The Ryabushinskys are one of the most famous dynasties of Russian entrepreneurs. A conditional and very relative rating, formed by Forbes in 2005 on the basis of archival documents, puts the Ryabushinskys 'fortune in 9th place in the list of 30 richest Russian surnames of the beginning of the 20th century (before the First World War, the Ryabushinskys' aggregate fortune was 25-35 million gold rubles). The history of the family business lasted for about 100 years. Founder of the famous dynasty of bankers and industrialists shortly before the Patriotic War of 1812. All the Ryabushinsky brothers had to leave Russia in 1917, immediately after the October Revolution.
Despite the fact that the Ryabushinsky surname is primarily associated with the brothers Vasily and Pavel Mikhailovich, the founder of the dynasty is rightfully their father, Mikhail Yakovlev, who was born in 1786 in the Rebushinskaya settlement of the Pafnutiev-Borovsky monastery in Kaluga province. It was he who was the first in the family to go in the trade business, and already at the age of 16 he was enrolled in the "Moscow third guild of merchants" under the name Glaziers (his father earned by glassing windows). He also made a decision that not only radically changed his own fate, but also largely determined the further fate of his entire family. In 1820, Mikhail Yakovlev joined the community of Old Believers. After the business that began to develop (own cotton shop in Canvas row) was decimated by the war of 1812, he "in the absence of merchant capital" was "transferred to the bourgeoisie." Then for a long time - for 8 years - I tried to get to my feet on my own. However, he was able to do this only after in 1820 he “went into schism”, taking the surname Rebushinsky (the letter “I” will appear in it in the 1850s). The community was already at that time not only a religious community, but also a commercial one. Its members from among the well-established themselves enjoyed the considerable support of merchants-Old Believers, freely received large interest-free, and even irrevocable loans. One way or another, Ryabushinsky's life with the transition to schismatics went uphill, and in 1823 he was again enrolled in the third guild of merchants. In the 1830s, he already owned several textile factories.
In fairness, it should be noted that Rebushinsky was a true zealot of the faith and was respected in the community. He was firm in his convictions, and he raised the children in severity. The eldest son - Ivan - he excommunicated from the family, removed from affairs and left without inheritance because he, against his will, married a bourgeois woman.
And so it happened that the youngest of three sons, Paul and Basil, became the successors of his work. But at first, their fate was not easy. In 1848, in accordance with the decree of Emperor Nicholas I, the acceptance of Old Believers into the merchant class was prohibited. Pavel and Vasily, instead of being accepted into the merchant guild, could have been recruited. Under such conditions, many merchants accepted traditional Orthodoxy and left the Old Believer community. However, here too Ryabushinsky's character and acumen were evident. He did not abandon the faith, but he made his sons merchants as well. Just at this time it was necessary to urgently populate the newly founded city of Yeisk. And in connection with this, the schismatics were relaxed: they were allowed to be assigned to the local merchants. It was there that the Ryabushinskys' sons became the "Yeisk of the third guild of merchants," soon after returning to Moscow.
After the death of Mikhail Yakovlevich (in time it coincided with the cancellation of that same ill-fated Decree), the management of the case passed to the eldest son, Pavel. Soon the brothers became "the second Moscow guild of merchants", and in 1863 - the first. By the mid-1860s, the Ryabushinsky owned three factories and several shops. In 1867, the P. and V. Ryabushinsky brothers ”. In 1869, thanks to Pavel Mikhailovich's phenomenal instinct, the brothers sold all their assets on time, investing the proceeds in an unprofitable paper mill near Vyshny Volochy, which was on fire due to a sharp decline in cotton exports from the United States. And they did not lose: after the end of the war, the volume of cotton exports steadily increased, and soon the factory began to bring huge profits. In 1870, her products received the highest award of the Moscow Manufacturing Exhibition. In 1874, a weaving mill began work, and in 1875 the Ryabushinskys already controlled the entire cycle of fabric production thanks to the fact that they were able to open a dressing and dyeing factories.
Meanwhile, the question of heirs became more and more urgent for both brothers. The Old Believers' way of life played its role here too. At one time, apparently remembering the example of his older brother, Pavel, according to the will of his father, married Anna Fomina, the granddaughter of the Old Believer pedagogue. The years passed. The marriage turned out to be unhappy for the young. The first-born son died without even living a month. After that, six daughters and not a single son were born in the family, which could not but affect Paul's attitude towards his wife. After long ordeals, the couple divorced. The remaining daughters of Ryabushinsky from 6 to 13 years old, he gave to a boarding house. Pavel, nevertheless, found family happiness. Although for this he destroyed the personal life of his younger brother. Vasily was wooed to Alexandra Ovsyannikova, the daughter of a famous St. Petersburg millionaire bread merchant, also an Old Believer. To resolve issues related to a possible marriage, fifty-year-old Pavel Mikhailovich went to St. Petersburg. But after meeting the alleged bride of his brother, he decided to marry her himself. The marriage turned out to be happy: sixteen children were born in it (eight of them were boys). And Vasily Mikhailovich never married until the end of his life. He died on December 21, 1885, leaving no heir. After his death in 1887, the P. and V. Ryabushinsky Brothers ”was reorganized into the“ Partnership of P. Ryabushinsky's Manufactories with Sons ”. Pavel Mikhailovich outlived his younger brother by exactly 14 years and died in December 1899. The family business was continued and expanded by his numerous sons.
RYABUSHINSKY
Russian Rothschilds
At the beginning of the 20th century, there was no person in Russia who did not know the name of the Ryabushinsky. Having started trading in the 19th century, the illiterate Mikhail Yakovlevich, the founder of the dynasty, could not have imagined that in a hundred years his descendants would be world famous entrepreneurs, bankers, scientists and patrons of art, and the people would call them “Russian Rothschilds”.
This family came from the economic peasants of the Pafnutiev Monastery, which is near the ancient Russian city of Borovsk. And in Borovsk, according to family legend, they came from the Don. Thus, the Ryabushinskys were descended from the Don Cossacks, which was especially proud of the founder of the dynasty of manufacturers Mikhail Yakovlevich.
The very first known representative was the glazier Denis. His son, Yakov Denisov, was a woodcarver and worked in the monastery household. Yakov's wife bought stockings in the villages and sold them in Borovsk.
The family had many children. The elders, like their father, had to take up the craft, and the two younger ones went into trade. Already in 1802 they were both merchants of the third guild and traded independently in canvas (Mikhail) and rags (Artemy).
