According to the specific gravity of industrial production, the Tyumen region was leading: Tyumen region. - 39%, Tomsk and Kemerovo region. - 38%, and at the specific gravity of agriculture, the Altai Republic - 24.5% and the Altai Territory - 16.5%. The production of services highlighted the Novosibirsk region. - 57% and Altai Republic - 52%, providing a complex of scientific and commercial services - the first and recreational - the second.
Industrial complexes. The market specialization branches of the West Siberian Economic Area are part of the fuel and energy complex (fuel), metallurgical (ferrous metallurgy) and machine-building complexes. The fuel industry of Western Siberia has all-Russian and global significance due to the production, transportation and processing of unique oil and gas and coal resources. Oil and gas produced here is mastering a significant part of the investment in the industry of Russia and provide regular currency revenues to federal and regional budgets.
Western Siberia is the main base of oil production in Russia
The total length of the transportation system of West Siberian oil is about 35 thousand km,. From the Khanty-Mansiysk JSC, 10 main pipelines transporting oil towards Russian cities are built: Chelyabinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Omsk, Kirishi (Leningrad region) and Almetyevsk, as well as abroad - in Ventspils (Latvia), Chimkent (Kazakhstan), In Odessa (Ukraine). Currently, oil began to flow on the coast of the Finnish Gulf, where the terminals for oil exporting oil were commissioned.
In Omsk, one of the best oil refining plants in the country, standing out by a record oil processing depth - about 80% for Russia. Oil is also processed in the Tyumen region. - in Tobolsk. There are favorable prerequisites for oil processing and associated gas in oil production places - in the Tyumen and Tomsk region, for which the construction of economical mini-refinery, designed to provide local fuel needs.
Natural gas production is concentrated in Nadym-Purtazovsky district of Yamalo-Nenets AO, gas transmission systems, originating in the area, follow three corridors to the South-West - to the center of Russia and further towards Ukraine, Central and Western Europe. The largest Urengoy and PM-Burg deposits, according to most experts, will remain basic in the area for the foreseeable perspective,
Gas production in the northern regions of Western Siberia is planned to significantly increase due to the development of the Yamal Gas Pyroidous area. The first stage of the development of Yamal deposits occurs on the basis of the use of the current gas pipeline system laid from the Nady-Pourtazovsky district, with the connection of new gas pipelines of the Yamal-Europe system, the first highway which is partly already constructed. Gas production on the Yamal Peninsula should fully provide internal needs of Russia and an increase in exports.
Coal industry Western Siberia is concentrated in the Kemerovo region, where the Kuzbass deposits are actively developed and the brown coals of the Itatian deposit of the Canadian-Achinsky pool.
Coking Coals Kuzbass go to large enterprises of ferrous metallurgy of Western Siberia (Kemerovo region) and the Urals. Energy corners of Kuzbass and the Canadian-Achinsky basin provide not only West Siberian, but most of the markets of the European part of Russia.
Electric power industry ZSAR is mainly thermal, working on passing gas: Surgut GRES 1 and 2 I) and Nizhnevartovskaya GRES in the Khanty-Mansiysk JSC, as well as at the coal: YuzhkuzbassGRES, Belovskaya and Tom-Usinskaya KES, several large CHP in the Kemerovo region, Omsk, Novosibirsk and Tomsk. The construction of large gas GRES in Urengoy Yamalo-Nenetsky JSC is completed. There is the only major Novosibirsk hydroelectric station on the r. Ob (400 MW).
Drawing Metallurgy ZSER focuses in the Kemerovo region: Novokuznetsky Metallurgical Combine and West Siberian Full Cycle Plant, Guryevsky Excelter. The production of finished varietal rolled products and steel pipes is available in Novosibirsk.
Machine-building complexwhose largest centers are posted in Novosibirsk, Omsk, Kemerovo region. and the Altai Territory, includes: machine-tooling (production of weaving machines), energy, agricultural and radio engineering (Novosibirsk), coal (in the cities of Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Kiselevsk, Prokopyevsk Kemerovo region); Enterprises for the production of metal cutting machines, steam boilers, diesel engines, cargo wagons and tractors (in the Altai Territory). In the Omsk region The aerospace association "Flight" is developing.
In the Altai Territory, priority is given to expanding the production of diesel engines in Altai motor factories, as well as tractors and energy equipment.
Chemical and petrochemical industry. Modern oil and gas chemical complexes are developing in the cities of Tobolsk (Tyumen region), Omsk and Tomsk, where the production of various polymers, synthetic resins and plastics are established. The Omsk also produces synthetic rubber and tires. Artificial fibers produced in Novosibirsk and Barnaul Kemerovo region. The major production of nitrogen mineral fertilizers with parallel production of sulfuric acid and other chemical products based on coke-chemical at OJSC Nitrogen in Kemerovo region. In the same area in the city of Prokopyevsk, the production of rubber products is developing. In Seversk, Tomsk region. The Siberian Atomic Chemical Combine currently establishes the production of rare earth elements.
Agro-industrial complex It is highlighted in its size - this is 1/6 of all agricultural land, compactly placed, mainly in the zone of South Siberian steppes and the forest-steppes Omsk, Novosibirsk and South of the Tyumen region. Local agriculture has a grain and animal code.
By the beginning of the 2000s. ZSAR agriculture produced about 11%.
In the area, work is underway to irrigate the Kulundy steppe and the drainage of the Barabinsk forest-steppe. A special focus has agriculture in the northern regions where reindeer herding, fisheries, fur fishing and animal growing, as well as in the areas of the Altai region, which are dominated by patented reindeer herding, preparation of medicinal plants and beekeeping.
