Caspian Sea - This is a unique ecological system. It is the largest lake on the planet Earth. Material biosphere, beautiful nature and wealth of natural resources make it attractive in all aspects.

Caspian Sea: description, photo and video

Many wonder what the area of \u200b\u200bthe Caspian Sea is. This question is quite difficult to give an answer, since this parameter varies depending on seasonality. For example, when the water surface level is at a mark of 27 meters, the area covers an area of \u200b\u200b370 thousand square kilometers. It is almost 45 percent of the volume of freshwater lakes on Earth.

Caspian also has inhomogeneous depth. In the north of the maxim depth of the Caspian Sea Only about 25 meters, and the average is within 4 meters. South Region, on the contrary, very deep - 1025 kilometers. This is the third figure in the world among the lakes, after Tanganiki and. The exact reasons for such oscillations in the Caspian Sea, scientists can not yet be called. Among the most likely versions - climate change and earthly crust in the region.

Caspian Sea - Azerbaijan (Baku)

Since the lake is not only an industrial reservoir, but also recreational, then the temperature of the water in the Caspian Sea is also of great interest. In winter, there are significant temperature differences on the lake. From the south side, it is held at a mark at 11 degrees, and in the northern may drop to 0.5 and lower. Sometimes in this region you can observe the glaciation.

In the summer, which continues here since the beginning of June in mid-September, the temperature is approximately the same throughout the water. In the upper beds, the average indicators are held within 26-27 degrees, and in shallow water, water can be heated and up to 32. Water is weakly salting, but saturation depends on the regional factor and may change. The largest concentration in the West and the south, and in the northern part, thanks to freshwater rivers, it is the smallest. Changeable and local climate.

The lake is located immediately in three climatic belts:

• continental;
• moderate;
• subtropical.

Summer in the region is quite roast. A thermometer column can reach up to 44 degrees Celsius. In winter, in the south, these indicators range to +10, and in the north - to -10. The Caspian Sea on the map has quite smooth shores, but in fact, its borders are very scented with the estates of rivers, peninsulas and straits. The length of the coast, taking into account the islands - 7 thousand kilometers. In the north the coast is lowlands, and it has a swampy terrain caused by ducts. In the east, limestones are common, flowing in semi-deserts.

There are approximately 50 islands on the territory of the lake. The biggest of them:

• Seal;
• Beyuk Zirya;
• Chechen;
• Ozurchinsky;
• Ashur Ada.

Among the numerous bays, you can mark Kara-Bogaz-goals. Until the end of the last century, he was a kind of lagoon, but in 1980 the construction of the dam began here, because of this, the amount of water entering the lake has decreased. Today, the strait managed to restore.

What rivers fall into the Caspian Sea? Lake feeds a large number of Rivers, the largest of which:

• Volga;
• Sulak (Pro);
• Terek;
• Ural (Pro).

Every year, they bring hundreds of fresh water cubic meters to the lake.

The region is actively mastered for centuries. Today, in the Caspian Sea, large ports connecting trading paths are functioning. From the Russian most important are Astrakhan and Makhachkala. Oil production is also conducted in the Caspian water area. According to experts, the region's oil resources are about 10 billion tons. There are also gas reserves here.

The Caspian lake is a great place to relax. Local beaches affect everyone who comes here. The quality of recreation in the Caspian Sea is not inferior. Pleasant climate, comfortable beaches and fresh air - all this Caspian is ready to give to tourists. Those who decide to visit the Caspian Sea, rest prices are pleased to surprise. For a small cost, you can get high-quality service.

Among the cities that are popular, you can allocate the following resorts of the Caspian Sea:

• Makhachkala;
• Caspian;
• Astrakhan;
• Lagan;
• Derbent;
• Dagestan lights.

Derbent is very attractive from a historical point of view. Astrakhan allows you to enjoy active rest and fishing, and Makhachkala attracts comfortable and equipped beaches. Rest in the Caspian Sea in Russia allows you to restore health and relax from the city bustle. Among foreign resorts, Baku (Azerbaijan), Avaz (Turkmenistan) and Aktau are most popular.