The invasion of the French ruined Mikhail Yakovlevich, and he was assigned to the bourgeoisie. Only 12 years later, in 1824, he again became a merchant, but under a different name - Rebushinsky. He changed his surname, going into a split, and he began to be called that after the settlement in which he lived in Borovsk. Over time, and rather quickly, the Rebushinskys turned into Ryabushinskys, but Mikhail Yakovlevich always signed in the old way.
At first, Mikhail Yakovlevich traded in canvas goods, then in cotton and woolen products, but he always dreamed of starting his own production. Having accumulated capital, in 1846 he founded a small factory in his own house in Moscow, in Golutvinsky Lane. He produced silk and woolen products.
When his sons grew up, Mikhail Yakovlevich, one after another, founded factories of woolen and cotton products in the Medynsky (Nasonovskaya) and Maloyaroslavsky (Churikovskaya) districts of the Kaluga province. He did a lot of trade in Russia - Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Ukraine - and Poland. At the same time, the first banking operations of the Ryabushinskys were carried out.
After the death of his beloved wife Evfimia Stepanovna, who came from the wealthy merchants Skvortsovs, Mikhail Yakovlevich gradually began to retire, handing the factories into the hands of his sons - Ivan, Pavel and Vasily. Ivan died early, and Mikhail Yakovlevich left the inheritance to Pavel and Vasily as indivisible property.
Pavel managed factories and took care of providing them with raw materials, machines, paints, firewood. Vasily was involved in financial documentation, business management and accounting. Pavel Mikhailovich, heading the business, intensively developed factory production, built a four-storey building of a weaving factory next to the house. He knew the technical side of the matter thoroughly, so he did the most important work - receiving the goods - himself. He also set prices for goods.
At first, Pavel Mikhailovich's family life did not work out. At the insistence of his parents, having married Anna Semyonovna, who was several years older than him, he did not feel happy. In addition, there were no heirs: The only son died in infancy, and then only daughters were born. Realizing that he did not live the way he would like, Pavel Mikhailovich divorced his wife in 1863 and remained a bachelor for a long time.
Since the early 1860s, Pavel Mikhailovich began to actively engage in social activities. In 1860 he was elected a member of the six-vowel administrative Duma of Moscow as a representative from the Moscow merchants, in 1864 - to the commission for revising the rules in petty bargaining, in 1866 - a deputy of the city council and a member of the commercial court. In 1871 and 1872 he was elected a member of the accounting and loan committees of the Moscow office of the State Bank, from 1870 to 1876 he was elected to the Moscow Exchange Committee.
Thus, Pavel Mikhailovich Ryabushinsky became one of the recognized leaders of Moscow entrepreneurs.
By this time, another important event in the life of the merchant had happened: having gone to Petersburg to woo his brother Vasily, he himself fell in love with her, evoked a reciprocal feeling and on June 11 received her parents' blessing for the marriage, and on July 20 the wedding took place. The wife of fifty-year-old Pavel Mikhailovich was the daughter of the famous bread merchant Ovsyannikov, seventeen-year-old Sasha.
Alexandra Stepanovna was cheerful and cheerful, and her relationship with her husband was the same. It was very happy marriage, which was expressed in numerous offspring: Pavel Mikhailovich and Alexandra Stepanovna had 17 children. Moreover, the last daughter was born when her father was already 72 years old.
Despite this a large number of children, Alexandra Stepanovna not only took care of their upbringing and watched over the household, she also managed to maintain connections in society, and to do charity work.
And Pavel Mikhailovich, having waited for the appearance of the heirs, gladly took up their education. He himself did not receive enough knowledge in childhood, so he was forced to engage in self-education. He did not want the children to repeat his fate, preferring to prepare them well in advance. So, Ryabushinsky hired foreign tutors, attaching special importance to the study foreign languages... In order for the children to know the family business, in the summer they were sent to the factory, where they could get acquainted with the problems and interests of the factory environment. After graduating from school, Pavel Mikhailovich sent his sons abroad to continue his education. All the Ryabushinsky daughters graduated from boarding schools.
Children inspired Pavel Mikhailovich to new, grandiose projects: he decided to enlarge his production, concentrating it in one area. For this, several old factories were sold, and instead a factory was bought on the Tsna River at the Vyshny Volochok station. In the area of Vyshny Volochka, Pavel Mikhailovich actively bought up forests to provide the factory with fuel.
In 1874, a factory in Churikovo burned down, but they did not begin to restore it, in its place were built large dyeing and bleaching, dressing and weaving factories, as well as barracks for working families and a stone hospital. In 1891, a school for 150 people was also built.
In the 1880s-90s, Pavel Mikhailovich kept records of first-class commercial bills. This business, new for the merchant, interested him, gradually he began to put more and more emphasis on banking operations. Later, his sons will consider banking as their main activity, which will bring them resounding fame.
Pavel Mikhailovich died at the age of 78, surrounded by numerous offspring. Alexandra Stepanovna, his swan, outlived her husband by only a little over a year, despite the significant age difference.
After the death of his father, Pavel Pavlovich became involved in factories, who took over as managing director. Brothers Sergey and Stepan helped him. They developed banking activities on a large scale and in 1902 founded a banking house, headed by the brothers Vladimir and Mikhail. In 1912, they transformed their private banking house into the largest Moscow bank, whose fixed capital before the war was 25 million rubles.
The Ryabushinsky brothers have significantly expanded the sphere of their interests. Their projects reach all-Russian proportions. They focused their attention on oil production, mining and gold mining. They are interested in the state of navigation on the Dnieper and in Russian shipbuilding in general; they finance expeditions to search for radium.
The Ryabushinsky brothers, the manufacturers, together with the French firm of the Renault brothers, began the construction of the first automobile plant in Moscow (the future AMO - ZIL), and in the Moscow region, together with Bleriot, an aircraft plant.
But the interests of the Ryabushinsky brothers were not limited only to the framework of the economy. So, Pavel Pavlovich was the largest public and political figure in Russia at the beginning of the century. He was a member of the State Council from industry, initiator and creator of the Council of Congresses of Industry and Trade Representatives, the Moscow Military-Industrial Committee, the All-Russian Union of Trade and Industry, and the Progressive Party. He financed the publication of the newspaper of the Progressive Party "Utro Rossii", building for this a large modern printing house.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Ryabushinsky sought to limit the influence of the West on Russia and proposed to fence it off with an “iron curtain”. So for the first time in history this concept arose - the "iron curtain". Fencing off from the West, Pavel Pavlovich strove for integration with the East, to find out the possibility of which he sent his emissaries to China and Mongolia.
