Who invented the term "silver age. Poetry of the Silver Century: Poets, Poems, Main Directions and Features Silver Century

Silver eyelid is not a chronological period. At least not only the period. And this is not the amount of literary flows. Rather, the concept of "silver age" is appropriate to apply to the image of thinking.

The atmosphere of the silver century

At the end of the nineteenth - the beginning of the twentieth century, Russia experienced an intense intellectual lifting, especially brightly manifested in philosophy and poetry. Philosopher Nikolay Berdyaev (read it) called this time by Russian cultural renaissance. According to the Berdyaevsky contemporary Sergey Makovsky, it is Berdyaev who owns another, the more well-known definition of this period is "Silver Age". According to other data, the phrase "Silver Age" was first used in 1929 by the poet Nikolai Ontsu. The concept is not so much scientific, how much emotional, causing an association with another short period of the history of Russian culture - with the "golden age", the Pushkin era of Russian poetry (first third of the XIX century).

"Now it is hardly to imagine the atmosphere of that time," Nikolai Berdyaev wrote about the silver century in his "philosophical autobiography" "self-knowledge." - Much of the creative rise of that time included in the further development of Russian culture and now there is a heritage of all Russian cultural people. But then was intoxication creative approach, novelty, tension, struggle, challenge. During these years, Russia was sent many gifts. It was the era of waking up in Russia of independent philosophical thought, the flourishing of poetry and the exacerbation of aesthetic sensuality, religious concern and a quest, interest in mysticism and the occultism. New souls appeared, new sources of creative life were opened, saw new dawns, combined the feeling of sunset and death with the hope for the transformation of life. But everything happened in a rather closed circle ... "

Silver Age as a period and thinking

The art and philosophy of the silver century were distinguished by elitism, intellectualism. Therefore, it is impossible to identify all the poetry of the late XIX - the beginning of the 20th century with the silver century. This is a narrower concept. Sometimes, however, taking an attempt to determine the essence of the ideological content of the silver century through formal signs (literary flows and groupings, socio-political subtexts and contexts), researchers mistakenly mix them. In fact, in the chronological boundaries of this period, the most different in the origin and aesthetic orientation of the phenomenon coexisted: the modernist flows, the poetry of the classical realistic tradition, the peasant, proletarian, satirical poetry ... But the silver century is not a chronological period. At least not only the period. And this is not the amount of literary flows. Rather, the concept of "Silver Age" is appropriate to apply to the image of thinking, which, being characteristic of artists who have begun among themselves, ultimately merged them in the minds of descendants to some kind of inseparable Pleiad, who formed the specific atmosphere of the Silver Age, which Berdyaev wrote about .

Poets of the Silver Century

The names of the poets who were the spiritual core of the Silver Age, everyone knows: Valery Bryusov, Fedor Sologub, Innokenty Annensky, Alexander Blok, Maximilian Voloshin, Andrey White, Konstantin Balmont, Nikolai Gumilyov, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Igor Northgen, George Ivanov and many others.

In the most concentrated form of the atmosphere of the silver century, he received its expression in the first and a half decades of the twentieth century. It was the flourishing of the literature of Russian modern in the entire variety of his artistic, philosophical, religious searches and discoveries. World War II, the February Bourgeois-Democratic and October Socialist Revolution partly provoked, partly formed this cultural context, and in part were provoked and formed by it. Representatives of the Silver Age (and Russian Modern in general) were striving to overcome positivism, the abandonment of the heritage "Sixties", denied materialism, as well as idealistic philosophy.

The poets of the Silver Age sought to overcome the attempts of the second half of the XIX century to explain the behavior of a person with social conditions, the environment and continued the traditions of Russian poetry, for which a person was important in itself, his thoughts and feelings are important, his attitude to eternity, to God, to love and death in the philosophical, metaphysical sense. The poets of the Silver Century and in their artistic work, and in theoretical articles and statements questioned the idea of \u200b\u200bprogress for literature. For example, one of the brightest Creators of the Silver Age, Osip Mandelstam wrote that the idea of \u200b\u200bprogress is "the most disgusting type of school ignorance." And Alexander Blok in 1910 argued: "The sun of naive realism has rolled out; It is impossible to comprehend anything outside the symbolism. " The poets of the Silver Age believed in art, by virtue of the word. Therefore, for their creativity, immersing in the element of the word, the search for new means of expression. They cared not only about the sense, but also about the style - the sound, the music of the word and the full immersion in the element was important for them. This immersion led to the cult of vital formation (inseparalism of the personality of the Creator and his art). And almost always in connection with this, the poets of the Silver Age were unhappy in their personal life, and many of them were badly cumulative.

Silver Century - the era of modernism, captured in Russian literature. This period, when innovative ideas captured all spheres of art, including the art of the word. Although he lasted only a quarter of a century (since 1898, ending in about 1922), his legacy is Golden Ford of Patriotic Poetry. Until now, the poems of that time do not lose their charms and originality, even against the background of modern creativity. As we know, the works of futurists, imagineers and symbolists became the basis of many famous songs. Therefore, to understand the current cultural realities, you need to know the original sources that we have listed in this article.

