The structure of fins. Flyerfish fish. Nervous fish system

Frames of fish are paired and unpaired. To the pair belongs to the chest P (Pinna Pectoralis) and the abdominal V (Pinna Ventralis); Unparalleled - spinal d (Pinna Dorsalis), anal A (Pinna Analis) and tail with (Pinna Caudalis). The outer skeleton of the fins of bony fish consists of rays that may be branches and Nursery. The upper part of branched rays is divided into separate rays and has the kind of tassels (branched). They are soft and are located closer to the caudal end of the fin. Nursery rays lie closer to the front edge of the fin and can be divided into two groups: articular and non-grindy (thorny). Shleniy Rays are separated along the length of individual segments, they are soft and can bend. Nehleniy - solid, with acute vertex, rigid, can be smooth and served (Fig. 10).

Figure 10 - Rays of fins:

1 - Brownless shaded; 2 - branchy; 3 - spiny smooth; 4 - spiny served.

The number of branched and non-bright rays in the fins, especially in the unpaired, is an important systematic sign. Rays are calculated, and their number is recorded. Nehlenic (thorny) are denoted by Roman numbers, branched - Arabic. Based on the miscalculation of the rays, the fin formula is compiled. So, Sudak has two dorsal fins. In the first of these, 13-15 prickly rays (in different individuals), in the second 1-3 spines and 19-23 branched beams. The formula of the spinal fin is the following form: D XIII-XV, I-III 19-23. In the anal fins of Sudak, the number of prickly rays I-III, branches 11-14. The formula of the anal fins of Sudak looks like this: and II-III 11-14.

Paired fins. These fins have all true fish. The absence of them, for example, in Muren (Muraenidae) is a secondary phenomenon, the result of late loss. Circumphous (Cyclostomata) do not have pair fins. This is the primary phenomenon.

Breast fins are behind the gill grams of fish. At sharks and sturgeon, breast fins are located in a horizontal plane and sediments. In these fish, the convex surface of the back and the glued abdominal side of the body gives them similarity with the profile of the aircraft wing and when moving creates lifting force. Such asymmetry of the case causes the appearance of the rotational moment, aspiring turn, the head of fish down. Breast fins and Rostrum sharks and sturgeon fishes in functionality are a single system: directed under a small (8-10 °) angle to movement they create an additional lifting force and neutralize the rotational torque (Fig. 11). If sharp remove breast fins, it will raise your head up to keep the body in a horizontal position. Sturgeon fish removal breastfolders It is not compensated for due to poor body flexibility in the vertical direction, which the bugs interfere, therefore, with amputations of breast fins, the fish is lowered to the bottom and cannot rise. Since thoracic fins and Rostrum at sharks and sturgeon fish are functionally connected, the strong development of Rostrum, as a rule, is accompanied by a decrease in the size of the breast fins and the removal of them from the front of the body. This is well noticeable at the hammer shark (Sphyrna) and the pilon shark (Pristiophorus), the Rostrum of which is developed strongly, and the chest fins are small, whereas the marine fox (alopiias) and blue sharks (prionace) are well developed, and Rostrum is small.

Figure 11 is a diagram of vertical forces arising in the progressive movement of shark or sturgeon fish in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the body:

1 - center of gravity; 2 - dynamic pressure center; 3 - the power of the residual mass; V0. - lifting force generated by the case; Ver - lifting force created by pectoral fins; Vr. - lifting force created by Rostrum; VV. - lifting force created by abdominal fins; VC - lifting force created by the tailflower; Curved arrows show the action of the rotational torque.

Breast fins of bony fish, unlike fins sharks and sturgeon, are located vertically and can make rowing movements back and forth. The main function of the chest fins of bony fish are the movements of a small stroke, allowing to accurately maneuver when searching for feed. Breast fins together with abdominal and tail allow you to maintain balance of fish with immobility. Breast fins at the rods, evenly focusing their body, perform the function of the main movements when swimming.

Breast fins in fish are very diverse both in shape and size (Fig. 12). At the battlefish, the length of the rays can be up to 81% of the body length, which allows

Figure 12 - Molds of pectoral fins of fish:

1 - flying fish; 2 - perch-slider; 3 - Cylebryushka; 4 - bodywork; 5 - sea cock; 6 - angler.

fish float in the air. Freshwater fish of Celebryushki from a family of haracin enlarged breast fins allow the fish to fly, resembling birds. Sea Roosters (Trigla) The first three rays of chest fins turned into finger-shaped grows, relying on which the fish can move along the bottom. Representatives of the detachment of Russian (Lophiiformes), thoracic fins with fleshy bases are also adapted to moving on the ground and quick instillation into it. Movement on a solid substrate with chest fins made these fins very movable. When moving on the soil, the riders can rely on both the chest and on the abdominal fins. Somov genus Clarias and sea dogs genus Blennius breast fins serve as additional supports in the serpentic movements of the body during moving along the bottom. Peerophthalmidae (Periophthalmidae) are peculiar. Their bases are equipped with a special muscles, which makes it possible to make the movement of the fin forward and backward, and have a bend that resembles the elbow joint; At an angle to the base is the replenish itself. Upgraded on coastal shallows, jumped with chest fins are capable not only to move on land, but also rise up on plants' stems, using the tail fin with which they wrap the stem. With the help of chest fins move on land and fish-sliders (Anabas). Stripping the tail and clinging to breast fins and spikes of a gill cap for the stalks of plants, these fish are capable of traveling from the reservoir to the reservoir, spelled to hundreds of meters. Such bottom, fish, like stone perch (Serranidae), barley (GASTEROSTEIDAE), and lubandae (labridae), breast fins are usually wide, rounded, fan-shaped. When they work, the ability is moving vertically down, the fish turns out to be suspended in the thickness of the water and can rise up like a helicopter. Fishes of a decay of needle-shaped (Tetraodontiformes), sea needles (Syngnathidae) and skates (hyppocampus), having small gill gaps (a gill lid hidden under the skin), can make circular movements with breast fins, creating an outflow of water from the gills. With amputation of breast fins, these fish are choking.