Pavel Pavlovich Ryabushinsky also acted as a philanthropist, he patronized many architects, in particular, F.O. Shekhtel, who completed a number of projects commissioned by the Ryabushinskys.
Speaking in Moscow at the 2nd All-Union Trade and Industry Congress in August 1917, P. P. Ryabushinsky, on behalf of the Russian bourgeoisie, called for strangling the revolution with the "bony hand of hunger", he financed and organized the Kornilov movement. In 1920 P.P. Ryabushinsky emigrated to France, where he died in 1924.
Another Ryabushinsky - Dmitry Pavlovich - devoted himself to science. He founded and became the first director of the aerodynamic institute he organized in Kuchino. Later he built a hydrodynamic laboratory on the Pekhorka River. He wrote a number of outstanding scientific papers in the field of aerodynamics and aeronautics.
In 1916, Dmitry Pavlovich created a 70 mm cannon that resembles an open tube on a tripod. The Ryabushinsky gun was the predecessor of the dynamo-reactive and later gas-dynamic recoilless guns.
He became a world-renowned scientist, professor, corresponding member of the French Academy of Sciences.
After the revolution, Dmitry Pavlovich, on his own initiative, gave the aerodynamic institute to the state, after which he emigrated to France, where he died (in Paris in 1962). In France, he worked in the field of aerodynamics and promoted Russian science.
Nikolai Pavlovich Ryabushinsky became a writer. He is the author of many short stories and stories, plays and poems. He gained the greatest fame as the publisher of the literary and art magazine of the Symbolists "Golden Fleece". He was also fond of painting (about which a contemporary wrote: "Wealth prevented him from being only an artist"), had good taste and for some time was engaged in antique business.
By order of Nikolai Pavlovich, at the beginning of the 20th century, a luxurious dacha was erected near Petrovsky Park, called the Black Swan and famous not only for its architecture and collection of paintings, but also for noisy receptions for Moscow bohemians.
Nikolai Pavlovich collected canvases of both old masters and contemporaries, and the bulk of the collection consisted of paintings by artists grouped around the Golden Fleece. In addition, his collection included famous sculptures by O. Rodin (one of the figures in the Citizens of Calais composition and a bust of V. Hugo).
On the initiative of Nikolai Pavlovich in 1907, an exhibition of Moscow symbolists "Blue Rose" was opened. Famous pianists were invited to the exhibition, and here they read poems by V. Bryusov and A. Bely.
In 1909, Nikolai Pavlovich went bankrupt and was forced to sell part of his collection at auction. Then a number of canvases were destroyed by a fire at the Black Swan villa. After this fire, only the portrait of V. Bryusov by M.A. Vrubel and canvases that were in the Moscow Ryabushinsky mansion.
After October 1917, Nikolai Pavlovich was on public service consultant and art appraiser, but in 1922 he emigrated. His collection was nationalized and entered into the State Museum Fund.
Nikolai Pavlovich settled in Paris. He had several antique shops and shops in Nice, Paris, Biarritz, Monte Carlo, and not without success was engaged in trade. Nikolai Pavlovich died in Nice in 1951.
Mikhail Pavlovich, like other brothers, was fond of art, tried to support its development. He financed several art exhibitions, allocated funds to employees of the Tretyakov Gallery, in 1913 he was a member of the Committee for the organization of the posthumous exhibition of V.A. Serov.
To collect his collection of paintings by Russian and Western European artists Mikhail Pavlovich began in 1900, he had a special love for the works of young Russian painters. He bought some canvases at exhibitions.
According to the tradition of Moscow collectors, Mikhail Pavlovich intended to donate his collection to Moscow. In 1917, he deposited his collection with the Tretyakov Gallery, where his paintings remained after nationalization. Part of this collection was transferred to the Museum of New Western Art in 1924.
Currently, paintings from the collection of M.P. Ryabushinsky are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum, State Museum of Fine Arts. A.S. Pushkin, Kiev Museum of Russian Art, Art Museum. A.N. Radishchev in Saratov.
When in January 1918 the Union of Artists' Storehouses was created, Mikhail Pavlovich became its treasurer, but cooperation with the new government did not take place. In 1918, Mikhail Pavlovich emigrated with his brothers and settled in London, where he opened a branch of the Ryabushinsky bank and became its director. By 1937, his bank ceased to exist, Mikhail Pavlovich first started importing goods from Serbia and Bulgaria to England, and after World War II he became a broker in small antique shops. He died in 1960, at the eightieth year of his life.
Almost all Ryabushinskys were interested in icons. Stepan Pavlovich, continuing the traditions of his grandfather, Mikhail Yakovlevich, has been collecting icons since 1905 and was one of the recognized authorities on this issue. Icons were brought to him from all over Russia. Stepan Pavlovich bought them in large quantities, chose the most valuable ones for himself, and donated the rest to the Old Believer churches.
Stepan Pavlovich placed all his icons in his home prayer room, not decorating the walls of his study or living room with them. Becoming one of the pioneers scientific research icons, he compiled and published descriptions of many of them, such as icons Mother of God Odigidria of Smolensk. Stepan Pavlovich Ryabushinsky received the title of scientist-archeologist and was elected an honorary member of the Moscow Archaeological Institute.
One of the first S.P. Ryabushinsky began restoring icons, for which he set up a restoration workshop at his home.
In 1911-12 Stepan Pavlovich exhibited his collection at the exhibition "Old Russian Icon Painting and Artistic Antiquity" in St. Petersburg. In 1913, Stepan Pavlovich acted as the organizer of the largest exhibition of ancient Russian art in honor of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty.
After the 1917 revolution, Stepan Pavlovich emigrated and settled in Milan, where he ran a cloth factory. The icons from his collection were transferred to the State Museum Fund, from where they were subsequently distributed to various museums.
Already in exile, on the initiative of Vladimir Pavlovich Ryabushinsky, the "Icon" society was created, which he also headed. This society has done a lot to popularize Russian icons and Russian icon painting abroad.
The younger brother, Fyodor Pavlovich, lived only 27 years, but he also managed to leave a noticeable mark in history and gain a reputation as the patron saint of science. In 1908, on his initiative, the Imperial Russian Geographical Society organized a large scientific expedition to explore Kamchatka. Fyodor Pavlovich donated 250 thousand rubles for this business. After his death, a widow, T.K. Ryabushinskaya, continued to subsidize the processing and publication of materials from the expedition.
