise, in the form of the theory of "natural law". What is this "Natural Law"? V.N. Tatishchev believed that the world develops according to certain laws - according to the Divine, which was originally laid out by the Lord, and on the "natural", which is produced in the world (nature and society) in itself. At the same time, Tatishchev did not deny the divine law in favor of the "natural", but he tried, again deissy, combine these two laws.
In the "conversation of two buddies about the benefits of sciences and colleges" he wrote: The basis of the "natural law" - "Love Samago himself with a mind," and it is quite consistent with the basis of the Law "Written" (Bible) - "Love God and love your neighbor" And both of these law are "divine".
The most important thing in this reasoning is that the first place comes reasonable love or, otherwise, the principle of "intelligent egoism", and this is the essence of the "natural law". In this regard, the purpose of the human existence is the achievement of "true well-being, that is, the tranquility of the soul and conscience." Love for neighbor, even love for God - only for his own well-being. Tatishchev wrote: "And it can be urged that at the base of the divine, both natural and writing the laws of the difference, therefore, the whole state of their one and the love of God, IKO and to the neighbor should be to express our own real and future well-being .
In essence, Tatishchev, for the first time in the history of public thought in Russia, announced the principle of "reasonable egoism" by the universal criterion of the entire population of human relations.
And at the same time, Tatishchev, in the nature of the theoretics of the natural law of the manner, argues that the feelings and will of a separate person must necessarily hold back to the mind. And although a person is obliged to proceed from the benefit for himself, but it should be reasonable to do this, that is, relate its desires with the desires of other people and society as a whole. The most important responsibility of the person Vasily Nikitich considered the ministry to his Fatherland. The famous idea of \u200b\u200b"common benefits", which was dominated in theoretical treatises of Western European scientists, he transformed into the idea of \u200b\u200b"the benefits of the Fatherland".
In the Tatischev understanding of the "natural law" there is another remarkable feature for the domestic historical and philosophical tradition. The fact is that in the interpretation of the "natural law" he emphasizes the need for love - to love himself itself, God, and his neighbor. In Western European teachings of that time human relations It was considered, first of all, from the position of "reason" and the "natural law" himself was comprehended exclusively through the prism of the rights and responsibilities of a person. For Tatishchev, the idea of \u200b\u200blove and the idea of \u200b\u200b"natural law" is inseparable. Apparently, he could not perceive the theory of natural law as simply legal, distracted from moral categories. It was important for him to give this theory of human, moral sound, which was generally characteristic of Russian public thought.
The most important problem that natural law theoretics was set was the problem of human existence in society. After all, it was the theory of natural law that became the basis of the future ideas of the legal company, in which the law should rule. Already in the 30s of the XVIII century V.N. Tatishchev came to the conclusion: "The will on the nature of man is needed to be needed and it is useful that it cannot be compared to it and nothing is worthy, for who will deprive the will, the checkout of all the well-being is deprived or acquired and preserved." Tatishchev's thought is unusual for Russia XVIII Centuries, for which the slave state of the peasants is just amplified. But Tatishchev is not a simple promoter of freedom, will. The task set by him in front of me is much more difficult - to find a reasonable combination of various interests, to find a rational order in the chaos of the interaction of various aspirations and desires to ensure the achievement of the "benefits of the Fatherland". Therefore, he writes that "without reason, the weighty will have loss is liable." So, "the will of a person is laid in captivity for his own benefit, and after all the prosperity of well-being in the equation is possible to have and in the best well-being will be able to". Consequently, Tatishchev for the first time in the history of domestic philosophical thought suggests that to ensure a normal dormitory it is necessary to conclude a "social contract" between different categories of the population.
By bringing different examples of the "Neil Jondas", Tatishchev calls the serfdom, as a contract between the cooler and Mr.. However, at the end of his life, he expressed serious doubts about the economic efficiency and feasibility of serfdom. Moreover, he believed that the introduction of serfdom at the beginning of the XVII century was greatly harmed of Russia (called for a confusion) and urged seriously thinking about the "restoration" of the former once in Russia's liberty of the peasants. And it was not for nothing that it belongs to the words: "... slavery and invoicing against the law of Christian."