Abdominal fins are mainly performed by the equilibrium function and therefore, as a rule, are located near the center of gravity of the body of the fish. Their position changes with a change in the center of gravity (Fig. 13). Low-organized fish (cemoda-shaped, carpets) abdominal fins are located on bracles for breast fins, occupying Abdominal position. The center of gravity of these fish is on the belly, which is associated with a noncompact position. internal organsHaving been occupying. At high-organized fish, abdominal fins are in front of the body. This position of abdominal fins is called Thoracic and characteristic mainly for most perch-like fish.

Abdominal fins can be placed in front of chest - on the throat. This location is called Yugular, and it is characteristic of large-scale fish with a compact location of the internal organs. The sigular position of the abdominal fins is characteristic of all Fishes of the Cracke Fishes, as well as the Bolshable Fishes of the Ochneumy-shaped Fish: StarzoP (UranoScopidae), Nototheniyidae, doggy (Blenniidae), and others. In ernevous (ophidioidei) fish having a belt-angled body shape, abdominal fins are on the chin and perform the function of the touch of the touch.

Figure 13 - The position of abdominal fins:

1 - abdominal; 2 - thoracic; 3 - Yugular.

Abdominal fins can be modified. Using their some fish are attached to the soil (Fig. 14), forming either a sterling funnel (bullshop), or a suction disk (Pinagorovy, slug). Various in spines typuster bars carry a protective function, and in spinors, abdominal fins have the appearance of barbed spikes and along with the spiny ray of the dorsal fins are the protection authority. In males cartilage fish The last rays of abdominal fins are transformed into a pternigopody - the cooler bodies. At sharks and sturgeon, abdominal fins, like breasts, perform the function of carrier planes, but their role is less than the chest, as they serve to increase the lifting force.

Figure 14 - modification of abdominal fins:

1 - a pleasant funnel in the bile; 2 - Sleeping dial for slug.

Cartilage fish.

Paired fins: The shoulder belt has the form of a cartilage semiring, lying in the muscles of the body wall behind the Zhuman Department. On its side surface on each side there are articulated outgrowths. A part of the belt lying in the most expensive increases of this grow out is called a scaffolding department, ventrally - the shine-shaped department. At the base of the skeleton of the free limb (thoracic fin), there are three flattened basal cartilage, harassed to the articulated grunt of the shoulder belt. The distal basal cartilage is located three rows of rowdly radial cartilage. The rest of the free fins is its skin blade - supported by numerous thin elastin threads.

The pelvic belt is represented by a transversely elongated cartilaginous plate lying in the thickness of the abdominal muscles in front of the cloacade slit. The skeleton of abdominal fins is born to its ends. In the abdominal fins there is only one basal element. It is very elongated and one row of radial cartilage is attached to it. The rest of the free fin is maintained by elastin threads. In males, the elongated basal element continues beyond the blade of the fin as a skeletal base of the copulative increase.

Unpaired fins: usually represented by tail, anal, and two spine fins. Tail fin sharp heterocerkal, i.e. His upper blade is much longer than the bottom. The axial skeleton comes into it - the spine. The skeletal base of the tail fin form the elongated upper and lower vertebral arcs and a number of radial cartilage attached to the upper arcs of tail vertebrae. Most of the tail blades are supported by elastin threads. At the base of the skeleton of the spine and the anal fins lie radial cartilage, which are immersed in the thickness of the muscles. The free blade of the fin is supported by elastin threads.

Kostyish fish.

Paired fins. Posted by infant and abdominal fins. True support is the shoulder belt. The thoracic fin at its base has one row of small bones - radialia derived from the blade (the component of the shoulder belt). The skeleton of the entire free blade of the fin consists of sealer skin rays. The difference from cartilage is the reduction of basal. The mobility of the fins is increased, as the muscles are attached to the extended bases of the skin rays, moving with the radialities. The pelvic belt is presented closely closed with pair flat triangular bones lying in the thickness of muscles and not related to the axial skeleton. Most bony in the skeleton of abdominal fins there are lack of basalas and radialities are reduced - the blade is maintained only by the skin rays, the extended bases of which are directly labeled to the pelvic belt.

Unpaired limbs.

Paired limbs. Review of the structure of pair fins from modern fish.

Represented by the dorsal, anal (step-resistant) and tail fins. Anal and dorsal fins consist of bone rays, divided into internal (hidden musculatures) of pterigiophores (suitable radialias) and external fin rays - lepidotrichia. The tail fin is asymmetric. In it, the continuation of the spine is Urgel, and behind and below his fan are flat triangular bones - hipuracia, derivatives of lower arcs underdeveloped vertebrae. This type of fin structure - externally symmetrical, and internally no homocerkal. The outer skeleton of the tail fin is made up by numerous skin rays - lepidotrichia.

There is a difference in the location of the fins in space - in a cartilagorizantically for maintaining in water, and the bone vertically, as they have a swimming bubble. Folders when moving perform various functions:

unpaired - dorsal, tail and anal fins located in the same plane, help the fish movement;
paired - breast and abdominal fins - hold balance, and also serve as a steering wheel and brake.

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Abdominal fin.

Page 1.

Abdominal fins are fascinated and form a suction cup. Black, Azov, Caspian and Far Eastern. Spristen in the spring, caviar put off in the nest, the laying guard the male.

Topic 3. Forens of fish, their designations,

In abdominal fins 1 - 17 rays, sometimes there are no fins. Cycloid scales or absent. Veliferidae) and OPA (LAMPRI-DAE); 12 delivery, approx. Everything except Velmic, inhabited in the pelagic of the open ocean.

Appartments of abdominal fins appear. The recess on the spinal edge of the faded fold marks the boundary between it and the growing tailflower. Melanophores becomes more, some reach the level of the intestine.