But not all Ryabushinsky managed to avoid the "red terror": according to the verdict of the Leningrad troika of the NKVD, the regular executioner, Captain Matveyev, killed 1,111 prisoners of the Solovetsky special-purpose prison. Among those killed was Aleksandra Alekseeva, the sister of the Ryabushinsky millionaires.
The name of the Ryabushinsky is undoubtedly one of the most famous in the business and political circles of pre-revolutionary Russia. Leading industrialists and financiers, they had enterprises in the textile, timber, glass, printing, metalworking and other industries. The Ryabushinsky Brothers banking house created in 1902 and the Moscow Bank reorganized in 1912 were among the leading banks in the country.
The Ryabushinskys played key roles in the largest organizations of entrepreneurs, such as the Society of Cotton Manufacturers, the Moscow Exchange Committee, the All-Russian Union of Trade and Industry, and others. Ryabushinsky, was the recognized leader of the counter-revolutionary bourgeoisie in 1917.
Starting business in trade and industry; The Ryabushinskys gradually became the leading financiers. Unlike the Gunzburgs and Polyakovs, they were not inclined to engage in grunder operations and speculation in securities. Their banking house found useful practical applications for capital, whether it was the development of flax growing or the forest industry, the construction of the first automobile plant in Russia, or oil production.
A distinctive feature of the Ryabushinsky brothers is the preservation of a strong family close-knit organization of the case, which was especially evident in the last pre-revolutionary generation, when the sons of Pavel Mikhailovich Ryabushinsky acted at the same time, without isolating themselves, like many others.
However, sometimes it happens that the brothers grind to each other, there is no friction, but there is support and a shift for rest. This is perhaps the most ideal solution to the question of organizing business management.
The founder of the dynasty, Mikhail Yakovlevich Ryabushinsky, arrived, as they said then, in the Moscow merchants in 1802. A native of the Rebushinskaya settlement (hence his surname, where the "e" changed to "I"), located near Borovsk, he was able to gain a foothold in Moscow, starting his career as a small trader in one of the shops in the Kholshchovy row of the Gostiny Dvor. Then he worked for a long time as a salesman, dreaming of starting his own serious business. His managerial ability and trading abilities did not go unnoticed by the owner: he entrusted him with the management of business and handed over the shop for life annuity. In 1844, Mikhail Yakovlevich finally became its full owner, having paid the owner's son its cost - a thousand rubles. To expand the business, Ryabushinsky bought four more shops from neighbors in the same row. In 1846, he was able to trade his own products - after the weaving factory he created in Golutvinsky Lane in Moscow began work; in 1849 he opened a second weaving production - in the Medynsky district of the Kaluga province. Commercial capital began industrial work, and quite successful: by 1855 Ryabushinsky was the owner of a one and a half million fortune, in other words, his capital increased eightfold in twenty years.
Success in business, apparently, contributed to the rapprochement of M.Ya. Ryabushinsky with rich merchants-Old Believers. In 1820 he joined the Rogozhsky cemetery sect, the leading Old Believer community in Moscow. It should be noted that it was not selfish considerations that mattered here. He and his children remained faithful to their chosen religion throughout their lives, despite repeated repressive measures against schismatics, especially during the reign of Nicholas I.
He left his children rich. Two of his five sons inherited from their father a large for that time commercial and industrial business (we add that shortly before his death, Mikhail Yakovlevich opened a third factory in the Kaluga province). In 1858, the brothers, having received "hereditary and indivisible capital", declared themselves merchants of the 2nd guild, and in 1863 they moved and finally settled in the 1st guild, as evidenced by the testimony of the Moscow merchant council. The firm developed and grew; in the shops it became more and more difficult to sell huge quantities of muslin, calico, cashmere and other products of the Ryabushinsky factories (which, by the way, were of excellent quality, for which the company was awarded the right to depict the State Emblem on goods). In 1867, the "Trading House Pavel and Vasily Ryabushinsky Brothers" was approved. In 1869, they acquired a paper mill near Vyshny Volochok from a Moscow merchant Shilov, which they significantly expanded. This factory became a kind of citadel of the Ryabushinskys' economic power. At the beginning of 1890, 2.5 thousand workers worked here, and over the next decade, the volume of marketable output doubled, and profits increased significantly.
From that time on, the company began to engage in banking operations. Factory production, as noted in the anniversary history of the company, could not absorb the entire capital of Pavel Mikhailovich, and in parallel with it, both the purchase of securities and accounting transactions were carried out. TO late XIX century trading house, reorganized in 1887, after the death of his brother in the “Partnership of Manufactories P.M. Ryabushinsky with Sons ”, was already a large industrial and banking company by all-Russian standards.
Pavel Mikhailovich was an extraordinary personality, surpassed his parent in talent, scope and intelligence, thanks to which he managed to bring the company onto the broad road. His authority in the family was undeniable. His culture and outlook stood out noticeably among the merchants of his day. As an old believer, being a supporter of the preservation of patriarchal relations between the owner and the workers, he was distinguished by honesty, loyalty to the given word and other high moral qualities. All this taken together was the reason and foundation of his charitable activities. These same qualities of the owner contributed to the establishment of strong trusting relationships between him and his employees.
Pavel Mikhailovich Ryabushinsky was married twice and left numerous offspring. From his first marriage, he had six daughters and one son, who died in infancy. Apparently, the absence of an heir; and was the reason for the second marriage. At the age of 50, he married in Paradise, and in the period from 1871 to 1893, 16 children were born in the family, of which 13 survived to adulthood (eight sons and five daughters). P.M.Ryabushinsky himself died in 1899, leaving a multimillion-dollar fortune to his heirs.
The third generation of the Ryabushinskys began to enter the firm's business from the beginning of the 90s. Of the brothers, the eldest stood out - Pavel Pavlovich (1871-1824), not only as the head of the company after the death of his father, but also as one of the ideologists and political leaders of the Russian bourgeoisie. Four others, in seniority - Sergei, Vladimir, Stepan and Mikhail, became the main support in the business sphere. Brothers Nikolai, Dmitry and Fedor left the business sphere, although they remained shareholders and shareholders in the family business. They also turned out to be extraordinary people in their own way.