Transport complex Western Siberia received the greatest development in the South Steppe Zone, where the latitudinal transseniest and medium-grained railway highways are held with a branch towards southern Kazakhstan (TURTSIB).
In the north, the railway network continues to form. From the previously built railway to the centers of oil production
Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk was laid a highway to Urengoy (center of the largest gas covered area).
The most important roads: Tyumen - Omsk, Tyumen - Surgut, Kemerovo - Barnaul, the motorway towards Krasnoyarsk, as well as the Chuy path towards Mongolia. Railways serve mainly interregional and transit transportation, and road transport is engaged in mostly intra-ignion transport.
River transport In Western Siberia, the main function is fulfilled - a delivement of various goods to areas of oil and gas production in Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets district. A significant part of the northern delivery carried out with the help of river vessels occurs during the period of spring flood, when large water goods are delivered by small and medium rivers in the depths of Western Siberia.
Sea transport is little in demand in Western Siberia because of the impossibility of the climbing ships in a shallow ripple.
The population and the economy of which will be described below, is an extensive geographic region. It is located on the territory of Eurasia.
General
From the south of Siberia borders with the neighboring RF states: China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan. From the north, the Arctic Ocean is adjacent to it. The western part of Siberia is limited to the Ural Mountains, the eastern - water-seed ridges of the Pacific Ocean. Written sources accumulated ethnographic, archaeological, folklore materials allow you to associate the name of the territory with the name of the ethnic group, which settled on the part of the forest-steppe territory of the priest at the end of 1,000 BC. e. It included the ancestors of the Ugra, which entered into prolonged interaction with other communities of Kazakhstan and Western Siberia.
origin of name
In the toponym "Siberia" reproduces the name of Kagan Shibir-Khan Turk-Shada. The name later consolidated and for the settlement of the siters who lived on the bank of the river. Irtysh.
In the first half of the 13th century, Mongolian military leaders knew the forest people called "Schibir". From the 2nd half of the 13th and in the 14th centuries, Siberia is already quite widely found as the name of a certain territory stretching north of the borders of the Goldenopa possessions. Name was used in Russian chronicles. So, in the 15th century, "Siberian Earth" is found in the manuscripts. In the chronicles, it is fairly described its location. It is characterized as the territory in the lower flow of Tobol and the middle of Irtysh. There, probably, the descendants of the seams lived. They were largely assimilated by Turkic elements. This distinguished them from other groups of thieves in the lower Irtyshe and Priobye. At the end of the 15th century, the statehood of Tobolsk Tatars, as well as the Turkiced Ugron-Siprov appeared. As a result, Mengazew, Ugra and Tyumen Khanate were known together with him in the 16th century. After the Moscow Rus won the Astrakhan and Kazan Khanate, moved towards Siberia. Promotion went with in the 1582nd year.
Further periods
In the royal time, Siberia became an agrarian province. She was also a place of cortic and links. At the turn of 19-20 centuries. Trans-Siberian Highway was built. Its construction made it possible to cross the territory of more than 3 million people. Due to the influx of people, the economy of Western and Eastern Siberia began to form. In the Soviet period, agrarian production decreased. This affected the increase in the value of the territory as a source of hydropower and minerals.
Resources and Natural Features
The climate of the region is sharp-continental. Most of the territory occupied by the West Siberian Plain. In the southern part there are mountain ranges of Altai, the ridges of the Shoria, and also due to the fact that the region passes throughout the natural zones, from the tundra and to the steppe, then all the diversity of soil is presented here, right up to the chernozem. The specialization of the economy of Western Siberia is expressed quite clearly. It is determined by the quality, composition and volume of fuel and energy and mineral resources existing here. By the level of provision of various minerals, the indicators of their production region is located in a leading place in the country.
Fuel and energy complex
It was at the expense of it that was the active development of the economy of Western Siberia. There are almost all known types of fuel and energy resources on site. Here there are brown and stone coal, gas, oil, peat. The territory is also rich in energy resources of non-traditional species. Hydrocarbon deposits are located in the oil and gas province of Western Siberia. It is located within the Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk and Tyumen regions, as well as the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansiysk JSC. About 58% of government initial oil reserves and more than 60% of gas deposits are concentrated in this part. In Western Siberia, more than 7 billion tons of the first and 8 trillion m 3 of the second resource have already been produced. However, the province is distinguished by the enormous potential of oil and gas potential. On the territory there are undiscovered gas and oil reserves. Their volumes make up 45% and 56% (respectively) from the general initial. This speaks of a relatively low geological learning of the region.
NHK
The existing Western Siberia supply about 14% of the total gross product in the country. Among the existing economic regions of the state, this territory is in the top five. Due to high-quality resources in the region, industrial economy is well formed. Western Siberia produces about 12% of products. More than 14% of the country's fixed assembly and 20% of the products produced by the Russian Construction Complex are concentrated on the territory.
Industry
It is based on the economy of Western Siberia. The share of the industrial complex accounts for 74% of the total volume of the Region of the region. This sector is distinguished by a well-pronounced specialization. From here it comes most of the fuel (coal, oil and gas) to the rest of the regions. The economy of Western Siberia is unthinkable without electric power industry, petrochemical and chemical industries, mechanical engineering. All of them are closely related to fuel mining. The chemical complex is represented by enterprises of Tobolsk, Tomsk and Omsk, as well as the Kemerovo region. Machine-building plants produce products for the energy complex, for coal industry and machine-tooling. Despite the uniqueness of its structure, the economy of Western Siberia suffered significant losses in the 90s. Industrial products decreased almost twice. About 30% now have to turnover of vehicles. 65% of the pre-reform level occupies an agriculture of Western Siberia.