Caspian Sea on the map

Where is the Caspian Sea? It spread on the mainland of Eurasia. Interestingly, his East Beach is located in Asia, and Western - in Europe. Conditionally, the sea is divided into several parts:

• Northern Caspian;
• South Caspian;
• Medium Caspian.

Of these, only the Northern Caspian is the sea shelf. It contains only 1 percent of the total water volume and ends at the island of Chechen, located near the Kizlyar Gulf.

What countries is the Caspian Sea? On the shore of the lake there are 5 states:

• Azerbaijan;
• Iran;
• Turkmenistan;
• Kazakhstan;
• Russia.

The largest coastline runs through the territory of Kazakhstan, in second place, in this indicator, Russia is located. Azerbaijan's coast has the least length, but it belongs to him the largest port - Baku.

Other large settlements are also on the coast of salt water:

• Enzeli (Iran) - 111 thousand people;
• Aktau (Kazakhstan) - 178 thousand people;
• Atyrau (Russia) - 183 thousand people

The Caspian seaside cities still belong to Astrakhan, although the city is 69 kilometers from the coast. Among the other Russian cities on the seashore, Makhachkala, Derbent and Caspiysk can be noted.

Caspian Sea or Lake?

The Caspian Sea is a geographical object, the essence of which is not entirely correlated with its name.

Why is the Caspian Sea considered to be a lake? Caspian Sea It is a lightweight and closed reservoir. It takes water from rivers, has no connection with the oceans and other seas. Water here, though salted, but this figure is significantly lower than that of other seas. International maritime laws do not apply to the Caspian Sea.

On the other hand, the Caspian has sufficiently large sizes, differing from the traditional ideas about the lakes. Even Baikal, and even more so, inferior to him in the area. There are no other lakes in the world, whose coast is simultaneously belonging to five states. The bottom structure is also very similar to the ocean type. With a lot of probability, the water of the Caspian Sea many centuries ago fell into the Mediterranean Sea, but due to drying and tectonic processes, they were divided.

The Caspian Water Area is rich in the islands, the size of which, even international standards, large enough.

Nature of the Caspian Sea

One of the most interesting mysteries Caspiana - accommodation in the lake of the population of seals, which are a shallow species of those inhabit the cold northern waters. However, the appearance of them on the coast, at a minimum suggests that local places begin to recover in an environmental plan after negative consequences Oil production.

Vegetable I. animal world The Caspian Sea is very diverse. The underwater ecosystem boasts a large number of crustaceans, mollusks, bulls, herring and spruce. Many varieties are endemics, that is, they live only in this region and anywhere else.

Freshwater species also live in the waters of the lake. They were able to adapt to salted water. This is primarily carp and obeying fish. At sunset of the glacial period, Arctic fish and invertebrates penetrated. In the 40th year of the last century, the Caspian Water was intentionally populated by Kefal, Nereis and Abra, which are a forage base for sturgeon.

In the vicinity of the Caspian Sea, fish-processing plants work, as well as cleaning stations designed to provide water turnover cycles. There are also planned work on the breeding of many species of underwater abode, which have industrial value. The region is of great interest to fishing tourism. In particular, this holiday is popular in Astrakhan region In the Caspian Sea.

Lake Flora is represented by more than 700 species of plants. Some of them grow on land, others in water. Phytoplankton of the Caspian Sea consists of both marine and freshwater algae. According to approximate estimates, about 440 varieties of algae live in the reservoir.

Historical facts

The Caspian coast was once home for ancient civilizationwhich subsequently disappeared. It is the opinion that in the vicinity of Dagestan, the water hide from the human eye Itil - the metropolitan degrees of Khazar Kaganate, which completely disappeared in the 12th century. In Derbent, there is still a wall from an ancient settlement, leaving for a 300-meter depth. For what purposes it was built and who built it - a mystery.