The structure of the lancing (scheme): / - the cease-hole surrounded by tentacles; 2 - mouth; 3 - Harness; 4 - Label gaps: 5 - genitals: 6 - liver: 7 - intestine; 8 - anus; 9 - abdominal fin: 10 - tail fin; / / - spinal fin; / 2 - eye stain; 13 - olfactory fossa; 14 - brain; 15 - spinal cord; 16 - chord.

Breast, and usually do not ushny and anal fins. Abdominal fins with 2 rays or absent. Cycloid scales or not it. The gill holes are connected into a single gap on the throat. The gills are usually reduced, in the throat and intestines there are devices for wealth.

Abdominal fins are long, out of 2 - 3 rays. Fossil forms are known from Pleistocene and Golocene about.

Anal and abdominal fins raspberry. Rainbill Eye, in contrast to the roach, greenish. Dwells in the rivers and reservoirs of Eurasia; In the USSR - to Europe. Siberia (up to Lena), sexual maturity at the 4th - 6th year.

The separation of the dorsal and anal fins begins. Appartments of abdominal fins appear. Rays in the tail fin reach the rear edge.

The dorsal and anal fins are long, almost reach the tail, paired abdominal fins in the form of long yarns. The torso of males in alternating blue and red transverse stripes; The throat and parts of the fins with metal. It dwells in the overgrown reservoirs of the south. Gives barren hybrids with labiosis (S.

Known from Yura, were numerous in chalk. In addition to coordinate, organs (pterygopodies), formed from the extreme rays of abdominal fins, the males have spiny frontal and abdominal appendages that serve to hold females.

The dorsal fin is short (7 - 14 rays), located above the abdominal fins. Dwell in the waters of North.

Hekkel): Book of sex glands in higher animals in mesoderm, and not in ecto - or entoderm, as it takes place in the lower multicellular; Bookmark and location in certain bone fish of paired bass fins are not behind, as usual, and in front of chest.

Body compressed from sides or rolling, for. Abdominal fins in some kinds are absent. A network of seismic channels is developed on the head.

Related carposu-smey and sargano-shaped. The spinal fins are usually 2, the first - from flexible, unreasonable rays, abdominal fins with 6 rays. The lateral line is developed weak. Phallostethidae) and non-sturgeon (neostethidae), approx.

The body in the front of the round, in the tail - compressed from the sides. The skin is covered with bumps, naib, large are located longitudinal rows. Abdominal fins are modified in a round sucker. Adult fish blue-gray, spin Almost black, during the spawning of belly and fins in males painted in the PRRPich-no-red.

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Fins and types of fish movement

Fins.Dimensions, form, quantity, position and functions are different. Feds allow you to maintain the balance of the body, participate in the movement.

Fig. 1 fins

Finns are divided into paired, corresponding to the limbs of higher vertebrate animals, and unpaired (Fig. 1).

TO pair relate:

1) Breastp ( pinna Pectoralis.);

2) Abdominal V.

Fly Folders Fish

(r. Ventralis.).

TO unparallery:

1) spinal d ( p. dorsalis);

2) anal a (r. Analis);

3) tail C ( r. Caudalis).

4) Fat AR (( p.adiposa.).

Salo, Haracinovy, Kosyakov and others. Behind the spinal fin fatman(Fig. 2), deprived of the fin rays ( p.adiposa.).

Fig. 2 fatty fin

Breast fins ordinary in bone fish. At the rods, breast fins are enlarged and are the main motion authorities.

Abdominal fins It is occupied by the fish in various positions, which is associated with the movement of the center of gravity caused by the abdomen of the abdominal cavity and the concentration of the insides in the front of the body.

Abdominal position - Abdominal fins are in the middle of the abdomen (sharks, cede-shaped, carpets) (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3 Abdominal position

Thoracic position - Abdominal fins are shifted to the front of the body (perch) (Fig.4).

Fig. 4 Thoracic position

Sugular position - Abdominal fins are located ahead of the chest and on the throat (Cod) (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5 Southern Region

Drainflashs It may be one (cede-shaped, carpets), two (kefow-shaped, perch-like) or three (crack-shaped). Their location is different. At the pike, the spinal fin is shifted back, at the mill-shaped, carrupt is in the middle of the body, among fish with a massive front of the body (perch, cod) is one of them closer to the head.

Anal fin. It usually happens one, the cod is two of them, the barbed shark is absent.

Tail fin. Different with a variety of structure.

Depending on the magnitude of the upper and lower blades, distinguishes:

1)isobut type - in the fins the upper and lower blades are the same (tuna, mackerel);

Fig. 6 isobate type

2)higobatic type - elongated the lower blade (volatile fish);

Fig. 7 hypobate type

3)epibat type - elongated the upper blade (sharks, sturgeon).

Fig. 8. Epibat type

Over the form and location relative to the end of the spine distinguish several types:

1) Protocrecal type - in the form of a fin kima (MINOGO) (Fig. 9).

Fig. 9 Protocerkal Type -

2) Heterocerkal type - Asymmetric, when the end of the spine enters the upper, the most elongated blade of the fin (sharks, sturgeon) (Fig. 10).

Fig. 10 heterocerical type;

3) Homocerkal type - Outside aimmetric, while the modified body of the last vertebra enters the upper blade (knobes) (

Fig. 11 homocerkal type

Folding of fins serve fin rays. The fish distinguish branchy and non-bright rays (Fig. 12).

Nursery rays of plants may be:

1)segic (capable of bend);

2)inhlennial hard (prickly), which in turn are smooth and jealous.

Fig. 12 types of fin rays

The number of rays in fins, especially in the dorsal and anal, is a species sign.

The number of prickly rays indicate Roman numbers, branched - Arabic. For example, the formula of the dorsal fins for the river perch is:

DXIII-XVII, I-III 12-16.

This means that the perch has two dorsal fins, of which the first consists of 13 - 17 prickly, the second of 2 - 3 prickly and 12-16 branches.

Functions of reels

Tail fin. Creates a moving force, provides high fish maneuverability when turning, acts as a steering wheel.
Breast and abdominal (Paired fins ) Support equilibrium and are steered when turning and at depth.
Spinal and anal The fins perform the role of keel, preventing the rotation of the body around the axis.