Electric power industry
In terms of consumption, the region ranks third in the country. The main sphere of electricity use is the industrial complex. The supply of consumers is carried out at the expense of the stations of the UES of the Urals and the OES of Siberia. The basis of the territory of the territory is large CHP and COP. They work on in the Tomsk and Tyumen regions, as well as coal (in the Novosibirsk and Kemerovo region - on the local, in Omsk - on the far-being). The area is considered practically self-allowed electricity.
Actual directions of work
The West Siberian Territory in the future remains the basis for the formation of Russia. It follows from this that the priorities for the district should be:
- Improving coal and oil and gas complexes.
- Social security of industry workers.
- Improving the BES in the region. First of all, this task is implemented due to electrification, gasification, the implementation of technological and technical re-equipment of almost all existing economic spheres.
- The solution of environmental issues in the main coal, gas and oil-producing industries of the region.
Conclusion
Western Siberia is considered one of the richest in the country's natural resources. Here is a huge variety of reserves. The study and development of the territory, however, is hampered primarily by climatic conditions. The remoteness of the region from the administrative center of the state does not allow to fully explore and solve all the problems of the territory. Nevertheless, the government's plans are laid out programs for the development of the economy of Western Siberia. Efforts will first of all be aimed at attracting labor to the region. For this, special social programs have been developed, appropriate conditions for people are created. There is also a gradual modernization of equipment of enterprises.
Western Siberia is part of the Eastern Macro of the Region, along with areas such as East Eastosibirsk and Far Eastern. For many centuries, the indigenous population of the Eastern Macro region was engaged in reindeer herding (in the north), hunting and fishing in the taiga, breeding sheep and horse breeding in the steppe areas of the south. After joining Russia, the development of this territory begins. In less than 100 years, the Russian state entrenched extensive territories from the Urals to the shores of the Pacific Ocean.
After the abolition of serfdom and especially the field of the Trans-Siberian highway in these areas, the population has greatly increased. Western Siberia has become large grain and livestock areas.
The opening of oil and gas was played a major role in the development of the district. As a result, the Wosterosibirsk district began to stand out by a powerful economy. In Soviet years, Western Siberia gave 70% of oil and natural gas production of about 30% of stone coal about 20% of wood harvested in the country. The region accounted for about 20% of the grain in the country, the main population of deer. Despite the fact that this area in the area is the smallest in the eastern macro region, the population lives here more than in two other areas.
At the moment, our state is experiencing large economic difficulties and a less stable position in the world market has been exporting oil and gas produced in Western Siberia. Thanks to this, Western Siberia has become a sponsor of the country's foreign exchange earnings from the sale of oil and gas to other countries. Having become acquainted with the development of the territory, with the natural base and the peculiarities of the development of the district, I decided to find out what the current situation of the economy, the economy and industry of this area is to identify the main problems and development prospects of the district
Western Siberia is one of the richest natural resources of the country's regions. A unique oil and supply province is open here. A huge reserves of stone and brown coal, iron ores and ores of non-ferrous metals are concentrated in the district. The area has large peat reserves, the large stocks of wood, mainly coniferous breeds are concentrated. In stocks of fish, Western Siberia refer to the richest areas of the country. Western Siberia has significant fasteners. Forest and forest-steppe areas have large arrays of fertile lands, which creates favorable conditions for the development of agriculture. Among the largest oil and gas provinces include self-toll, Fedorovskoye, Varygansk, Varyganskoye, Varyvskoye, Pokrovsky, Ust-Bulyk, Saliamskoye, Soviet-pine - oil, Urengoyskoye, Polar, Bear, Yamburg - Gas fields. Oil and gas here have high quality. Oil is easy to ease, a large output of light fractions has a large output of light fractions, it includes backway gas that is valuable chemical raw materials. Gas contains 97% of methane, rare gases and at the same time there is no sulfur in it, little nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The deposits of oil and gas at depths up to 3 thousand meters in soft, but stable, easily drummed rocks are distinguished by a significant concentration of stocks. Over 60 gas deposits were revealed on the territory of the complex. One of the most effective is Urengoy, which provides annually gas production in 280 billion cubic meters. The cost of extraction 1 tons of natural gas fuel is the lowest compared to all other fuels. Oil production is focused mainly on average Priobye. In the future, the value of the northern deposits will increase. Currently, 68% of Russian oil is mined in the territory of Western Siberia. Natural gas is mined mainly in the northern regions. Here are the most significant deposits - the Yamburg and Yamal Peninsula. Oil and gas raw materials processing factories are located in Omsk, Tobolsky and Tomsk industrial nodes. The Omsk oil and gas chemical complex includes an oil refining plant, synthetic rubber, scenario, tire, rubber products, plastics, and a cord factory and others. Large complexes for oil and gas processing are created in Tobolsk and Tomsk. The fuel resources of the complex are represented by Ob - Irtysh and North-Sosvinsky browning pools. Ob - the Irtysh coal pool is located in the southern and middle part of the Siberian Plain. It belongs to the category of closed, as its coalous layers reaching 85meters are blocked by a powerful case of younger sediments.. Coal B. assane has been studied weakly and its estimated reserves are estimated at 1600 billion tone, the depth of occurrence ranges from 5 to 4000 m. In the future, these coals may have an industrial significance only with their underground gasification. The North-Sosvini pool is located in the north of the Tyumen region, its reserves are 15 billion tons. The deployed deposits include the Orel, Tolinsky, Lozhinsky and Ust-Maninskoye.
West Siberian TPK has significant water resources. The total flow of rivers is estimated at 404 cubic meters. At the same time, the rivers have a hydropower potential of 79 billion kWh. However, the plain nature of the surface makes ineffective use of hydropower resources Ob, Irtysh and their large tributaries. The plant on these rivers dam will lead to the creation of large reservoirs, and damage from flooding of extensive forests, and possibly oil and gas deposits will block the energy effect of hydropower plants. Essential interest are underground thermal waters. They can be used to heat the greenhouses and greenhouses, the heating of agricultural facilities, cities and workers' settlements, as well as for medicinal purposes.
