Introduction
Relevance: The study of the relief, climate and hydrography of the mainland is relevant, as this makes it possible to consider the nature of Australia in more detail and carefully.
Australian continent is one of the oldest earthly arrays, the most flatter of all continents and, not counting Antarctica, the most dry. This is the smallest mortar of the globe (7.6 million km2). From the north, the West and the South Australia is washed by the Indian Ocean, and from the East - Tikhim. In the north of the archipelagoes of the islands and the inner seas associate it with Southeast Asia. The southern coast has the largest mainland island - Tasmania. The northeastern coast of the continent is washes the coral sea. The entire central part of the southern coast is washed by the waters of the Big Australian Gulf. The area of \u200b\u200bthe mainland is 7.7 million km2.
Almost one-third of the mainland area, mostly internal areas, is a desert or semi-desert, not occupied by agricultural land. 60% of the territory is unprecedented, only one large system Murray Darling in the south-east of the country is used for shipping and irrigation.
Australia is poor in surface waters, which is associated with domination on the mainland of dry tropical and sub tropical climate, lack of high mountains with snow and glaciers. From the entire atmospheric moisture dropping out on the territory of Australia, only 10-13% enters the reservoirs, the rest either evaporates or seeps into the soil and is consumed by plants. This is the main reason for the exceptional poverty of the continent of surface waters. During the year, only 350 km3 of water (less than 1% of the total flow of the Earth rivers) flow from the entire area of \u200b\u200bAustralia to the ocean. The distribution of surface waters through the mainland territory is very uneven. More than half of the volume of river flow falls on the share of weakly mastered areas north of the tropics. In Australia, few rivers and lakes, about 60% of the mainland territory does not have a runoff in the ocean. None in any other mainland there is no such relatively large area of \u200b\u200bthe inner drain. For the main part of the mainland, especially for its internal desert and semi-desert areas, temporary drains are characterized by cries. Water in them appears only after rare rains and for a short time. The rest of the rivers of the mainland belong to the pools of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The River of the Indian Ocean Basin is short, shallow, often dried in a dry period of the year. The pool of the Pacific Ocean includes rivers flowing from the eastern slopes of a large waterproop. These rivers are full on the course of the whole year, as many precipitation falls here; Short and thoughts. The nutrition of most Rivers of the mainland is predominantly rain, and in the Australian Alps - mixed. In Australia there are about 800 lakes. Most of them are lakes-relics whose hollows have been formed in more wet geological era. Many of the modern Lakes of Australia are dry hollows filled with loose clay-salt-slices, covered with a peel or gypsum crust. They are filled with water only after rare showers falling out in Western Australia once for several years. Against the background of a rarefied hydrographic network and almost complete absence of fresh lakes amazing the amazing wealth of Australia by underground waters. The area of \u200b\u200ball Artesian pools ranks 1/3 of the mainland territory. More than 15 artesian pools are timed to raise the foundation of the platform between the Plateau of Western Australia and a large waterproof ridge. The depth of groundwater from 100 to 2100 m. Sometimes groundwater under natural pressure overlook the surface in the form of mineral springs. The largest warehouse of groundwater in Australia is a large artesian pool.
Purpose: characterize hydrographic resources and show their impact on the nature of the mainland Australia.
1. To explore the literature on the theme of Australia's hydrogenography;
2. To study the features of lakes and river systems of Australia;
3. Show the effect of groundwater on the nature of the mainland.
Object: Australian Continent
Subject: Mainland hydrographic objects
Research methods:
Statistical;
Research;
Cartographic.
Structure of the course work:
The introduction reveal the relevance, purpose, objectives, object, subject, as well as methods of studying the course work.
The first chapter discusses the geological structure and climatic conditions of the continent. The Australian platform throughout the entire geological history of the mainland was slow lifts, lowering and faults. The climate is characterized by dry and continentality.
The second chapter reflects the features of the mainland hydrography. Approximately 10% of the territory has stock in the Pacific Ocean, the rest belongs to the Indian Ocean pool. On the territory of Australia there are many lake Kotlovin, but they are currently deprived of water and turned into salt marshes. A distinctive feature of Australia is the wealth of underground waters. They accumulate in the artesian basins that are taking the deflection of an ancient foundation along the edges of the Western plateau and in the central lowland.
The conclusion is summarized by the material of two chapters, the results of the study are illuminated, and the conclusion is made throughout the course work.
Review of literature: When writing a course work basically, I used such sources: ed. Pashkanga K.V., physical geography for the preparatory departments of universities, M., 1995; Korinskaya V.A., Sushina I.V., Schenshev V.A., Geography 7C., M., 1993.; Vlasov T. V., physical geography of continents, M., "Enlightenment", 1976.-304С.; Prichul T. Yu., Physical geography of continigs and oceans: studies. Higher manual. studies. Vehicles / T. Yu. Priutula, V. A. Eremin, A. N. Sprying. - M.: Humanitar. ed. Center Vlados, 2004. - 685 p.
1. Characteristics of the geological structure and climate of the Australian continent 1.1 The history of the formation, the main features of the relief of Australia Australia - very ancient mainland. In the geological past, half of Australia was part of the Gondwana, from which she separated by the end of the Mesozoic. Based on its western and central parts covering ¾ of the total area, the Precambrian platform lies, part of the Indo-Australian lithospheric plate. The age of the foundation platform of crystalline breeds in certain areas reaches and exceeds 2.7 billion years. The crystal foundation of the platform in the north, west and in the central part there are places on the surface, forming shields. On the rest of the territory, it is blocked by the thickness of the sedimentary rocks of continental and maritime origin. The case of sedimentary breeds of the highest capacity reaches in ancient defaults. The autonian platform throughout the entire geological history of the mainland has been subjected to slow raising, and lowering, and faults. Its surface for a long time was collapsed by the winds and waters, and now this is the most flatter continent in the world striking amazing alignment and disposal of relief. These features are especially noticeable within the West Australian Plateau - the most ancient region of the mainland. A significant part of the plateau reaches a height of 450 - 600 m, but at its edges above the monotonous rocky-chubby or sandy surface, a number of low mountain chains and isolated plane-meh arrays are torn - these are the remains of higher mountains of the past.
The geological structure of Australia is most simple compared to other continents. It highlighted the Precambrian platform and the Hercinsky folded belt. The Precambrian Platform Flows 2/3 of the Statter Square Western Plateau and almost all the central lowland. The western part of the platform represents the antechalation of an ancient foundation, where the Precambrian crystalline rocks are exposed and to a lesser extent, proteozoic and younger sediment suits. Eastern part of the encryption platform of an ancient foundation. The Precambrian base here is lowered and covered with the thickness of mesozoic (mainly chalk), paleogenic and non-warmetic and lake sediments. Gercinsky folded structures are foggy of the Eastern Mountain Welcome. In addition to Paleozoic folds, sediment, volcanic and intrusive breeds of all ages are involved in its structure. The Australian platform has been failed and the vibrational movements that occurred in connection with the tectonic movements in geosyncline framing it from the West and from the East. West-Australian Geosynclinal, laid in the Precambrian, was part of a huge geosynclinal zone that framed the Archean and Proterozoic Sushi kernels in southern Hemisphere. Nizhneepaleozoic folding I. oscillatory movementsThis zone, created land links between the Precambrian platforms of Australia, Southeast Asia and Africa, who retained in the Paleozoic Era and in the first half of the Mesozoic. The splits that led to the separation of Australia from Africa and Southeast Asia occurred only in the chalk period. In the East Australian, or Tasmansk geosyncline, the Nizhneopeozoic folding formed a mountainous country, which in the West adjacent to the aligned Australian platform, and in the east went beyond the limits of the modern outlines of the mainland. However, the main role in the formation of the mountains had a Verkhnepaleozoic folding, as a result of which, from under the sea level, a huge plot of mountainous sushi Tasmania was raised, stomping at the place of Tasmanov and coral seas. From the end of Paleozoic, Sushcha Tasmania experienced slow oscillations; At the beginning of the mesozoic, the deflection captured the central lowland. They led to the transgression of the seas and to the formation of extensive lake pools, in which limestone and clay sandy strata were deceived. Seas and lakes for a long time isolated Western aligned Sushi of Australia from East Highland. The general raising of the mainland at the end of the chalk caused the retreating of the seas and the crossed, and the drying of the lakes. The northern and eastern outskirts of the Precambrian structures of Australia and the Gersinian structures of Tasmania were framed by the Alpine Geosyncline.