Material and equipment.A set of fixed fish - 30-40 species. Tables: The position of abdominal fins; Modifications of fins; Types of tail fins; The position of the position of the tail fins of various shape relative to the vortex zone. Tools: Preparation needles, tweezers, baths (one set for 2-3 students).

The task.When performing work, it is necessary to consider on all kinds of fish of the set: paired and unpaired fins, branched and unbreakable, as well as articular and non-grindy rays of fins, the position of breast fins and the three positions of abdominal fins. Find fish not having pair fins; with modified paired fins; with one, two and three spine floors; with one and two anal fins, as well as fish that do not have an anal fin; with modified unpaired fins. Determine all types and shapes of the tail fin.

Make formulas of the dorsal and anal fins for species of fish specified by the teacher, and list the types of fish available in the set, with various forms Tail fin.

Draw branches and non-grovetural, segic and non-grill rays of fins; Fishes with three positions of abdominal fins; Tail fins fish of various shapes.

Frames of fish are paired and unpaired. The pair belongs to the chest P (PinnaPectoralis) and the abdominalV (PinnaVäntralis); Unparalleled - dozen (Pinnadorsalis), anal A (Pinnaanalis) and tail with (Pinnacaudalis). The outer skeleton of the fins of bony fish consists of rays that may be branchesand nursery. The upper part of branched rays is divided into separate rays and has the kind of tassels (branched). They are soft and are located closer to the caudal end of the fin. Nursery rays lie closer to the front edge of the fin and can be divided into two groups: articular and non-grindy (thorny). Shleniyrays are separated along the length of individual segments, they are soft and can bend. Nehleniy- solid, with acute vertex, rigid, can be smooth and served (Fig. 10).

Figure 10 - Rays of fins:

1 - Brownless shaded; 2 - branchy; 3 - spiny smooth; 4 - spiny served.

The number of branched and non-bright rays in the fins, especially in the unpaired, is an important systematic sign. Rays are calculated, and their number is recorded. Nehlenic (thorny) are denoted by Roman numbers, branched - Arabic. Based on the miscalculation of the rays, the fin formula is compiled. So, Sudak has two dorsal fins. In the first of these, 13-15 prickly rays (in different individuals), in the second 1-3 spines and 19-23 branched beams. The formula of the spinal fin is the following form: DXIII-XV, I-III19-23. In the anal fins of Sudak, the number of prickly rays III, branches 11-14. The formula of the anal fins of Sudak looks like this: AII-III11-14.

Paired fins.These fins have all true fish. The absence of them, for example, in Muren (Muraenidae) is a secondary phenomenon, the result of late loss. Circumphous (Cyclostomata) do not have pair fins. This is the primary phenomenon.

Breastflower comes behind the gill grams of fish. At sharks and sturgeon, breast fins are located in a horizontal plane and sediments. In these fish, the convex surface of the back and the glued abdominal side of the body gives them similarity with the profile of the aircraft wing and when moving creates lifting force. Such asymmetry of the case causes the appearance of the rotational moment, aspiring turn, the head of fish down. Breast fins and Rostrum sharks and sturgeon fishes in functionality are a single system: directed under a small (8-10 °) angle to movement they create an additional lifting force and neutralize the rotational torque (Fig. 11). If sharp remove breast fins, it will raise your head up to keep the body in a horizontal position. In sturgeon fish, the removal of thoracic fins is not compensated for due to poor body flexibility in the vertical direction, which the bugs interfere, therefore, in amputation of breast fins, the fish falls on the bottom and cannot rise. Since thoracic fins and Rostrum at sharks and sturgeon fish are functionally connected, the strong development of Rostrum, as a rule, is accompanied by a decrease in the size of the breast fins and the removal of them from the front of the body. This is well noticeable at the hammer shark (Sphyrna) and the pilon shark (Pristiophorus), the Rostrum of which is developed strongly, and the chest fins are small, whereas the marine fox (alopiias) and blue sharks (prionace) are well developed, and Rostrum is small.

R
isso 11 is a diagram of vertical forces arising in the progressive movement of shark or sturgeon fish in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the body:

1 - center of gravity; 2 - dynamic pressure center; 3 - the power of the residual mass; V. 0 - lifting force generated by the case; V. r - lifting force created by pectoral fins; V. r. - lifting force created by Rostrum; V. v. - lifting force created by abdominal fins; V. from - lifting force created by the tailflower; Curved arrows show the action of the rotational torque.

Breast fins in fish are very diverse both in shape and size (Fig. 12). At the battlefish, the length of the rays can be up to 81% of the body length, which allows

R
isso 12 - Forms of Breastfish Fish:

1 - flying fish; 2 - perch-slider; 3 - Cylebryushka; 4 - bodywork; 5 - sea cock; 6 - angler.

fish float in the air. Freshwater fish of Celebryushki from a family of haracin enlarged breast fins allow the fish to fly, resembling birds. Sea Roosters (Trigla) The first three rays of chest fins turned into finger-shaped grows, relying on which the fish can move along the bottom. Representatives of the detachment of Russian (Lophiiformes), thoracic fins with fleshy bases are also adapted to moving on the ground and quick instillation into it. Movement on a solid substrate with chest fins made these fins very movable. When moving on the soil, the riders can rely on both the chest and on the abdominal fins. Somov kindclarias of naval dogs kindBlenniusprotany fins serve as additional supports in the serpentine body movements during the movement along the bottom. Peerophthalmidae (Periophthalmidae) are peculiar. Their bases are equipped with a special muscles, which makes it possible to make the movement of the fin forward and backward, and have a bend that resembles the elbow joint; At an angle to the base is the replenish itself. Upgraded on coastal shallows, jumped with chest fins are capable not only to move on land, but also rise up on plants' stems, using the tail fin with which they wrap the stem. With the help of chest fins move on land and fish-sliders (Anabas). Stripping the tail and clinging to breast fins and spikes of a gill cap for the stalks of plants, these fish are capable of traveling from the reservoir to the reservoir, spelled to hundreds of meters. Such bottom, fish, like stone perch (Serranidae), barley (GASTEROSTEIDAE), and lubandae (labridae), breast fins are usually wide, rounded, fan-shaped. When they work, the ability is moving vertically down, the fish turns out to be suspended in the thickness of the water and can rise up like a helicopter. Fishes of a decay of needle-shaped (Tetraodontiformes), sea needles (Syngnathidae) and skates (hyppocampus), having small gill gaps (a gill lid hidden under the skin), can make circular movements with breast fins, creating an outflow of water from the gills. With amputation of breast fins, these fish are choking.