The silver age is one of the main, key periods of Russian poetry, covering the period of the late XIX - early XX century. Disputes about who the first one used this term, go so far. Some believe that the "silver age" belongs to Nicholas Avdeevich Otsuu, a famous criticism. Others tend to the version that the term was introduced through Sergey Makov's poet. But there are also options regarding Nikolay Alexandrovich Berdyaev, a well-known Russian philosopher, Razumnikova Vasilyevich Ivanova, Russian literary criticism, and the poet of Vladimir Alekseevich Phast. But one thing is known exactly: the definition was invented by analogy with another, no less important period - the golden age of Russian literature.

As for the time frame of the period, they are conditional, as it is difficult to establish the exact dates for the emergence of the silver century poetry. The beginning is usually associated with the work of Alexander Alexandrovich Blok and his symbolism. The end is attributed to the date of execution of Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilov and the death of the previously mentioned block. Although the echoes of this period can be found in the work of other well-known Russian poets - Boris Pasternak, Anna Akhmatova, Osip Mandelstam.

Symbolism, IMAZHINISM, Futurism and Aqmeism are the main flow of the silver century. All of them belong to this direction in art as modernism.

The main philosophy of modernism was the idea of \u200b\u200bpositivism, that is, hope and faith in a new one - in a new time, in a new life, in the formation of the newest / contemporary. People believed that they were born for something high, they have their own purpose they should embody. Now the culture is aimed at eternal development, constant progress. But all this philosophy collapsed with the arrival of wars. It was they who forever changed the worldview and the globility of people.

Futurism

Futurism is one of the directions of modernism, which is a part of the Russian avant-garde. For the first time, this term appeared in the Manifesto "Society of Public Taste", written by members of the St. Petersburg Group "Gile". It was included in its composition Vladimir Mayakovsky, Vasily Kamensky, Velimir Khlebnikov and other authors who were most often called "will be".

Futurism is considered by Paris, but its founder is from Italy. However, it was in France in 1909, the manifesto Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, which operates the place of this flow in the literature. Next, futurism "reached" to other countries. Marinetti shaped views, ideas and thoughts. It was an eccentric millionaire, most interested in cars and women. However, after the accident, when a man lay down a few hours next to the pulsating heart of the engine, he decided to fight the beauty of the industrial city, a ringtail ringtone, the poetic of progress. Now the ideal for a person was not surrounding the natural world, namely the urban landscape, the noise and rockness of the fussy metropolis. Also, the Italian admired the exact sciences and invented to compose poems with the help of formulas and graphs, created a new size "Lestenka", etc. However, his poetry was obtained by something like the next manifesto, theoretical and lifeless riot against old ideologies. From the point of view of artistry, a breakthrough in Futurism did not make his founder, but the Russian admirer of his discovery - Vladimir Mayakovsky. In 1910, the new literary current comes to Russia. Here it is represented by four influential groups:

Moskovskaya group "Centrifuge" (Nikolai Aseev, Boris Pasternak, etc.);
Previously mentioned Petersburg group "Gileia";
Petersburg group "Moscow egofuuturists" under the control of the publishing house "Petersburg Herack" (Igor Northernik, Konstantin Olymps, etc.);
Moskovskaya Group "Moscow EgoFuchurists" under the control of the Mesonine Art Publishing House (Boris Lavrenev, Vadim Schenevich, etc.).

Since all these groups had a huge impact on futurism, he developed heterogeneously. There were such branches as egofulurism and cubaceuturism.

Futurism influenced not only on literature. He had a huge influence on painting. A characteristic feature of such cloths is a cult of progress and protest against traditional art canons. This course combines the features of cubism and expressionism. The first exhibition took place in 1912. Then in Paris showed pictures on which various means of movement (cars, airplanes, etc.) were depicted. Futurist artists believed that the technique would hold a leading position in the future. The main innovative move was an attempt to portray movement in statics.

The main signs of this flow in poetry are:

denial of all old: old lifestyle, old literature, old culture;
orientation for a new, future, cult of change;
sensation of fast changes;
creating new forms and images, countless and radical experiments:
the invention of new words, speech revolutions, sizes.
demantization of speech.

Vladimir Mayakovsky

Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (1893 - 1930) is a famous Russian poet. One of the greatest representatives of futurism. He began literary experiments in 1912. Thanks to the poet, neologisms such as "NATO", "Hallerant", sickling, and many others were introduced into Russian. Vladimir Vladimirovich also made a huge contribution to the poetry. His "Lestenka" helps to correct the emphasis when reading. And lyric lines in the creation of "Lilichka! (Instead of writing), they became the most shrill love confessions in the poetry of the 20th century. We dismantled in detail in a separate article.

The most famous works of the poet include the following examples of futurism: previously mentioned "", "V.I. Lenin "," ", poems" I am getting out of my widespit "," could you? (Listen!) "," Poems about the Soviet passport "," Left march "," ", etc.

The main topics of Mayakovsky include:

place of the poet in society and its purpose;
patriotism;
chanting socialist building;
revolutionary topic;
love feelings and loneliness;
purpose of the way to the dream.