The total number of residents of the West Siberian district is 15141.3 thousand people, the increase is positive and amounts to 2.7 people per 100 inhabitants, the role of the migration inflow of the population is great. The share of the urban population is over 70%. In general, the district lacks labor resources. If you are allowed to develop in the future of transport, the population density of Western Siberia will significantly increase.
On the territory of the district there are two cities of Millionaire - Omsk (1160,000 residents), Novosibirsk (1368,000 inhabitants) and three large cities: Tyumen (493,000 inhabitants), Tomsk (500,000 inhabitants), Kemerovo (517,000 inhabitants). Western Siberia is a multinational area. About ten major nationalities live on its territory: (Russians, Selkup, Khanty, Mansi, Altai, Kazakhs, Shorents, Germans, Komi, Tatars and Ukrainians).
Omsk region 2175 thousand people 6 cities 24 urban-type settlement.
Altai region 2654 thousand people 11 cities 30 urban-type villages.
Altai Republic 201.6 thousand people Urban population 27% 1 City (Gorno-Altaisk) 2 Urban style settlement.
Novosibirsk region 2803 thousand people urban population 74% 14 cities 19 urban-type villages.
Tomsk region 1008 thousand people Urban population 69% of 5 cities 6 urban-type villages.
Tyumen region 3120 thousand people urban population 91% 26 cities 46 urban-type villages.
Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District 1301 thousand people Urban population 92% of 15 cities 25 urban-type villages.
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District 465 thousand people Urban population 83% 6 cities 9 urban-type villages.
Kemerovo region 3177 thousand people 87% Urban population of 19 cities 47 urban-type villages.
The hypothesis about the oil and gas potential of the West Siberian Plain was first nominated in 1932 by Academician I. M. Gubkin. For many years, supporters of this idea had a lot of reputable opponents.
In 1953, the first - Berezovsky gas field was opened. In 1960, the first village of Siberia was opened near the village of Shaim.
At first, geological exploration was made only in the southern regions of the West Siberian Plain, but then the studies spread to the entire territory, to the subzone of the Central and South Taiga.
In 1961, a group of oil fields was opened on average Priobye and gas fields in the Berezovsky gas-bearing area. In 1965, the Samotlor region of oil was opened. These discoveries began the beginning of the development of the largest oil and gas province of world significance. After the construction of the Siberian Railway (1891-1916), a wide agrarian sequestment began. During the development of capitalism in Russia, the area has become the largest supplier in the European part and for export, wheat and animal oil. There were in Western Siberia and the centers of the mining, coal and food industry, but their dimensions were very small. In 1924, the first Kuznetsky coke went to the Ural plants. The ZS edge is formed as a result of the division of Siberia in 1930, the Tyumen region was included. During the war years, 210 enterprises were evacuated here, which in the future gave a significant impetus to the development of the economy of the entire region.
The development of Western Siberia for many years was determined by the needs of the state. Thanks to the large-scale development of natural resources financing the state, the area became the main energy and raw material base and the basis of the country's financial sustainability. In the reform years, the West Siberian district continued to fulfill the role of a financial "sponsor" of the country. Moreover, his role intensified: due to the export of mineral resources and the products of their processing, more than two thirds of the country's foreign exchange earnings are ensured. The raw orientation of the area has led to the loss of industrial potential in the reform years significantly less compared to European districts. Almost 35% of the West Siberian Plain is occupied by swamps. More than 22% of the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe plain - peatlands. Currently, 3,900 peat deposits with total peat reserves in 75 billion tons are located in Tomsk and Tyumen regions. The Tyumen CHP operates on the basis of the Tarmanskoye field.
The fuel and energy complex is represented not only by enterprises for the production of energy fuel, but also a sufficiently large system of thermal power plants on medium (selected energy units in areas of oil and gas production. The power system was significantly strengthened by new GRES - Surgut, Nizhnevartovskaya, Urengoyskaya.
Currently, Tomsk and Tyumen regions produce a little more than 2% of the all-Russian electricity. The energy economy is represented by a significant number of small non-economical power plants. The average installed capacity of one power plant is less than 500 kW. The further development of the electric power industry on the territory of the complex is inextricably linked with a cheap passing gas, which, after taking it, will be used in the gas processing factories in energy purposes. Electricity Surgut GRES enters the oil fields, construction of a latitudinal acquisition and the Urals power system. The complex two largest CHPs in the system of petrochemical complexes and two GRES on passing gases in Nizhnevartovsk and Novy Urengoy are being built on the territory of the complex. Especially acute is the problem of supplying electricity to the electricity of the Nordic gas-type regions of the Tyumen region, where small, scattered power plants operate.
The forestry complex is represented mainly by logging and woodworking industries. A significant part of the wood is exported in untreated form (round forest, rudden, firewood). The stage of deep processing of wood (hydrolysis, pulp and paper, etc.) is not developed enough. In the future, a significant increase in forest blanks is planned in the Tyumen and Tomsk regions. The presence of huge stocks of wood, cheap fuel and water will make large enterprises in the region in the region of chemical and mechanical processing of wood raw materials and waste. On the territory of the West Siberian complex it is supposed to create several timber industrial complexes and sawmills and woodworking combines. The construction of them is assumed in the cities of Asino, Tobolsk, Surgut, Kolpashevo, in the villages of Stone and White Yar.
