Exercise therapy can act as a means of preventing and treating diseases, as well as being part of rehabilitation measures after diseases and injuries, especially when it comes to the musculoskeletal system. Any complexes of physiotherapy exercises have the greatest effect if they are performed regularly and in accordance with the recommendations of specialists.
Physiotherapy
Physiotherapy exercises originated in ancient times, when a clear connection was made between the quantity and quality of physical activity and the state of human health. At the same time, practicing healers tried to determine which movements would be useful and which would harm the patient in a particular state. For a long time, physicians have seen proper physical education as one of the main sources of health, strong body and well-being.
Forms of physiotherapy exercises
Since medical research is constantly ongoing, exercise therapy has also improved from year to year; new firms appear, more effective sets of exercises appear, specially selected for specific cases.
Morning exercises should be used not only for those who need it for treatment or rehabilitation, but also for everyone who wants to make their body healthier and more energetic. It has been proven that a physical warm-up in the morning seems to start the body, energizing it for the whole day.
Morning exercises are the minimum load, useful for everyone, so that it has practically no contraindications. The advantages of morning exercises include the following:
- stimulation of metabolism,
- positive effect on the circulatory system,
- strengthening muscles,
- improved coordination,
- positive effect on figure and weight.
Most people can independently choose a set of exercise therapy exercises for morning exercises. However, if a person is recovering from surgery, is undergoing rehabilitation after treatment, or has a serious chronic illness, it is necessary to either stop training or consult a doctor about contraindications.
Physiotherapy
Physiotherapy is based primarily on correct breathing, which is necessary for the exercise of physiotherapy exercises to have the proper effect on the body. This action can be fortifying or aimed at solving a specific problem, for example, restoring the full functioning of the musculoskeletal system, individual systems of internal organs. Therapeutic gymnastics can be implemented in the following forms:
- Individual sessions.
- Group lessons.
The sets of exercises are performed under the guidance of an instructor in a group of patients with similar problems or with the same diseases. The advantage of group therapy is that group sessions create a certain emotional background that accelerates the healing process.
- Self-study.
As you know, therapeutic gymnastics can be practiced at home - it is enough to master the required exercise therapy complex and repeat it regularly at home. Self-study helps to consolidate the previously achieved result and to achieve a significant improvement in health.
In each lesson in medical gymnastics, an introductory, main and final part can be distinguished. The introductory part, or warm-up, prepares the body for further stress and consists of elementary exercises. The bulk takes up most of the time; its composition depends on what the exercise therapy exercises are specifically aimed at. The final part is exercises that put less stress on the body than the exercises of the main part, relax the body and restore breathing.
Dosed walking is a type of remedial gymnastics that is most natural for the human body. It is often relevant at the stages of rehabilitation after various diseases, injuries and operations. The purpose of dosed walking is to optimize metabolism, improve the state of the respiratory and circulatory systems, and have a positive effect on the human nervous system.
Dosed walking sessions are conducted on level ground, while the length of the walks and the pace of walking gradually increase depending on the patient's condition. Walking can be done at the following pace:
- Super slow (up to 3 km / h)
- Slow (up to 3.5 km / h)
- Medium (up to 5.6 km / h)
- Fast (up to 6.5 km / h)
- Very fast (over 6.5 km / h)
If the patient tolerates a smooth increase in loads, in the future, dosed walking can be supplemented with other physical exercises. However, it is recommended to do this only as directed by the attending physician, since an independent increase in the load can negatively affect the patient. The fact is that such successes create a deceptive feeling of a quick recovery, while the body's systems may not be ready for significant physical exertion, so that too intense exercise can only harm the recovery of the body.
Healing swimming
Therapeutic swimming is a form of exercise therapy that can be recommended for various diseases of the musculoskeletal system, to stabilize the neuropsychic state, as well as as a preventive measure or as a means of rehabilitation. Such therapy is carried out under the guidance of a specialist, since different swimming styles have certain indications and contraindications. For example, in case of scoliosis, the recommended style is the breast breaststroke, which is contraindicated if a person has an intervertebral hernia.
Swimming style, frequency and duration of sessions are selected individually based on the patient's condition. Much also depends on how much a person has swimming skills; even in adulthood, some cannot swim at all. During the lessons, a variety of additional equipment can be involved, for example, fins, swimming boards, and more.
Just as in the case of medical gymnastics, swimming classes can be held in an individual, group and independent form. At the same time, group lessons are usually held in groups with a small number of people, no more than 7 people. Therapeutic swimming can be combined with other types of physical activity.
Hydrokinesis therapy is a kind of combination of remedial gymnastics and strength training. The features of this type of physiotherapy exercises are as follows:
- When exercising in water, most movements become easier to perform; water supports a person, allowing him to perform those exercise therapy exercises that can cause difficulties on the shore. This moment is very important for those patients who have any pathologies and disorders in the work of the musculoskeletal system.
- The warm water in the swimming pool has a positive effect on the muscles, preventing too much tension. Muscle stiffness is eliminated, pain partially disappears, which for many is a serious barrier to training.
- While a person is in the water, its pressure stimulates blood circulation, which in turn has a positive effect on the metabolism and the state of the cardiovascular system, as well as on the supply of oxygen to all body tissues.
Hydrokinesis includes warm-up, the main part of the workout and relaxation exercises, which are the final part of the workout. The exercises themselves of physiotherapy exercises and the duration of the session depend on the condition of the patients and are selected individually; it is possible to use auxiliary equipment.
Physiotherapy and physiotherapy exercises
Physical therapy is very often used in combination with physiotherapy methods, which, when correct use are able to significantly increase the effectiveness of physiotherapy exercises. Methods such as galvanization, electrophoresis, electrical stimulation, pulse therapy, exposure to heat and some other options can be used as part of the so-called therapeutic triad, which includes physiotherapy, exercise therapy and massage. Basically, there are two options for using these three methods:
- A session of physiotherapy exercises, followed by a massage, and after a while (from half an hour to 1.5 hours) - the necessary physiotherapy procedure.
- Physiotherapy, after a couple of hours - exercise therapy, massage after completion.
To maintain certain time intervals in both cases is required in order to prevent overloading the body. For certain diseases, it is possible to combine exercise therapy, massage and physiotherapy in a different order.
Massage is an important part of rehabilitation. By itself, he is not able to train the body, make it more enduring, as is done by physical therapy, but its combination with exercise therapy allows you to increase the effectiveness of exercises, because thanks to massage, metabolic processes return to normal. In addition, massage helps relieve muscle tension.
During the massage, the temperature of the skin and muscles located in the area the therapist is working with rises, due to which the patient can feel warm and relaxed. The activation of metabolic processes accelerates tissue healing, which is very important in the postoperative period.
Often, a combination of exercise therapy massage is used for patients with joint diseases, since correctly selected exercise therapy exercises relieve the pain that often accompanies such diseases, and also provide better mobility of the affected joint.
Physiotherapy exercises for adults
Physiotherapy exercises are always selected individually. The composition of the complex, the duration of training, the number of repetitions and other parameters are determined not only by the disease, but also by the patient's age, physical fitness and other criteria.
Proper physical activity during pregnancy not only has a positive effect on health future mother and fetus, but also allows the woman to recover faster in the postpartum period. Each of the three trimesters has its own recommended exercises, as well as restrictions that must be observed in order to ensure safety for the child and woman.