After October 1917, the poet (with rare exceptions) is inspired only by revolutionary ideas. He chants the power of change, the Bolshevik ideology and the greatness of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.

Igor Northgen

Igor Northernik (1887 - 1941) is a famous Russian poet. One of the representatives of ego paturism. First of all, he is known for his shocking poetry, where his own person is chasing. The Creator was confident that he was a pure embodiment of a genius, so he often led himself selfish and arrogant. But it was only in public. In the usual daily life of Northerner did not differ from others, and after emigration to Estonia, and at all "tied up" with modernist experiments and began to develop in line with classical poetry. His most famous works are the poem "!", "Nightingale Monastery Garden", "Classic Roses", "Nocturne", "Girl cried in the park" and the collections of the Loud Cup, "Victoria Regia", "Zlatolir". We disassembled in detail in another article.

Basic topics of creativity Igor Northerners:

technical progress;
own genius;
poet places in society;
love themes;
satira and scouring of social defects;
politics.

He was the first poet in Russia, who boldly called himself a futurist. But in 1912, Igor Northerin is based on a new one, its own flow - egofulness, which is characterized by the use of foreign words and the presence of a sense of "self-love."

Alexey Kruichoye

Aleksey Eliseevich Kratynykh (1886 - 1968) - Russian poet, journalist, artist. One of the representatives of Russian futurism. The Creator was famous for brought to Russian poetry "Zaomu". "Zaomu" - an abstract speech, deprived of any meaning, which allows the author to use any words (strange combinations, neologisms, parts of words, etc.). Alexei Kruichnye even produces their own "Declaration of Dusty Language."

The most famous poem of the poet - "Hole Bul Schul", but there are other works: "Reinforced concrete weights - houses", "left", "Tropical forest", "in the gambling house", "winter", "The death of the artist," Rus " other.

The main topics of Khlebnikov's creativity can be attributed:

theme of love;
topic of language;
creation;
satire;
food theme.

Velimir Khlebnikov

Velimir Khlebnikov (1885 - 1922) is a famous Russian poet, one of the leaders of the avant-garde in Russia. He became famous, above all, the fact that was the founder of futurism in our country. Also, it is not necessary to forget that it is thanks to Khlebnikov, radical experiments began in the field of "Creativity of the Word" and previously mentioned "Zauri". Sometimes the poet was called the Chairman of the Globe. The main works are poems, poems, superconduct, autobiographical materials and prose. Examples of futurism in verses can be attributed:

"Bird in a cage";
"Times - Kamysheys";
"From the bag";
"Grasshopper" and others.

To poems:

"Menagerie";
"Forest longing";
"Love comes terrible death", etc.

Superchange:

"Zangezi";
"War in Mousetrap."

"Nikolai";
"Great - Day" (imitation of Gogol);
"Utz from the future."

Autobiographical materials:

"Autobiographical note";
"Answers to the questionnaire S. A. Vegnerova."

The main topics of creativity V. Khlebnikov:

the topic of the revolution and its glorification;
the topic of predestination, rock;
communication of times;
the theme of nature.

Imazinism

Imazinism is one of the flows of the Russian avant-garde, which also appeared and spread in the Silver Age. The concept happened from the English word "image", which is translated as "image". This direction is a branch from futurism.

First, the IMAZHINISM appeared in England. The main representatives were the Ezre Pound and Percy Wyndem Lewis. Only in 1915 this flow came to our country. But Russian IMAZHINISM was significantly different from English. In fact, only the name remains. For the first time, the Russian audience heard the works of IMAZHINISM on January 29, 1919 in the building of the All-Russian Union of Poets in Moscow. It provides that the image of a word towers above the plan, idea.

For the first time, the term "IMAZHINISM" appears in Russian literature in 1916. It was then that the book of Vadim Shershevich "Green Street ..." is published. In which the author declares the appearance of a new course. More extensive than futurism.

Just like futurism, IMAZHINISM influenced painting. The most popular artists are: Georgy Bogdanovich Yakulov (artist - avant-gardeist), Sergey Timofeevich Konenkov (sculptor) and Boris Robertovich Erdman.

The main signs of IMAZHINISM:

the deposit of the image;
extensive use of metaphors;
product content \u003d image development + epithets;
epithet \u003d comparison + metaphor + antithesis;
poems perform, above all, aesthetic function;
one work \u003d one shaped directory.

Sergey Yesenin

Sergey Aleksandrovich Yesenin (1895 - 1925) is a famous Russian poet, one of the most popular representatives of the IMAZHINISM, the outstanding Creator of the Peasant Lyrics. We described in an essay about it in the contribution to the culture of the Silver Century.

For his such a short life, he managed to be glorified by uncomfortable creativity. His penetrating poems of love, nature, the Russian village read each. But also the poet was known for the fact that he was one of their founders of the IMAZHINISM. In 1919, he along with other poets - V.G. Shershenevich and A.B. Mariengof - for the first time told the society about the principles of this flow. The main feature was that the poems of the IMAZHINISTS can be read from the bottom up. At the same time, the essence of the work does not change. But in 1922, Sergey Alexandrovich understands that this innovative creative association is very limited, and in 1924 he writes a letter in which it announces the closure of the IMAZINIST group.