Tectonic movements in it led at the end of the chalk to loss of land connections with Southeast Asia and preserved from the immersion by New Zealand structures. Powerful folding formation in the Alpine geosynclinal occurred in neogen. High Mountains of New Guinea, New Zealand and Highlands of Islands between them were erected. On rigid caps of Australia and Tasmania, folding reflected in faults, the movements of the block on them, the introduction of intrusions, volcanic activities, slow deficits and raising. Raised the western dump edge of the mainland; On the Earth, Tasman was separated by the reflats of the Kimberley's grieving. From the southwestern outskirts of the Western Plateau, the Trenns Lake Range Randers-Lofti ridges were separated. The most significant changes in the relief, as well as in the sizes and outlines of the mainland occurred in the East. The lines of faults dropped at the bottom of the Pacific, a significant part of Tasmania, its western outlet, preserved from dive, highly raised himself, which caused the orographic severity of the East Australian mountains. Basalt covers that occupy particularly large areas in the central and southern ridges were prevented on their ancient breeds. In the quaternary period, the boundary parts of the mainland continued to slowly fluctuate. There was a final compartment from the mainland of Tasmania and New Guinea; The lowering of the individual mountainous sections of the coast created finely raised rice shores on the island of Tasmania, in the north-west and in the east of the mainland. The nature of the relief of Australia is determined by the ancient of the categories of its structures and long-term adhesion. The latter led to the alignment of huge territories, so that in the relief, first of all, amazing his amazing monotony: the mainland is a plateau with an average height of 350 m, i.e. It is after Europe the lowest part of the sushi. From the previous higher levels, the plastlery island mountains are preserved (in places of sedimentation sediments) and islandish massifs (in places of crystalline rocks). The largest area occupies the surface of the alignment, created for the period from the end of the chalk to the neogen, the so-called Great Australian Penpetlen. It has a height of 300-500 m on a western plateau, does not rise above 200 m in the central lowland and raise up to 700-1500 m in the East Australian mountains, where he can be traced in the same levels of flat-axle arrays. The widespread and good preservation of alignment surfaces and, in particular, Australian Penethelen is explained by the slowness of the vertical Sushi movements and the weak degree of relief dismembrance in the conditions of predominantly deserted climate, as well as the booking effect of protective core.
Irony and siliceous protective barks are mainly maintained from neogen when they had the necessary climatic prerequisites for their occurrence and seasonally humid conditions. The formation of limestone, gypsum and sulphate protective crops began at the end of the neogen in a dry and hot climate and continues in the inner areas of Australia. Short-term wetting and cooling in the plungy epochs of the Quaternary period led to the formation of erosion form of relief (river valleys, lake Kotlovin, etc.), preserved in modern desert areas. Glacial sculptural forms, as well as ice accumulation relief, are characteristic only for the Australian Alps of the only region, where, in addition to the island of Tasmania, there was a quaternary glaciation. Features of the Tectonic structure of Australia make it possible to allocate three structural-morphological provinces on the mainland: Western plateau, central lowland and East Australian mountains. The Western Plateau coincides in general in its outlines with the Antekliza of the Precambrian foundation, represents the weakly dismantled surface of the Great Australian Penetheln with an average height of 300-500 m. At its eastern outskirts, the crystal ridges of McDonnell and Masgrave ridges will be raised on its eastern outskirts. Western plateau). The western edge has extensive flat-terrestrial residual arrays (Hammersli Range, etc.). The south-western edge of the plateau, steeply cutting towards a narrow coastal lowland along the reset line, is called the Darling Ridge. In the north-west plateau framed by a kimberly mountainous massive, in the north it ends on the Arnhedral Peninsula. Huge areas in the inner areas occupy sandy and stony deserts. Sandy desert big sandy and Large desert Victoria is lying on the northern and southern slopes of Western Plato and are divided by the rocky desert of Gibson. In the south-west, lake basins witnesses of the wet epoch of the Quaternary period were preserved. In the south, karst plain nullarbor is allocated. Central lowland. The prerequisite for its formation was the deflection of the eastern outskirts of the ancient Australian platform, the immersion of the part of the Caledonian folded structure, as well as subsequent sea and lake regimes. The thickness of marine and lake sediments hid the irregularities of an ancient relief, which acts only in the form of weakly pronounced hills on the lowland outlook. Its average part, the so-called central pool, lies in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Air 12 m below the ocean level. This is the lowest place of Australia, in the western half of the pool there are deserts, continuing the Western Plateau desert belt.
The southeastern part of the central lowland is occupied by the accumulative plains intersectable by the largest rivers of Australia Murrey and Darling. In the lower torque, Murrey, west of the river, highlights the area of \u200b\u200bthe mountain-lobby ridges of Flinders-Lofty. East Australian Mountains. For a long time they were called Australian Cordillera, however, by type of relief, they differ sharply from Cordiller both northern and South America. This ancient (mostly Hercinsky age) Horst-block mountains, which have already been strongly destroyed, with mean heights of about 1000 m, mostly flat-terrestrial. The discharges and faults of Paleogen and Neogen crushed them into separate ridges and arrays. Reset along the Eastern Coast of Australia led to a steepness of the Eastern slopes; More spoil Western slopes descend to the central lowland with hilly foothills (downsami). The outpouring of basalts, accompanied by split, in many places imposed their mark on the form of the ridges. Step plates are confined to linear outpounds, volcanic cones to central type eruptions. In the highest mountain range, in the Australian Alps (Peak Kosyushko 2234 m), traces of Quaternary glaciation are preserved: Caras, triggers, glacial lakes. In limestones, the compounds of the tops of the blue mountains and some others are developed as a karst. Minerals. Due to the weak development of sedimentary covers for Australia, a significant predominance of ore fossils over non-metallic is characterized. The areas of the most active metallity are focused along the western outskirts of the mainland and in the southeast, in the contact areas of platforms from the platforms, and in the East-Australian mountains, in the folded Caledonian and Hercinian structures in the East Australian Mountains. Australia has considerable stocks of gold, non-ferrous metals and iron Rud.. The leading role among the ore fossils is played by gold, the main deposits and the areas of production of which are focused on the south-west of Western Australia (Calgohryli, Kultgarti, etc.), in Victoria (Bendigo, Ballarat) and in Northeast Queensland (Charters-Taers to South -Repad from Townsville, etc.). The most significant area for the extraction and reserves of southwest, covering extensive territories in a wide band between the River Merchison and Dandas. Ore non-ferrous metals are concentrated mainly in the east of Australia. The largest deposit (and the main area of \u200b\u200bproduction) of copper ore is located on the island of Tasmania (Mount Layell); Large deposits of copper ores are available and developed in Queensland (Mount Morgan, Mount Isa). Very great in Australia reserves of polymetallic ores of zinc, lead and silver.
In the first place in the reserves and mining of polymetallic ores there is a new South Wales. Broken Hill deposit is one of the world's largest. A significant amount of silver and zinc is mined in the north-east of Australia in Queensland (Mount Isa), as well as on the island of Tasmania. It is also necessary to mention the very large reserves of tantalum and niobium, industrial deposits of which are concentrated in Western Australia (Pilbarra). The uranium ore deposits are explored and operated in South Australia (Mount Painter and Radium Hill) and in the Northern Territory (Ram-Dzhangl, etc.). The main area of \u200b\u200biron ore deposits near Iron Nob in South Australia, although the larger than in Iron-Nob, stocks are available on the islands of Koulen and Coat in the UMPI's bay (north of the mouth of the Fitzroy River), as well as in the Merchison River basin. Production in these areas is currently almost not conducted in view of the difficulty of delivering ore to the metallurgical plants of the new South Wales. According to the reserves of stone coal, Australia is in the first place among the countries of the South Hemisphere. The largest coal pool (Permian age) is located in the new South Wales and occupies a very favorable geographical position, stretching out a strip of 250 km along the Tasmanian coast. The most powerful layers of high-quality coals are focused in the area of \u200b\u200bNewcastle cities (mainly) and Sydney. The second pool value is located in Queensland (in the areas of Brisbane and Claremont). Coals of this Pool of the Permot Carbon Age. Brown coals (tertiary age) are mined in an open way in Victoria, in the vicinity of Melbourne; There are information about the opening of new reserves of brown coal from Adelaide. Intelligence on oil, strengthened currently, has not yet given practical results. The main reason for the lack of oil on the mainland is the small number of pools with a sufficient power of marine sedimentary rocks in which oil could accumulate.