One more interesting feature Caspian Sea-Citadel Sabail, located underwater in the Baku Bay. The structure was flooded during the earthquake, which happened in 1306. In 1723 the upper part of the most high Tower It became visible above the water stroke - this was the consequence of lowering the water level. Today, the fortress is again hidden in the depths of the Caspian Sea, although in sunny weather it can be seen in the water thicker.

The territory of the Caspian Sea was a "apple of discord" between the surrounding countries. Disputes for the distribution of possessions and resources of the lake was carried out for 22 years. In 2018, the countries finally came to a common denominator. August 12 was signed the Convention on legal status Caspian Sea. Before that, in the legal field, the regulation was carried out on the basis of the Soviet-Iranian agreements defining the Caspian as closed with water, and each border state had an independent right to a 10-mile zone. The rest of the lake was divided equally.

How to share the Caspian Sea? The new agreement enshrines every state of 15 miles of territorial waters. Also, the bottom of the Caspian Sea is divided into sectors, as it happens with the seas, and the sovereiga of the water strata is installed on the principle of the lake.

For the current day Caspian Sea It is an economically important region. Without him, it is impossible to imagine Eurasia, including Russia. The Caspian Sea should visit everyone, and the protection of the reservoir should be carried out at the state level. Only joint efforts can be preserved this natural pearl.

, Kura.

42 ° C. sh. 51 ° C. d. H.G.IO.L.

Caspian Sea - The largest water-closed water, which can be classified as the largest faceless lake, or as a full-fledged sea, because of its sizes, as well as due to the fact that his bed is folded by the earth's crust of the oceanic type. Located at the junction of Europe and Asia. Water in the Caspian salt, - from 0.05 near the mouth of the Volga to 11-13 in the south-east. The water level is susceptible to fluctuations, according to 2009 data was 27.16 m below sea level. The Square of the Caspian Sea is currently approximately 371,000 km², the maximum depth is 1025 m.

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Subtitles

Etymology

Geographical position

The Caspian Sea is located at the junction of Europe and Asia. The length of the sea from north to south is about 1200 kilometers (36 ° 34 "-47 ° 13" s. Sh.), From west to east - from 195 to 435 kilometers, an average of 310-320 kilometers (46 ° -56 ° in . d.).

In the physico-geographical conditions, the Caspian Sea is conditionally divided into three parts - the Northern Caspian (25% of the Sea Square), the average Caspian (36%) and the South Caspian (39%). The conditional border between the Northern and Middle Caspian passes along the line of Chechen - Cape Tuba-Karagan, between the Middle and South Caspis - along the line of Chilov Island - Cape Gan-Gulu.

Coast

The territory adjacent to the Caspian Sea is called the Caspian.

Peninsula

• The Absheron Peninsula is located on the West Coast of the Caspian Sea in Azerbaijan, in the northeast ending of the Greater Caucasus, in its territory there are cities of Baku and Sumgait
• Mangyshlak, located on the east coast of the Caspian Sea, on the territory of Kazakhstan, in its territory is the city of Aktau

Islands

In the Caspian Sea, there are about 50 large and medium-sized islands with a total area of \u200b\u200bapproximately 350 square kilometers.

The largest islands:

Buli

Large bays:

Kara-Bog Gol

Eastern coast is located salt Lake Kara-Bogaz-goals, until 1980, the Caspian Sea Lagoon Bay, connected with him a narrow strait. In 1980, a dam, separating the Kara-Bogaz-goal from the Caspian Sea, was built, in 1984, a waterproof structure was built, after which the Kara-Bogaz-goal level dropped a few meters. In 1992, the Strait was restored, along it, water leaves the Caspian Sea to Kara-Bogaz-goal and evaporates there. Every year, 8-10 cubic kilometers of water arrives from the Caspian Sea to Kara-Bogaz-goal (according to other data - 25 cubic kilometers) and about 15 million tons of salt.