The main works of the poet (it should be noted that not all of them are written in the stylistics of the immudyism):

"Goy you, Rus, my native!";
"Letter to a woman";
"Bully";
"You do not love me, do not regret ...";
"I have one fun";
Poem "";

The main topics of the creativity of Yesenin:

theme of the Motherland;
the theme of nature;
love lyrics;
longing and spiritual crisis;
nostalgia;
rethinking historical transformations of the 20th century

Anatoly Mariengof

Anatoly Borisovich Mariengof (1897 - 1962) - Russian poet-imaginist, playwright, prose. Together with S. Yesenin and V. Schenevich, he founded a new direction of avant-gardium - IMAZHINISM. First of all, he became famous for his revolutionary literature, since most of his works praises this political phenomenon.

The main works of the poet include books such as:

"Roman without lies";
"" (1991 was the screening of this book);
"Shaved man";
"Immortal trilogy";
"Anatoly Mariengoof about Sergey Yesenine";
"Without a fig leaf";
"Heart showcase."

To the poems - examples of immudyism:

"A meeting";
"Jugs of memory";
"March of Revolutions";
"Hands tie";
"September" and many others.

Themes of the works of Mariengof:

revolution and her champions;
theme "Russianness";
bohre's life;
socialist ideas;
anticleric protest.

Together with Sergey Yesenin and other immudy, the poet participated in the creation of the release of the magazine "Hotel for traveling in beautiful" and the books "IMAZHINISTS".

Symbolism

- The current at the head of which is an innovative image-symbol that has replaced with art. The term "symbolism" occurred from the French "Symbolisme" and the Greek "Symbolon" - symbol, sign.

The prisoner of this direction is considered to be France. After all, it is there, in the XVIII century, the famous French poet Stefan Mallarme unites with other poets to create a new literary flow. Then the symbolism "swinging" to other European countries, and already at the end of the 18th century came to Russia.

For the first time, this concept appears in the works of the French poet Jean Seaas.

The main features of symbolism include:

dvoemiria - division into reality and the illusory world;
musicality;
psychologist;
the presence of a symbol as the basis of the meaning and ideas;
mystical images and motifs;
support on philosophy;
the cult of individuality.

Alexander Blok

Alexander Alexandrovich Blok (1880 - 1921) is a famous Russian poet, one of the most important representatives of symbolism in Russian poetry.

The block refers to the second stage of development of this flow in our country. He "Junior Symvenist", which embodied in his works Philosophical ideas of the thinker Vladimir Sergeevich Solovyov.

The main works of Alexander Blok include the following examples of Russian symbolism:

"On the railway";
"Factory";
"Night, Street, Lantern, Pharmacy ...";
"I enter into dark temples";
"Girl sang in church choir";
"I'm scared with you to meet";
"Oh, I want to live insanely";
poem "" and much more.

Themes of the Block Creativity:

theme of the poet and his place in the life of society;
theme of sacrificial love, love-worship;
the theme of the Motherland and the understanding of its historical fate;
beauty, as the ideal and salvation of the world;
the topic of the revolution;
mystical and folklore motifs

Valery Bryusov

Valery Yakovlevich Bryusov (1873 - 1924) - Russian poet - symbolist, translator. One of the most famous representatives of the silver century of Russian poetry. Stood at the origins of Russian symbolism along with A.A. Block. The success of the Creator began with a scandal associated with the monidity "Oh, close your pale legs." Then, after publishing even more causing works, Bryusov turns out to be in the epicenter of glory. He is invited to various secular and poetic evenings, and his name becomes a real brand in the world of art.

Examples of symbolist poems:

"Everything is over";
"In the past";
"Napoleon";
"WOMAN";
"Shadows of the past";
"Mason";
"Missing Dar";
"Clouds";
"Time Images".

The main topics in the works of Valery Yakovlevich Bolsova:

mystic and religion;
problems of personality and society;
care of the fictional world;
the history of homeland.

Andrey White.

Andrei White (1880 - 1934) is a Russian poet, writer, critic. Just like the block, white is considered one of the most famous representatives of symbolism in our country. It is worth noting that the Creator supported the ideas of individualism and subjectivism. He believed that symbolism represents a certain human world-up-way, and not just a course in art. He considered the sign of the sign by the highest manifestation of speech. Also, the poet adhered to the opinion that all art is a certain spirit, mystical energy of the higher forces.

He called his works with symphony, among which "dramatic", "northern", "symphonic" and "refund". To famous poems can be attributed: "And water? MiG is clear ... "," Ace (Palen Azure ")," Balmont "," Madman "and others.

Themes in the work of the poet is:

the theme of love or passion for a woman;
fight against burghers of vulgarity;
ethical and moral aspects of the revolution;
mystical and religious motifs;

Konstantin Balmont.