First of all, restrictions on sports during pregnancy relate to any activity that involves overly sharp movements, fast running, active jumping. Emotional stress also negatively affects the health of a pregnant woman, so all sports associated with it are also excluded. Depending on the state of health of a woman, there are certain contraindications to physical therapy:
- Diseases of the heart and blood vessels in the acute stage
- Infections, inflammations
- Tuberculosis
- Problems with reproductive system
- Severe toxicosis
- Risk of miscarriage
In these and some other conditions, exercise therapy is not recommended for pregnant women. It is best if the exercise therapy complex is prescribed by a doctor who monitors the pregnancy.
Why is exercise therapy useful for pregnant women and is it not better to protect a woman who is carrying a child from excessive activity? The fact is that physical inactivity is no less harmful to pregnant women: restriction of mobility disrupts the normal functioning of the intestine, which is already forced to rebuild under new conditions, and also leads to excess weight and weakness of labor in the future.
It is better to start classes for pregnant women about an hour and a half after breakfast. You can start with 15 minute sessions, gradually increasing the time to 40 minutes. Different exercises are recommended for different trimesters. However, even if a woman is feeling well, it is worth consulting a doctor before starting any complex.
First trimester
- Breathing exercises
2 seconds for an inhalation, 3 to 5 seconds for a slow exhalation, then a 2-second pause to prepare for the next inhalation. Please note that not only the lungs should work, but also the diaphragm.
- Strengthening muscles
Grab the back of a chair and squat, alternating between squatting and lifting on tiptoes. Do the exercise 10 times.
Leaning on the back of a chair, inhale while bending back a little at the same time. Return to the starting position while exhaling.
Leaning on a chair, alternately make circular movements with your feet. Repeat 20 times for each foot.
Place your feet shoulder-width apart and bend your knees slightly. Place your palms on your hips and do 10 circular movements with your pelvis to the left and right.
Get on all fours. Arch your back up and lock the position for 5 seconds. Then bend, lifting the chin up, fix this position also for 5 seconds. Repeat the cycle 7 times.
Stand up straight with your palms in front of your chest and press them together so that you feel the tension in your chest muscles. Perform 10 times intermittently.
Second trimester
Sit on the floor, place your hands on your belt, perform 5-6 smooth turns in both directions.
Stand on your toes and walk a few circles around the room.
Walk a couple of circles around the room on your heels.
Feet shoulder width apart, right arm raised up. Do 10 bends to the left, switch hands, and do 10 bends to the right.
3 trimester
- Breathing exercises for the development of the so-called economical breathing.
Slow three-second inhalation, then exhale for at least 6 seconds, a pause of 2 seconds before the next inhalation. If possible, it is recommended to gradually increase the duration of inhalation and exhalation - this is a good preparation to cope with labor pains.
Any exercise in the third trimester should be discussed with your doctor. If doing some of them causes discomfort, stop it.
- Stretching and strengthening muscles
Sitting on the fitball, turn your torso in different directions.
Standing, place your feet shoulder-width apart, bend your back slightly and lower your arms down. Roll the fitball with your hands from side to side.
Use measured walking to avoid physical inactivity. Better if your walks are in the fresh air. This will provide additional oxygen to the body.
- Relax your muscles
Lie flat on your back and try to relax your muscles in stages.
While lying down, try to induce a feeling of warmth first in the hands, then in the legs.
Perform finishing breathing exercises.
Physiotherapy exercises in old age allows you to keep the body in good shape and provides the prevention of various disorders of the vestibular apparatus and other body systems. However, it is important to take into account that age imposes certain restrictions on the performance of exercises: their volume must be strictly dosed, and the number of strength exercises is limited. During training, it is important to monitor the state of the body.
Exercise therapy for the elderly includes general strengthening exercises, breathing exercises, applied sports exercises, as well as special complexes that are aimed at training a certain muscle group and are indicated for specific diseases and disorders.
- Head tilts and turns
- Circular hand movements
- Body bends and turns
- Walking in place
- "Bicycle" in a prone position
- Breathing exercises
The time of classes, optimal for an elderly person, is about half an hour, while exercise therapy exercises should be performed in slow pace to keep your breathing deep and measured. It is best if the frequency of classes is two to three times a week; if you feel well, you can do this exercise every other day. To monitor your well-being, you will need to measure and record the patient's blood pressure and pulse before and immediately after exercise.
If a person feels good when performing a set of exercise therapy exercises, then gradually you can increase the intensity of training and the load. Does not have of great importance whether you were engaged before or not. If the loads are selected in accordance with the possibilities, their increase is gradual, the classes are regular, in the presence of diseases, the attending physician was consulted, then exercise therapy classes will benefit. It's never too late to start. After all, even at 60-70 years old people run marathons.
Exercise therapy for children
The need for movement is natural for children of any age, and it is for this reason that exercise therapy for children is a frequent component in the treatment of many diseases. Generally for children of all ages, therapeutic gymnastics is relevant.
The main difference between children's physiotherapy exercises and exercises for adults is that classes take place in the form of game exercises. Much also depends on the age of the child; exercise therapy is suitable for any children, including infants, however physical capabilities babies under one year old will differ significantly from what three-year-olds, first graders and adolescents can. Pace physical development children are quite high, especially in the first years of life, so that physiotherapy exercises are differentiated by age categories, and not only by health.
Exercise therapy can be started from the fourth month of a child's life, while exercise is best alternated with massage - it will help the child's body to rest. Excessive zeal is not worth it - the child will remember unpleasant sensations and emotions, so that he will have a negative attitude towards such activities in the future. Since a child under one year old only masters most of the movements and is only learning to master own body, he will perform the main actions together with his parents.
Exercise therapy for children from one to three years is represented by a much wider range of exercises, because the child has already mastered such an important skill as walking, and can also perform some movements on his own. Classes are held in the form of a game and can be both fortifying in nature and be aimed at eliminating a specific problem.
IN preschool age the basis for the physical health of the child is laid, so it is worthwhile to accustom him to physical activity in advance. Daily exercise is a great way to work out with your little one.
When entering school, many children often have problems with, so that physiotherapy exercises for them becomes even more relevant. Since at present, admission to the first grade occurs after the child passes the medical commission, it makes sense to listen to the recommendations of the doctors and provide the necessary exercise therapy classes both in the first grade and afterwards. You should not rely on school physical education lessons alone - they provide only general physical training and are not individual in nature.
Physiotherapy exercises: medicine and rehabilitation
Often, physical therapy becomes an important part of the process of treating a disease or is part of a complex of rehabilitation measures that allow a person to return to a full life. Although there are general recommendations in certain cases, in practice it has been proven that individual programs designed for a particular patient have the best effect.
Rehabilitation exercise therapy is a process of restoring previously lost patient capabilities due to illness, injury or other cases. Very often, both illnesses and injuries are accompanied by a certain limitation of mobility. This worsens the patient's quality of life, which means that it is necessary to select certain exercises that will ensure the return of the ability to move normally.
Exercise therapy after surgery
Exercise therapy after surgery is an important component of rehabilitation after surgery, especially when it comes to the musculoskeletal system. For example, after operations on the spine or joints, absolutely all patients undergo a course of physiotherapy exercises, starting with minimal loads and gradually increasing them. Since the return of the ability to move normally depends on how well the rehabilitation proceeds, all activities are carried out under the guidance of a rehabilitation doctor.