Machine-building complex is generated mainly in Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Isima and Zustowkovsk. Machine-building enterprises produce equipment and machines for oil and gas and forestry, transport, construction, agriculture. Many enterprises are not yet sufficiently focused on ensuring the needs of Subarea. In the near future, it is necessary to strengthen the role of Omsk, Tyumen, Tomsk as the support bases for the development of oil and gas regions of Western Siberia and deepen the specialization of the engineering of these centers at the production of various technology in the "Northern Execution". The formation of a machine-building complex on the territory of Tomsk and Tyumen regions should be subordinate, first of all, the tasks of providing the necessary, especially low-passable and special equipment of enterprises and projects of the leading sectors of the national economy of the country's oriental zone of the country and above all of its northern regions.
In the future, ferrous metallurgy can be developed on the territory of the complex. On the basis of Baccharian ores in the south of the Tomsk region, a variant of the construction of a metallurgical plant is possible. Baccharian field can be the main raw material base for the development of ferrous metallurgy of the country's eastern zone.
Industrial-building complex is focused on ensuring the reconstruction and new construction of oil and gas and timber industrial enterprises. A number of building materials supplies Kuznetsco-Altai Subarea. There is a certain deficit in the construction base for the creation of civilian structures.
The main construction organizations are concentrated in large industrial centers, mainly the south of Subarea. During the development of oil and gas resources, the method of complete-block, full-blood construction, which allows to significantly reduce living labor costs, accelerate the construction of objects. At the same time, basic building materials are created in Tomsk, Tyumen. Currently, there are 17 assemblies of concentrated construction on the territory of Tomsk and Tyumen regions: Tomsk, Tyumen, Nzhnevartovsky, Surgut, Ust-Balyksky, Strezhevskaya, Megion, Neftugansky, Nadym, Tobolsky, Asinovsky, Berezovsky, Urengoy, Yamburg, Haraswean, Beloyarsky, Tugansky other.
Contacts of enterprises with an external world are not limited to exports and imports of goods. More than 100 joint ventures are registered in the West Siberian Region. Exports of these enterprises amounted to $ 240 million for 1995. In the first half of 1996, 4 million tons of oil was mined by these enterprises. Among the largest investors of joint ventures are countries such as the United States, Canada, Germany. And the most significant on-scale activities joint ventures: "Yuganskfrakmaster", "UgraReft". A priority in the field of contacts with foreign capital is to attract large-scale lenders to the fuel industry in the region. Among the projects credited by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development is the restoration of oil and gas fields of Western Siberia, the supply of equipment to self-cellor. The World Bank in 1995 provided a target loan of $ 610 million p / o "Kogalymneftegaz".
Speaking about the economic development of the West Siberian Region in 1999 and the first half of 2000, the data of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation on the main economic indicators were used.
According to this data, Western Siberia is currently among the top ten regions leaders, which give 63.6% of taxes to the general state treasury, of which the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets district are accounted for in 1999. - 9.3%, and in the first half of 2000 - 11.9%.
Increasing interdistrict cargo turnover and intra-ion transport contributed to the expansion of the transport network. Ohim-Tyumen, Ust-Balyk-Omsk, Alexander-Anzhero-Sudzhensk-Krasnoyarsk-Irkutsk, Samotlor-Tyumen-Almetyevsk, Ust-Balyk-Kurgan-Samara, Omsk-Pavlodar and gas pipelines on the polishing gas pipelines are built on the territory of the region. Ural (two queues), Nadym-Pung-Center, Urengoy-Nadym-Ukhta Torzok, Vengapur-Surgut-Tobolsk-Tyumen, Yamburg-Center, Nizhnevartovsk-ryuldzhino-Tomsk-Novokuznetsk, Yamburg-Western border of Russia. This powerful pipeline transport provides consumers to consumers nearly 400ml .t oil and 450 billion cubic meters of gas. Currently, pipelines with a length of over 10 thousand kilometers are built for the exit of Tyumen oil. Gas highways stretched by more than 12 thousand kilometers. Here for the first time applied pipes with a diameter of 1420mm. Railway transport plays a special role in the industrial development of new districts. From Tyumen through a latitudinal acquier Railway line Tobolsk-Surgutsk-Nizhnevartovsk. There are various options for the continuation of this highway. It can connect through Tomsk with the Trans-Siberian Mainstroke or exit to Abalakovo, along the river Keta. On the territory of the complex, forest-free roads of Ivdel-Ob, Tavda-Sotnik, Asino-White Yar were built. Great importance for solving local tasks has road transport. Currently, an external and internal road ring with a solid coating is built around the self-trooper, access roads to the railway line Tyumen-Tobolsk-Surgut are created. However, the transport network is not yet sufficiently developed. Over one square kilometer of the territory The length of railways here is almost 3 times and high-coated roads 2 times less than the country as a whole.
River transport is of great importance, the value of which will increase significantly in connection with the construction of river ports of Tomsk, Tobolsk, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk and Kolpashevo, improving shipping on the rivers Tom, Keti, Tour and Tobol.
The agro-industrial complex of the complex as a whole specializes in the cultivation and processing of grain. In small sizes in places of cultivation of industrial crops - flax, hemp, sunflower - there are primary processing of flax - kudryash and cannabis, oil production. The livestock branch of the apk includes oven, milk-cans and production of meat processing, leather, wool, sheepskin.
Railway - ancient fishing area (In Ishim and Tobolsk - mechanized carpet factory). On local and imported raw materials, enterprises of textile, leather and shoe industries work. The main centers for the processing of agricultural raw materials - Omsk, Tyumen, Tomsk, Yalutorovsk, Tatarsk, Ishim.
Fish industry complex - mining fish in rivers and lakes, sea fishing in the rivals, fish processing and canning. This complex serves a networking factory in Tyumen and shipyard in Tobolsk, the database of the receiving and transport fleet. Tare and tin-cannon production is placed on the fish fabilities.