Konstantin Dmitrievich Balmont (1867 - 1942) - Russian poet symbolist, literary critic and writer. He became famous for his "optimistic narcissism." According to the famous Russian poet Anninsky, he put the most important philosophical questions in his works. The main works of the poet are the collections "under the northern sky", "we will be like the sun" and "Burning buildings" and the well-known poems "Butterfly", "in the blue temple", "No of the day, so that I don't think about you ...". These are very demonstrative examples of symbolism.

Basic topics in Balmont's work:

sublime place poet in society;
individualism;
the theme of infinity;
questions of being and nonsense;
beauty and the mystery of the surrounding world.

Vyacheslav Ivanov

Vyacheslav Ivanovich Ivanov (1866 - 1949) - Poet, critic, playwright, translator. Although he was much survived the flourishing of symbolism, still remained faithful to his aesthetic and literary principles. The Creator is known thanks to his idea about Dionysian symbolism (he was inspired by the ancient Greek God fertility and wines by Dionis). Antique images and philosophical issues set by the ancient Greek philosophers like epicura prevailed in his poetry.

The main works of Ivanova:

"Alexander block";
"The ark";
"News";
"Libra";
"Contemporaries";
"Valley - Temple";
"Sky lives"

Topics of creativity:

the mystery of natural harmony;
theme of love;
the theme of life and death;
mythological motives;
true nature of happiness.

Axism

Axism is the last course, which was the poetry of the Silver Age. The term occurred from the Greek word "Acme", which means the dawn of something, the top.

As a literary manifestation, acmeism was formed at the beginning of the 20th century. Starting from 1900, in the apartment of the poet Vyacheslav Ivanov in St. Petersburg, young poets began to gather. In 1906 - 1907, a small group separated from all and formed a "young circle". He was distinguished by zeal to move away from symbolism and form something new. Also, a literary group "Plataker of Poets" was also a great contribution to the development of aqmeism. It included such poets as Anna Akhmatova, Osip Mandelshtam, Georgy Adamovich, Vladimir Narbut and others. He headed the "workshop .." Nikolai Gumilev and Sergey Gorodetsky. 5 - 6 years later, another part was separated from this group, which began to call themselves acmeysts.

Aqmeeism was reflected in painting. The views of the artists as Alexander Benoit ("Baynament of Marquis" and "Venetian Garden"), Konstantin Somova ("Sundayed Kiss"), Sergey Sudayikin and Leon Baksta (they all included the artistic group of the XIX century "The World of Art") were similar to Views of aqmeist writers. In all the paintings, we can see how modern world opposes the world to the past. Each canvas represents some stylized scenery.

Basic features of aqmeism:

refusal of symbolism ideas, opposition to them;
return to the origins: Communication with past poets and literary flows;
the symbol is no longer a way of influence / impact on the reader;
the absence of all mystical;
compound of physiological wisdom with the inner world of man.
The desire for simplicity and extreme clarity of the image, themes, style.

Anna Akhmatova

Anna Andreevna Akhmatova (1889 - 1966) - Russian poetess, literary critic, translator. She is a nominee for the Nobel Prize in the field of literature. As a talented poetess, the world found out it in 1914. This year it was the collection "Cleans". Further, its influence in bohemian circles was only intensified, and the poem "" ensured her scandalous fame. In the Soviet Union, the criticism did not complain her talent, mainly its glory left in the underground, in Samizdat, it was rewritten from the hand from under her feather and studied by heart. It was she who patronized Joseph Brodsky in the early stages of his creativity.

To meaningful creations include:

"I learned just, wisely live";
"Squeezed hands over the dark veil";
"I asked the cuckoo ...";
"Seruogrozzy King";
"I do not love your love";
"And you are now heavy and dull" and others.

Themes of poems can be called:

the theme of married and maternal love;
the theme of true friendship;
the theme of the Stalinist repression and the suffering of the people;
theme of war;
place of the poet in the world;
reflection on the fate of Russia.

Basically, the lyrical works of Anna Akhmatova are written in the direction of aqmeism, but sometimes there are also manifestations of symbolism, most often against the background of any action.

Nikolai Gumilev

Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilev (1886 - 1921) - Russian poet, critic, prose and literary critic. At the beginning of the 20th century, he was already in the "shop of poets" known to you. It is thanks to this Creator and his colleague Sergey Gorodetsky and acklaisis was founded. They headed this innovative separation from the general group. The poems of humilleva are clear and transparent, they have no praise and zuyu, so they still suffer and reproduce on scenes and musical paths. He is simply, but perfect and sublime talks about complex feelings and thoughts. For his connection with the White Guards, he was shot by the Bolsheviks.

The main works can be attributed to:

"Giraffe";
"Lost tram";
"Not once again remember";
"From the bouquet of a whole lilac";
"Comfort";
"The escape";
"I laughed on myself";
"My readers" and much more.

The main topic of Humilyov's poetry is to overcome the life failures and obstacles. They were also raised philosophical, love, military topics. It is curious his mind on art, because for him creativity - always the sacrifice, always a blast, which is given without a balance.