1.2 Climatic conditions of the mainland Australia is the most arid mainland of the Earth, three quarters of its surface has insufficient moisturizing. The climatic conditions of Australia depend primarily from its features geographic location On both sides of the southern tropics. Besides geographic latitude The climate of the mainland is influenced by the features of the circulation of the atmosphere, the relief, the weak cutting of the coastline and ocean flows, as well as the greater length of the mainland from the west to the east. On most of Australia, the trade winds are dominated. But their influence on the climate of the eastern mountain and western plain parts of the mainland is manifested in different ways. In the extreme south in climate formation affects the cold period of the year western winds Moderate latitudes. North of the mainland is subject to the influence of northwestern equatorial monsoons. Small cutting of the coastline and the mountain barrier in the east of the mainland significantly weaken the effect of surrounding ocean water spaces on the climate of internal (tropical) parts of Australia. Therefore, the climate is most extended from the west to the east part of the mainland is distinguished by amazing dryness and continentality. The mainland is entirely located in the southern hemisphere, and the seasure of the year here is back the seasons of the northern hemisphere: the hot season falls for November - January, relatively cold - on June - August. Thanks to the situation mainly in tropical latitudes, the mainland receives a huge amount of solar heat. The average summer temperatures are fluctuated here in the range of 20 - 280 s, winter - from 12 to 240c. The lowest winter temperatures on the plains are not lowered below -40, -60 C, only in the Australian Alps there are frosts to -220c. The change of seasons is quite clearly manifested only in the northern and southern part of the continent, but it is not so much in seasonal changes in temperatures, which are quite high everywhere, as in seasonality of precipitation. "Wet Season" and "Dry Season" in Australia - the concepts with which the very sharp changes of plant aspects are associated, living conditions, economic opportunities. The territory of the territory varies in very wide limits. More than 1000 mm of precipitation per year receive the northern, eastern and southern outskirts of the mainland (only 1/10 of its area), but in the inner areas occupying almost half of the continent, the annual amount of precipitation does not reach 250 mm. In the northern half of Australia, the sediments fall predominantly in the summer, in southern - autumn and winter, and only on the east coast - round year. Nevertheless, in Australia there are practically no areas wherever the dry season. Even in the east and south-east, a relatively dry season lasts 3-5 months. In the inner Australian every 10-15 years there are strong droughts, however, in some months the amount of precipitation may be 10-15 exceeding the average monthly rate. Catastrophically livne blur the highway and railways, wash off sowing, make tremendous damage to the Economy. Avra \u200b\u200bis located in four climatic belts - subequatorial, tropical, subtropical and moderate (about. Tasmania). The belt of the subequatorial climate is located territory north of 20 0 y. sh. Here is all the time high temperatures (about 250 s) and large humidification contrasts associated with domination in the summer (December - February) wet equatorial air massIn the winter (June - August) - dry tropical. Only in the east coast of the Cape York Peninsula, the air humidity and the amount of precipitation are great in all months, although their summer maximum is noticeable here. One - twice a year on the northwestern and northeastern shores tropical cyclones are collapsed. The season of tropical cyclones is considered the period from November to April, but in general they may arise in any month. On average, the season is up to 14 cyclones, of which 5 - hurricane power. Winds whose speed may exceed 30 m / s, often produce emptying on the coast. The machine to the west of the large waterproof ridge, lying between 20 and 30 parallels, has a tropical hot and dry climate with a very large amplitude of temperatures, with episodic precipitation. For 3-4 summer months In a row, the mercury column day can be kept above 370s, often reaching 48-510 C. Winter 10-15 0s. Precipitation drops 250-300 mm. On the west coast due to cold flow, the air temperature is lower. In the same latitudes, but east of the large waterproop ridge, coastal plains and the slopes of mountains are distinguished by hot, but very rainy summer and warm, less wet winter. Here, the eastern slopes of a large waterproof ridge are influenced by the wet air masses coming from the Pacific Ocean. Air saturation in moisture is enhanced by the influence of warm East Australian ocean flow. The sediments are 1000-1500 mm. The robust diversity is distinguished by the subtropical climate belt, extending south of the thirtieth parallel. Three types of climate stands out in the belt: subtropical wet - in the south-east, subtropical continental - along the Big Australian Bay, subtropical Mediterranean - in the south-west of the continent. So, in the region of the subtropical wet climate, the sediments fall throughout the year with the summer maximum, the temperature of January is about 220s; July about 60s. The continental type of climate is characterized by a small amount of precipitation throughout the year and rather sharp annual and daily temperature fluctuations. The feature of the Mediterranean climate is the autumn and winter rains, hot dry summer, the average precipitation is 500-600 mm. A soften and wet climate is distinguished by Tasmania. Most of the island is located in moderate belt With warm windy winter and relatively cool summer. In the west of the island facing to meet with wet winds, the sediments are abundant in all seasons, in the east, lying in the wind shadow, in the summer there comes a hiveless period.Australia, separated from Gondwana in the Jurassic period, throughout the entire geological history has been subjected to slow lifts, and lowering, and faults. Now the mainland is a plateau with an average height of 350 m, i.e. It is after Europe the lowest part of the sushi. Her climatic conditions are characterized by dry and continentality.
2. Australia's interior waters 2.1 River system of mainland Australia's river system is small. The fastest, although short rivers flow into the Pacific Ocean with well-moisturized oriental slopes of a large waterproof ridge. On the contrary, almost all rivers belonging to the Indian Ocean pool dried for a long time. Most of the West-Australian plateau and the central lowland intersect only a rare network of dry beds (screams) filled with water after episodic rainstorm. The longest and branched cries in particularly the many years of the years fall into Lake Air, in most same cases, their mouths are lost in the sands.
Features of the flow in Australia and the following numbers are well illustrated on the islands close to it: the flow of the rivers of Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea and New Zealand is 1600 km3, layer of flow - 184 mm, i.e. Low more than in Africa. And the flow of one Australia is only 440 km3, and the thickness of the flow layer is only 57 mm, i.e. several times less than on all other continents. This is due to the fact that most of the mainland, unlike islands, receives little precipitation and there are no high mountains and glaciers within its limits.
The field of indoor flow includes 60% of the Australian surface. Approximately 10% of the territory has stock in the Pacific Ocean, the rest belongs to the Indian Ocean pool. The main watershed of the mainland is a large waterproof ridge, from whose slopes the largest and largest rivers flow. The nutrition of these rivers is almost exclusively rain.
Since the eastern slope of the ridge is short and steep, then short, fast, winding rivers flow toward coral and Tasmanov seaside. Getting more or less uniform nutrition, they are the largest rivers of Australia with a well-pronounced summer maximum. Crossing the ridges, some rivers form thresholds and waterfalls. The length of the largest rivers (Fitzroy, Berdekin, Hunter) - several hundred kilometers. In the lower current, some of them shipping for 100 km and more and in the mouths are available for ocean courts.
The rivers of North Australia and the Arafur and Timor Sea are also full-flowered. The most significant are those that flow from the northern part of the large waterproof ridge. But the rivers of the North of Australia, due to a sharp difference in the number of summer and winter precipitation, have less uniform mode than the rivers of the East. They are overwhelmed with water and often leave the shores during the summer monsoon rains. In winter, it is weak narrow watercourses, in the upper reaches of drying places. Most large rivers North - Flinders, Victoria and Horde - Summer Shipping in the lower current to several tens of kilometers.
Permanent watercourses are also in the southwest of the mainland. However, during the dry summer season, almost all of them turn into chains of shallow polluted reservoirs.
In the desert and semi-desert internal parts of Australia there are no constant watercourses. But there is a network of dry beds, representing the remains of the previous developed water network, which formed in the conditions of the plvaist era. These dry beds are filled with water after rains for a very short time. Such periodic watercourses are known in Australia called "screams". They are especially numerous on the central plain and are directed toward the selfless breathing Lake Eyre. Cars of plain Nallarbor is devoid of even periodic watercourses, but has an underground water network with a drain towards the Great Australian Bay.
The most developed river network on the island of Tasmania. The rivers there have mixed raindrops and snow meals and are broken throughout the year. They flow from the mountains and therefore bourgeois, pores and have large hydropower reserves. The latter is widely used for the construction of hydroelectric power plants. The presence of cheap electricity contributes to the development of energy-intensive production at the Tasmania, such as the smelting of pure electrolyte metals, the manufacture of cellulose, etc. The lack of surface waters is partially reimbursed by large groundwater reserves that accumulate in the artesian basins. Australia's artesian waters contain many salts.
Rivers flowing from the eastern slopes of a large waterprooper - short, in the upwards flow in narrow gorges. Here they may well be used, and partly are already used to build hydropower plants. When leaving the coastal plain, the river slows down their flow, their depth increases. Many of them are even available for large ocean vessels. Clarence River Shipping is 100 km from the mouth, and Hoxbury is 300 km away. The amount of flow and mode of these rivers are different and depend on the amount of precipitation and the time of their loss. (Appendix B)
Fitzroy River is located in the East Australian Mountains. Flips to the Bay of King Indian Ocean. Like other Rivers of Australia Fitzroy feeds on rainwater, to a lesser extent the level of its water depends on the melting of snow and groundwater. Despite small depths, the Fitzury shipping (approximately 130 kilometers upstream from the mouth). Fitzroy does not have large tributaries. Fitzroydoes not freeze.
The source of Merchison is located in Robinson Ridge. Flows into the Indian Ocean. The river flows through the territory of Western Australia. Twice a year (in summer and winter), Merchison drone drows out, forming a long string of small lakes. Method of nutrition Merchison - rain food. The influx of Merchison is a small river Merchison. Merchison also does not freeze.