The increase in the load when performing exercise therapy exercises after the operation is mainly provided by the number of approaches, and not by increasing the intensity. This principle ensures gradual strengthening of the muscles, which is important both in spinal surgery (strengthening the back muscles provides the necessary support for the spinal column) and in joint surgery (joint problems cause the muscles to gradually atrophy, so many patients have to be taught to use them again) ...
If the surgical intervention concerns the internal organs, a person may fear that physical activity will only make him worse. However, correctly selected exercise therapy exercises after surgery, on the contrary, activate metabolic processes, make the rehabilitation process more effective and accelerate recovery. The restoration of motor skills in the postoperative period is also an important task, which is performed thanks to physiotherapy exercises.
Any fracture is a violation of the integrity of the bone, and to restore it, you will need to fix it in the correct position until it heals. Exercise therapy for fracture usually includes three periods:
- Immobilization period.
It lasts all the time until the bone grows together, and is necessary in order to restore the patient's vitality, provide the damaged limb with stimulation of regeneration processes and prevent impaired mobility of muscles and joints. During this period, general exercises, breathing exercises, as well as static and dynamic exercises for the injured limb are recommended.
- Postimmobilization.
When the primary callus is formed, the patient gradually returns to normal life. The plaster has already been removed, but the damaged limb, due to being in it and immobility, has partially lost its strength and mobility, which means that these qualities will need to be restored.
- Recovery.
Although the general rehabilitation is almost completed, the patient may have residual effects, for example, the ability to control the injured limb is not fully restored. Therefore, exercise therapy exercises during this period continue to become more complicated, the load increases.
Otherwise, exercise therapy is rehabilitated if there is a spinal fracture. The tasks of exercise therapy for a fracture in this case depend on the severity of the fracture. If spinal cord rupture occurs, exercise therapy prepares the patient for a life with limited mobility. In case of incomplete rupture of the spinal cord, the main task is to restore the patient's full mobility.
However, in any case, in exercise therapy classes with spinal injuries, sudden movements and forward bends are not allowed; the emphasis is on smoothness of movement and gradual recovery. If the patient is able to walk, walking is allowed only after a positive functional test of the back muscles. A very important point is the emphasis on the formation of correct posture, since not only depends on it appearance a person, but also the health of his spine, as well as the correct functioning of internal organs.
Exercise therapy after a stroke
Stroke is an acute disorder of the cerebral circulation, as a result of which many patients, in one way or another, are faced with the loss of the ability to move normally. Typically, the problem is spastic paralysis and increased muscle tone in the affected limb. Therefore, rehabilitation and the use of exercise therapy exercises are necessary, while they should be started as soon as the patient's condition stabilizes.
Initially, rehabilitation measures consist of performing passive exercises with the help of an instructor. The purpose of these exercises exercise therapy is to provide relaxation of the muscles of the affected part of the body; during this period, physiotherapy exercises should be combined with massage. It is very important that the exercises are done slowly and not cause acute pain in the patient.
In order for exercise therapy to be beneficial, you must adhere to the following rules:
- Regularity of classes
- Gradual increase in load
- Alternation of special exercises with general strengthening exercises
- Any exercise is first performed with a healthy part of the body, then with the affected
A positive attitude of the patient to physical therapy and the desire to restore lost motor abilities is the key to success, therefore, the emotional state during exercise is just as important as adherence to the above rules.
In addition, the support of family and friends is extremely important. Recovery from a stroke can take quite a long time, from several weeks to several months. The patient needs to be patient and continue exercise therapy even when progress is very slow. If you interrupt the course, then the previously achieved successes can be nullified.
Any damage or disease of the musculoskeletal system not only limits physical activity, but also leads to a deterioration in the condition of the whole organism as a whole. Therefore, exercise therapy for diseases of the musculoskeletal system is important for any such condition.
Exercise therapy for scoliosis
Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine and can occur in a wide variety of age groups of patients, but appears mainly in childhood. At the same time, the curvature of the spine is not only a violation of posture, but also problems with the normal functioning of internal organs. The exercise therapy complex allows you to correct scoliosis and is especially effective in childhood, when the process of formation of the spine has not yet been completed.
Exercise therapy for scoliosis as the main method is relevant in the early stages - in the first and second. Scoliosis of 3 and 4 degrees is a more serious disorder, therefore exercise therapy in this case is often used only as an auxiliary method.
Exercise therapy for scoliosis solves the following health problems:
- Providing unloading of the spine.
- Back muscle development.
- Formation of correct posture.
- Improving the functioning of internal organs and the whole organism as a whole.
Physiotherapy, which is relevant for patients with scoliosis, includes specialized exercise complexes; such patients will also benefit from yoga and swimming. To increase the effectiveness of exercise therapy for scoliosis, such activities are combined with massage and physiotherapy methods, which should be prescribed by the attending physician.
Exercise therapy for cervical osteochondrosis
Cervical osteochondrosis is a disease in which there is a pathological change in the intervertebral discs in the cervical spine. The causes of this disease are conditions in which the neck muscles work asymmetrically or experience uneven stress, therefore cervical osteochondrosis is typical for patients who work exclusively while sitting (for example, drivers or office workers). This disease can also lead to neck injuries, overweight.
Exercise therapy for cervical osteochondrosis can become not only a means of treatment, but also a prevention of this disease, so exercises are recommended to be used regularly during sedentary work - for example, during breaks.
In order not to harm the body, exercise therapy for cervical osteochondrosis should be based on the following rules:
- Do not exercise when the illness is in the acute phase. If, when performing exercise therapy, you feel acute pain, dizziness, blurred eyes, you must stop exercising.
- All movements are performed smoothly, abrupt and fast movements can harm the spine.
- You can find mentions that devices for stretching the vertebrae help against cervical osteochondrosis. In no case should they be used without first consulting a doctor, since such self-medication can lead to significant injury.
- The presence of an intervertebral hernia in addition to cervical osteochondrosis is a mandatory reason for consulting a doctor before starting classes.
With a hernia of the spine, the annulus fibrosus protrudes, resulting in a pain syndrome, and due to compression of the nerve endings of the spinal cord, the work of internal organs can be disrupted. Such a violation of the structure of the vertebra can appear in any part of the spine, and physical exercises are the main method of treatment in this case. This is all the more important, since one of the reasons for the appearance of an intervertebral hernia is precisely the lack of sufficient physical activity.
Exercise therapy for a hernia of the spine ensures the restoration of the muscle corset, which not only eases the patient's condition, but also prevents the recurrence of a hernia. Exercise has a beneficial effect on the ligaments and muscles located near the spine, in addition, exercise therapy improves blood circulation, thereby ensuring that the spinal discs receive the necessary nutrients.
As soon as the pain syndrome is eliminated, you can start physical education. However, certain conditions must be observed in order not to cause additional harm with exercise.
When there is a selection of exercise therapy exercises for a hernia of the spine, you must pay maximum attention to your own condition and not perform those exercises that cause severe pain. If some movement causes slight discomfort, such an exercise is permissible, however, it must be done as carefully as possible. The choice of a set of exercises depends on the condition of the patient himself, as well as on the part of the spine in which the hernia has formed. Any exercise should only be performed after consulting a doctor based on the results of diagnostics.