Osip Mandelshtam

Osip Emilevich Mandelstam (1891 - 1938) is a famous poet, literary critic, translator and prose. He is the author of the original love lyrics, a lot of verses devoted to the city. His creativity distinguishes satirical and obviously opposition orientation in relation to the current government. He was not afraid to affect the topical topics and ask uncomfortable questions. For her caustic and offensive "dedication" to Stalin, he was arrested and convicted. The mystery of his death in the work camp remains undisclosed so far.

Examples of aqmeism can be found in his work:

"NOTRE DAME";
"We live, under no si-country";
"Insomnia. Homer. Tight sails ... ";
"Silentium";
"Self-portrait";
"Delicate evening. Dusk is important ... ";
"You smile" and much more.

Topics in the work of Mandelstam:

beauty of St. Petersburg;
theme of love;
place of the poet in public life;
the theme of culture and freedom of creativity;
political protest;
poet and power.

Sergey Gorodetsky

Sergey Mitrofanovich Gorodetsky (1884 - 1967) - Russian poet - akmeist, translator. His creativity characterizes the presence of folklore motives, he was fond of popular epic and ancient Russian culture. After 1915, he became a peasant poet, describing the morals and life of the village. Working by the military correspondent, he created a cycle of poems dedicated to the Armenian Genocide. After the revolution was mainly translated.

Significant works of the poet that can be considered examples of aqmeism:

"Armenia";
"Birch";
cycle "Spring";
"Town";
"Wolf";
"My face is a cache of births";
"Remember, the blizzard flew";
"Lilac";
"Snow";
"MORE".

The main topics in the poems of Sergey Gorodetsky:

natural splendor of the Caucasus;
the theme of the poet and poetry;
armenian genocide;
the topic of the revolution;
theme of war;
love and philosophical lyrics.

Creativity Marina Tsvetaeva

Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva (1892 - 1941) is a famous Russian poetess, translator, prose. First of all, she is known for his love poems. She was also peculiar to reflect on the ethical aspects of the revolution, and nostalgia on the old time was traced in its works. Perhaps that is why it was forced to leave the country of the Soviets, where her work was not appreciated. She knew other languages \u200b\u200bbrilliantly, and her popularity was spread not only to our country. Given the poetess admire in Germany, France and the Czech Republic.

Main works Tsvetaeva:

"You go, like me";
"I get you all over all lands, all heavens ..";
"Homesickness! Long…";
"I like that you are not sick with me";
"I would like to live with you";

The main topics in the work of poetess:

theme of the Motherland;
the theme of love, jealousy, separation;
theme of home and childhood;
theme of the poet and its significance;
the historical fate of the Fatherland;
spiritual relationship.

One amazing feature of Marina Tsvetaeva is that her poems do not belong to any literary flow. All of them are outside of any directions.

Creativity Sofia Garnech

Sofia Yakovlevna Garnech (1885 - 1933) - Russian poetess, translator. She got fame thanks to scandalous friendship with the famous poetess Marina Tsvetaeva. The fact is that communicating between them was attributed to something more than a friendly relationship. Also, the guinea was awarded the nickname "Russian sappo" for his statements about the right of women on non-traditional love and equal rights with men.

Main works:

"White Night";
"In the ground is fruitless not to climb grain";
"Not the Spirit, almost not flesh";
"I love you in your spacious";
"How light leaf today";
"Divination";
"The lips were too tightly compressed."

The main topics in the work of poetess are love free from prejudice, spiritual connection between people, independence from public opinion.

It does not belong to a certain direction of the game. She tried all his life to find his special place in literature, not attached to a certain flow.

"Silver Age" is primarily a literary metaphor, designed to designate a period favorable for creativity, the time of the flourishing of art, but marked with sad premonitions and longing for the "Golden Age" of humanity, as well as the fear of the close collapse of idealistic ideas.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe "centuries of mankind" in terms of mythological tradition differs from chronology in science. In mythology it is believed that at first there was a happy and cloudless "golden age," he was "silver", and after him begins the age of wars and disasters, i.e. "iron".

"Silver Age" in Russia is called the end of 19V. And the first two decades of 20V. At this time, the whole national culture experienced a special lift period, which, as it were, picked up the tradition of the Pushkin "Golden Age", this time is modern, associated with the foreboding of fast shocks, wars, revolutions that had to summarize the era of classicism.

Russian "Silver Century" was still called the French manner "Belle E? POQUE" - i.e. "Beautiful era" associated with 18 gallant age, Rococo style, whose culture has also been formed in the premonition of collapse and shocks. Game, care of the fictional world.

Stylization, creation on the basis of favorite art samples of their artistic reality, is very far from the present reality, the main properties of idealistic art. Thus was the work of most artists of the Association "World of Art" (in St. Petersburg) and the poets of the Silver Century.

The term "silver age" is most often used in combination of "Silver Poetry". This concept covers not only well-known poets, but also hundreds of lovers who created the atmosphere contributing to their appearance.

In general, for the Silver Age, the presence of a large layer of enlightened society is characterized, the emergence of a large number of educated art lovers in the broad sense of the word. Some lovers later became professionals themselves, the other part of them was the so-called audience - they were listeners, readers, spectators, critics.