Rivers flowing into the Caspian Sea

130 rivers fall into the Caspian Sea, of which 9 rivers have a mouth in the form of a delta. Large rivers flowing into the Caspian Sea - Volga, Terek, Sulak, Samur (Russia), Ural, Emba (Kazakhstan), Kura (Azerbaijan), Atrek (Turkmenistan), Sefidrud (Iran). The largest riverPlugging to the Caspian Sea - Volga, its average annual drain is 215-224 cubic kilometers. Volga, Urals, Terek, Sulac and Emba give up to 88-90% of the annual drainage in the Caspian Sea.

Pool of the Caspian Sea

Coastal states

According to the Intergovernmental Economic Conference of the Caspian State:

The Caspian Sea is washes the shores of five coastal states:

Cities on the Caspian Sea coast

On the Russian coast are located cities - Lagan, Makhachkala, Kaspiysk, Election, Dagestan lights and the southernmost city of Russia Derbent. The port city of the Caspian Sea is also considered to be Astrakhan, which, however, is not on the shores of the Caspian Sea, but in the Volga delta, 60 kilometers from the northern coast of the Caspian Sea.

Physiography

Area, depth, water volume

The area and volume of the water of the Caspian Sea varies significantly depending on the water level fluctuations. At water level -26.75 m, an area is approximately 371,000 square kilometers, water volume - 78,648 cubic kilometers, which is approximately 44% of the world's reserves of lake water. The maximum depth of the Caspian Sea is in the South Caspian depression, 1025 meters from its surface. The magnitude of the maximum depth of the Caspian Sea is inferior only to Baikal (1620 m) and Tanganic (1435 m). The average depth of the Caspian Sea, calculated on the batigraphic curve, is 208 meters. At the same time, the northern part of the Caspian Seamy, its maximum depth does not exceed 25 meters, and the average depth is 4 meters.

Water fluctuations

Vegetable world

The vegetation world of the Caspian Sea and its coast is presented with 728 species. From plants in the Caspian Sea, algae predominate - blue-green, diatoms, red, brown, chas and others, from the flowering - Zoster and Ruppia. According to the origin of the flora relates mainly to the unicurate age, however, some plants were listed in the Caspian Sea by a person consciously or on the bottoms of the courts.

History

Origin

Caspian has an oceanic origin - its bed is folded by the earth's crust of the ocean type. 13 million l. n. The formed Alps separated the Sarmatian Sea from the Mediterranean. 3.4 - 1.8 million liters. n. (Pliocene) existed the Akchagyl Sea, whose deposits were investigated by N. I. Andrusov. Originally formed on the site of the dry Pontic Sea, from which the Balakhansky Lake (on the territory of the South Caspian) remained. Akchagyl transgression was replaced by the Doshkin Regression (a fall at 20 - 40 meters from the level of the Akchagyl basin), accompanied by strong desalination seawaterWhat is due to the termination of the arrival of marine (oceanic) water from the outside. After a short housekeeping regression at the beginning of the Quaternary period (Eopplayian), the Caspian is almost restored as the Absheron Sea, which covers the Caspian and fills the territory of Turkmenistan and the Lower Volga region. At the beginning of the Absheron transgression, the pool turns into a stralywood water. The Absheron Sea exists from 1.7 to 1 million years ago. The beginning of the Pleistocene on the Caspian was marked by a long and deep Turkeyan regression (-150 m to -200 m), corresponding to Matuama-Bries magnetic inversion (0.8 million l.). The water mass of the Turkeyan basin area of \u200b\u200b208 thousand km² was concentrated in the South Caspian and part of the Middlekaspian Kotlovin, between which there was a shallow-water strait in the region of the Absheron threshold. In Early Nelependocene, after the Turky regression, there was an isolated Rannebakinsky and who had the flow of Latebakinsky (level up to 20 m) pools (approx. 400 thousand l.). Ventenskaya (Myshimdagskaya) regression divided Baku and Urundzhik (medium nele-love, up to -15 m) transgression at the end of the early - early late Pleistocene (pool area - 336 thousand km²). A large deep Clelexary regression (up to -20 m), corresponding to the Optimum of Likhvin Interniania (350-300 thousand l), was noted between the Marine Urundgik and Khazar deposits. In average, nelestocene existed pools: Rannehazar Early (200 thousand l.), Rannehazar medium (level up to 35-40 m) and early Jazar Late. In the late Nelependoce, there was an isolated Late Zhazar pool (level up to -10 m, 100 thousand l.), After which there was a small Chernoyarsk regression of the second half - the end of the middle Pleistocene (thermolumine dates 122-184 thousand l.), In In turn, replaced by the Girkan (Hyrgiang) pool.