Among the brothers, there was a distribution of spheres of activity and strict discipline. “Not only in banking and commercial affairs, but also in public affairs. Each was assigned his place according to the established rank, and in the first place was the elder brother, with whom others reckoned and, in a sense, obeyed him, ”writes as a witness P.A. Buryppinn in the book "Moscow merchant".
True, the relationship between the brothers, despite their solidarity for the sake of the cause, was not easy, and sometimes tough. A typical example in this regard took place in 1900, when brother Nikolai, having received his part of the inheritance and the desired freedom, in a short time managed to spend about 200 thousand rubles on a songwriter. Then Pavel and Vladimir turned to the Moscow governor-general with a petition “to establish guardianship over him, since his wasteful life could partly affect unfavorably the state of affairs of our company, for N.P. is our shareholder in those enterprises that we inherited from our father. " The guardianship of the older brothers was removed from Nikolai only in 1905, when he "switched" to literary studies.
Under the third generation of the Ryabushinskys, the firm's sphere of influence was significantly expanded by new industrial and banking enterprises. Thus, in 1902, the Ryabushinskys banking house was established with a fixed capital of 5 million rubles. This event was preceded by the seizure of one of the largest banks in Russia - the Kharkov land bank. This bank, which was headed by the merchant V.N. Alchevsky, played a prominent role in the development of southern Russia, but with the onset of the economic crisis in 1901, the bank collapsed and V.I. Alchevsky committed suicide. After the collapse was declared by the Ministry of Finance, an audit was carried out, which revealed the insolvency and gross abuses committed by the members of the board.
It was then that the Ryabushinskys took the stage and headed the new board of the land bank. For two years, Vladimir and Mikhail put things in order, while they managed to get the help from the government, which was denied to Alchevsky. True, this process was rather difficult, since the Ryabushinskys were related to the previous government and credited some of its operations, in connection with which court cases arose. But in the end everything was formed, and the bank taken under control created a solid foundation for the banking house of the Ryabushinsky brothers, based on the principle of equality of its participants.
The board of the banking house included Vladimir and Mikhail, who took up finance. At the same time, the roles of each of the brothers were clarified. Pavel, Sergei and Stepan took up factory activities, Dmitry took up "scholarly" activities, and Nikolai ... had a fun life.
The development of the banking house's operations proceeded in parallel with the expansion of the activities of the manufactory partnership. The textile factory, radically modernized at the beginning of the century, has turned into a cotton mill with a closed production cycle, independent of price fluctuations in the market for semi-finished products. Fabrics bearing the Ryabushinskys' partnership mark were marketed throughout Russia with the help of a network of their own stores. The Ryabushinskys' enterprise was rated as "one of the outstanding" by textile manufacturers in Moscow. By the beginning of the First World War, more than 3.8 thousand people were already employed at the plant. The Ryabushinskys rather successfully waged a monopoly fight against the leaders of the industry - a group of cotton kings of the Knop empire.
The decisive step in the transformation of textile manufacturers into all-powerful financial tycoons was the organization in 1912 of a joint-stock Moscow Commercial Bank, established on the basis of a former private banking house. By 1917, the capital of the bank controlled by the Ryabushinskys was 25 million rubles and, in terms of resources, ranked 13th in the list of the country's largest banks.
A distinctive feature of the representatives of the third generation of the Ryabushinskys was the desire not to be limited to the mastered business, the desire to enter new, promising higher profits, areas of capital investment. Thus, the attention of Mikhail Ryabushinsky was attracted by the linen industry. “Even before the war,” he wrote later in his memoirs “The Troubled Years”, “when it became more and more difficult to find a use for our money; ... we began to think about where and how to find a use for free money.” I got a brochure about flax, which amazed the entrepreneur with the disorganized and inert business of its production and processing. “Like lightning, two thoughts came to me,” he writes. “Russia produces 80% of all world raw material of flax, but the market is not in the hands of the Russians. , we will seize it and make it a monopoly. ”The second thought is why bring all this dead weight to factories, is it not easier to build a network of small factories and factories in flax regions, to scratch on the spot and sell the already needed combed flax and hairs that meet the needs of the factories and foreign exporters. No sooner said than done. "
As a result of the study of the case and negotiations, the Russian Flax Industrial Joint-Stock Company ("RALO") emerged with a fixed capital of 1 million rubles, of which 80% was contributed by the Ryabushinskys. A similar situation took place with the forest. Already during the war years, the Ryabushinskys developed a program to seize the timber industry and timber exports. The stake was placed on the fact that Europe will need forest materials to rebuild war-torn areas. In October 1916, the Ryabushinskys bought up the shares of the largest forest enterprise in the north of Russia - the association of the White Sea sawmills “I. Rusanov and Son ". At the beginning of 1917, the Ryabushinskys created the Russian North society for the development and operation of forest dachas, peat deposits and the production of stationery.
Other undertakings include the construction of Russia's first automobile plant in Moscow (AMO), actions in the oil industry, where the Ryabushinskys bought up shares in the Nobel Brothers partnership, showed interest in the oil fields in Ukhta, and much more. If not for the October Revolution of 1917, undoubtedly, many of their plans would have been realized.
It should be emphasized a special entrepreneurial ideology, as the fundamental difference between the banking operations of the Ryabushinskys from many other financial enterprises. Manufacturing and trade, as sources of initial accumulation, operations in the Moscow region and the province made them patriots, preferring to deal with their like-minded people. For them, St. Petersburg was a city of "stock exchange orgies and unprincipled brokers", where bankers prevail over industrialists, the economic command in Russia from the hands of business people passes into the hands of businessmen, among whom there are many just snatchers closely connected with foreign capital.
The national Moscow Old Believer coloration of the Ryabushinskys' entrepreneurial ideology manifested itself in various forms. It was also a well-known opposition to the government, which, from their point of view, was detrimental to the national interests of Russia. Unlike many representatives of the modern business world, the Ryabushinskys were not among the enthusiastic admirers of American entrepreneurship and linked their interests with the revival of Europe and the flourishing of Russia. “We are experiencing the fall of Europe and the rise of the United States,” wrote M.P. Ryabushinsky. - The Americans took our money, entangled us with colossal debts, enriched themselves immensely: the settlement center will move from London to New York ... They have no science, art, culture in the European sense. They will buy from the defeated countries national museums, for a huge salary they will attract artists, scientists, business people and create what they lacked. " The hope was expressed that Europe would find the strength to revive again. “Russia will have the opportunity to widely develop productive forces and enter the broad road of national prosperity and wealth,” we read in M.P. Ryabushinsky "The purpose of our work."