Nikolay Berdyaev spoke that much of the creative take-off of the "Silver Century" was the basis for the further development of Russian culture and is the property of all cultural people in Russia. For that time, the novelty, struggle, tension, challenge was characterized.

"Silver Age" was an era of awakening free philosophical thought in Russia, the heyday of poetic creativity and the strengthening of aesthetic sensuality, religious searches, high interest in occultism and mysticism. At this time, new figures appeared in art, the previously unknown sources of creative life were open. But all this activity occurred in a fairly closed circle.

The spiritual core of the poets of the Silver Century amounted to:

Valery Bryusov, Innocent Annensky, Fedor Sologub, Alexander Blok, Andrey White, Maximilian Voloshin, Anna Akhmatova, Konstantin Balmont, Nikolai Gumilyov, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Marina Tsvetaeva, Igor Northgen, Georgy Ivanov, Boris Pasternak and many others.

http://istoria.neznaka.ru.

At the shift of the XIX century, a period of extraordinary take-off of domestic culture and grand achievements in all spheres of art, came complex, full of dramatic events and turning points of the 20th century. The golden age of public and artistic life was replaced by the so-called silver, which gave rise to the rapid development of Russian literature, poetry and prose in new bright currents, and subsequently became the starting point for its fall.

In this article, we will focus on the poetry of the Silver Age, consider it we will tell about the main directions, such as symbolism, acmeism and futurism, each of which was distinguished by the special music of verse and a bright expression of experiences and feelings of the lyrical hero.

Silver century poetry. Till Time in Russian Culture and Art

It is believed that the beginning of the silver century of Russian literature falls at 80-90. XIX century At this time, many wonderful poets appear: V. Brysov, K. Ryleyev, K. Balmont, I. Annensky - and writers: L. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Country is experiencing difficult times. During the reign of Alexander I, there is a strong patriotic rise during the war of 1812, and after, due to a sharp change of the previously liberal politics of the king, society is experiencing a painful loss of illusions and heavy moral losses.

The poetry of the silver century reaches the public life and political situation by 1915 are characterized by a deep crisis, a restless, boiling atmosphere. Mass performances grow, life politicization occurs and personal self-consciousness is simultaneously strengthened. The society carries out tense attempts to find a new ideal of power and social system. And poets and writers keep up with the times, mastering new artistic forms and offering bold ideas. The human person is beginning to be recognized as the unity of many began: natural and social, biological and moral. In the years of February, October Revolutions and Civil War, the poetry of the Silver Age is experiencing a crisis.

The speech of A. Blok "On the appointment of the poet" (February 11, 1921), spoken by him at the meeting on the occasion of 84 anniversary of the death of A. Pushkin, becomes the final chord of the Silver Age.

Characteristics of literature XIX - early XX centuries.

Let's consider the features of the poetry of the Silver Century. First, one of the main features of the literature of that time was a huge interest in eternal topics: the search washed by the lives of a separate personality and all mankind in general, the riddles of the national character, the history of the country, the mutual influence of the world and spiritual, human interaction and nature. Literature at the end of the XIX century. It is becoming increasingly philosophical: the authors reveal the themes of war, revolution, the personal tragedy of man who lost the world and inner harmony due to circumstances. In the works of writers and poets, a new, brave, extraordinary, decisive and often unpredictable hero is born, stubbornly overcoming all adversity and deprivation. In most works, close attention is paid precisely how the subject perceives tragic public events through the prism of his consciousness. Secondly, the peculiarity of poetry and prose was the intensive search for original artistic forms, as well as means of expressing feelings and emotions. The poetic form and rhyme played a particularly important role. Many authors refused to classic text filing and invented new techniques, for example, V. Mayakovsky created his famous "Lestenka". Often the authors to achieve a special effect used speech and linguistic anomalies, fragmentation, alogombism and even allowed

Thirdly, the poets of the silver century of Russian poetry were freely experimented with the artistic features of the word. In an effort to express complicated, often contradictory, "volatile" spiritual impulses, the writers of steel in a new way refers to the Word, trying in their poems to transmit the subtlest shades of meanings. Standard, template definitions of clear objective objects: love, evil, family values, morality - steel will be replaced by abstract psychological descriptions. The exact concepts gave way to hints and inexpensive. Such a pity, the fluidity of verbal value was achieved through the brightest metaphors, which often began to be built on the obvious similarity of objects or phenomena, but on non-obvious signs.

Fourth, characterized by new methods of transmission of thoughts and feelings of the lyrical hero of the silver century poetry. The poems of many authors began to be created using images, motifs of various cultures, as well as hidden and explicit quotes. For example, many artists of the Words included a scene from Greek, Roman and a little later than Slavic myths and legends. In the works of M. Tsvetaeva and V. Bruce, mythology is used to build universal psychological models, allowing to comprehend the human person, in particular its spiritual component. Each poet of the silver century is brightly individual. You can easily understand who of them belong to those or other poems. But they all tried to make their works more tangible, alive, full of paints, so that any reader could feel every word and line.