On the western slopes of the large waterproof ridge, they take the beginning of the river, laying their way to internal plains. In the area of \u200b\u200bMount Kosyushko, the longest river in Australia - Murray (2375 km) begins. In the mountains, its largest tributaries - Marrambiji (1485 km), Darling (1472 km), Goulburn and some others are born. (Appendix B)
The rivers of the North and Western coasts of Australia shallow water and relatively small. The longest of them - Flinders falls into the Bay of Carpenary. These rivers have raindrops, and their aquifers change greatly at different times of the year. The rivers, the flow of which are directed to the internal areas of the mainland, such as Coopers Creek (Barca), Diamantine, etc., are deprived of not only permanent flow, but also on a constant, pronounced bed. In Australia, such temporary rivers are called " screams"(Eng. creek.). They are filled with water only during short-term showers. Shortly after the rain, the river bed turns into a dry sandy hollow, often does not even have certain outlines.
The outskirts of Australia have stock to the Indian Ocean (33% of the flow with the total area of \u200b\u200bthe mainland) and to the quiet. The rivers flowing into the ocean are usually short, with a steep drop profile, especially those that flow from the East Australian mountains. The flow volume, as well as river levels, is different and significantly depends on the amount of precipitation and the time of their loss. The most fully and uniform on the flow of rivers, beginning in the East Australian Mountains (Berdekin, Fitzroy, Bernett, etc.). The least free and non-permanent River of the Western Coast (Fortescia, Gaskina, etc.) flowing from semi-desert coastal plateau. The surface runoff is absolutely absent on the karst plain nodalarbor, adjacent to the Great Australian Bay.
In Australia there are only two major Murray Rivers and Darling. Beginning in the Australian Alps Murray is the most-water river Australia (pool area 1072 thousand km2, length 1632 m). Its mainly rain and less snow. Beating with a barely noticeable bias on the extensive southeastern plains of the central lowland, the river loses a lot of water to evaporation and barely reaches the ocean. At the mouth, sandy braids are brazed. The main influx of Murree the Darling River The longest river Australia (the area of \u200b\u200bthe pool is 590 thousand km2, the length is 2450 m), but it is even less complete, and in the seasons of the drought of its water, being lost in the sands, do not reach Murrey.
Morrey's large left tributaries - Marrambiji and Goulburn also retain a constant course, in the rain period, spilling over tens of kilometers. The flood occurs very quickly, but continue not long, accompanied by strong floods. The rivers of the Murree Basin serve as important sources of irrigation water.
Nutrition of all rivers included in the Murree - Darling system is mainly due to rainfall and to some extent due to snow falling in the Australian Alps. Therefore, the maximum consumption falls for the summer. Before the construction of the dams and reservoirs, the spills of the rivers of the Murrey system on a flat lowland plain sometimes acquired the character of catastrophic flooding. At the same time, the rivers transferred large masses of the debrid material and deposited along the row of shafts, which often prevented the shift of the tributaries to the main river. Currently, the Stock Murrey and all of its tributaries are regulated, which has both positive and negative sides. A large number of reservoirs makes it possible to accumulate significant reserves of irrigation waters in case of prolonged droughts and at the same time prevents sufficiently regular entry of fertile ral in the floodplain complexes.
In the dry winter period, the level of the main river is much reduced significantly, but, as a rule, continuous watercourses remain throughout. Only during the years of the strongest droughts, the individual sections of the top flow of Murrey dry out completely.
The main features of the natural landscapes of Murree-Darling plains are determined by their position in tropical and subtropical belts, the increase in climate dryness from the east to the west, as well as the nature of the relief. The northern part of the plane occupies a flat brand, in which the water of Darling and his tributaries are going. The basin is limited to the south of a low hill of the cobar with a raising of Paleozoic folded foundation, from the east of the foothills of the East Australian Mountains. Raised outskirts of the basins get up to 400 mm of precipitation per year and are engaged in typical eucalyptus savannas and thickets of shrub acacia. Grass cover, fading in winter dry time, flourished in early summer, when rare, but strong rains fall out. In the center of the hollow, on more dry conditions, the mulgar-scrub was spread. The basin is drained by the Darling River, which begins in the Novoangalian Mountains and turns very quickly from the mountain river to the flat, with an insignificant fall, due to the main channel, many sleeves and ducts ending in lake departures at the bottom of the wide valley are separated. The lakes do not have a permanent outline, after spills for several months, they support the main river power, then dried and in strong droughts the river is almost stopped. The chains of lakes salted in the lower reaches remain in line. In completely innocent years, water in line can only be within two or three months. Darling minority in the lower flow is due to the fact that in the middle and lower current, this transit river. Crossing internal arid areas, it does not receive any tributary for 1500 km. The river shipping is possible only in the flood (within four years of summer) per 1000 km for ships of small precipitation. Darling plains merge in the southwest with plains of Murrey, lying on the site of the sea bay, which existed to the end of Neogen. The bay was filled not only by sea, but also alluvial lake sediments brought by Murrey and his tributaries. The northern part of the plains (to the mouth of Darling) receives little precipitation, crossed by wide valleys of temporary watercourses and is covered with a multi-scrub. The main geomorphological element of the southern part of the plains is the Valley of Murree. Above the mouth of Darling, she is wide, the river bed is eradicated in a wide floodplain, in which there are many old men and lakes. Below the darling of her shores is quite cool, which indicates the vigorous deep erosion of the river: Murray flows here in the region, only in the quaternary time released from under the sea level and is now still in the raising stage. The rectilinescence of the valley below Morgan makes it imply that the river uses a meridional tectonic depression here, parallel to the mountain leafy massif.
Murray ends in an extensive shallow water of Alexandrin. It is completely stated by sandy braids, and only artificial channels allow you to penetrate into it with small ships. Stock Murrey varies sharply by season, but unlike Darling does not stop during the year. Currently, the stock is regulated by the dam and reservoir system. The largest Hume reservoir is located near Albury. Up Murree Court rises by 1,700 km to Albury, but almost shipping does not matter much due to the lack of free connection with the ocean and shallow water of the river. Most of the lowlands of Murree is characterized by dryness. The amount of precipitation (mainly winter) increases somewhat (from 250 to 500 mm) from the North-West to the southeast, in the same direction there is a change in landscapes. Thickets of the mulgar scraper occupy the dry areas; In more wet, they are replaced by Malylli-scrub, characteristic of the landscapes of Australian steppes. In the southwest, in the foothill areas, the increasing role of summer monsoon moisturizing contributes to the emergence of savannah landscapes with dense cereal cover and eucalyptus according to the valleys of rivers and in the stock of relief. A special area Against this background is a rivorerium Murrey Murrey and Marrambiji, folded by sand-clay alluvial sediments and having a particularly flat relief. In many places, the sands are sobbed in the dunes, now enshrined with vegetation. The lack of slopes make it difficult to drain floodwater, so the rivtery is rich in small in size with shallow-water lakes-Stariy Murrey and Marrambiji. The south of Murree is arid sandy plains of Mallie-Vimer, fenced from the ocean by the Victorian Mountains. Sands are combined into dunes, elongated latitudinally, in the direction of the prevailing winds and fixed by Malli scrub. From the mountains to the direction to Murrey, the plains cross the channels of non-permanent rivers ending with salty lakes near Murrey. Only on the southern outskirts of the plains, more humid than the northern, more or less permanent watercourses and the dull grayish green small-scrub is replaced by bright green savannes. A completely special landscape area, known as Goyderland, form a mountain-lobby ridges of Flinders-Lofty and adjacent to them from the east and north of the plain. This is fragmented by meridional discharges area, including the air-contorn faults of the Eyr Peninsula, Spencer Bay, a low mountaineering array of York Peninsula, Saint Vincent Bay, Flinders Ridge and its southern continuation of the Lofty Ridge. The ridges have rounded or flat vertices, but the slopes of them are strongly dissected by erosion, actively acting in the winter wet season.
The rivers of the Murrey - Darling system have a lot of economic importance, since their water is used to irrigate the fertile, but dry lowland lands, the amount of water that the most dry years of Murray does not convey its own. These goals are consumed so large water to the ocean. In addition, the intensive development of agricultural production (in particular, the use of mineral fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides and other kernels) within the river basin contributed to strong pollution of rivers - on average, Murrey carries to 130 tons of salts per year. Therefore, if the citrus gardens may die with river water.
Sharp seasonal level fluctuations and strong accumulating activities of rivers make it difficult for shipping. For example, the mouth of the murrega is so clumsy by the chipboard, which is completely unavailable for maritime courts. The river itself is shipping to the city of Albury, Darling in Lower Tension is available for small ships.