Analyzing the abstract data, I came to the conclusion that Western Siberia is the most promising area of \u200b\u200bthe Eastern Macro region in economically. Western Siberia - has richest oil and gas provinces. The region's economy is built mainly on the extraction of minerals (oil, gas, coal and others), in the reform, the economic condition of the district was maintained as a result of extensive oil and gas production. Because of this, the not included in the fuel and energy complex accepted, for example, an APC, a machine-building complex and others came to decline. The ecology of the area due to mining has deteriorated sharply. Due to the fact that the country is experiencing serious economic difficulties, Western Siberia with its richest natural resources has become an economic sponsor of the country due to the export of these resources. Due to the fact that the economic condition of the district and country is not supported by the development of other industries, the economy depends greatly on the price of fuel resources.
In order to develop the area, it is necessary to expand the transport network since the district has a rather favorable physico-geographical position and for further development requires the construction of roads to the north to gas production sites and places of wood harvesting, but construction is not possible without large investment in the economy area in Overall. The further development of Western Siberia is not possible without the construction of transport routes.
The West Siberian region has a great economic potential. In the south of the area, fertile soils and a sufficient warm climate climatic conditions, which favors the development of agriculture. However, over the past decade, agricultural production has decreased several times.
This area is also lack of labor resources, which also makes it difficult to economic development. The development of this area is not possible only at the expense of extensive production of natural resources. Large economic losses area carries and due to the fact that non-recycled oil is exported, but raw. This is also connected with the disadvantage of refineries in the West Siberian region.
Table 1.
Dynamics of industrial production in%.
|
Subjects of the Russian Federation |
1995 by 1990. |
1996 by 1995. |
1997 by 1996. |
1998 by 1997. |
|
Altai Republic |
77,4 |
|||
|
Altai region |
||||
|
Areas: |
||||
|
Kemerovo |
||||
|
Novosibirskaya |
||||
|
Omskaya |
||||
|
Tomsk |
||||
|
Tyumen |
100,2 |
97,4 |
Table 2.
The level of security is the main funds and the educational level of employed in the economy.
|
Subjects of the Russian Federation |
Security level of fixed assets |
The number of employed * |
|
|
With higher education |
With secondary education |
||
|
Russian Federation as a whole |
18,4 |
||
|
Republic Altai |
0,41 |
12,6 |
32,7 |
|
Altaic Edge |
0,74 |
31,4 |
|
|
Areas: |
|||
|
Kemerovo |
0,95 |
14,3 |
37,5 |
|
Novosibirskaya |
0,91 |
20,7 |
35,4 |
|
Omskaya |
0,95 |
32,1 |
|
|
Tomsk |
1,33 |
23,6 |
33,1 |
|
Tyumen |
3,29 |
14,6 |
41,5 |
*% to the number of employed. Table 3
Indicators of the standard of living of the population.
|
Subjects of the Russian Federation |
The population with cash income below the subsistence minimum |
Level |
|
|
Retail turnover |
Unemployment |
||
|
Republic Altai |
1,06 |
0,5 |
0,66 |
|
Altaic Edge |
1,36 |
0,56 |
0,9 |
|
Areas: |
|||
|
Kemerovo |
8,75 |
0,96 |
0,56 |
|
Novosibirskaya |
1,61 |
0,83 |
0,63 |
|
Omskaya |
1,2 |
0,97 |
0,78 |
|
Tomsk |
1,24 |
0,85 |
1,25 |
|
Tyumen |
0,78 |
1,43 |
0,78 |
Table 4.
Gross collection of cultures of Western Siberia for 1992
|
Culture |
thousand tons |
|
|
Corn |
10293 |
11.5 |
|
Sugar beet |
650 |
2.68 |
|
Sunflower |
2.83 |
|
|
Flabbing |
5.1 |
5.5 |
|
Potatoes |
4089 |
11.91 |
|
Vegetables |
876 |
8.4 |
% are given from the general collection in Russia
Bibliography
"OBSERVER OBSERVER", № 12, 1999; № 1-5, 2000. M.Golubitskaya, Candidate of Economic Sciences
"Economy and Life", №22, 2000.
"Economy and Life", №37, 2000
Economic geography of Russia, uch. Pos., Part II, answer ed. Stepanov M. V., M., Raa, 1995.
"International Relations and World Economy", №6, 1995.
"Region", №1, 1996.
Big Cyril Encyclopedia and Methodius 2000.
Materials from the site were used to prepare this work.
1. Priobye is often figuratively called "Russian ku-wet". What gives reason for such a comparison? Do you agree with this statement?
The base for comparison serve non-tested fields. However, this compliment is not exactly accurate. Little Kuwait oil reserves are almost twice as much as Russia, 13.3 billion tons and 6.7 billion tons, respectively. True, sometimes in the Russian press there are and significantly higher estimates of the reserves of Ros-Syan oil - 20 and even 27 billion tons. Ku-Weit literally floats on the oil pillow, and this oil can be a fountain and cost of it several times lower Russian
2. Oil - exhausted natural resource. What do you think, what structural changes in the development of the economy of Western Siberia and why should be happening now?
According to various calculations, oil reserves at the existing rates of production will be enough for 10-20 years. Already, some place-birth is largely highly nervous. The first step to be made is a deeper refreshment of oil, exporting not crude oil, and nave-wood products. Next should be the development of the chemical industry. Another Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev govo-Rile, that heat the oil is like to throw in the stove of the assignment. Oil must-on considering not as much as drowning-in, how much as chemical raw materials. In the Western Siberia, other industries should be developed in Western Siberia.