When the back muscles are not yet sufficiently developed, it is recommended to avoid exercises that involve twisting the body. In general, with your back, it is better to be more careful and not jump, as well as not allow jolts and blows to the back area.
Exercise therapy for a hernia of the spine involves a gradual advance from a small warm-up to a full exercise, so you should not count on the fact that a selected set of exercise therapy exercises will allow you to get rid of a hernia of the spine in a couple of days.
Exercise therapy for arthrosis of the knee
With the knee joint, degeneration of cartilage tissue occurs, as a result of which the function of the joint itself is disrupted, pain appears, and the normal mobility of the leg is noticeably affected. Such a disease can appear both after injury and for other reasons, however, physiotherapy exercises for knee arthrosis will be useful regardless of why the cartilage of the joint began to collapse.
The main role of physiotherapy exercises for arthrosis of the knee joint is to relieve the symptoms of the disease: elimination or significant reduction of pain, improvement of blood flow, as well as normalization of muscle tone. Classes should be regular; it is recommended to carry out them three times a day, and the duration of each time should be at least 20 minutes. It is important that the rest between exercises takes place with the straightened knee joint- this will help to avoid the development of flexion contracture. Naturally, a specialist should select exercises based on the results of diagnostics and the patient's condition.
The difficulty of the exercises and the number of repetitions gradually increase, however, throughout the course of physiotherapy exercises, sudden movements and excessive efforts are unacceptable.
The preventive role of physiotherapy exercises is no less important than the restorative one, because it is much easier to prevent any disease than to cure it (especially in its neglected form). Therefore, the habit of proper physical activity will be beneficial at any age - the main thing is to choose the right exercises that match your goal.
A set of exercises to strengthen the back
To strengthen the muscular corset of the back, thereby ensuring the health of the spine and all internal organs, it is not necessary to visit the gym or special courses - it is enough to master a simple set of exercise therapy exercises for the spine and perform them regularly.
Starting position - lying on your back with a flat bolster under the lower back, legs slightly bent at the knees and located at the width of the pelvis. You will need to forcefully press your heels on the floor, while directing your toes towards you; at the same time, the elbows are bent, and the hands are tense and turned towards the shoulders. We tear off the back of the head from the floor, trying to reach as much as possible with the chin for the chest. If the exercise is performed correctly, you will feel the muscles of your entire back stretch. This position must be fixed for a while, after which you must lie flat and relax the muscles.
Dumbbells are an affordable gymnastic equipment, and exercises with them will strengthen your back as well as exercising in a fitness club. From a standing position, bend forward so that your body is parallel to the floor. Bend your arms with dumbbells at the elbows, then pull them up and spread them to the sides.
Another dumbbell exercise that is useful not only for the back, but also for the neck. Starting position standing, feet shoulder-width apart, arms with dumbbells down. Slowly pull your shoulder muscles up and also slowly lower, while your hands just hold the dumbbells.
Fitball is very often recommended for exercise therapy for back diseases, however, it is also perfect for preventive exercises to strengthen the back. Place the ball close to the wall, lie on your stomach and rest your feet against the wall. Now lift your body up and down; if the exercise seems too easy, lift your legs higher.
Lie on the floor on your stomach (or on a rug), place your hands behind your head, elbows out to the sides. Slowly lift your body up and then down. Do a few repetitions, rest, and then repeat the complex again. To complicate the exercise:
- arms can be extended straight in front of you, palms are turned towards each other.
- when the body is up, pause for a while, and then slowly lower.
- simultaneously with raising the body, raise your legs as far as possible.
This is perhaps one of the simplest, but very effective exercise to strengthen the muscles of the back.
Exercises for training the back can be performed not every day, but three times a week. After the workout is completed, it will be useful to relax your back, for which you can lie on the fitball with your back and ride back and forth for several minutes. Smoothness is extremely important when performing any exercise therapy exercises for the back. Any sudden movements are excluded, as they can lead to injuries. Gradual exercise combined with regular exercise is no less important.
Exercise therapy for the spine
There are special exercise therapy exercises that are focused on working with a specific section of the spine. Such complexes allow you to support the spine in healthy condition and preserve his mobility to a ripe old age.
The cervical spine is the most mobile of the entire spinal column, and in order to maintain its health, it will be enough to perform simple exercises. They can be practiced as part of morning exercises, but if there is no such habit, they can be performed throughout the day (and even in the workplace, which will be very useful for sedentary work).
- Press your forehead against the palm so that you feel the tension in the muscles of the neck and fix the pressure for 7 seconds. Repeat three times, then do the same, pressing down on the palm with the back of your head.
- Place your hands near your temples, first press on your right hand with your right temple for 7 seconds, then on your left hand with your left temple. Execute three times.
- Tilt your head back slightly, then try to reach your chin to the clavicular cavity.
- Place your shoulders and head as straight as possible. From this position, turn your head left and right 5 times in each direction.
- Lower your chin and from this position turn your head to the sides.
These exercises for the cervical spine exercise therapy will help prevent the development of many pathologies.
Exercise therapy of the thoracic spine
A set of preventive exercise therapy exercises for the thoracic spine will provide an even posture and health of the vertebrae, preventing the development of osteochondrosis and other diseases.
Starting position - a straight stand with straight legs and a straight spine, keep your head straight, arms hang freely. Slowly move your hands to such a position so that your hands touch your shoulders, then also slowly return them to their previous position, while inhaling and arching your chest forward.
The same situation. Bend your arms so that your right palm rests on your left shoulder and your left palm on your right. As you inhale, push with your arms so as to pull your shoulders forward. As you exhale, take the original position.
Stand straight and try to close your palms behind your back so that your thumbs are parallel to the vertebrae of the thoracic region. Inhaling, press your palms on the spine, as if moving the vertebrae downward. As you exhale, release the pressure on the spine until the next inhalation.
Stay in the same position, put your fists behind your back and start working on the vertebrae with them, pressing on them alternately. Repeat three times in a row.
Such care of the thoracic vertebrae does not take much time, and the result with regular exercises will be noticeable very soon.
Complex exercise therapy of the lumbosacral region
The complex of exercise therapy of the lumbosacral region for the prevention of diseases of the spine is only 20 minutes of classes a day for back health.
Get on all fours. Inhaling, bend in the lumbar spine as much as possible, as you exhale, remove the bend and return to the starting position.
From the same position, stretch your right leg back while lifting your head. Do the exercise in turn with each leg. Do some repetitions.
Kneeling position. From this position, sit on your heels, stretch your arms in front of you and rest on the floor. Lower your head between your hands. As you inhale, bend your arms so as to reach the floor with your forearms, while raising your head and pelvis so that a deflection forms in the lower back. Return to the starting position as you exhale.
Get on your knees, lean on your hands. Without taking your hands off the floor, push the pelvis back, you can drop to your feet. Feel your back muscles stretch. For more effect, try pulling your arms forward.
Stand straight, lower your arms along your torso, feet shoulder-width apart. As you inhale, raise your arms up, spread them to the sides; as you exhale, lower your arms so that they touch the floor, and try not to bend your knees.
The exercises do not require sports equipment and can be performed at any time.