Murray is a big shipping river. Passenger ships can rise by almost two thousand kilometers to the city of Albury at the very foot of the Australian Alps. Thanks to snow nutrition and built in the upper reservoirs, the water level of the water in Murree is quite sufficient for shipping throughout the year. It is quite another thing - Darling. Although in length, this influx for two hundred kilometers exceeds the main river, but its entirety depends on the rain. Therefore, in the dry period of the year, it turns into the lower flow into the chain of individual ponds in length in a kilometer and a half and a width of meters in a hundred. A full-fledged influx of Murree Darling is only in the rainy season when the flood comes. At this time, it spreads places for tens of kilometers.
The nature of Australia is unique, animals, birds and fish are inhabited here, which cannot be found on other continents. In the rivers of Australia live rare species Fish: Fish-butterfly, Rabbit Fish, Cat Fish, Rat Fish, Fish Frog, Rogozub, Puff, Bream, Carp, Salmon, Acne and many other species. 2.2 Features of Lake Australia
On the territory of Australia there are many lake Kotlovin, but they are currently deprived of water and turned into salt marshes. They are located mainly in the basins filled with water only after the rains. At the same time, the large part of the year, these lakes are covered with a clay-salt pepper. Most Lakes Australia, like rivers, feed on rainwater. They do not have a permanent level, nor the flow. In the summer of the lake dry and constitute a shallow salt challenge. The salt layer at the bottom sometimes reaches 1.5 m. Most of the Lakes of Australia is anhydrous basin coated with solenous clay. In those rare cases when they are filled with water, these are or salty and fine reservoirs. Many such lakes are available on Western Plato in Western Australia, but the largest of them are located in South Australia: Lake Air, Trenz, Gardner and From. All of them are surrounded by wide stripes of Solonchakov. Along the southeastern shores of Australia, numerous lagows are developed with saltwate or salted water, sanded from the sea with sandy shames and ridges. The largest freshwater lakes are in Tasmania, where some of them, including the Greit Lake Lake, are used in hydropower purposes.
The largest lakes of the continent are Air (9500 km²), Maccay (3494 km²), Amadius (1032 km²), Garnpang (542 km²) and Gordon (270 km²; at the same time is the largest artificial reservoir of Australia). The largest saline lakes - Air (9500 km²), Torrens (5745 km²) and Gardner (4351 km²). (Appendix A) The largest of them - Lake Air, which is the residue of an extensive reservoir. Water in it now appears only after summer showers. In 1840, Edward Air opened a salty lake in South Australia, which was subsequently named after him. Lake Air in rare cases when his pool is filled completely, is the largest Lake of Australia and its lowest point - about 15 m below sea level. This is the central point of the extensive pool of Lake Air.
The lake is located in the desert of Central Australia, in the northern part of the state of South Australia. The Lake Eir's pool is a closed system surrounding the lake bed, the lower part of which is filled with saline dense soil layer due to seasonal evaporation of the captured waters. The lakeside is the center of the drain for the extensive area and takes a whole system of temporary watercourses - screams (Cooper, Diamantine, Ayre, etc.). The lake shallow way, heavily salted, its area and outlines are inconsistent and change depending on the number of drop-down precipitation. Usually the lake consists of two reservoirs - Lake Air-North and Air-South. But in the period of rains, the cries bring a large amount of water from the mountains, lakes become a single full-water reservoir. In the woeful years, the area of \u200b\u200bLake Ayr reaches 15 thousand km2. In a dry period, which continues a significant part of the year, the flow of water is stopped, water in the lake evaporates, it decays into shallow water reservoirs, intermitted by areas covered with hydrochloric crusts. Even in the dry season in Eyre there is some water, which is usually going in small lakes formed in the salty dried bed of the lake. During the rainy season of the river from northeast, Queensland flows towards the lake. The amount of water, brought by monscons, determines whether water will reach the lake; And if so, how deep will the lake be. On the lake there are also small and medium-sized floods due to rainfall falling in the surrounding territories. On the lake there is a yacht club.
From the northeast and the east, the dry beds of Diamantine and Cooper-Cream are usually suitable, rather deeply embedded in the lower parts of the valleys due to the recent deflection of the laketry. Along the screams grow rare eucalyptus. The south of Lake Air is lying the residual salted lakes Trenz, Gardner and other smaller. They occupy the length of the tectonic lowering zone stretched from the east by the ridges of Flinders and Lofty, and from the West by a ledge of Western plateau. These lakes are also covered with salt cork most of the year.
Dalitally significant in the number and magnitude of the Lake Australia for most of the year are swamps. To the north of Spencer Bay (but, without connecting with him), Lake Trenz surrounded by sand dunes, having 225 km in a circle. And to the east of him, Lake Gregory, can be divided into several separate lakes. To the west of Lake Torrensa lies on the plateau. Building at 115 m, Big Lake Gardner, which, as well as countless smaller lakes in the same area, extremely replete with salt and, apparently, only recently separated from sea water. In general, there are obvious signs that the southern bank of the mainland still continues to slowly rise from sea waters.
Lake Hillier on one of the islands of the Red Archipelago. Water in a bright pink reservoir. Its color will continue, even if you put the water from the lake into the glass and look at the lumen. The mystery of Hillier is explained elementary: the lake was once in the place of the lagoon - it is separated from the Indian Ocean with a thin strip of sushi. Sea water In the lake under the rays of the Sun evaporates and becomes more and more salted. In addition to bacteria and microscopic algae, no one in the lake lives. And the strange color is nothing more than the product of the vital activity of its inhabitants.
Amadius is a drying faceless salted lake in the central part of Australia. It is approximately 350 km to the southwest of Alice Spring. The area is about 880 km2. Because of the arid climate, the Amadius is a completely dry lake. The lake was first studied in 1872 by Ernest Giles, which called him in honor of the Savoy Duke, King of Spain Amadeu 1. Although the originally traveler was going to call him in honor of his benefactor, Baron Ferdinand Müller. The length of Amadius is about 180 km, the width is 10 km, which makes it the largest lake in the northern territory. Despite the high salt content, its production is not conducted due to the remoteness from the market based markets.
BILLABUNG is a word from Australian to designate a small standing reservoir, especially old men connected to a flowing reservoir. Billabong is usually formed when the river or screaming channel changes. The name probably comes from the word Bilaban from the Viraturi language, although some believe that this word comes from Gaelle. Billabong is often mentioned in the works of Australian literature, for example, in the poem "Waltzing Matilda" Australian poet Banjo Paterson, which has become an unofficial anthem of Australia.
Disappointment - Salted Lake in Western Australia (Australia). In the arid months dries. The lake obtained its modern name in 1897 and is called the traveler Frank Hann (English. Frank Hann.), I made a significant contribution to the study of the Pilbar region. Noticing in the study area a large number of streams, he hoped to find a large freshwater lake. But the lake was salty to his disappointment (translated from of English language "Disappointment" - Disappointment).
Lake Saint Cleeer was formed under the action of glaciers for the last 2 million years. This deepest Lake Australia is the source of the Dervient River. The surroundings of the lake offer excellent conditions for walking.
Torrens - the second largest salted Flat Rift Rift Lake Australia, in South Australia, located 345 km north of Adelaide. The specified area of \u200b\u200bthe lake is very conditional, since over the past 150 years it is completely filled with water only once. Lake Opened Edward Eir in 1839, the next 20 years it was believed that Lake Trenz is a huge shallow salt lake in the shape of a horseshoe surrounding the northern ridges Flinders and the blocking path on interior countries. The first European overcoming this barrier of the mythical barrier is A. Gregory. Now the lake is included in national Park Lake Trenns, for a passage to which special permission is required.
Frome (eng. Lake Frome) - A large faceless lake in the Australian state of South Australia, located east of the Flinders Ridge. The ferry is a large, shallow-water drying lake, covered with a slices. The length of the lake is about 100 km, and the width is 40 km. Most of the lake is below the world's ocean level. Area - 2.59 km². Occasionally filled with saltwatened water from drying screams, originating on the Flinders Ridge, located to the west of frome, or exclusively with water from the Stzhelets-Creek River in the north. In the West, Lake Frome adjoins the National Park Vulchatun-Gammon Ridge (English. VULKATHUNHA-GAMMON RANGES NATIONAL PARK), the Salt Creek River with Lake Kallabonna is connected in the north, in the east, it borders with the desert Stshchetsky, and in the south - with the pasture farm "Fro-Downs". The amount of precipitation in the region where the lake is located, the minimum, and the nearest settlement, the village of Arkarula, is 40 km northwest. In the immediate vicinity of the lake there are two large deposits of uranium. The lake was named in 1843 in honor of the British officer and the General Exverveyor of the South Australian Edward Charles Frome. In 1991, in view of "Regional Geological Significance", Lake Frome was announced by the Regional Reserve.
Lake Cynthia or Lake is located in the southern end of the Mountain Lake Lake C- in the Tasmansk Deep area of \u200b\u200bthe Heritage of the World. It is the deepest natural freshwater lake Australia in a depth of 200 meters. The source of the River Deruunts, which ultimately goes to Hobart, Lake S- is also known for its original name, which means "to sleep water." It is in the lake that the land trail ends in the south. In the southern end of Lake Cynthia Bay, which is associated with a 5-kilometer driveway from the highway.