As you know, coal reserves are much more expensive than oil. It is enough not less than 100 years, so in the coming years, the coal industry will be significantly more attention. So, in the Kemerovo region, where there are already about 150 million tons of coal per year, more than 10 facilities of coal pro-humility (mines, cuts, coal-processing factories) are planned. Expose to increase production up to 170-200 million tons of coal per year. And the rate is made not on extensive increase in production, but on the deepening of the processing of ug-la, improving the efficiency of its use. In the near future, two complexes for the processing of energy raw materials will be commissioned in Mezhdurechensk. Machine-building plants Kuzbass are increasing the release of equipment for the mining industry. The export of high-quality enriched coal increases. To do this, conditions are created in large seaports: Ust-Lyra, Vyborg, Murmansk and Vysotsk. A coal terminal is being built in one of the coves in the Khabarovsk Territory.
In March 2004, the Kotinskaya mine was introduced, which is part of the coal company Kiselevskugol (Kiselevsk, Kemerovo region). Builders-in a new mine at the coal plast with reserves of 37 million tons within the most promising in Siberia of the Erunakovsky field in the territory of the Prokopyevsky district (55 km north-east of Kiselevsk) lasted 10 years. The pro-gospel payback period of the builder is 4-5 years. Energetic coal of Katinskaya will be consumed in the three of our country and exported to Western Europe. Kotinskaya became the first mine in Russia with a fully equipped process of the prey of the hub. Special underground equipment with remote control and modern conveyors performs the most dangerous and hard work in the slaughter. About 800 miners will work here, which is significantly less than on old mines. Special attention is paid to technical security. The emergency alerts are installed in the forces of emergency alerts about methane and other emergency situations, cellular communication.
Another promising industry in West Siberia is ferrous metallurgy. So far, Novokuznets Metallurgical Combi-Nata - "Zapsib" and NKMK - only 40% are loaded with ores mined within the Kemerovo region - the Tashtagol ore base. By 2014, the company "Evrazruda" plans to bring the Kemeria Mining Rudnika by Kemerovo Mountains by Kemerovo Black Metallurgy with ore raw materials to 60-65%. Currently, the depreciation of the basic production assets at iron and ore enterprises of the region reaches 90%. If urgently do not take action, then soon in mines simply nothing to work on and they will be closed. It is not difficult to guess about the social in the consequences of the closure of the mines, because except in the mines to work in the population in Mountain Shoria.
3. The development of petroleum and gas industry leads to a serious environmental task. What? Suggest ways to solve them.
The main environmental issues of the oil and gas industry are oil spills in the extraction and transportation, which can be exhausted with a more reliable laying of labor pipelines, as well as incineration of associated gas. Petroleum passing gases (ethane, pro-pan, butane, etc.) - valuable raw materials for non-Tehimical and chemical industries. However, their most is still burned. The main centers of oil production in Western Siberia are Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Nefteyugansk, Urai. In the oil industry, the territorial shifts were named. Along with the main area of \u200b\u200bthe middle priobia, the formation of new, northern oil-producing districts began, up to the Arctic zone. When developing these areas, it is necessary to take into account the accumulated experience, improve the reliability of the construction. In addition to survey work, it is necessary to conduct work on the environmental justification of construction, the development and off-drinning of new types of transport, less influencing the varying nature of the se-faith. Another important task is to develop economically profitable ways of using associated gas. Material from site.
Serious environmental problems are created and coal industry. Peony-rum in environmental legislation is the Kemerovo region. Local authorities set the task in front of the miners to restore 70 thousand hectares of previously disturbed lands, to put hundreds of rivers and reservoirs in the region. Coal companies will be required to pay for each hectare of the Earth, for each spring, to take the conditions of local authorities, kashenny environmental protection and social policy.
4. What role can the TCD branches, take into account their high technical level, in solving the problems of prospective development of the main sectors of Western Siberia?
The TCD branches can be the basis for technical re-equipment of other transparency of mechanical engineering, which in turn issues equipment for such priority industries of the region as the production industry and ferrous metallurgy.
5. Western Siberia occupies a huge territory. Remit territorial differences in the development of the economy. What areas could you drop-pour?
In Western Siberia, the gas-producing north (Yamalo-Nenets AO, which gives 90% of Russian gas), a non-Teda Middle Siberia (Khan-You-Mansiysk AO), a forest-steppe and step-old south, where, along with agriculture, coal mining is developed and Black metallur-gia, mountain southeast with mining of ore minerals and limited logging. A similar specialization of the economy of individual territories in Padina Siberia is explained by the peculiarities of the resource base.
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Leading industry complexes
On the specific gravity of industrial productiondid: Tyumen region - 39%, Tomsk and Kemerovo region. -38%, and on the specific gravity of agriculture, the Republic of Al-tai - 24.5% and Altai Territory - 16.5%. The production of services highlighted the Novosibirsk region. - 57% and Altai Republic -52%, providing a complex of scientific and commercialmeadow is the first and recreational - the second.
Industrial complexes. Branches of a market specialtiesthe West Siberian Economic Area is part of the Economic Economic Area, metallurgical (ferrous metallurgy) and Ma-shino-building complexes. Fuel industry Western Siberia has a commonrussian and world importance due to the production, transportationranking and processing of unique oil and gas and coalresources. Oil and gas produced here are massive significantpart of the investment in the industry of Russia and provideregular currency revenues to the federal and regionalbudgets.
Western Siberia is the main base of oil production in Ros-Siia
The total length of the transportation system of the Westbut Siberian oil about 35 thousand km,. From Khanty-Mansiysk JSC weapons of 10 main oil pipelines transportingoil towards Russian cities: Chelyabinsk, Krasnoyarsk,Irkutsk, Omsk, Kirishi (Leningrad Region) and Almetyevsk,as well as abroad - in Ventspils (Latvia), Chimkent (Kazakhstan),in Odessa (Ukraine). Currently, oil has becomeon the coast of the Gulf of Finland, where they were put into operation minals for oil exports.