Abdominal fins are mainly the equilibrium function and therefore, as a rule, are located near the center of gravity of the body of the fish. Their position changes with a change in the center of gravity (Fig. 13). Low-organized fish (cemoda-shaped, carpets) abdominal fins are located on bracles for breast fins, occupying abdominalposition. The center of gravity of these fish is on the belly, which is associated with the uncompact position of the internal organs occupying a large cavity. At high-organized fish, abdominal fins are in front of the body. This position of abdominal fins is called thoracicand characteristic mainly for most perch-like fish.

Abdominal fins can be placed in front of chest - on the throat. This location is called yugular, and it is characteristic of large-scale fish with a compact location of the internal organs. The sigular position of the abdominal fins is characteristic of all Fishes of the Cracke Fishes, as well as the Bolshable Fishes of the Ochneumy-shaped Fish: StarzoP (UranoScopidae), Nototheniyidae, doggy (Blenniidae), and others. In ernevous (ophidioidei) fish having a belt-angled body shape, abdominal fins are on the chin and perform the function of the touch of the touch.

R
isso 13 - the position of abdominal fins:

1 - abdominal; 2 - thoracic; 3 - Yugular.

Abdominal fins can be modified. Using their some fish are attached to the soil (Fig. 14), forming either a sterling funnel (bullshop), or a suction disk (Pinagorovy, slug). Various in spines typuster bars carry a protective function, and in spinors, abdominal fins have the appearance of barbed spikes and along with the spiny ray of the dorsal fins are the protection authority. In the males of cartilage fish, the last rays of abdominal fins are transformed into a pternigopody - the cooler bodies. At sharks and sturgeon, abdominal fins, like breasts, perform the function of carrier planes, but their role is less than the chest, as they serve to increase the lifting force.

R
isso 14 - modification of abdominal fins:

1 - a pleasant funnel in the bile; 2 - Sleeping dial for slug.

Unpaired fins.As noted above, unpaired fins include the dorsal, anal and tail.

The dorsal and anal polishes perform the function of stabilizers, resistance to the lateral displacement of the body when working the tail.

A large dorsal fins of sailboats with sharp turns acts as a steering wheel, strongly increasing fish maneuverability when pursuing production. The dorsal and anal fins in some fish act as the propulsions that inform the fishing movement (Fig. 15).

R
isso 15 - the form of abnorming fins from various fish:

1 - sea Horse; 2 - Suncher; 3 - Fish-moon; 4 - bodywork; 5 - Sea needle; 6 - Kambala; 7 - Electric eel.

At the heart of the locomotion with the help of the crimson movements of the fins lie wave-like movements of the plane of the fin, due to successive transverse deviations of the rays. This method of movement is usually characterized by fish with a small body length, unable to curb the body, - body, fish-moon. Only due to the edge of the spinal fin moves sea skates and marine needles. Such fish, like camebaloid and sunny, along with the adulting movements of the dorsal and anal fins float, laterally flexing the body.

R
isso 16 - Topography of Passive Locomotor Function unpaired fins At various fish:

1 - eel; 2 - Crack; 3 - Studum; 4 - Tuna.

In slow-laying fish with a coherent body shape, the dorsal and anal fins, merging with the tail, form in the functional sense a single focusing body of the fin, carry a passive locomotor function, as the main work falls on the body body. In rapidly moving fish with an increase in the speed of movement, the locomotor function is concentrated in the rear section of the housing and on the rear parts of the spinal and anal fins. The increase in speed leads to the loss of locomotor function with spinal and anal fins, the reductions of their rear departments, the front departments perform functions that are not related to locomotion (Fig. 16).

In the rapid rolling rich-fledged fish, the dorsal fin at movement is placed in the groove passing along the back.

Salm-shaped, sargano-shaped and other fish have one dorsal fin. In highly organized squads of bony fish (perch-like, kefow-shaped), as a rule, two dorsal fins. The first consists of barbed rays that give it certain transverse stability. These fish are called prickle. Cracic-like three dorsal fins. In most fish, only one anal fin, and the bit-like fish are two.

The dorsal and anal fins in a number of fish are absent. For example, the spinal fin is not at an electric eel, the locomotor abstraction of which is a strongly developed anal fin; There is no His Skat-tapes. Anal fin do not have Squaliformes squads and sharks.

R
isso 17 - a modified first dorsal fin at fish-prishi ( 1 ) and a rude ( 2 ).

The dorsal fin can be modified (Fig. 17). So, the fish-sticky, the first dorsal fin moves his head and turned into a suction disk. He seemed to be divided by partitions on a number of self-active smaller, and therefore relatively more powerful suckers. Partitions are homologous to the rays of the first dorsal fin, they can bend back, taking almost a horizontal position, or straighten. At the expense of their movement and creates an effect of suction. In rude, the first disconnected rays of the first dorsal fins turned into a fishing rod (ilicium). The barley dozen fins have the appearance of separate spines performing a protective function. In the fish curricians, the kind BalisTe ray of the spinal fin has a locking system. It straightens and fixed motionless. You can bring it out of such a position by pressing the third barrel ray of the spinal fin. With this beam and the prickly rays of abdominal fins, the fish in danger is covered in crevices, fixing the body in the floor and the shelter ceiling.

Some sharks have rear elongated spine blades create a certain lifting force. A similar, but more substantial, supportive force is created by an anal fin with a long base, for example, in Somov fish.