Despite the fact that correctly selected physiotherapy exercises are an excellent therapeutic, rehabilitation and prophylactic means, there are certain contraindications to its appointment. First of all, these are absolute contraindications, which include:
- The grave condition of the patient.
- Chronic disease in the acute stage.
- Heat.
- Sharp pain.
- Danger of bleeding due to physical activity, as well as cases where bleeding is already present.
- Treatment period for malignant tumors
- Intoxication of the body, which is expressed in general weakness, changes in blood composition and other obvious signs.
In addition to the absolute, there are partial restrictions on the treatment of exercise therapy. From the side of the heart and blood vessels, these are diseases such as
- chronic myocarditis,
- cardiosclerosis,
- myocardial dystrophy.
Such patients can perform only those exercises that do not involve significant physical activity. But patients with hypertension are not recommended exercises that require sharp bends and movements.
For most patients with diseases of the respiratory system (asthma, bronchitis, emphysema), complexes with a heavy load are not suitable, but breathing exercises are recommended - a frequent component that includes exercise therapy treatment. If a person has disturbances in the work of the digestive system, exercises that require a lot of stress are contraindicated for him - this increases the pressure in the abdominal cavity, which can lead to various problems. Overvoltage is dangerous for those suffering from hemorrhoids due to prolapse of hemorrhoids.
Obesity also imposes certain restrictions on exercise therapy. This is indeed the case because excess weight in itself represents a certain additional burden on the body, and in this situation, improper dosage of exercise can harm. Another limitation on the part of metabolic diseases is diabetes mellitus, however, physical activity in this disease is necessary for the normal blood supply to tissues and organs.
Jumping rope exercises, jumping and jumping are contraindicated in people who are at risk of retinal detachment or diagnosed with moderate to high myopia.
Exercise therapy is a good and popular means of prevention, rehabilitation and treatment of various diseases, allowing people to be healthy. In order for the effect of physiotherapy exercises to be maximum, for the selection of exercises, you should contact a specialist who will assess your health and give certain recommendations.
The mechanisms of the therapeutic action of physical exercises scientifically substantiate the use of therapeutic physical culture. VC. Dobrovolsky identified four main mechanisms of the therapeutic effect of physical exercises: tonic effect, trophic effect, formation of compensations, normalization of functions.
The mechanism of tonic effect. At the onset of the disease, especially acutely, the excitatory processes in the central nervous system intensify, protective and pathological reactions appear, the body temperature rises, and the activity of many internal organs is activated. During this period, the patient is shown a rest regime, physical exercises are not used or are used very limitedly.
As acute events subside, as well as in chronic diseases, the level of the main life processes decreases. This is due to the predominance of inhibition processes in the central nervous system, which is a consequence of the disease itself and a decrease in the patient's motor activity (a decrease in the number of impulses coming from the receptors of the musculoskeletal system). The same reasons lead to a decrease in the activity of the endocrine glands (adrenal glands, thyroid gland, etc.). Violation of the regulatory influence of the central nervous and endocrine systems affects the level of the course of vegetative functions: the functions of blood circulation, respiration, metabolism, resistance and reactivity of the body decrease. Physical exercises increase the intensity of vital processes in the body, reduce the adverse effect on the patient of the motor regime with limited activity.
During exercise, the motor zone of the central nervous system is excited, which extends to its other parts, improving all nervous processes. The activity of the endocrine glands is enhanced. Thus, an increase in the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla activates the activity of many internal organs; an increase in the secretion of hormones in the cortical layer increases the body's resistance, metabolism, and has an anti-inflammatory effect. At the same time, through motor-visceral reflexes, vegetative functions are stimulated: the activity of the cardiovascular system improves, the blood supply to all organs and tissues increases, the function of external respiration is enhanced, and protective reactions are activated.
The tonic effect of physical exercises is enhanced by the positive emotions that arise in the classroom of medical physical culture. Already the very consciousness that healing physical education can help restore health, that in this method of treatment, much depends on one's own perseverance and activity, increases self-confidence, distracts from disturbing thoughts about the disease. Improving mood, the appearance of vigor and even unconscious pleasure from doing physical exercises, which I.P. Pavlov called muscle joy, activate nervous processes and stimulate the activity of the endocrine glands, which, in turn, improves the regulation of the functions of internal organs.
Any physical exercise has a tonic effect. Its degree depends on the mass of the contracting muscles and the intensity of the exercise. Exercises that involve large muscle groups and are performed at a fast pace have a significant impact. Mechanisms of motor-visceral reflexes activate the work of internal organs during the work of both the muscles of the trunk and the muscles of the legs or arms. Therefore, it is possible to achieve a general tonic effect by performing physical exercises with a load on healthy segments of the body.
In addition to the general tonic effect, some physical exercises also have a directed effect, stimulating mainly the functions of certain organs and systems. For example, exercises for the abdomen, diaphragm, and leg movements in the hip joints increase intestinal motility, and certain breathing exercises improve bronchial patency and ventilation.
The tonic effect of physical exercises should be strictly dosed depending on the patient's condition and the period of the disease. In the acute and subacute periods of the disease, in the severe general condition of the patient, exercises are used that stimulate the activity of only a separate organ or system. For example, movements in small distal joints increase peripheral circulation, but cause only minor shifts in the activity of other organs.
In the initial period of recovery, as well as in chronic diseases, general tonic effects are shown to consolidate the results of treatment (supportive therapy). Therefore, physical exercises are used for various muscle groups, the total physical load of which is not too large. It may not exceed the load of previous sessions. Such a load should not tire the trainees, but cause a feeling of cheerfulness and joy.
To restore the functions of the whole body during the recovery period, constantly increasing physical activity is also used, which gradually enhances the stimulating effect and, through training, improve the adaptation of the body, improve reserves.
Thus, the tonic effect of physical exercises consists in changing (most often in strengthening) the intensity of biological processes in the body under the influence of a dosed muscle load.
The mechanism of trophic action. With a disease, a change in the structure of organs and tissues occurs - from minor subtle violations chemical composition cells to pronounced structural changes and damage, and in some cases up to cell death. These pathological manifestations of the disease are always associated with metabolic disorders. Treatment is aimed at accelerating the regeneration (restoration of the structure) of cells, which is achieved by improving and normalizing metabolism. The trophic effect of physical exercises is manifested in the fact that metabolic processes are activated under their influence.
When performing physical exercises, the regulatory systems (nervous and endocrine) stimulate the activity of blood circulation, respiration, and activate metabolic processes. Muscle contractions consume adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP). During rest, there is an increase in resynthesis and synthesis of ATP, energy reserves increase (super-recovery phase). ATP is a source of not only the energy of movement, but also of plastic processes. Therefore, an increase in ATP ensures the renewal of cells and tissues, their regeneration. In the process of muscle activity, lactic and pyruvic acids enter the blood from the muscles, which are used as energy material by other organs. Physical exercises not only activate metabolism, but also direct trophic processes towards the regeneration of damaged cells.
The treatment of fractures can serve as a striking example of the influence of exercise therapy on the regenerative processes in the body. The formation of callus with the correct comparison of fragments and immobilization occurs without the use of physical exercises. However, its formation in such cases proceeds slowly, and the structure is defective. This callus is initially much larger in volume than the bone (periosteal callus), its structure is loose, the bone elements located in it do not correspond to the intact surrounding areas. Only after the patient begins to perform various industrial and household activities, that is, to use functional loads, the callus is restructured: the extra tissue elements are absorbed, the structure of the bone elements comes into line with the intact areas.