When analyzing various shapes The state device, Tatishchev, for the first time in the history of domestic thought, uses a historical and geographical approach. This approach was expressed in the fact that he reflected on the feasibility of each of the forms state organization Societies based on the specific historical and geographical conditions of the life of a native country. Following the tradition coming from Aristotle, he allocated three main forms of political board - democracy, aristocracy and monarchy, and recognized the possibility of existence of any of them, including mixed forms, for example, a constitutional monarchy. According to Tatishchev, the form of the state is determined by the specific historical and geographical conditions of the life of the people of the country. In one of his notes, he wrote: "From all of different governments, every area elects, despite the position of the place, the space of ownership and state of people, and not every everywhere or every power is useful." The same reasoning we encounter in the "History of the Russian": "It is necessary to lick on the states and circumstances of each list, IKO to the position of land, the space of the region and the state of the people." Thus, geographical conditions, the size of the territory, the level of education of the people are the main factors that define the form of the state in a particular country. Interestingly, in this case, the features of the similarity of political views V.N. Tatishchev and the French thinker Sh. Montescience. Moreover, the Tatischev concept was formed completely independently, because, first, Tatishchev did not read the main work of Montesquieu "On the spirit of the laws", and secondly, he wrote his political works much earlier than Montesquieu.
Tatishchev applied its theoretical arguments in particular political practice. So he believed that Russia is a great state and geographically, and politically. In such great states, according to Tatishchev, there can be neither democracy, nor aristocracy, in proof of what he leads numerous examples of harm to both for Russia - the troubled, "Semiboyarschina" and others. Therefore, "all kinds of good seeing can, by challenge We are all useful, and the proteging is dangerous. " Due to the vastness of the territories, the complexity of geography and, the main, no indisciencement of the people, V.N. Tatishchev believed that for Russia the most acceptable public system is the monarchy.
But the fact is that Vasily Nikitich thought the monarchy in Russia is not absolute and uncontrollably selfless, but, firstly, enlightened, and, secondly, limited by law. This is vividly indicated by his project limited (constitutional) monarchy, which was written by him in 1730. Of course, the project could not be embodied in life, but it accurately shows, in which direction the educational idea in Russia has developed.
Rationalism and deism became the basis of the educational beliefs of V.N. Tatishchev. It was he who for the first time in the history of Russian philosophy formulated the idea of \u200b\u200b"enlightenment of the minds" ("world-world courage") as the main engine of historical progress. This idea is expressed in the widely known periodization of history based on the stages of the development of the "World Clearing". Tatishchev identified three main stages in the history of mankind. The first stage is "the acquisition of the letter", thanks to which the books appeared, laws were recorded, which "people are good to instruct, from evil held steel." The second stage is the "coming and the doctrine of Christ." Christ showed people the way to the moral and spiritual cleansing from "worst" and "malicious". The third stage is characterized by the advent of typography, which led to the widespread books, the possibility of the basis of a large number educational institutionsthat, in turn, gave the impetus to the new development of sciences. Well, the development of science moves and the story itself.
So, as a philosopher, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev opened a new page in the history of Russian philosophy - he became the first Russian enlightener. As it was shown, Tatishchev has an educational decision of the issues of God (Tatishchev, a supporter of Deizma), about the purpose of "natural law" ("Love yourself Samago with a mind"). In enlightenment, he approached the analysis social problems (in particular, the problems of serfdom), the political structure of the Company, etc.
And no wonder, a century later A.S. Pushkin wrote about him: "Tatishchev lived a perfect philosopher and had a special way of thinking."
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The basis of the historical concept of V.N. Tatishchev is the story of autocracy (a previously similar concept was proposed by a diplomat A.I. Mankiev, but his manuscript "The core of Russian history" was not known to Tatishchev). The economic prosperity and power of Russia, according to Tatishchev, coincided with "one-win". The violation of the principle of "one-owned" led to the weakening of the country and ingenic invasions. New Tatishchev had a natural legal substantiation of the monarchical scheme of the Russian historical process.
Tatishchev was one of the first to raise the question of separation of history for periods. The basis of the periodization of the Russian history of Tatishchev put the principle of the formation and development of autocratic power. Periodization of Russian history looked like this:
1. Ancient history.
2. 862-1132: The beginning of Russian history, at the base of which lay the domination of one-owned.
3. 1132-1462: Disruption of uniform.
4. 1462 - XVIII century - restoration of one-chief.
Regarding Slavs, he wrote that the name of Slavs first occurs in the sources of 6 c. n. er, however, he did not follow that it did not exist in more ancient times. The Slavic people, according to Tatishchev, was ancient as all other tribes. In the Slavs, he saw the descendants of biblical affaet, and not a biblical moss, as the Polish authors believed. The Greeks Slavs were known under the names of Alazoni and Amazoni. Tatishchev was aware of the version of Polish Chronicles of Matthew Starykovsky and Martin Belsky on the resettlement of Slavs from the Middle East and anterior Asia to the North Coast of the Mediterranean. Direct ancestors of Slavs, in Tatishchev, were Scythians. To the Slavs, he also ranked ready, Ducks, Enetov, Bulgar of Volzhsky and even Khazar.