The tailflower is stuck as the main propulsion, especially with a comb-shaped type of movement, being a strength of the Fish Protective Movement. It provides high maneuverability of fish when turning. Several forms of the tail fin (Fig. 18) are isolated.

R
isso 18 - Forms of the tail fin:

1 - Protoxnarkal; 2 - heterocerkal; 3 - homocerkal; 4 - Difsercal.

Protocrekal, i.e., primary equally-bladed, has a view of a kayma, supported by thin cartilage rays. The end of the chord is included in the central part and divides the fin for two equal half. It is very ancient type The fin, peculiar to the head chapter and larval stages of fish.

Diffircal- symmetric outwardly and internally. The spine is located in the middle of equal blades. He is inherent in some two-way and cyzer. From bony fish such a fin is served in sargan and creak.

Heterocercal, or asymmetrical, inquisitive. The upper blade grows up, and the end of the spine, bending, enters it. This type of fin is characteristic of many cartilaginous fish and cartilage ganoids.

Homocerkal, or false symmetric. This fin externally can be attributed to an equally-blade, but the axial skeleton is distributed in the blades of Nonodynakovo: the last vertebra (Urgel) enters the upper blade. This type of fin is widespread and is characteristic of most bony fish.

By the ratio of the size of the upper and lower blades, tail fins may be epi,hypoand estabutated(churches). With epibate (epitercian) type, the upper blade is longer (sharks, sturgeon); With a hypobate (hypertercal), the upper blade in shorter (volatile fish, czech), with an extensional (isoocrecal), both blades have the same length (herring, tuna) (Fig. 19). The division of the tail fin for two blades is associated with the features of the flow of the body of fish by the oncoming water currents. It is known that a layer of friction is formed around moving fish - a layer of water, which a moving body is reported to some additional speed. With the development of the speed fish, the boundary layer of water is possible from the surface of the body of the fish and the formation of the vortex zone. With a symmetrical (relative to its longitudinal axis), the body of the fish arising from behind the vortex zone is more or less symmetrical relative to this axis. At the same time, to exit the vortex zone and the friction layer of the blade of the tail fins to be extended to equally - intensity, isoocereka (see Fig. 19, a). With an asymmetric body: a convex back and a flattened abdominal side (shark, sturgeon), a vortex zone and a friction layer are shifted up with a relatively longitudinal axis of the body, therefore the upper blade is extended - epibacy, epitizkia (see Fig. 19, b). If there are more convex abdominal and direct spinal surfaces (Czech), the lower blade of the tail fin, as the vortex zone and the friction layer are more developed from the bottom side of the body - hypobacy, hypo-mersion (see Fig. 19, B). The higher the speed of movement, the more intense the process of the vortex formation and the thicker of the friction layer and the stronger the blades of the tail fin, the ends of which should go beyond the zone of the vortex and the friction layer, which ensures high speeds. In fast-playing fish, the tail fin has either a durable form - short with well-developed crescently elongated blades (combroids), or WilChatu - the tail notation comes to almost the base of the body of the fish (stavrid, herring). In sedental fish, with a slow motion of which the vortex processes almost do not have the place, the tail blade is usually short - a leaked tail fin (Sazan, perch) is either not differentiated - rounded (lifting), truncated (solar, butterfly fish), pointed ( Captain hornbies).

R
iSUNO 19 - scheme arrangement of the blades of the tailflower relative to the vortex zone and friction layer with different body shape:

but - with a symmetrical profile (isoocereka); b. - with a more convex profile circuit (epitizkia); in - with a more convex lower profile circuit (Hympocerkia). The zone of the vortex and the friction layer is shaded.

The magnitude of the blades of the tail fin, as a rule, is associated with the height of the body of the fish. The higher the body, the longer the blade of the tail fin.

In addition to the main fins on the body of fish there may be additional floats. It belongs to them fattyfin Pinnaadiposa, located behind the spinal fin over the anal and is a folds of skin without rays. It is characteristic of Salmon Family Fishes, Koryushkov, Harius, Haracinov and Some Somovoids. On the tail stem, a number of rapid fish for the dorsal and anal fins are often small floors consisting of several rays.

R isooka 20 - Kiel on the tail stem from the fish:

but - at the village shark; b. - At the mackerel.

They perform the function of curvatures that are generated during the movement of the fish, which contributes to an increase in fish speed (combroids, machelishek). On the tail fins, the elongated scales (Alae) perform the function of fairing. On the sides of the tail stem, the shark, stavride, skumbrid, sword fish are located side keels, which help to reduce the lateral bending of the tail stem, which improves the locomotor function of the tail fin. In addition, side keels serve horizontal stabilizers and reduce the vortex formation when swimming fish (Fig. 20).

Questions for self-test:

What fins enter the pair, unpaired group? Give them Latin symbols.

What fish have a fat fin?

What types of flaw rays can be allocated and what they differ?

Where are the chest fins of fish?

Where are the abdominal fins of fish and from which their position depends?

Create examples of fish with modified thoracic, abdominal and spine fins.

What fish do not have abdominal and chest fins?

What are the functions of steam fins?

What role do the dorsal and anal fins play?

What types of the structure of the tail fins are distinguished from fish?

What is epibate, hyobate, isobates tail fins?

Having a habitat and the external structure of fish

Fish habitat - various reservoirs of our planet: oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, ponds. It is very extensive: the area occupied by the oceans exceeds 70% of the surface of the Earth, and the deepest depressions go deep into the oceans by 11 thousand m.

The diversity of living conditions in water influenced the appearance of fish and contributed to a wide variety of forms of their body: the appearance of many devices to habitat conditions both in structure and biological features.

Overall plan external structure fish

On the head of the fish there are eyes, nostrils, mouth with lips, gill covers. The head smoothly goes into the body. From the gill covers to the anal fin continues the body. Ends the body of the fish tail.

Outside the body is covered with skin. Protects Most Skin Slise Covered Skin schee .