Salted Lake Gördner (Lake Gairdner) with a length of 160 and width up to 48 and kilometers is the fourth largest after Lake Air, Torrens and Frome. Salt layer in some places may exceed 1 meter. The lake is located in the north of South Australia, in 450 and kilometers from Adelaide. Access to the lake is limited due to private pastures of the surrounding lake from all sides. The most popular entrances to the lake are the Mount Ive farm in the south and camping in the southwest on the way between Moonaree and Yardea. Gördner is part of a system of four major unwitting lakes left from the ancient Inner Sea, stitching to the north of Australia to Karpenary Bay. Lakes are located on a stone plateau, which does not follow any river, and they are filled with only rainwater. In the summer, when not a drop of water remains, races are held on the lake. The absolutely flat surface of the lake and the long track allows you to develop huge speeds. Current record (for 2008) - 301 miles per hour. The dried salt forms the crystals of all sorts of forms. The taste is salted and bitter. Near the coast under the salt layer - wet clay. Four beautiful lake looks at sunset and dawn - low sun highlights salt crystals and emphasizes the bottom relief. In addition, at this time is not so bright and not hot. The day of the lake becomes dazzling white and without sunglasses you can do no more than 2 - 3 minutes. It also makes the impression that the sun burns from all sides.
2.3 Underground Water AustraliaA distinctive feature of Australia is its wealth of underground waters. They accumulate in the artesian basins that are taking the deflection of an ancient foundation along the edges of the Western plateau and in the central lowland. The aquifers are mainly mesozoic deposits, water-resistant dense Paleozoic breeds. Underground water is mainly due to atmospheric precipitation. Underground water in the central parts of the pools are located at large depths (up to 20 m, in places up to 1.5 km). When drilling well, they often go to the surface under natural pressure. The area of \u200b\u200bArtesian pools here exceeds 3 million km2, which is about 40% of the country's territory. In most pools, water salt, warm, aquifers occur at a considerable depth (up to 2000 m), which makes it difficult to use. The total area of \u200b\u200bpools with groundwater reserves exceeds 3240 thousand square meters. km. Water supply due to underground flow has great importance For many rural areas of Australia. These water most part contain dissolved solids that have a harmful effect on the plants, but in many cases water is suitable for watercraft of livestock. Although often underground waters are very warm and strongly mineralized, the decades of the area depends on them. Nevertheless, groundwater is used in the mining industry quite wide. The artesian basins of smaller sizes are located in Western Australia and in the south-east of Victoria. In semi-desert and desert areas of Australia, artesian pools are of great importance. But in view of the mineralization of water, they are used not so much for irrigation, as for the needs of industry and transport and, mainly, to create reservoirs in pasture areas (in the south of Queensland, in the new South Wales and Victoria).
The big artesian pool, the world's largest, in Queensland, South Australia, the new South Wales and Northern Territory covers an area of \u200b\u200b1751.5 thousand square meters. km. It covers almost the entire central lowland from Karpenary Bay to the average course of the Darling River, and it accounts for more than half of the groundwater area. There is a large number of artesian wells that give mineralized water in the pool, sometimes warm and even hot. But in view of the mineralization of water, they are used not so much for irrigation, as for the needs of industry and transport and, mainly, to create reservoirs in pasture areas (in the south of Queensland, in the new South Wales and Victoria).
Almost one-third of the mainland area, mostly internal areas, is a desert or semi-desert, not occupied by agricultural land. 60% of the territory is unprecedented, only one major system of Murray Darling in the south-east of the country is used for shipping and irrigation.
Conclusion
The position of most of the mainland in the belt of a deserted and semi-deplete tropical climate causes the weak development of surface runoff of both external and internal. According to the total volume of annual drain, Australia is in the last place among other continents. Almost all of its area layer is about 50 mm per year. The largest values \u200b\u200b(400 mm or more) layer of drain reaches on the wind-widen melted slopes of the East Australian mountains. 60% of the mainland area is devoid of flow to the ocean and have only a rare network of temporary watercourses (screams). The most thick network of screams in the central pool, much less of them on Western plateau. Water appears in them only after episodic rainfall, they often end in the drawing basins who were in the plungyous epochs of a quaternary period with large freshwater lakes that fed the waters of large constant rivers. Now these lakes are almost dried, their baths are busy with salt marshes. Even the largest Relieven Lake Australia Eyre on a dry season is covered with a cap of the salt up to 1 m, and in the rainy season (in summer) bottled on the square to 1500 km2. The coast of the lake ends the beds of the Long Cocker Creek and Diamantine in Australia.
From the entire atmospheric moisture dropping out on the territory of Australia, only 10-13% enters the reservoirs, the rest either evaporates or seeps into the soil and is consumed by plants. This is the main reason for the exceptional poverty of the continent of surface waters. During the year, only 350 km3 of water flows into the ocean from the entire area of \u200b\u200bAustralia (less than 1% of the total flow of the Earth rivers). Distribution of surface waters through the mainland territory is very uneven. More than half of the volume of river flow falls on the share of weakly mastered areas north of the tropics. At the same time, the most important agricultural district - the Murrey Darling Pool has only 7% of general solitary river flow. The fastest, although short rivers flow into the Pacific Ocean with well-moisturized oriental slopes of a large waterproof ridge. On the contrary, almost all rivers belonging to the Indian Ocean pool dried for a long time. Most of the West-Australian plateau and the central lowland intersect only a rare network of dry beds (screams) filled with water after episodic rainstorm. The longest and branched cries in particularly the many years of the years fall into Lake Air, in most same cases, their mouths are lost in the sands. The most complete river of the continent - Murray, a length of 2570 km. Putting on the Western slopes of the Australian Alps, it gets additional food from the spring melting of snow. However, outside the mountain part, flowing with a barely noticeable bias on extensive dry plains, the river loses a lot of water due to evaporation, irrigation and water supply, strongly melts and barely informs its waters to the mouth, biased by sandy braids. A less broken Darling is the main influx of Murrey , considered the longest river on the continent (2740 km). On the middle and lower flow of Darling for a long time (up to 18 months in a row) dries up. Morning left tributaries Murree - Marrambiji and Goulburn also retain a constant course during the rain period, spilling over tens of kilometers. The flood occurs very quickly, but continue not long, accompanied by strong floods. The rivers of the Murrey basin serve as important sources of irrigation water. In Australia, many lake Kotlovin, but they are currently deprived of water and turned into salt marshes. The largest of them is Lake Air, which is the residue of an extensive reservoir. Water in it now appears only after summer rainfall. The dimensional line of Australia is its wealth of underground waters. The area of \u200b\u200bthe Artesian pools here exceeds 3 million. km2, which is about 40% of the country's territory. More than half of this area falls on the world's largest large artesian pool, which occupies almost the entire central lowland. In most pools, water salt, warm, aquifers occur at a considerable depth (up to 2000 m), which makes it difficult to use. However, groundwater is used in animal husbandry and mining industry quite widely. One of the most important problems in Australia is a deficiency fresh water, especially in the south-east of the country. From year to year, water quality deteriorates. Although for river and groundwater Australia has always been characterized by increased salinity, its natural level did not prevent agricultural development of the territory. But with the time of deforestation and the replacement of natural vegetation, cultural, as well as the growth of water consumption for watering of agricultural land led to raising the level of salinization of water. The quality of the river water also falls as a result of pollution by its solid particles in the erosion of lands, due to the flow of industrial enterprises and effluents from the waste of industrial enterprises and efforts from agricultural land. Despite the growing role of underground sources, in the near future, to ensure the needs of irrigation and urban economy, mostly river water will still be used, and by early 2000. The lack of them will cause the need for additional water sources. Moreover, the absence of water still serves an obstacle to the development of the internal areas of the continent.
List of used literature
1. Illustrated atlas of the world. - M.: ZAO "Publishing House Reertables Digest", 1998. - 128 p.
2. Ed. Pashkanga K.V., physical geography for the preparatory departments of universities, M., 1995.
3. Corinskaya V.A., Sushina I.V., Schenshev V.A., Geography 7Ch., M., 1993.
5. Romanov A.A., Sahakyans R.G. Geography of tourism: Tutorial. - M.: Soviet Sport, 2002. - 400 p.
7. Anichkin O. Australia. M.: Thought, 1983
8. Vlasov T. V., Physical geography of continents, M., "Enlightenment", 1976.-304c.
9. Priutula T. Yu., Physical geography of continigs and oceans: studies. Higher manual. studies. Vehicles / T. Yu. Priutula, V. A. Eremin, A. N. Sprying. - M.: Humanitar. ed. Center Vlados, 2004. - 685 p.