For a hundred years the Ryabushinskys have gone from middle-class traders to all-Russian entrepreneurs. Front October Revolution In 1917, they controlled a vast financial and industrial group, comparable in power to the leading Petersburg groups. In political terms, the Moscow Ryabushinskys were far ahead of other units of the Russian bourgeoisie.
The history of the Ryabushipnskys' case can be considered as a model of the development on a family basis of commercial entrepreneurship in the banking industry and its evolution from simple to the most complex forms, known in Russian conditions. The Ryabushinskys began to engage in banking operations back in the 1840s, and initially it was just one of the sources of income for a trading house, and then a manufacturing partnership. Over the years, a banking house was created, which turned into a major financial center for all kinds of family-based businesses. Moreover, these enterprises were distinguished by a productive, useful nature for society, and not just stock speculation and grunding (founding companies that often turned out to be fake, unviable, but gave big profits to the founding bankers).
Born into the family of a cotton manufacturer and banker Pavel Mikhailovich Ryabushinsky and Alexandra Stepanovna Ovsyannikova, the daughter of a millionaire bread merchant. The family had nine sons and seven daughters, three children died in childhood.
The Ryabushinsky family descended from the old-believer peasant Mikhail Yakovlevich Ryabushinsky from the economic (who retained personal freedom) peasants of the Borovsko-Pafnutyevsky monastery. At the age of twelve, Mikhail was sent to study in the trade part in Moscow, in 1802 he enrolled in the third merchant guild with a capital of 1000 rubles. In 1850, he already owned several textile factories in Moscow and the provinces. After his death in 1858, he left his children about 2 million rubles in banknotes. The Ryabushinsky family belonged to the Rogozhsky parish of the Old Believer confession.
In 1890 Pavel Ryabushinsky graduated from a secondary educational institution of the Moscow Practical Academy of Commercial Sciences.
In 1892, Pavel Ryabushinsky bought the mansion of S.M. Tretyakov, built by the architect A.S. Kaminsky at 6 Gogolevsky Boulevard, where he lived until 1917.
In 1893 he married the daughter of a cloth manufacturer A.I. Butikova and in 1896 their son Pavel was born.
Pavel Pavlovich's father died in 1899. P.M.'s condition Ryabushinsky was divided equally between eight sons: each received the same shares in the “Partnership of P.M. Ryabushinsky with his sons "with a capital of 5.7 million rubles, a textile factory that produced fabrics for 3.7 million rubles a year in the village of Zavorovo, Vyshnevolotsk district, Tver province, and 400 thousand rubles in cash or securities. The Ryabushinsky brothers continued to conduct family affairs together. Pavel Ryabushinsky, as an older brother, became the head of the family clan.
In 1902 the Ryabushinskys founded the Ryabushinskiy Brothers banking house, which was later reorganized into the Moscow Bank with a capital of 20 million rubles in 1912. In 1917, the Ryabushinsky bank had a capital of 25 million rubles.
In 1903 - 1904 the building of the banking house "Brothers Ryabushinsky" was built at the corner of Staropansky Lane and 1/2 Birzhevaya Square. This was the brothers' main place of work.
In 1905, Pavel Ryabushinsky first turned to politics: after the first Russian revolution at the Trade and Industrial Congress, he advocated the reorganization of the Duma into parliament. The congress was closed by the authorities and supporters of parliamentary rule continued their meetings in the house of Pavel Ryabushinsky.
Since 1906, Pavel Ryabushinsky was elected one of the foremen of the Moscow Exchange Committee, in subsequent years he chaired various commissions. In 1915 he was elected chairman of the Committee.
In 1907 he began to publish at his own expense the newspapers "Morning" and "Morning of Russia", which were published until 1917.
In 1913, Pavel Ryabushinsky became interested in scientific research on radioactive materials by V.I. Vernadsky, V.A. Obruchev and V.D. Sokolov.
In 1914, he organized two scientific expeditions to Transbaikalia and Central Asia to search for radioactive deposits, but large deposits were not discovered.
In 1915, Pavel Ryabushinsky was in the active army, where he set up several mobile hospitals and was awarded orders.
In 1916, Pavel Ryabushinsky fell ill with pulmonary tuberculosis and moved to Crimea, where he met the 1917 revolution.
In 1919, Pavel Ryabushinsky emigrated to France, where he tried to revive the All-Russian Trade and Industrial Union ("Protosoyuz") to support the government of General Wrangel.
Pavel Ryabushinsky died of tuberculosis in 1924 and was buried in the Batignolles cemetery in Paris.
In the Russian Empire, family dynasties of merchants and industrialists who accumulated millions of fortunes from generation to generation were not uncommon. But if the majority closed themselves in one branch, then the Ryabushinskys boldly took on any new business that promised prospects. And to them, and to Russia. And if not for the world war and revolutions, then today the Ryabushinskys would be spoken of as the founders of the domestic auto industry. And the fact that later, already in another Russia, will receive the bureaucratic abbreviation of the military-industrial complex, in common parlance - "defense industry".
(published with abbreviations)
Origin: monastic-peasant
The family of Russian textile magnates and financial barons, “owners of factories, newspapers, ships” came from “economic” peasants, that is, former monastic peasants that became “state” after the secularization of church lands. The ancestor of the dynasty, the "nationalized" peasant Mikhaila, the son of Denis Yakovlev, was born in 1787 in the Rebushinskaya settlement of the Pafnutyevo-Borovsky monastery, Kaluga province. At the age of twelve, he was given "to study", and already at the age of 16, the teenager showed up in Moscow, where he immediately enrolled in the merchants of the third guild.
It was in 1802, in order to enroll in the merchant guilds, it was necessary to present a certain capital, and most likely, the elder brother helped Mi-hail with money. Artemy Yakovlev, who traded in the Gostiny Dvor. Soon the young man acquired both a "Moscow residence" and his own start-up capital- he married the daughter of a tannery owner. After that, Mikhail Yakov-lion opened his own shop in the same Gostiny Dvor, rented from the previous owner, and then redeemed.
However, force majeure circumstances prevented the newly made "resident" from developing - it began Patriotic War 1812 All his plans burned out in the Moscow fire. And after the expulsion of Napoleon's troops from Moscow, the ruined entrepreneur submitted to the Merchant Council a petition to transfer him from the merchant class to the bourgeois class. Translated into the current language - from the PPI to the wage earners. But a few years later, the savvy and businesslike clerk liked the inu owner, the merchant Sorokovanov, so much that he, having no direct heirs, in his old age transferred his business to a capable “top manager”.