If therapeutic physical culture is used from the very first days after injury, then bone regeneration is significantly accelerated. Exercise, by improving blood circulation and metabolism, promotes the resorption of dead elements and stimulates the growth of connective tissue and the formation of blood vessels. Timely use of special physical exercises (exercises with axial load are especially effective) accelerates the formation and restructuring of callus.
Under the influence of muscle activity, the development of muscle atrophy caused by hypodynamia is delayed. And if atrophy has already developed (during immobilization after injuries, damage to peripheral nerves, etc.), restoration of the structure and function of muscles is possible only when performing physical exercises that activate metabolic processes.
Various physical exercises have a trophic effect, regardless of the localization of their effect. The degree of influence of exercises on the general metabolism depends on the number of muscles involved in the movement and on the intensity of its implementation. Some physical exercises have a targeted trophic effect on certain organs. So, movements in the joint improve its trophism and contribute to the restoration of its structure in diseases and arthrogenic contractures caused by structural changes. And exercises for the abdominal muscles improve the trophism of the abdominal organs.
The trophic effect of physical exercises is also manifested in the improvement of oxidative processes in the body, and the enhancement of tissue metabolism at the same time stimulates the elimination of pathological processes, for example, the healing of sluggish current wounds.
In case of metabolic disorders, the trophic effect of physical exercise contributes to its normalization. Moreover, not only due to the activation of metabolism due to an increase in energy costs, but also due to an improvement in the function of regulatory systems. For example, in diabetes mellitus, exercise increases tissue metabolism, sugar consumption and its deposition in muscles, and also enhances the effect of insulin, which in some cases allows you to reduce its dose. In milder forms diabetes mellitus exercise, while improving hormonal regulation, sometimes lowers blood sugar levels to normal levels.
Compensation formation mechanism. In diseases, dysfunctions are compensated by adaptation (adaptation) of the damaged organ or other organ systems by optimizing regulatory mechanisms. Thus, compensation is a temporary or permanent replacement for impaired functions. Compensation formation is a biological property of living organisms. In case of violation of the functions of a vital organ, compensatory mechanisms are turned on immediately. So, in violation of the respiratory system, the simplest spontaneous compensation manifests itself in the form of shortness of breath and tachycardia. During physical work, shortness of breath increases. Physiotherapy exercises gradually develop compensations by strengthening the respiratory muscles, increasing the mobility of the ribs and diaphragm, and automatically fixed deep, but rare breathing, which is more economical than shallow, but frequent breathing. Exercise improves the functions of other organs and systems involved in gas exchange: heart function improves and vascular reactions improve, the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood increases, which provide oxygen delivery to cells, oxygen is better absorbed, and oxidative processes in tissues are more economical. These compensations allow physical activity to be performed without shortness of breath, although structural changes in the lungs persist.
The compensation processes are regulated by a reflex mechanism. The ways of forming compensation were established by P.K.Anokhin. They can be schematically represented as follows. Signals of dysfunction enter the central nervous system, which, without the participation of consciousness, activates compensatory mechanisms, which consist in such a restructuring of the work of all organs and systems, which compensates for the disturbed functions. However, in the beginning, inadequate compensatory reactions are usually formed: excessive or insufficient. Under the influence of new signals about the degree of compensation, the central nervous system ensures their further improvement and develops and consolidates optimal compensation.
Exercise increases the flow of impulses in the central nervous system and accelerates the formation of compensations, and also produces more perfect compensations, since they adapt the body not to a state of rest, but to the conditions of muscular activity.
Compensations are temporary and permanent. Temporary compensation is needed for a short time during the period of illness. So, before the operation on the chest, it is possible to strengthen diaphragmatic breathing with the help of physical exercises; the skill of deep diaphragmatic breathing will facilitate the patient's position in the postoperative period. Permanent compensations are formed for the whole life with irreversible changes in the body (heart disease, limb amputation, prolapse of internal organs, etc.). Such compensation should be constantly improved. In many cases, as a result of persistent training, functions improve as much as necessary for everyday life and work, although the disease itself cannot be cured.
The formation of permanent compensations with the help of physical exercises is now widely used in the rehabilitation system for the disabled and patients with chronic diseases.
Function normalization mechanism. To restore health and performance after illness or injury, it is necessary to normalize all body functions. Exercise activates various functions. Initially, they help restore motor-visceral connections, which, in turn, have a normalizing effect on the regulation of other functions. During the recovery period, large training physical loads become possible, which normalize the activity of regulatory systems. Exercise increases the excitability of the motor centers in the central nervous system. " Their excitement begins to prevail over the excitation of other zones and thereby drowns out the pathological impulses coming from diseased organs. Since the motor centers have a connection with the centers that regulate the work of internal organs, the function of the latter is gradually restored. The normalization of the processes of nervous regulation under the influence of physical exercises is supported by the activation and restoration of the regulatory function of the endocrine system.
In many diseases of the heart, its contractile function is reduced. Compensatory processes begin to act, changing the activity of the cardiovascular system, enhancing the function of the respiratory system. Defense mechanisms(palpitations, shortness of breath, weakness, pain), sparing the heart, limit the ability to perform muscle work. Treatment of such patients with rest, medication, diet and other means improves their condition, but full recovery of the power of heart contractions does not occur without muscular loads. Therapeutic physical culture with a precisely dosed, gradually increasing load strengthens the heart muscle, normalizes the contractile ability of the heart and restores the function of regulatory systems in accordance with the volume of the load.
Exercise also helps eliminate movement disorders. For example, prolonged immobilization of the lower limb in the event of a fracture forms a new walking skill - with a straight leg, which remains even after the removal of the cast. Walking is normalized quite quickly with the help of special physical exercises.
After painful contracture, even with the elimination of pain and changes in the joint, movement restriction may persist as a result of pathological conditioned reflex... Restoration of the full range of motion in this case is achieved by physical exercises in relaxing muscles, distracting, play tasks alternating with movements in the affected joint.
In the course of the disease, certain reflexes inherent in a healthy body weaken or even completely disappear. Thus, prolonged bed rest causes the extinction of vascular reflexes associated with a change in posture. And when the patient receives permission to get up, his vessels react poorly to the standing position, which changes the hemodynamic conditions: the necessary increase in the tone of the arteries of the lower extremities does not occur. As a result, the blood rushes to the lower extremities, and due to its insufficient flow to the brain, the patient may lose consciousness. Exercises with a gradual change in the position of the legs, head and trunk contribute to the restoration of postovascular reflexes.
Clinical recovery is not always accompanied by restoration of working capacity. A person who has suffered, say, pneumonia, the temperature, blood composition, and the structure of the lung tissue may normalize, but at the first attempt to perform physical work, profuse sweating, shortness of breath, dizziness and weakness will appear. It will take a long time to restore efficiency.