Fish movement authorities are finnish . Feds - these are grown skin, relying on bone flashing rays . The greatest significance has a tail fin. On the bottom of the sides of the body are paired fins: chest and abdominal. They correspond to the front and rear limbs of terrestrial vertebrates. The position of paired fins from different fish varies. From above the body of the fish is a dorsal fin, bottom, closer to the tail - anal. The number of spinal and anal fins can be different.

On the sides of the body of most fish there is a peculiar organ that perceives the flow of water. it side Line . Due to the side line, even blinded fish does not bump into obstacles and is able to catch moving mining. The visible part of the side line is formed by scales having holes. Through them, the water penetrates into the channel stretching along the body, to which the end of nerve cells are suitable. The side line can be intermittent, solid or completely absent.

Functions of reels

Thanks to the fins, the fish is able to move and hold equilibrium in aquatic environment. Defeated fins, it turns over with a touch up, since the center of gravity is placed in the spinal part.

Unpaired fins (spinal and anal) provide body stability. The tail fin from the overwhelming majority of fish performs the function of the propulsion.

Paired fins (Breast and abdominal) serve stabilizers, i.e. Provide an equilibrium body position when its immobility. With their help, the fish supports the body in the desired position. When driving, they serve as carriage planes, the wheel. Breast fins move the body of the fish with slow swimming. Abdominal fins perform basically the equilibrium function.

The fish has a streamlined body shape. It reflects the nature of the habitat and lifestyle. In fish, adapted to rapidly swimming in the thickness of water ( tuna (2), mackerel, herring, cod, salmon ), Torpedo-shaped body shape. Predators practicing quick throws at a short distance ( pike, Tymen, Barracuda, garfish (1) , Sair.), she "swept". Some fish adapted to long-term location at the bottom ( skat (6) , flounder (3) ), have a flat body. In some species, the body has a bizarre form. For example, sea \u200b\u200bHorse Recalls the corresponding chess piece: his head is located at a right angle to the body axis.

Sea Horses inhabit different oceans Globe. These fish are surprised by anyone who observes them: the body, like an insect, is concluded in the shell, a chain-tail of monkeys, rotating chameleon's eyes and, finally, a bag, like a kangaroo.

Although this cute fish can swim in a vertical position with oscillatory motion The dorsal fin, she is a bad swimmer and most of the time hangs, clinging to the tail for algae and looking out for small prey. Tubular Skate Skate acts as a pipette - when the cheeks are sharply inflated, mining is quickly drawn into the mouth from a distance of 4 cm.

The smallest fish consider philippine bull Pandaku . Its length is about 7 mm. These fish, one time of fashionista was wore in ... ears. In crystal aquarium earrings!

The biggest fish is considered whale sharkwhich reaches the length of 15 m.

Additional fishe organs

Some species of fish (for example, a carp or catfish) have a mustache around the mouth. These are additional organs of touching and defining the taste of food. Many sea deep-sea fish (for example, deep-sea rude, fish-hatchers, anchovy, photoClefarone ) Luminous bodies are developed.

In the scales of fish there are protective spikes. They can be located in different parts Body. For example, spikes cover the body fish-hedgehog .

Some fish, for example scorena, sea dragon, wart They have protection and attacks - poisonous glands that are placed at the base of spikes and fin rays.

Body cover

Outside, the skin of fish is covered with scales - thin translucent plates. Scales with their ends run on each other, located tiled. It provides

sturdy body protection and at the same time does not create obstacles to the movement. Czechs are formed by special skin cells. The size of the scraps is different: from microscopic acne up to several centimeters indian Usach . There is a wide variety of scales: in shape, strength, composition, quantity and some other characteristics.

In the skin goes pigment cells - chromatophores : When expanding them, pigment grain spreads to greater space and the body color becomes bright. If chromatophores are reduced, the pigment grain accumulates in the center, leaving most of the cage unpainted, and the body painting is pale. If the pigment grain of all colors are evenly distributed inside chromatophores - the fish has a bright color; If the pigment grains are collected in cell centers - the fish becomes almost colorless, transparent; If only yellow pigment grains are distributed in their chromatophoras - the fish changes the color to light yellow.

Chromatophores determine all the variety of fish coloring, especially bright in the tropics. Thus, the skin of the fish performs the function of external protection. It protects the body from mechanical damage, facilitates sliding, determines the color of the fish, communicates with the external environment. In the skin there are organs that perceive the temperature and chemical composition water.

The value of color

Pelagic fish often have a dark "back" and a bright "abdomen" like this fish abadecho Cod family.

Indian glass Som. It can serve as a manual for studying anatomy.

Many fish living in the upper and medium water layers have a smallest color of the top of the body and the light - bottom. Silver poultry fish, if you look at the fish from below, will not stand out on a light sky background. Similarly, a dark back, if you look at the fish from above, will merge with a dark bottom background.

Studying fish color can be seen how it is masking and imitating other types of organisms occur, to monitor the demonstration of danger and failure, as well as the feeding of other signals.

In certain periods of life, many fish acquire a bright wedding color. Often the color and the form of the fish complement each other.

Interactive Trial Lesson (Go away all the lesson pages and do all tasks)

The hydrosphere is characterized by an extraordinary variety of conditions. These are fresh, flowing and standing water, as well as the salty seas and the oceans populated by organisms at different depths. For existence, in such diverse conditions, the fish developed as general principles of the structure that meet the requirements of the medium (smooth, without protrusions, an elongated body, covered with mucus and scales; a pointed head with pressed gill lids; a system of fins; a side line) and devices peculiar to individual Groups (flattened body, light organs, etc.). Each type of fish has numerous and variety of devices.

Topic 1.

Rib fins. Ors of Dichanny, Zoru is that hearing.

Fed Fish

Finns are characteristic feature Fish buildings. They are divided into pairs, corresponding to the limbs of higher vertebrates, and unpaired, or vertical.