And in 1820, Yakovlev took another crucial step - he joined the community of Old Believers, to whom the entire elite of the Moscow merchants belonged at that time. Of course, this did not contribute to the improvement of relations with the Russian Orthodox Church, but the young entrepreneur immediately established contacts in the business world of the Mother See - such as he could only dream of.
Having adopted a new surname - according to the name of his native settlement, a tradesman Mikhail Yakovlevich Rebushinsky(the first vowel in the surname changed only from the middle of the posture of the last century) at the very end of 1823 he signed up for the second time as a merchant of the third guild. This time, without any problems, presenting evidence of the availability of the capital, which was due for such an occasion - in 8 thousand rubles.
Now he had a chance to show himself - and Rebushinsky took advantage of it one hundred percent. Before his death in 1858, he managed to found one weaving manufactory in Moscow and two more at home, in the Kaluga province. And in 1856 he expanded Moscow production, building one of the first "full cycle" weaving factory in the Russian Empire in Golutvinsky Lane.
To his heirs - two daughters and three sons, Ivan, Pavel and Vasily - the former "economic peasant" has inherited a capital of millions. More precisely, more than 2 million rubles - a huge amount at that time. Although the eldest son Ivan was “dismissed” from the family business (because he disobeyed his father and married of his own choice) and, having received his share of the inheritance, he conducted his own trade until the end of his life.
The middle son, Pavel, did not contradict his will during his father's life and married “whomever it should be” - a rich merchant's daughter.
They had six daughters and one son who died in infancy, but a strong, truly Old Believer family did not work out.
Pavel and Vasily Ryabushinsky lived and led the family business in peace and harmony. They sold their shop in Gostiny Dvor and turned from traders into commodity producers, although their company was formally called "P. and V. Ryabushinsky's Trading House". Pavel, more savvy in economics and "management" (he learned the basics of both in Uncle Artemy's shop and at his father's factories), was in charge of production. And Vasily, who is more inclined to finance, is for the sale of goods.
However, soon the elder brother decided to liquidate his father's factories, and with the proceeds to buy a large operating paper mill in the Tver province, near Vyshny Volochok. In the future, the elder Ryabushinsky intended to turn the factory into an advanced enterprise. The younger brother accepted the elder's idea with hostility, and in 1869 Pavel was forced to buy the manufactory with his own money.
Time has shown that the elder was right. The very next year after the purchase of the Vyshnevolotsk manufactory, its products received a gold medal at the next All-Russian exhibition. Five years later, two more manufactories were built there - a dyeing and bleaching and weaving one. By the early 1880s, the products of the Ryabushinsky brothers were known throughout Russia, and the company acquired the right to depict the state emblem on its products.
After the death of his brother in 1885, Pavel Ryabushinsky incorporated the company - now it was called the Partnership of P.M. manufactory Morozov). The partnership was also engaged in financial transactions and became one of the leading credit and financial institutions in Moscow.
The following fact speaks about the human qualities of Pavel Ryabushinsky. When a decree was issued in 1855 forbidding Old Believers to enroll in merchants, the head of the company remained faithful to his religious convictions and graduated from the merchant guild, becoming, like his father, a Moscow bourgeoisie. And he returned to the guild only after finding an appropriate legal loophole (in a number of cities, in particular in the port of Yelets, some privileges remained - there Old Believers were also registered as merchants).
Financial and industrial empire
Pavel Mikhailovich Ryabushinsky died in December 1899, only a few months before his 80th birthday. According to the behest of his wife, the house in Maly Kharitonevsky Lane was transferred. 8 thousand rubles were received by the confessor and the footman who looked after the sick owner. And the fixed capital of 20 million rubles was divided equally between eight sons - Pavel, Sergei, Vladimir, Stepan, Nikolai, Mikhail, Dmitry and Fedor.
Nikolay, Dmitry and Fyodor were not engaged in family business, and about their fates - a little lower. And two older brothers, Pavel and Ser-gay, headed the textile production - by that time one of the largest in the Russian Empire.
By the beginning of the First World War, at the plant near Vyshny Volochk (there the enterprise owned forest lands with an area of 40 thousand dessiatines, a newly built sawmill and glass factories, as well as the Okulovsky stationery factory purchased from the previous owners) employed 4.5 thousand workers, and the annual turnover amounted to 8 million rubles.
Even the fire that happened a year after the death of his father and destroyed most of the buildings did not interfere with the development of production. Thanks to insurance, internal reserves and, most importantly, the ebullient energy of Pavel Ryabushinsky Jr., the factory was brought back online in record time.
Vladimir and Mikhail Ryabushinskiy seriously took up the financial component of the growing “brotherly” empire, which now would be more accurately called “commercial, industrial and financial”. Founded in 1902, the Ryabushinsky Brothers Banking House (famous for being the first and only private bank in Russia to publish its monthly and annual reports) was transformed a decade later into a joint-stock commercial Moscow bank with a fixed capital of 25 million rubles.
The bank ranked 13th among the financial institutions of the Russian Empire, and its famous modern building on Birzhevaya Square in Moscow, designed by Fyodor Shekhtel, became a symbol of the prosperity and power of the Ryabushinsky financial empire.
At the beginning of the last century, it also grew with the Kharkov Land Bank. In 1901, after the tragic suicide of its former owner, "financial genius" Alexei Alchevsky, the bank - the third largest joint-stock mortgage institution in the country - was headed by 21-year-old Mikhail Ryabushinsky.
At the same time, the Ryabushinsky family clan, having accumulated huge capital, began to actively invest it in a wide variety of sectors of the economy. On the eve of the First World War, the partnership bought the Gavrilov-Yamskaya Linen Manufactory and founded the largest export company - the Russian Joint Stock Flax Industrial Company (with a fixed capital of 1 million rubles), which accounted for about a fifth of the entire Russian linen business.
And Sergei and Stepan Ryabushinskiy, pioneering the Russian car industry, after the outbreak of the war - in 1916 - founded the Moscow Automobile Plant (AMO) Partnership, suggesting that it would produce trucks for the army under the license of the Italian company FIAT. And only for reasons beyond the control of the brothers - the railway paralysis caused by the war in the west of the empire - the machines ordered in Sweden and the United States never arrived in Russia. Founded by the Ryabushinskys, the Moscow automobile plant started working only after 1917, having received the name of its first Soviet director, Likhachev.