Performing correctly selected and accurately dosed physical exercises during the recovery period will contribute to the normalization of the autonomic functions of the body, the restoration of motor qualities, reduced during the illness, and the optimal functioning of all body systems during muscular work. For this purpose, for example, special physical exercises are used that improve a certain motor quality (muscle strength, coordination of movements) or organ function (external respiration, intestinal motility, etc.). They are dosed in such a way as to have a tonic effect, that is, the loads in them should gradually, but constantly increase. Such training causes the body to adapt to increasing physical activity by improving the functions of the regulatory and autonomic systems and the musculoskeletal system, i.e., it leads to the normalization of all functions of the body as a whole.
In this way, curative action physical exercise is diverse. It manifests itself in a complex manner (for example, in the form of a simultaneous tonic and trophic effect). Depending on the specific case and the stage of the disease, it is possible to select such special physical exercises and such a dosage of the load that will provide the predominant action of one mechanism necessary for treatment in a given period of the disease.
Security Question... Explain by examples the mechanism of formation of compensation.
Heading:
Therapeutic physical culture as a means of influencing the human body uses physical exercises and their complexes, selected in accordance with the characteristics of the disease, the initial state of the body, the stage of the course of the disease, specific treatment tasks at each stage of treatment, at a certain pace, sequence, number of repetitions of movements, duration impacts taking into account the reserve capacity of the body. Under the influence of dosed physical exercises, respiration, blood circulation, metabolism are activated, the functional state of the nervous, muscular systems, etc.
Purposeful use of physical exercises helps to normalize the relationship between the processes of excitation and inhibition in the cortex large brain and leads to the alignment of disturbed nervous and neuro-humoral regulations, the normalization of the relationship between all systems and organs of a person as a whole.
For any physical exercise, all links nervous system take part in the body's response to movement. Physical exercises stimulate the basic physiological processes in the patient's body, have a positive effect on mood and emotions. The products of the endocrine glands (hormones) entering the bloodstream, the products of muscle activity cause humoral shifts, which also determines the general reaction of the body (humoral regulation, humoral mechanism of action ).
Physiotherapy exercises use a large arsenal of different physical exercises, amenable to dosage according to the number and location of muscles involved and exercise, structure and form of movements, amplitude, strength, rhythm, tempo (speed) of movement, duration of exercises and complexity of exercises. This creates an opportunity to differentiate the nature and degree of influence of physical exercises on the patient's body. Therefore, physiotherapy exercises have no age-related contraindications, and other contraindications are only temporary.
And in connection with this, physiotherapy exercises are used in the treatment of a wide variety of diseases and injuries, in all types of medical institutions, at all stages of treatment.
There are four types of therapeutic effects of physical exercises: tonic, trophic, the formation of compensation and normalization of functions.
The tonic effect (increase in the general tone) is manifested in all cases of physical therapy, and it can be considered the main one. It manifests itself primarily in the restoration of disturbed motor - visceral reflexes, which allows, with an appropriate choice of physical exercises, to purposefully increase the tone of those organs in which it is more reduced.
The trophic effect is manifested in cases of tissue damage or tissue malnutrition. Trophism (from the Greek tropin - food) is a set of cellular nutrition processes that ensure the constancy of the structure and function of a tissue or organ. Initially, the trophic effect of physical exercises is manifested in the acceleration of the resorption of dead tissue elements in connection with the improvement of local blood circulation. Then, in the phase of defect replacement, an increased delivery of building proteins is provided, which are used to form new tissue structures to replace the dead ones.
Excessive exposure to exercise disrupts regeneration processes and often leads to the formation of a connective tissue scar. With atrophies, not only a decrease in tissue volume occurs, but also structural changes of a degenerative nature. Therefore, the use of physical exercises for atrophies with the aim of complete functional recovery takes a long time.
The formation of compensation is manifested in cases when, under the influence of a disease, any function of the body is disturbed. If the dysfunction is life-threatening, then compensation is formed spontaneously and immediately, otherwise (not life-threatening) compensation should be formed during treatment.
An example of immediate spontaneous compensation is a significant increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood when going uphill to an altitude of more than 3 km. Sometimes spontaneous compensations may be incorrect and require correction. For example, after surgery on the chest, the emerging spontaneous compensation in the form of rapid shallow breathing is corrected by deliberately slowing down breathing, lengthening expiration and maximally involving the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall in breathing. Very important are compensations formed with the participation of consciousness with the help of specially selected physical exercises, for example, the development of motor skills in the actions of the left hand in case of dysfunction of the right, etc.
The normalization of functions is based on the ability of physical exercises to inhibit or completely eliminate the pathological conditioned reflex connections formed during the illness and at the same time contribute to the restoration of normal regulation of the activity of the whole organism as a whole. An example is the restoration of the full range of motion in case of antalgic (pain) contractures. With the cessation of pain, large muscle groups of healthy segments of the body are involved in exercises, gradually the range of motion is restored. Exercises for attention can enhance the inhibitory processes, and exercises performed at the fastest pace increase the excitatory processes.
Physical therapy has a general strengthening, health-improving effect, increases physical performance, increases blood circulation, restores joint mobility, strengthens ligaments, improves the functions of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive systems, develops the body's resistance to disease. Each human organ clearly performs its functions. For the normal functioning of the body as a system, a load is necessary, in case of illness, strictly dosed. Respiratory gymnastics has a positive effect on the body, increases muscle tone, and increases metabolic rate. Physical and breathing exercises stimulate the activity of the cardiovascular system. Thanks to this, the blood circulates better through the capillaries, which intensifies the nutrition of the cells and tissues of the body, and accelerates the elimination of toxins. These processes increase the body's defenses.
Respiratory organs function intensively. Respiratory movements become more frequent, become deeper, the alveoli in the lungs are straightened, the respiratory muscles (intercostal muscles and diaphragm) are strengthened. The increased work of various muscle groups leads to an increase in the number of nerve impulses from the peripheral nerve endings to the central nervous system, which has an exciting effect on the cerebral cortex, endocrine system(adrenal glands), skin (sweat glands). Gymnastic exercises stimulate vital activity. important systems organism and create conditions for its normal functioning.
Physiotherapy (exercise therapy) is divided into two types: general and special.
General exercise therapy is used to heal the whole body, special exercise therapy is aimed at improving individual organs and systems. Physical exercises in physiotherapy exercises are divided into three groups: gymnastic, applied sports and games. Gym exercises consist of specific movements that have a beneficial effect on muscle development as well as joint flexibility. Respiratory gymnastics exercises can be conditionally divided into general strengthening and special ones. General strengthening exercises in physiotherapy exercises are subdivided according to anatomical characteristics (for the muscles of the upper and lower extremities, trunk, abdominal muscles, etc.), activity (passive, active, with relaxation), orientation (preparatory, corrective, breathing), using objects (outfits) or without them. Special exercises are used for certain organs and systems. So, with scoliosis or flat feet, restorative exercises are aimed at preventing the disease. A progressive disease requires a specific set of exercises. In the recovery period, an individual approach is needed, the selection of an adequate set of exercises. Therapeutic gymnastics develops all muscle groups in the body. So, training the elbow joint not only stimulates its flexibility, but also helps a person build muscle mass. Special exercises are used in combination with general strengthening exercises. The physiotherapy specialist should clarify the presence of contraindications. Classes are held according to the principle: from simple to complex.
All exercises are subdivided into dynamic and static. When performing dynamic exercises, the contractions of certain muscle groups alternate with their relaxation. When performing static exercises, the body is in one specific position for some time, while the flexibility and extensibility of the ligaments increases, and blood circulation in certain parts of the body improves.