Deep Long-term Atelier Regression of the Middle Late Pleistocene on initial stage There was a level -20 - -25 m, at the maximum stage of -100 - -120 m, at the third stage - -45 - -50 m. At the maximum, the pool area is reduced to 228 thousand km². After aiatel regression (-120 - -140 m), approx. 17 thousand liters n. The Rabonexal Transgression began to + 50 m (the manic-kerch shed function was functioning), which was interrupted by Elton regression. The Rannevalsky II Basin (level up to 50 m) was replaced at the beginning of the Golochene of the short-term Yenotaev regression (from -45 to -110 m), coincided with the end with the end of Boreala and the beginning of the Boreala. Enotaevsk regression replaced by the Late Claus Transgression (0 m). Late-colored transgression was changed in Golotozle (approx. 9-7 thousand l. N. Or 7.2-6.4 thousand l.) Mangyshlak regression (from -50 to -90 m). Mangyshlak regression was replaced in the first phase of the interglacial cooling and moisturizing (the Atlantic period) of the Novocaspian transgression. The Novocaspian pool was a saltwater (11-13), heat-water and isolated (level up to -19 m). At least three cycles of transgressive-regressive phases in the development of the Novocaspian basin were recorded. Dagestan (Gususanskaya) Transgression was previously related to the initial stage of the Novocaspian era, but the lack of leading Novocaspian form in its precipitation Cerastoderma Glaucum (Cardium Edule.) Gives the basis for allocating it into an independent transgression of the Caspian Sea. The Election of the Dagestan and the Okaspian Transgression of the Caspian Activated, which divorces the Dagestan and actually Novocaspian transgression occurred in the range between 4.3 and 3.9 thousand years ago. Judging by the structure of the incision of Turali (Dagestan) and the data of radiocarbon analysis, transgression was recorded twice - around 1900 and 1,700 years ago.

Anthropological and cultural history of the Caspian Sea

Shipping

Shipping has been developed in the Caspian Sea. In the Caspian Sea act ferry crossings, in particular, Baku - Turkmenbashi, Baku - Aktau, Makhachkala - Aktau. The Caspian Sea has a shipping connection with the Azov Sea through the Volga River, Don and Volga-Don Canal.

Fishing and seafood mining

Fisheries (sturgeon, bream, Sazan, Sudak, Kilka), caviar mining, and also fishing seal. In the Caspian Sea, more than 90 percent of the global sturgeon will be carried out. In addition to industrial production, in the Caspian Sea flourishes illegal mining of sturgeon and their caviar.

Recreational resources

The natural environment of the Caspian coast with sandy beaches, mineral waters and healing mud in the coastal zone creates good conditions For rest and treatment. At the same time, according to the degree of development of the resorts and the tourist industry, the Caspian coast loses noticeably by the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. However, in last years The tourist industry is actively developing on the coast of Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan and Russian Dagestan. Azerbaijan is actively developing a resort area in the Baku area. At the moment, a world-class resort was created in Ambaran, another modern tourist complex is built in the village of Nardaran, rest in the sanatoriums of the villages of Bilghe and Zhugulba is very popular. Also develops the resort area in Naughty, in the north of Azerbaijan. However, high prices in general low level Service and lack of advertising lead to the fact that there are almost no foreign tourists in the Caspian resorts. Development tourist Industry In Turkmenistan, the long-term policy of isolation is hampered, in Iran - the laws of Sharia, due to which the massive vacation of foreign tourists in the Caspian coast of Iran is impossible.