Two other enterprises, created by the Ryabushinsky brothers before the revolution and successfully survived to this day, continued to produce products in Soviet times. These are the Rybinsk Machine-Building Plant (now Rybinsk Motors JSC) and the Mechanical Plant in the Moscow Region Fili (now the Khrunichev State Pedagogical Research Center - the forge of domestic space technology). And thanks to Stepan Ryabushinsky, Moscow was adorned with another architectural masterpiece - the famous Art Nouveau mansion near the Nikitsky Gate (designed by the same Shekhtel), where Maxim Gorky lived.
The war prevented another ambitious plan of the Ryabushinskys from being realized - the creation of a “forest empire” under the auspices of the “Russian North” Society. In the same 1916, the brothers bought one of the largest Russian sawmills - the Belomorsk factories in the Arkhangelsk province, but things did not go any further.
And the sphere of interests of the well-known Moscow family clan at the beginning of the last century included the Baku oil fields (the Ryabushinskys owned shares in another "brotherly" company - the Nobels) and the development of northern oil fields in the Ukhta region (and radium in the east), mining and machine-building enterprises in the Urals and the Volga region, gold mining, shipbuilding ...
Capital circulation in politics
The tone in the family business was set Pavel Pavlovich Ryabushinsky, whose fortune in 1916 was estimated at 4.3 million rubles, and the annual income was more than 300 thousand rubles. (For comparison: the annual salary of the most senior tsarist dignitaries then did not exceed 25-30 thousand rubles.) By the beginning of the First World War, he was already not only one of the richest people of the Russian Empire, but also a well-known politician - an exponent of the interests of a large Russian the bourgeoisie, which stood in opposition to the self-moderation and wanted a "revolution from above" (as a "revolution from below" that was rapidly advancing on Russia).
The head of the financial and industrial empire at his own expense published opposition newspapers (from the Old Believer "Narodnaya Gazeta" to the liberal "Morning of Russia") and created public organizations and entire political parties. After the Union of October 17 supported Stolypin's program of “pacifying” Russia - with the help of repressive military field courts - Ryabushinsky broke with the Octobrists.
Condemning "every bloody terror, both governmental and revolutionary," he became a radical "pro-progressive" - along with other prominent Moscow entrepreneurs such as Alexander Konovalov and Sergei Tretyakov.
Contemporaries noted Ryabushinsky's ability to conflict with everyone: with the government, socialists, representatives of his class. The recalcitrant "progressist" strove for synthesis national traditions with Western democratic institutions, advocated non-interference of the state in economic activity... He has repeatedly stated that "the bourgeoisie does not reconcile with the all-pervading police tutelage and strives for the emancipation of the people," and that "the agricultural people themselves are never the enemy of the merchants, but the landowner, landowner and official, yes."
A scandalous toast by Ryabushinsky, who was not shy in his expressions - "not to the government, but to the Russian people!" - ended in April 1912, a meeting with Moscow entrepreneurs of the new head of government, Vladimir Kokovtsev, who replaced the murdered Stolypin. And just before the war, in April 1914, none other than Pavel Ryabushinsky, together with another "millionaire",
Alexander Konovalov, negotiated with representatives of opposition parties (including the Bolsheviks) on the creation of a united front against the government reaction. And he even promised to help with money for the preparation of the VI Congress of the RSDLP! Alas, those negotiations ended in nothing.
With the outbreak of the First World War, Pavel Ryabushinsky became one of the leaders of the Military-Industrial Committee. The banker and entrepreneur accepted the February Revolution, but believed that socialism was "premature" for Russia at that time.
October 1917 Ryabushinsky met in the Crimea, and after the defeat of the Kornilov rebellion was arrested by the Simferopol Soviet as "an accomplice in the conspiracy." They released him only on the personal order of Kerensky.
After that, the successful industrialist and failed politician emigrated with his brothers to France. There he actively participated in the creation of the emigrant organization "Torgprom" (Russian Trade, Industrial and Financial Union). Pavel Ryabushinsky died in 1924 from an then incurable disease - tuberculosis and was buried in Paris at the famous "Russian" cemetery of Saint-Genevieve-des-Bois.
Gone With the Wind
Having created the largest financial and industrial empire in Russia and entered the top ten richest people in the country, the Old Believers, both before emigration and after, successfully combined earthly (money) matters with spiritual matters.
Stepan Ryabushinsky, a deeply religious person, he collected icons and planned to create a museum, which was also prevented by the war. His brother Mikhail, director of the Moscow Bank, collected paintings, as well as Japanese and Chinese engravings, porcelain, bronze, antique furniture. Vladimir and Sergey Ryabushinsky together with Ivan Bilibin and Alexander Benois, they founded the “Icon” art and educational society in exile.
The other three brothers were not in business at all. Deceased early (in 1910 from the same family disease - tuberculosis) Fe-dor managed to finance the largest scientific expedition to Kamchatka under the auspices of the Geographical Society, spending 200 thousand rubles from his personal funds. Nikolay(known in the Moscow artistic and artistic environment as Nikolasha) was engaged in literary activity, published the magazine "Golden Ru-no", but generally led a bohemian life, squandering his father's money in constant spree in his villa "Black Swan" in Petrovsky park. The brothers even had to establish temporary custody over him.
A Dmitriy became a prominent scientist - a specialist in the field of aerodynamics. He founded the Aerodynamic Institute in the sub-Moscow family estate of Kuchino - the first scientific institution of this type in the world; after the revolution he achieved its nationalization, but then, after a short-term arrest, considered it a good thing to emigrate as well. Until the end of his life, Dmitry Ryabushinsky remained a scientific expert at the French Ministry of Aviation, taught at the Sorbonne and was engaged in collecting.
Of the Ryabushinsky sisters, the most famous Euphemia, who married the "cloth king" Nosov and devoted her life to patronage. Her house on Vvedenskaya Square was turned into an art salon, and after the revolution, the collection of paintings and the library were donated to the Tretyakov Gallery.
In Moscow, of all the numerous relatives, two daughters of Pavel Pavlovich Ryabushinsky also remained - Nadezhda and Alexandra . Until the mid-1920s, they lived in the family nest, and ended their days in Solovki ...
After the Ryabushinskys in another Russia, which they did not know, only beautiful buildings, factories, factories, scientific institutions remained. And the memory of their achievements.
Text by Vladimir Gakov. Based on the materials of the "Family stories" newspaper