In Omsk, one of the best oilrabating plants allocated for a record for Russiaoil refining depth - about 80%.Oil processingalso also in the Tyumen region. - in Tobolsk. There are beneficial prerequisites for refining oil and associated gasin places oil bobbies - in the Tyumen and Tomsk region, for which it is planned to buildthe cost of economical mini-refinery, designed to ensure the metropolitan needs of fuel.
Natural gas production is concentrated in Nadym-Purtazow district of Yamalo-Nenets AO, Gas transmission systemstaking start in the area, follow three corridorson the southwest - to the center of Russia and then towards Ukraine,Central and Western Europe. The largest Urengoy and Northburgian fields, according to most experts, basic in the area for the foreseeable perspective,
Gas production in the northern regions of Western Siberia is planningi will significantly increase due to the development of the Yamal gas-thought-thought area. The first stage of the development of Yamal Misencies is based on the use of the current system.gas pipelines laid from Nadym-Pourtazovsky districtwith the connection of new gas pipelines of the Yamal-EU systemropa, the first highway which is partly constructed. Preygas on the Yamal Peninsula should fully provide inrenny needs of Russia and an increase in exports.
Coal industry Western Siberia concentricvana in the Kemerovo region, where the place is actively developedbirth of Kuzbass and Brown Coals of the Itatian field Kan ski Achinsky basin.
Coking Coals Kuzbass come to major enterprisesthe Yatimi of ferrous metallurgy of Western Siberia (Kemerovo region)and the Urals. Energy Coals Kuzbass and Canco-Achinskythe pool provides not only West Siberian, but also euro markets of the European part of Russia.
Electric power industry ZSAR is mostly thermal workingon passing gas: Surgut GRES 1 and 2 I) and Nizhnevartovskaya GRES in the Khanty-Mansiysk JSC, as well as at the corner: YuzhkuzbassGRES, Belovskaya and Tom-Usinskaya KES,how many large CHP in the Kemerovo region, Omsk, Novosibirsk and Tomsk. The construction of large gas GRES is completedin Urengoy Yamalo-Nenetsky JSC. There is a single large no-eusbirskaya HPP on r. Ob (400 MW).
Drawing Metallurgy ZSER focuses in Kemerovo region:Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Combine and West Siberiasky Full Cycle Factory, Guryevsky Excellent. Pro-the production of finished varietal rolled products and steel pipes is availablein Novosibirsk.
Machine-building complex, the largest centers of whichrogo posted in Novosibirsk, Omsk, Kemerovo region.and the Altai Territory, includes: machine-tool construction (productionweaving machines), energy, agricultural anddiothechnical (Novosibirsk), coal (in the cities of AngersSudzhensk, Kiselevsk, Prokopyevsk Kemerovo region); pre-metal-cutting machines, steamboilers, diesel engines, cargo cars and tractors (in Altaiedge). In the Omsk region Aviakosmic Association is developing"Flight".
In the Altai Territory, priority is given to expanding the production of diesel engines in Altai motor-waters, as well as tractors and energy equipment.
Chemical and petrochemical industry. Modern credit oil and gas chemical complexes are developing in citiesTobolsk (Tyumen region), Omsk and Tomsk, where it has been establishedwatering of various polymers, synthetic resins and plastics.Omsk also produce synthetic rubber and tires. Useputting fibers produced in Novosibirsk and Barnaul ke- merovskaya oblast Large production of nitrogen mineralfertilizers with parallel production of sulfuric acid and otherchemical products on the basis of coke-chemicals at OJSC "Nitrogen" in Ke- merovskaya oblast In the same area in the city of Prokopyevsk developsproduction of rubber products. In Seversk, Tomsk region. Si-the Bir atomic Chemical Combine is currentlylives the production of rare-earth elements.
Agro-industrial complex stands out for its sizemi is 1/6 of all the agricultural land of the country, compendent, mainly in the zone of South-Siberian steeppey and the forest-steppes Omsk, Novosibirsk and South of Tyumen region.Local agriculture has a grain-livestockdirection.
By the beginning of the 2000s. ZSAR agriculture producedlo 11%.
The area is carried out on the irrigation of the Kulundy steppeand the drainage of the Barabinsk forest-steppe. A special focus ofes agriculture in the northern regions wherereindeer herding, fisheries, fur fishery and animalas well as in the areas of the mountain altai, where the panta ole is dominated non-known, harvesting of medicinal plants and beekeeping.
Transport complex Western Siberia the greatestvITIya got in the southern steppe zone where latitudinalTrans-Siberian and Medium-Russian Railway Magist Rali with a branch towards southern Kazakhstan (TURTSIB).
In the north, the railway network continues to form.From the previously built railway to the centers of oil production
Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk was the sameto the highway to Urengoy (center of the largest gaspostdistrict).
The most important roads: Tyumen - Omsk,men - Surgut, Kemerovo - Barnaul, highway to the side Krasnoyarsk, as well as the Chuy path towards Mongolia. Sameflooring roads are mainly interregionaland transit transportation, and road transport takes a majority of intraranslate.
River transport in Western Siberia performs the mainfunction - Transportation of various goods in oil production areasand gas in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Districts. A significant part of the northern warm, carried out with the help of river vessels, occurs during the period of spring flood when large water cargodelivered for small and medium rivers in deep areasWestern Siberia.
Maritime transport is little in demand in Western Siberia due to the impossibility of entering sea courts in shallow-waterlip.