Ecological problems

The environmental problems of the Caspian Sea are associated with water pollution as a result of oil production and transportation on the continental shelf, the intake of pollutants from the Volga and other rivers flowing into the Caspian Sea, the vital activity of coastal cities, as well as the flooding of individual objects in connection with the increase in the level of the Caspian Sea. Predatory mining of sturgeon and their caviar, rampant poaching lead to a decrease in the number of sturgeon and for forced restrictions on their extraction and export.

Legal status

After the collapse of the USSR, the Caspian Sea section was and still remains the subject of unresolved disagreements associated with the section of the resources of the Caspian Shelf - Oil and Gas, as well as biological resources. For a long time, negotiations were held between the Caspian states on the status of the Caspian Sea - Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan insisted on the Caspian Section on the Middle Line, Iran - on the Caspian Section section for one fifth part between all Caspian states.

Regarding the Caspian Sea, the physico-geographical circumstance is that it is a closed intra-radical reservoir that does not have a natural compound with the oceans. Accordingly, the Caspian Sea should not be applied automatically norms and the concepts of international maritime law, in particular, the provisions of the UN Convention on the Law of 1982. Based on this, in relation to the Caspian Sea, it would be unlawful to apply such concepts as the "territorial sea", "Exceptional Economic Zone", "Continental Shelf", and so on.

Now the current legal regime of the Caspian Sea is established by the Soviet-Iranian treaties 1921 and 1940. These treaties provide for freedom of shipping throughout the water area of \u200b\u200bthe sea, freedom of fishing with the exception of ten-mile national fishing zones and ban on swimming in its water area of \u200b\u200bships under the flag of Necspian states.

Negotiations on the legal status of the Caspian Sea are currently continuing.

Separation of the sections of the Caspian bottom for subsoil use

The Russian Federation concluded an agreement with Kazakhstan on the delimitation of the bottom of the Northern part of the Caspian Sea in order to implement sovereign rights to subsoil use (dated July 6, 1998 and the Protocol to it of May 13, 2002), an agreement with Azerbaijan on the delimitation of adjacent areas of the Northern Caspian Sea (from September 23, 2002), as well as a tripartite Russian-Azerbaijani-Kazakhstan agreement on the joint point of the lines of distinction of neighboring sites of the Caspian Sea (dated May 14, 2003), which established the geographical coordinates of separation lines that limit the sections of the bottom, within which parties Exercise their sovereign rights in the field of exploration and mining of mineral resources.

The Caspian Sea or Caspian is the largest closed, lightweight reservoir in the world. What are concluded features of the Caspian Sea? It can be classified as the largest faceless lake, or as the sea (due to its size, as well as its own bed formed by the earth's crust, the so-called ocean type). The Caspian Sea extends throughout Europe and Asia, in particular countries such as: Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan and Iran. In Russia, the Caspian coast is located on the territory of the Astrakhan region, as well as the Republic of Kalmykia and the Republic of Dagestan. This reservoir has a number of characteristics with which this article will introduce.

In the eastern direction, Caspian has a length of 435 kilometers, and in the northern direction more than 1,000 kilometers. More than 40% of all lakes water resources Our planet is concentrated here.

And scientists still lead a dispute about whether the Caspian Lake or Sea is. To date, he was assigned the status of a lake, due to the fact that this inner reservoir has no natural touch with the oceans. At the same time, consider it by the sea for several reasons: its huge territory, water reserves, as well as its salinity, flow and tides, storm, relief (oceanic), indicates that the Caspian Sea originally belonged to the ancient water , united both with black and the Azov Sea.

Approximately six thousand years ago, from the geological activity of the internal forces of the Earth, there was an omission of earthly crust, after which the Caspian Sea became a separate reservoir, which is located below the world's ocean level.