The pair includes breast and abdominal fins. Unpaired consist of a dorsal (from one to three), tail and anal (one or two). Salo, Harius and other fish on the back there is a fatty fin, and at the mackerel, tuna, sairs behind the dorsal and anal fins there are small additional floats. The position of the fins on the body, their shape, sizes, structure and functions are very diverse. Fish use fins for movement, maneuvering and saving equilibrium. In promoting ahead, the majority of fish is played by the tail fin. It performs the work of the most perfect rowing screw blades and stabilizes the movement. The dorsal and the anal fins are peculiar keels to give the body of the fish of the desired sustainable position.

Two sets of paired fins serve for equilibrium, braking and control.

Breast fins are located, as a rule, behind the gill holes. The shape of the chest fins is associated with the form of the tail: they are rounded among fish that have a rounded tail. Good swimmers have breast fins pointed. Breast fins are especially developed in flying fish. Due to the high speed of movement and strokes of the tail fin, volatile fish jump out of the water and soar on the wing-like breast fins, covering the distance to 100-150 m. Such flights help them hide from persecuting predators.

Breast fins at sea flashers have a sealer fleshy base. Relying on them angler Moves on the bottom of the jumps as on the legs.

The location of the abdominal fins from different fish is not the same. Lowly organized (sharks, herring, carp) they are on the belly. In more highly organized abdominal fins are shifted forward by occupying the position under the chest (perch, mackerel, kefal). The crucible abdominal fins are in front of the chest.

Bychkov, abdominal fins have grown in a funk-shaped sucker.

In an even more amazing device, abdominal fins were modified at Pinagora. Their suction cup holds the fish so firmly that it is difficult to tear off the stone.

From the unpaired fins, special attention deserves the tail, the complete absence of which is observed very rarely (tape rates). Over the form and location relative to the end of the spine, several types of tail fins are distinguished: asymmetric (heterocerecal) - at sharks, sturgeon, etc.; Falconimetric (homocerkal) - in most bony fish.

The shape of the tail fin is closely related to the lifestyle of the LT6 and especially with the ability to swim. Good swimmers are fish with faded, wicked and laid tails. Less moving fish have a truncated rounded tail fin. Sailboats are very large (up to 1.5 m long), they use them as a sail, exposing it above the surface of the water. In prickly fish, the rays of the dorsal fin are strong spines, often equipped with poisonous glands.

A peculiar transformation is observed in adhesive fish. The dorsal fin of it moves onto the head and turns into a suction disk, with which it is attached to sharks, whales, ships. The riot ribs are shifted to the face and pulls into a long thread that serves bait for mining.

Figure 10 - Rays of fins:

1 - Brownless shaded; 2 - branchy; 3 - spiny smooth; 4 - spiny served.

Breast fins are behind the gill grams of fish. At sharks and sturgeon, breast fins are located in a horizontal plane and sediments. In these fish, the convex surface of the back and the glued abdominal side of the body gives them similarity with the profile of the aircraft wing and when moving creates lifting force. Such asymmetry of the case causes the appearance of the rotational moment, aspiring turn, the head of fish down. Breast fins and Rostrum sharks and sturgeon fishes in functionality are a single system: directed under a small (8-10 °) angle to movement they create an additional lifting force and neutralize the rotational torque (Fig. 11). If sharp remove breast fins, it will raise your head up to keep the body in a horizontal position. In sturgeon fish, the removal of thoracic fins is not compensated for due to poor body flexibility in the vertical direction, which the bugs interfere, therefore, in amputation of breast fins, the fish falls on the bottom and cannot rise. Since thoracic fins and Rostrum at sharks and sturgeon fish are functionally connected, the strong development of Rostrum, as a rule, is accompanied by a decrease in the size of the breast fins and the removal of them from the front of the body. This is well noticeable at the hammer shark (Sphyrna) and the pilon shark (Pristiophorus), the Rostrum of which is developed strongly, and the chest fins are small, whereas the marine fox (alopiias) and blue sharks (prionace) are well developed, and Rostrum is small.

Figure 11 is a diagram of vertical forces arising in the progressive movement of shark or sturgeon fish in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the body:

1 - center of gravity; 2 - dynamic pressure center; 3 - the power of the residual mass; V. 0 - lifting force generated by the case; V. R - lifting force created by pectoral fins; V R. - lifting force created by Rostrum; V V. - lifting force created by abdominal fins; V. from - lifting force created by the tailflower; Curved arrows show the action of the rotational torque.

Breast fins in fish are very diverse both in shape and size (Fig. 12). At the battlefish, the length of the rays can be up to 81% of the body length, which allows

Figure 12 - Molds of pectoral fins of fish:

1 - flying fish; 2 - perch-slider; 3 - Cylebryushka; 4 - bodywork; 5 - sea cock; 6 - angler.

Abdominal fins are mainly performed by the equilibrium function and therefore, as a rule, are located near the center of gravity of the body of the fish. Their position changes with a change in the center of gravity (Fig. 13). Low-organized fish (cemoda-shaped, carpets) abdominal fins are located on bracles for breast fins, occupying Abdominal position. The center of gravity of these fish is on the belly, which is associated with the uncompact position of the internal organs occupying a large cavity. At high-organized fish, abdominal fins are in front of the body. This position of abdominal fins is called Thoracic and characteristic mainly for most perch-like fish.

Figure 13 - The position of abdominal fins:

1 - abdominal; 2 - thoracic; 3 - Yugular.

Abdominal fins can be modified. Using their some fish are attached to the soil (Fig. 14), forming either a sterling funnel (bullshop), or a suction disk (Pinagorovy, slug). Various in spines typuster bars carry a protective function, and in spinors, abdominal fins have the appearance of barbed spikes and along with the spiny ray of the dorsal fins are the protection authority. In the males of cartilage fish, the last rays of abdominal fins are transformed into a pternigopody - the cooler bodies. At sharks and sturgeon, abdominal fins, like breasts, perform the function of carrier planes, but their role is less than the chest, as they serve to increase the lifting force.

Figure 14 - modification of abdominal fins:

1 - a pleasant funnel in the bile; 2 - Sleeping dial for slug.