10. Davidson R. Travel never end. M.: Thought, 1991
11. Lucian Volyanovsky "Mainland, who has ceased to be a legend," M., 1991.
12. Skorobatko K.V. Australian guidebook. - Publisher: Avangard, 2003. - 160 s.
13. Anichkin O.N., Kurakova L.I., Frolova L.G., Australia, M., 1983.
14. Ratanova M. P., Baburin V. L., Gladkiewicz G. I., etc.; Ed. M. P. Ratanova. Country studies. Handbook for universities / - M.: Drop, 2004. - 576 p.
15. Bogdanovich O.I. World Countries: Encyclopedic Directory. - Smolensk: Rusich, 2002. - 624 p.
16. Sheremetyeva T.L., Ragosina T.O. The whole world: countries and capital. - MN: LLC Harvest, 2004. - 976 p.
17. Yakov A.A. Country studies. - Publishing house Drop, 2003. - 456 p.
18. Yashina I.G. Australia. - Directory, 2002 - 351 p.
Appendix A.
The largest Lakes of Australia
Appendix B.
The largest rivers
Similar information.
Many people distant from geography believe that the dry and anhydrous mainland on Earth is Africa with its glorified deserts. However, this is the deepest error. Far and mysterious Australia, of course, much less Africa and less often flashes in international news, but it ranks first on aridness. The precipitation falling on its territory by volume is less than African 5 times.
At the same time, rivers and lakes must be signed something from somewhere to receive new water Instead of the one that evaporated from their surface. The main source of replenishment for most rivers in the world are rain and melting snow, namely with precipitation in Australia the problem. So this mainland does not have truly large rivers, especially those that could be called multiple.
Area information Australian rivers
However, if this island mainland was absolutely anhydrous, it would hardly have boasts at least some animals and vegetation, and people would not be mastered. So the reservoirs here exist.
Another thing is that the Australia rivers for the most part are focused on the southeast of the country. Here, most of the rains are spilled here, which fall to the share of the mainland. That is why all the major Rivers of Australia proceed here, among which the main thing is Murray, besides, with the attached influx of Darling. This system begins with the peaks of the mountains, called a large waterproof ridge, and despite the arid climate, does not dry completely. This is explained by the fact that Murray is fueled not only by rainwater, but also snow, who chose the vertices of the specified ridge and properly melting. It is this waterclock that can be called full and shipping, because it (and it is unlikely to the rest of the Australia rivers) is available even for pretty heavy vessels all year. Recall: this is not typical for the described part of the sushi.
It should be clarified that the shipping of Murree, despite the fact that it refers to the category of "Large Rivers Australia" concerns only the bottom thousand kilometers (despite the fact that the total length of the river is more than two and a half thousand). And for the deep seashest ships, Murray is not available at all: it is abounding with sandy flames, and they bravely precisely. So the ships with a low sediment to enter it cannot.
Features of Australian rivers
As you know, everyone who will remember anything from the lessons of geography, all rivers of the world should fall somewhere. Usually this is a sea or ocean. But the rivers of Australia and here distinguished themselves. Most of the existing water bodies in the ocean do not have. Moreover, they can generally be called a non-permanent value. The overwhelming part of the water arteries on this mainland is the drying rivers of Australia. That is, they are filled with water during short, but abundant rains, flooded, flooding the surroundings, and again become dry rods.
No less interesting is that some large rivers and lakes of Australia (especially the last) contain salted water. Actually, it can be said that on this mainland the problem is not with water, but with its fresh variety.
River Darling
This water artery is among the average between the torment and the rest of the rivers. It does not have additional "nutrition" in the form of melting snow caps - its source is located much north of the "older brother". Like the rest of the Australia Rivers, Darling is located on the "dry soldering" and mainly resumes its waters due to precipitation. However, this is a rather large waterway, which has both underground power supplies. So in the arid months, this river becomes much smaller, but does not dry up completely.
Australian cries
Under this word, it is implied by no means loud sounds, published by any living being. So called small and, it can be said, temporary robusts (watercourses), existing in the rainy season and completely dry in months of heat. They are peculiar to the desert areas inside the mainland, the most famous of them - Cooper Creek. To say that screams - the equal rivers of Australia, it is impossible, but they play their role in its existence.
Lake system
Lakes in Australia very little. Moreover, as already mentioned, they are salty. The biggest Australian lake with the name of Eyr is also not fresh. All such reservoirs are a former inland sea on the territory of Australia. All of them are below the ocean level, so it is not surprising that they do not please fresh waters. Australia rivers and lakes are closely connected. It is river flowing waters Lakes eat, and since they are not enough, these reservoirs also dry out. That is why the coastal lake line has no clear outlines. In the dry season, the Australian lakes look more like our clay careers. And even the biggest lake of Australia (EYR) in the hot months decomposes into a large number of small ponds.
Overview of Australian lakes
Eyre, as was said - the biggest one. In the rainy season it is filled with water, in its deepest place, it is lowered by 15 meters. This is a lake - closed. Water from it is removed only by evaporation. It does not apply to rare, but abundant rainstones, during which Ayre can even get out of the shores and flood the surroundings. It should be noted that major rivers and lakes of Australia are tightly interrelated, and without the first second years (and even decades) are empty bowls.
Next by the volume of the lake - Torrens. The drain also does not have, located in the south of Australia. It is unique in that over the past one and a half centuries, it was only filled with water. It is a national park, so it is possible to "visit" it only on special degree.
Also in the south, the same salty and also deprived of the Lake Froch. However, nearby is one of the screams (with a non-prosecable name of Stshelets), so that this water has much more often than the previous one.
In the north-east of Western Australia, there is almost the only Gregory. Scientists, however, suspect that drought will work on it over time, as well as the rest of the rivers and Lakes Australia, that is, it will become salty and will rarely fill with water. So far, Gregory is the most affected and rich in the flora and fauna of the autholylia lake (thanks to freshwater).
Lake man
Western Australia can also boast of artificial reservoir named Argail. At the expense of it, 150 kilometers of agriculture live and feed. It is good here and fishing: unlike the rest of the Australian lakes, there are a lot of fish, among which there are both valuable rocks, including a sleepy cod (it is loved by fishermen and connoisseurs of fish dishes more others), Barramundi and a bony bream. And in general, there are as many as 26 types of fish that it can be considered a kind of achievement for this. True, fishing (and just walking) on \u200b\u200bthe shores of Argya should be very careful: 25 thousand crocodiles are a weighty reason for vigilance.
Of course, many amateur lovers may not be impressed: large rivers and lakes of Australia, probably not so majestic as they would like. But do not forget that Australia itself is small (if compared with continents).
List of Australian rivers
To be honest, the list of everything that can be attributed to the category of "River Australia", the map has 70 points. However, it is unlikely to pay attention to the Creek Prospectus, which flows only for 17 kilometers, or Lane-Coves, which does not reach this distance (its length in the rainy season is only 15 km). There are rivers and even less length - the same Quin, which does not pull and up to 13 km. It is clear that for the "drying" mainland and it, even belong to the category "Australia's drying rivers", is value. But we will not consider it in detail. Let us dwell only on those that can be approximately attributed to the category of "major Rivers of Australia".
What rivers in Australia can be attributed to large? Adelaide - in the north of the mainland, stretches as many as 180 km, and even shipping. Gaskowan is the longest artery in the West, almost a thousand kilometers (978), also has stock in Flinders - the winner along the length of Queensland, flows for 1004 km. Loklan, which made the 1339 km of Australia and flows into Marrambiji. And Marrambiji herself, which retreats almost to one and a half thousand kilometers (for the exhaust - 1485), and besides, it is one of the few river objects where it was possible to build a dam.
Very ancient story
Of all the above, it is easy to conclude that Australians are very reverent to water in general, and to fresh water in particular. Studies, searches and historical information is what the inhabitants of a miniature mainland are very serious. And even at the moment, the results of the studies do not have practical benefits, Australians are interested in ... and beneficial consequences can wait.
Such research includes recent studies conducted by the Smithsonian Institute in collaboration with the National University of Australia. Scientists have created unique software, studied everything that they got from previous researchers, and conducted their own intelligence "on earth".
The result of the study was the map of an ancient water distribution in the Australian Earth. And since the tectonic stability on this mainland was established earlier, there is an option to track down "hidden" water using these studies.
Make a reservation: many geologists do not too trust the results and refute them, operating by other data. But it is not yet possible to protest them, so Australia can, using unverified information, try enrich itself with additional water resources.
Alternative sources of drinking water
It is obvious from all outlined that Australia essentially needs fresh water. Neither river (most of which dry out) nor the lake (which in the bulk of almost sea) do not give her need quantity Cute water. Therefore, the state was forced to apply to alternative sources that may be lacking.
Of course, underground water is not a panacea. The content of sulfur in them (both clean and in compounds) is too high, but there is often no other source of freshwater.
The good news is that under Australia there is a big artesian pool. Bad - that he will also ever end. And this mainland now has to think about the fact that his inhabitants will do on.