A feature of the Caspian Sea It is also the fact that the indicators of the average salinity of water here are weaker than in other seas of our planet. But after the Caspian was connected to the world's ocean, the whole system of Volga-Don channels, many countries (USA, etc.) demanded to change its lake status on the status of the sea, thereby discover it for the shipping of all countries.

Having lake status, there are no problems with its economic zones on the Caspian, and its territorial waters and shelves. The Russian Federation has a significant sea fleet on the Caspian.

The Caspian Sea covers an area of \u200b\u200b371,000 km². The coastline was stretched nearly seven thousand kilometers, of which Russia belongs to 695 kilometers, in the northern and northwestern part of the reservoir.

Non-flat lowland shores in the northern part of the reservoir are distinguished by a large number of ducts of the Volga river. They form a huge number of different islands, as well as thickets and swampy sites. It is noteworthy that 80% of the whole water enters this lake from the Volga.

In the southern part of the Caspian Sea, extensive sandy beaches spread out on the territory of the Republic of Dagestan, where seaside terraces are found in places. The water of the lake here is replenished with such mountain riverslike: Gamryozen, Rucha and Rubas.

The coastline of the Caspian Sea in Russia formed Bays: Agrachansky and Kizlyarsky.

The Caspian Sea is only in one place, in the north is covered with ice, and then it lasts only for two months a year. Throughout the Caspian coast, the summer is characterized by a small amount of falling precipitation, high temperatures Air and water. And this is another feature of the Caspian Sea.

The increase in the depth of the lake begins from north to south. The maximum depth of the reservoir is more than one kilometer, the average depth is about 200 meters (the same indicator of the depth of water in the north does not exceed 4.5 meters, and the maximum is the mark of 27th. 20% of the territory of the Northern part of the Caspian Sea - very shallow water, Its depth does not exceed 1 meter. The deepening part of the Caspian, in which the Derbent Vadina is located, has a maximum set of depth of 788 m, and as for the southern regions of the lake, then the largest depths are registered here.

The level of water salinity gradually increases, as the Caspian deals from the Volga River delta, it varies from 1 to 12%.

In the Volga delta, in 60 kilometers from the Caspian Sea, the ancient city of Astrakhan is located. In the Caspian coast, the city of Lagan is located on the territory of Kalmykia. And on the Dagestan coast of the Caspian Sea, such cities as follows: Caspiysk, Makhachkala, Dagestan lights, esifier and Derbent.

Flora and fauna

One of the mysteries of this lake is to find the population of seals in its territory, smaller species living in northern Seas. Their catch is prohibited in the territory Russian Federation. Their "accommodation" on the Dagestan coast clearly suggests that the Caspian waters in these places recovered in an environmental aspect, after oil production was minimized.

Flora and the fauna of the Caspian Sea is quite diverse. The most typical representatives of the underwater world of these places is: Herring, bulls, spas, mollusks (drissain and cardium), various crustaceans. It is noteworthy that many species are endemic, i.e. Those who are no longer found anywhere.

The second group (about 25%) includes freshwater species that settled the Caspian at various periods of the desalination of the lake. They were perfectly adapted to reduced salinity. Such fish belongs to the ocupal, carp, etc.

Belek Caspian Seal

Interestingly, here, at the end of the ice age, some representatives of the Arctic invertebrates and fish were able to penetrate (Belorybitsa, Salmon), as well as such mammals as a seal, withdrawing their offspring in Northern Caspiana.

The fourth group of representatives of the marine fauna and Flora Caspian includes Mediterranean species. Most of them came here by chance (for example, with ballast waters or, attaching to the bottoms of ships) after the 1950s. It was when the Caspian and Azov Sea became associated with a network of the Volga-Don Canal. In addition, in the 30s-40s of the last century, the Caspian was consciously populated with kefalle and two types of invertebrates (Abra and Nereis, which, thanks to the successful acclimatization, became the main component of sturgeon diet).