For centuries, Slavs had selfless states. Education process old Russian state From the Black Sea to the Danube was under the control of the Eastern Slavic princes of Skif and Slavy. The last one moved to the north and founded the city of Slavensk (Novgorod). The Rights of Slavs named Burviva repeatedly defeated Varyagov, but at some point the military success turned away from him, after which the Varyags captured a number of Slavic cities and put tribute to Slavs, Rus and Chud. His son Gostomysl managed to pay for the defeat of the drill. Under his leadership, Varyagi was broken and expelled. Before his death, the Gostomyslo had a dream, as if his middle daughter was dying, married to the Varangian Prince, he would give birth to the future ruler of Russia - Rüric. Gostomysl offered the people to call on the princes of his grandson - Son Umila. The death of the Gostomysl led to cross-visits. To revive the order of Slavs, called for the reign of Rurik - the grandson of the Gospomyste. Tatishchev rejected the legends about the origin of Russian rulers from the emperor of August.
Prince Rurik approved self-helping power behind him, and since then, the grand-and-made table was inherited. This ensured the prosperity of Russia in the time of Vladimir I, Yaroslav I and Vladimir Monomakh. Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich failed to keep subject to princes. There was a random aristocracy. The lack of central authorities and the accurability of younger princes contributed to the submission of Russia Mongols. In turn, Novgorod, Polotsk and Pskov established a democratic system. Lithuania renounced the sentence of the great Russian princes.
Ivan III restored autocracy. Thanks to this, Russia not only got rid of the dependence on the Golden Horde, but also conquered Kazan and Astrakhan. Treason of some boyars prevented Ivan Grozny to keep the livonia and part of Lithuania. Boris Godunov's serfs were the immediate cause of Dispute. The triumph of the aristocracy in the form of a seven-warehouse after Ivan IV's death and the elimination of Vasily Shuisky led the state into ruin. Hargered aristocratic board was eliminated with the establishment of the Romanov dynasty. Peter the Great finally destroyed the threat of boyar ambitions.
Russian historiography is inherent in polemical polyphony in assessing Scientific Heritage V.N. Tatishchev. At the end of the XVIII - early 19th century, an indulgent attitude towards the historical works of Tatishchev was dominant, except for the fact that A.L. Schlezer called Tatishcheva "Father of Russian History". The situation began to be corrected when S.M. Solovyov acknowledged that Tatishchev first gave its compatriots to engage in Russian history. In the Soviet historiography of Tatishchev, as a whole complimentary assessments, as a researcher who summed up the previous period of Russian historiography and gave the direction of Russian historical science for a whole century ahead: "Tatishchev began. He built a majestic building russian historywithout having predecessors. And all the more strikingly, how much he found such that science was taken only a lot of time later. " Currently admits that V.N. Tatishchev presented the most complete for its time the rationalistic concept of the history of Russia, which determined the main idea of \u200b\u200bsubsequent conceptual buildings of historiography XVIII - early XIX. centuries. With different variations, the conservative concept of the Russian history of Tatishchev lasted until the middle of the XIX century.
Lecture: German historians of the XVIII century
Tatishchev Vasily Nikitich (1686-1750) came from a noble, but impoverished nobleman, studied at the Petrovsk artillery and engineering school. In 1713-1714. He continued his studies in Berlin, Bresslavl and Dresden. He participated in the military campaigns of Peter, in particular in a Poltava battle. He served in Berg and manuff colleges. In 20-30 years, with small breaks, managed the official plants in the Urals (founded Ekaterinburg). In 1721, the mining schools of the Urals opened on his initiative. In 1724-1726 was located in Sweden, where he supervised the teaching of Russian young people mining, studied the economy and finance. Upon return, appointed a member, then the head of the coin office (1727-1733). In 1741-45 was the Astrakhan governor. After the resignation moved to his estate in his Moscow region and did not leave it until his death.
V.N. Tatishchev The written writer in geography, ethnography, history, including the first generalizing work on the Russian history "Russian history from the most ancient times." Other works: "Lexicon Russian" (before the word "keynik"), "brief economic to the village the following notes", was published by the judiciary 1550 with his notes.