The main directions of the poetry of the Silver Century. Symbolism

Writers and poets that oppose themselves have announced the creation of a new, modern art - modernism. There are three main poetry of the Silver Age: symbolism, acmeism, futurism. Each of them had its brightest features. Symbolism originally arose in France as a protest against the ordinary display of reality and discontent with bourgeois life. Thence of this area, including J. Morsas, believed that only with a special hint - a symbol, you can comprehend the mystery of the universe. In Russia, symbolism appeared in the early 1890s. D. S. Merezhkovsky became the founder of this current, which proclaimed three main postulates of new art in his book: symbolization, mystical content and "expansion of artistic impressionability."

Senior and younger symbols

The first symbols, later named senior, became V. Ya. Bryusov, K. D. Balmont, F. K. Sologub, Z. N. Gippius, N. M. Minsk, and others. Poets. Their creativity was often characterized by a sharp denial of the surrounding reality. They portrayed real life as boring, ugly and meaningless, trying to convey the finest shades of their sensations.

The period from 1901 to 1904. marks the offensive of the new milestones of Russian poetry. The verses of the symbolists are soaked with the revolutionary spirit and the premonition of the upcoming changes. Younger Symbolists: A. Block, V. Ivanov, A. White - do not deny the world, and we are driving up of its transformation, having funny beauty, love and femininity, which will definitely change reality. It is with the appearance on the literary arena of the younger symbolists in the literature included the concept of a symbol. Poets understand him as a multi-speech word, reflecting the world "sky", spiritual essence and at the same time "earth kingdom".

Symbolism in the years of revolution

Poetry of the Russian Silver Century in 1905-1907. undergoes changes. Most of the symbolists, focusing on social and political events occurring in the country, revise their views on peace and beauty. The latter is now understood as chaos struggle. Poets create images of the new world, which comes to shift the perishing. V. Ya. Bruces creates a poem "Fogging Gunns", A. Blok - "Barka Life", "rose from the darkness of the cellars ..." and others.

Symbolism changes. Now she is not drawn to the ancient heritage, but to Russian folklore, as well as Slavic mythology. After the revolution, there is a squealing symbolists, who want to protect art from the revolutionary element and, on the contrary, actively interested in social struggle. After 1907, the disputes of the symbolists exhaust themselves, the art of the past comes to shift. And since 1910, the Russian symbolism is experiencing a crisis, clearly reflecting its internal contradiability.

Axism in Russian poetry

In 1911, N. S. Gumilev organizes a literary group - "Poets shop". It included poets O. Mandelshtam, Ivanov and Adamovich. This new direction did not reject the surrounding reality, but took the reality as it is, claiming its value. "Poets shop" began to produce his journal "Hyperbori", as well as print works in Appolone. Axism, originating as a literary school to find the exit from the crisis of symbolism, united very different in ideological and artistic plants of poets.

Features of Russian futurism

The silver age in Russian poetry gave rise to another interesting direction called "Futurism" (from Lat. Futurum, that is, the "future"). Search for new artistic forms in the works of the Brothers N. and D. Burlukov, N. S. Goncharova, N. Kulina, M. V. Matyushin became the prerequisite for the origin of this direction in Russia.

In 1910, a futuristic collection of "Sadok judges" was released, in which the works of such brightest poets were collected, as V. V. Kamensky, V. V. Khlebnikov, Brotheruki brothers, E. Guro. These authors made up the kernel of the so-called cubal fell. Later, V. Mayakovsky joined them. In December 1912, Almanac - "Society to Public Taste" was released. The poems of Cubefuturists "Stroke Lesin", "Dusty Moon", "Rying Parnass", "Zatuchka" became the subject of numerous disputes. At first they were perceived as a way to annoy the reader's habits, but with a more attentive reading, a sharp desire to show a new vision of the world and special social involvement. Anti-esthetics turned into a rejection of soulless, fake beauty, the rudeness of expressions was transformed into the vice of the crowd.

Ego paturistic

In addition to the cubal feast, a few more currents emerged, including egohuchurism, headed by I. Northerners. Such poets, like V. I. Nests, I. V. Ignatiev, K. Olympov, and others were joined to him. They created the publishing house "Petersburg" , "Zasahahar Kry", etc. Their verses were distinguished by extravagance and were often compiled from the words they created by them. In addition to the egofulurists, two more groups operated: "Centrifuge" (B. L. Pasternak, N. N. Aseev, S. P. Bobrov) and "Mezonin of Poetry" (R. Ivnev, S. M. Tretyakov, V. G. Shernevich).

Instead of imprisonment

The silver age of Russian poetry was a short, but united the pleany of the brightest, talented poets. Many of them have a tragic biography, because the will of fate had to live and create in such a fatal for the country, the turning point of revolutions and chaos of post-revolutionary years, civil war, wrecked hope and revival. Many poets died after the tragic events (V. Khlebnikov, A. Block), many emigrated (K. Balmont, Z. Hippius, I. Northerner, M. Tsvetaeva), some abuses with life were shot or cigent in Stalin's camps. But all of them managed to make a huge contribution to Russian culture and enrich it with their expressive, colorful, original works.