All of the above features of the Caspian Sea make this reservoir very interesting not only from a scientific point of view, but a great place for beach holidays, as well as fishing, thanks to a wide variety of species of fish inhabiting here.

Bull-round kits

Fishing at Caspiana

The Caspian Sea, due to the species diversity of fishing fish (here lives 101 species), very attractive for lovers fishing. In recent years, fishing tourism has been actively developing here. And about fishing at the Caspian Sea, in the Astrakhan region, Kalmykia and Dagestan, will tell new articles.

Caspian Beluga

Caspian Sea short description The Fleel Salt Lake Eurasia and the largest Lake Planet is stated in this article. The message about the Caspian Sea will help you in preparing for classes.

Caspian Sea: Report

This water facility is located on the geographical joint of Europe and Asia. The water level is 28 m below the world's ocean level. For its long history, the Caspian Sea "changed" more than 70 titles. And it received its current name from the ancient tribe of the Caspian, who were engaged in horse breeding and settled along the south-west shore of the lake.

Salt of the Caspian Sea Not permanent: near the mouth of the Volga River it is 0.05%, and in the south-east digit increases to 13%. The area of \u200b\u200bthe water facility is currently about 371,000 km 2, the maximum depth of the Caspian Sea is 1025 m.

Features of the Caspian Sea

Scientists conventionally divided the lake-sea into 3 natural zones:

• Northern
• Middle
• South

Each of them has different depths and composition of water. For example, the smallest part of the North. A full-flowing River Volga flows here, so the salinity here is the lowest. And the southern part is the deepest, and, respectively, salty.

Caspian has formed more than 10 million years ago. It can be called part of the ancient Sunder Superokeana, who once ran between African, Indian and Eurasian continental plates. The character of the bottom and geological coat deposits also testifies to his long-standing history. The length of the coastline is 6500 - 6,700 km, and taking into account the islands up to 7000 km.

The coast of the Caspian Sea is predominantly smooth and lowlands. The northern part of the coastline is raised by the islands and ducts of the Delta of the Urals, Volga. Coasto wet and low covered with thickets. The east coast is characterized by limestone shores, which are adjacent to deserts and semi-deserts. The western and east coast have winding shores.

Where does the Caspian Sea fall?

Since the Caspian is a heartless reservoir, then it is logical that he does not fall anywhere. But 130 rivers flow into it. The largest of them are Terek, Volga, Emba, Ural, Kura, Atrek, Samur.

Climate Caspiana

In the northern part of the sea, the climate is continental, in the middle part moderate and in the southern part of the subtropical. Winter average temperature hesitates from - 8 ... - 10 (northern part) to +8 ... + 10 (southern part). Summer average temperature ranges from +24 (northern part) to +27 (southern part). On the east coast was fixed maximum temperature - 44 degrees.

Animal and vegetable world

The animal world is diverse and has 1809 species. In the sea lives 415 invertebrates, 101 species of fish. It concentrates most of the world's foster stocks, sturgeon, Vobly, Sazan. In the Caspian Sea, carps, kefal, bream, sprat, perch, kutum, pike, and also big mammal as a Caspian seal.

The plant world is represented by 728 species. In the sea dominated diatoms, brown, red, blue-green, hike algae, rug and zoster.

The value of the Caspian Sea

It has many gas and oil reserves, whose deposits are under development. Scientists calculated that oil resources are 10 billion tons, and gas condensate - 20 billion tons. The first oil well was drilled in 1820 on the Absheron shelf. Also on its shelf, limestone, sand, salt, stone, clay are mining.

In addition, the Caspian is popular with tourists. On its shores, resort modern zones are created, mineral waters and dirt contribute to the development of wellness complexes and sanatoriums. The most famous resorts are Ambura, Nardaran, Zagulba, Bilgia.

Environmental problems of the Caspian Sea

The water of the sea is polluted as a result of production, gas and oil transportation on the shelf. Also, pollutants come from rivers flowing into it. Poaching mining of sturgeon caviar led to a decrease in the number of these fish.

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