Physical exercises performed by a person in everyday life (walking, running, jumping) are used in physiotherapy exercises as applied. Dosed use of walking, running has a beneficial effect on general well-being, as well as on the respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous systems.
A general strengthening effect on the body is exerted by various games that cause positive emotions and produce a healing effect. They can be motionless, mobile, athletic.
All movements of the human body are carried out in three mutually perpendicular planes(in the sagittal (anteroposterior), frontal and horizontal planes) and are divided into three groups:
turns and circular movements;
flexion and extension;
abduction and adduction.
The anteroposterior plane divides the body into left and right halves, the horizontal plane crosses the body in the transverse direction, dividing it into upper and lower sections, the frontal plane divides the body and its parts into anterior and posterior sections. The ability to accept and hold various positions of the body in space is carried out due to muscle tone, i.e. involuntary muscle tension at rest. Any movement is carried out as a result of contraction or relaxation of a specific muscle group.
Physical exercises have a tonic (stimulating), trophic, compensatory and normalizing effect on the body.
The tonic (stimulating) effect of exercise
During the disease, the body is in especially unfavorable conditions, both due to dysfunction caused by the pathological process, and due to forced hypokinesia, which worsens the patient's condition and contributes to the progression of the disease. The tonic effect of physical exercises is expressed primarily in the stimulation of motor-visceral reflexes. Strengthening the afferent impulses of proprioceptors stimulates cellular metabolism in the neurons of the central link of the motor analyzer, as a result, the trophic effect of the central nervous system on skeletal muscles and internal organs increases, i.e. for the whole organism.
The benefits of exercise: their physiology and adequacy, versatility ( wide range action), no negative side effects(with the correct dosage of the load and a rational training method), the possibility of long-term use (practically without restrictions) with the transition from therapeutic to preventive and general health-improving quality.
Trophic effect of exercise
One of the mechanisms of physiological regulation of tissue metabolism is trophic reflexes. The trophic function is performed by various parts of the central nervous system, including the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus. The implementation of any type of nervous activity, from a simple reflex act to complex forms of behavior, is associated with a change in the level of metabolic processes, especially if the musculoskeletal system acts as an executive effector mechanism. The information emanating from its proprioceptors has a high level of trophic influence on all organs, including cells of the nervous system.
The trophic influence of physical exercises in the phase of formation of the regenerate replacing the defect is well known. It is based on the activation of plastic processes with an increased delivery of proteins, which compensates for the energy consumption for muscle work. Medicinal use physical exercise not only stimulates trophic processes, but also, directing them along the functional channel, contributes to the formation of the most complete structure of the regenerate.
The trophic effect of exercise can manifest itself in the form of regenerative, or compensatory, hypertrophy. Regenerative hypertrophy occurs in the form of a more intense physiological reaction of tissue elements. For example, active muscle loads in patients with traumatic injuries of the lower extremities lead to an increase in the neuro-trophic effect on a certain muscle group, activation of the RNA-protein system, increased protein synthesis and a decrease in decay (especially myofibrillar proteins), an increase in the power of the enzymatic systems of anaerobic and especially aerobic synthesis of macroergs by increasing the utilization of lipids and carbohydrates. An increase in functional load (along the axis of the tubular bone) enhances the hydrodynamic effect of elastic bone deformations on microcirculation and tissue trophism and leads to the predominance of bone formation processes over resorption processes.
In diseases and injuries of the central and peripheral nervous system, muscle dysfunction (paresis, paralysis) can cause the development of stiffness in the joints, contractures. With a prolonged absence of active movements in the joints, secondary changes develop in them, which in turn reduce the range of motion. In the process of performing special physical exercises, blood and lymph circulation in the periarticular tissues improves, mobility increases, which in turn leads to a more complete functional recovery of the entire limb. Using the viscero-visceral and motor-visceral relationships in this way, it is possible to select physical exercises taking into account the localization of their trophic action, in a specific area or organ.
Formation of compensation
Compensation is a temporary or permanent replacement for impaired functions. Compensatory processes go through two stages: urgent and long-term compensation. So, for example, in case of a traumatic injury to the right hand, the patient immediately begins to act in various everyday situations with his left hand - this is an urgent compensation, it is necessary in extreme situations, but is deliberately inferior. Later, as a result of physical exercise training and the formation of a system of new structurally fixed connections in the brain, skills are developed that provide long-term compensation - the relatively free performance of household manipulations with the left hand, which are usually performed with the right.
As a result of studying compensatory processes in violation of motor functions and functions of internal organs, P.K.Anokhin formulated several general principles that characterize the process of formation of functional systems that compensate for the defect. These principles can be applied to compensatory processes for damage to various organs. For example, injury to the lower limb causes imbalance and imbalance in walking. This entails a change in signaling from receptors of the vestibular apparatus, proprioceptors of muscles, receptors of the skin of the extremities and trunk, as well as visual receptors (the principle of signaling a defect). As a result of the processing of this information in the central nervous system, the function of certain motor centers and muscle groups changes in such a way as to restore balance to one degree or another and preserve the ability to move, albeit in a modified form. As the degree of damage increases, the signaling of a defect can increase, then new areas of the central nervous system and the corresponding muscle groups are involved in compensatory processes (the principle of progressive mobilization of spare compensatory mechanisms). Subsequently, as the damage itself is effectively compensated or eliminated, the composition of the afferent impulse flow entering the higher parts of the nervous system changes. Accordingly, certain parts of the functional system that were previously involved in compensatory activity are turned off, or new components are turned on (the principle of reverse afferentation of the stages of restoration of disturbed functions). The preservation of a sufficiently stable anatomical defect after regular exercise will make itself felt by a certain combination of afferentations entering the higher parts of the nervous system, which, on this basis, will ensure the formation of stable compensation of temporary connections and optimal compensation, i.e. minimal lameness with this damage (the principle of authorized afferentation).
Long-term training of compensatory mechanisms (walking on crutches, with a stick, independently) can provide sufficient compensation for impaired or lost functions; however, at a certain stage, further improvement of complex reflex mechanisms no longer leads to significant changes, i.e. compensation stabilization occurs (the principle of relative stability of compensatory devices). During this period, a dynamically stable equilibrium of the patient's body with a certain structural and functional defect in the external environment is established.
The role of the cerebral cortex in compensatory processes in case of damage to the underlying parts of the nervous system is that the cortical parts of the analyzers are sensitive to any change in the relationship of the body with environment... This explains the decisive role of the cortex in compensating for movement disorders after injuries and reconstructive operations. For example, after the operation of splitting the forearm (creating the Krukenberg arm), there are only anatomical prerequisites for compensating for the missing hand. In order for the newly formed branches of the hand to in one way or another take over the function of the missing hand, profound changes in the functions of the shoulder and forearm are necessary, associated with the restructuring of the corresponding nerve centers. Without training, based on a verbal explanation of the training of certain muscle groups, showing the pattern of the movement itself and fixing it in the training process, such a restructuring is impossible even for several years. For the development of compensation in this case, active activity of the cortical mechanisms, in particular the mechanisms of the second signaling system, and the training of certain muscle groups of the shoulder and forearm with physical exercises are required.