One of the important educational achievements of Tatishchev was a new understanding of man. He declared "non-heighteners of a person," trying to justify this situation with the help of the theory of "natural law", which he was adherence. According to Tatishchev, freedom-descendant benefit for man. By virtue of various circumstances, a person cannot use it reasonably, so it should be imposed on it "of the captivity". "Unwind," as a scientist believed, inherent in a person or by "Nature", or "in his will" or "forced." The subane of the person is evil, which Tatishchev compared with sin, and in itself it performed "counterproof the law of Christian" (Tatishchev 1979: 387). In fact, Tatishchev was the only one of the domestic thinkers of the first half of the XVIII century, who raised the question of human personal freedom. For him, this issue was decided primarily due to the serfdom existing then. Tatishchev did not speak out, openly against his cancellation, but in his works this idea is clearly traced. It is possible to come to such a thought by consistent analysis not only by the statements of the researcher that "the will of the Natural Man of Toliko is needed and useful", but also the independent findings of the scientist arising during the characterization of the socio-economic development of Russia. Tatishchev conducted a comparison with other states, for example, with ancient Egypt, thereby showing what kind of benefit can receive the country when the peasants are released from any dependence (Tatishchev 1979: 121). The question of personal freedom was also decided by scientists from the point of view of the theory of "natural law".
The concept of serfdom, proposed by Tatishchev, is as follows: the serfdom is the unshakable basis of the system that existed in that period, but as a phenomenon it has a historical nature. Its establishment is the result of the contract, but, according to Tatishchev, the contract should not be applied to children who have agreed, therefore, the serfdom is not forever. Therefore, the existence of serfdom in Russia is illegal. Despite such conclusions, Tatishchev did not consider it possible to abolish the fortress dependence in the modern Russia. In the remote future, this should happen, but only after discussion, during which the most reasonable decision will be developed on the abolition of serfdom.
Staying on the peasant question, Tatishchev paid special attention to the problem of runaway in the Ural region. Having found that the flight of peasants, mostly Old Believers, had a wide scale, he suggested using their work at the Gornozavodsky enterprises of the Urals. Repeatedly indicating the lack of workers, Tatishchev sought the possibilities for attracting to work in enterprises various categories The population, including "freaking out", thereby proving the need for the liberation of peasants from the serfdom and the benefit of a voltage labor. The scientist spoke out for the organization was wondered for people, for a long time Worked at the factory, which once again emphasizes his care for a person, as a worker.
By participating in the political events of 1730, Tatishchev, although in the veiled form, but still made a restriction of the monarchy. Representing in 1743 a note "Arbitrary and consonant saying." in the Senate, he himself without knowing, according to G.V. Plekhanov, "writes a constitutional project" (Plekhanov 1925: 77). The main thing, for which Tatishchev spoke, is a strong executive power that should be concluded not only in the monarch, but also in bodies to help him in managing the state. Offering to elect "another government", the scientist determined the principles of their organization that can be acceptable and modern Russia: Lack of selling upon receipt of posts, reducing funds for the maintenance of the apparatus, legitimate elections and more.
In his works, Tatishchev conducted a class division russian society. The main attention was paid to them to the nobility, as the most progressive layer in the country. Particularly highlighted the researcher a trade layer - merchants and artisans. He not only defined their responsibilities, but also repeatedly stressed that the state should take care of them, since due to their activities there was a constant replenishment of the treasury, and, therefore, an increase in the country's revenues.
Arguing about the lawmakers, the scientist expressed a number of wishes that related to the creation of the Code of Laws. These wishes are aimed primarily to ensure that all parties in Russia are regulated by legislative acts, which means that relations between all members of society and the state should be based on a contract that should not be verbal, and a written contract.
The integrity of the worldview of Tatishchev determines its composite such as rationalism, freedomity, a waste from providationism, independence and independence of judgments, kindness, work for the benefit of the state ", concern for man, the development of secular sciences and enlightenment. Despite this, contradictions are observed in the views of the scientist. This was also manifested in its attitude to the Academy of Sciences, statements regarding the serfdom and preserving the privileges of the nobility, the definition of the provisions of other estates of Russia.
Tatishchev was a man anticipating his time. He did not see the social force in Russia, to which it is possible to rely on transformations aimed at capitalization of Russian society. After trying the experience of Western European countries to Russia, the researcher understood the futility of his ideas that could not be implemented in full. The state itself prevented the implementation of the designs of Tatishchev. Despite the fact that in Russia, thanks to the efforts and reforms of Peter I, there were serious shifts in social, economic, political and spiritual areas, and their large numbers did not meet support among the population. The scientist saw that in Russia did not exist that the strength on which it is possible to rely on transformations in the state. Therefore, he hoped to support the nobility conservative, but at the same time of the most educated class of Russian society, able to influence the further accelerated development of Russia. With such difficulties faced during his Board of Catherine II. This state of affairs, from our point of view, only shows the complexity in the development of Russia in the first half of the XVIII century, and by no means in the state of thinkers who expressed educational ideas. In such a thinker, in whose worldview was quite clearly traced specific traits Enlightening, and was Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev.