Large rivers and lakes of Australia
The largest rivers: Murray - Darling
This system is the main system of rivers and Lakes Australia. Murray is the most famous, but this is not one river. Murray and Darling Two different rivers: Darling Flow Murray.
Other famous Rivers of Australia:
Flinders River (the longest in Queensland), Diamantine and Cooper River, which go through Western Queensland, and ultimately fall into Lake Air.
Lahlan River, which flows into the Murrumbjji River, which, in turn, flows into Murray. Lahlan is essentially one of the main state irrigation systems New South Wales.
Culgoa, Balonne, Warrego and Kondamin River nourish the Darling River.
Gaskown River, the longest in Western Australia.
Goulburn River (Victoria)
Hunter River, which is often bottled in the new South Wales, as well as Clarence and Richmond.
Dimuckers, Makintyre and Tween Rivers are part of the border between Queensland and the new South Wales.
Burdyin River forms the main dams in the North Queensland.
Each of the cities of Australia and the capital are built on the river:
Sydney - River Hoxbury and Parramatta
Melbourne - Yarra
Adelaide - Torrens.
Brisbane - Brisbane
Perth - SWAN (Swan)
Hobart - Derwent.
The capital of the Australian Union, Canberra, on the Molonglo River
Lake Australia
Lakes in Australia numbered 800. The basins of most of them have been formed in early geological epochs and are relics. Many of the lakes (Amadies, Frome, Torrens) are filled only in the period of shower, dropping out once a few years. At regular time, they are dry blasting.
Lakes of the Australian Capital Territory
Burli Griffin
Artificial lake in the center of Canberra, the capital of Australia. The construction was completed in 1964, after the Molon River during the city center and the parliamentary triangle was blocked by a dam. The object is located in the approximate geographic center of the city, and, in accordance with the initial project of Griffin, was the central point of the capital. At its shores, buildings of many central institutions, such as the Australian National Gallery, National Museum Australia, the National Library of Australia, Australian National University and the High Court of Australia, near the House of Parliament of Australia.
Western Australia Lakes
Disciprotiment
Salty lake in Western Australia. In the arid months dries. The lake received its modern name in 1897 and is called the traveler Frank Hann (Frank Hann), who made a significant contribution to the study of the Pilbar region. Noticing in the study area a large number of streams, he hoped to find a large freshwater lake.
Maccay
One of the hundreds of drying lakes scattered through Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Maccay lake covers approximately 100 kilometers from north to south and from west to east.
Hiller
Lake in the southwest of Australia, notable for its pink color. The lake around the edges is surrounded by sand and eucalyptus forest. The island and the lake were open during the Expedition of the British Seavwater Matthew Flinders in 1802. As they say, Captain Flinders noticed the lake, rising to the top of the island. For tourists, Lake Hiller is not the most convenient object. Due to the lack of water navigation in this area, the most convenient way to get there is air transport, which is not affordable to the majority of those who wish to see an unusual reservoir.
Oziers Queensland
Blue Lake
Lake in Queensland. Located 44 km east of Brisbane on North Stradborgon Island. Located 9 km west of Dunvich. The lake is located in the National Park Blue Lakes. The maximum depth of the lake is about 10 m. The river from the lake flows to Boloto Mail.
Andch
Volcanic lake in the Australian state of Queensland, takes one of the Maara Plateau Atherton. Both - the former stratovol. Higher collapsed with a powerful explosion 18,750 years ago. The last eruption is dated 1292 year.
Kutaraba
Lake in the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, on the territory of Great Sandy National Park.
Lakes of northern territory
Amadius
Slow-free salted lake in the central part of Australia. It is approximately 350 km south-west of Alice Springs. Area - about 880 km². Because of the arid climate, the Amadius is a completely dry lake.
Anbanbang-Billabong
Lake Billabong in North Australia, located between Nawurlandja Rock) and Nourland (Nourlangie Rock) in the National Park Cockada Northern Territory. The lake has a length of about 2.5 km and is home to many species of birds. In the morning hours on the shores you can observe the silent Wallaby.
Lake Tasmania
Berbury
Artificial lake located in the western part of Tasmania Island, a little east of the city of Quinstown. It was formed as a result of the construction of the Crotti Dam, who blown the King River. Lake Square - 49 square kilometers. Thus, it is sixth on the area among natural and artificial ponds of Tasmania.
Great Lake
Lake, located in the northern part of the Central Highlands (Central Highlands) of Tasmania Island. It is a natural lake that was significantly increased as a result of the dam construction. Lake Square - 170 square kilometers. Thus, it is the third area from the natural and artificial water bodies of Tasmania.
Daving
Lake, located in the north of the central elevation (Central Highlands) of Tasmania Island. The lake is located at an altitude of 934 m. The area of \u200b\u200bthe lake is 0.86 km². Lake Dick is located in the northern part National Park Creidle Mountain Lake Saint-Claire (Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park). This park is part of the territory called " wildlife Tasmania "(Tasmanian Wilderness), which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Pedder
Lake, located in the southwestern part of Tasmania Island. Initially, in this place there was a lake of natural origin with the same title - "Old" Lake Pedder. In 1972, as a result of the installation of several dams, a much large region was flooded, and the lake was actually turned into a reservoir - "New" Lake Pedder.
Saint Clair
The lake located on the central elevation of Tasmania Island. The maximum depth of the lake is 200 m.; Thus, it is the deepest Lake of Australia. The area of \u200b\u200bthe lake is 30 square kilometers, the height of the water surface is 737 m above sea level. Saint Claire Lake is located in the southern part of Creidl-Mountain Lake Saint Claire National Park.
Lakes of South Australia
Allegzandrina
The lake in South Australia, adjacent to the coast of the Big Australian Bay, which is part of the Indian Ocean.
Bonnie
Coastal lake in the southeast of South Australia. This is one of the largest freshwater lakes in Australia. Lake is 450 km from Adelaide and 13 km to the southwest of millians. Kanunda National Park is located next to the lakeside. For over 60 years, large volumes wastewater Of the neighboring pulp and paper mills, adversely affected the state of the lake.
Gardner
Large faceless lake in central South Australia, it is considered the fourth largest salty lake In Australia, when flooded. The lake covers more than 160 kilometers in length and 48 kilometers wide with a thickness of salt sediments, reaching up to 1.2 meters in some places. It is west of the lake Trenz, 150 km northwest from Port Augusta and 440 km north-west of Adelaide.
Torrens.
The second largest salted faceless rift lake of Australia, in South Australia, located 345 km north of Adelaide. The specified area of \u200b\u200bthe lake is very conditional, since over the past 150 years it is completely filled with water only once. Lake is now included in Lake Trenz National Park, for a passage to which special permission is required.
Frome
Large faceless lake in the Australian state of South Australia, located east of the Flinders Ridge. The ferry is a large, shallow-water drying lake, covered with a slices. The length of the lake is about 100 km, and the width is 40 km. Most of the lake is below the world's ocean level. Area - 2596 km². Occasionally filled with saltwatened water from drying screams, originating on the Flinders Ridge, located to the west of frome, or exclusively with water from the Stzhelets-Creek River in the north.
Ayr
Lake drying in South Australia. Located in the center of the extensive eponymous pool. Occasionally filled to 9 m below sea. At the same time, its area is 9500 square meters. km., What makes it the largest Lake Australia. When drying, the lower point of the lake bottom is at a height of -16 m., Which is the lowest point of the country.
Big Artesian Swimming pool:
Also known as "Channel Channels", this is one of the largest artesian groundwater basins in the world and is an important source of water for Australian agriculture.
Lake Air Basin
The Pool of Lake Air is the largest television pool in Australia and one of the world's largest, area of \u200b\u200babout 1,200,000 square kilometers, covering about one sixth part of the country, is one of the four sub-pools of the Great Artesian basin.
The rivers here flow on the basis of the drop-down amount of precipitation, and therefore, the insulated water tanks are vital for the local population and the animal world.
This article was automatically added from the community.
River Australia
Having a look at the map of Australia, we will see that many rivers are shown by the dotted line. This gives them an ephemeral nature. Most of them fully function only after heavy rains. But the rivers comparable to the largest in the world spread out in the northeast. All of them are part of the Unified Murray Darling system.
Stretching along the southeast coast, a large waterproof ridge forms two types of rivers. Current east fall into the sea. Those that are collected in the western part form a Murray Darling system. In the origins of the rivers of the eastern slope - cold stormy water, like the Alps mountain streams. The river system of the western part is peculiar, typically Australian. The rivers are wide, slow, dried. Wasters of water level - exclusively sharp.
The Murray Darling River System is extremely large even by international standards. Its role in the life of the continent is extremely significant. Main River Australia - Murray. Together with the tributaries of Marrambij, Darling and Goulburn, she drains a rather extensive territory. The supporting of the tributaries per 200 km away from the east coast and, merging, form the main rivers that flow to the sea with winding channels. Murray takes the beginning in the snowy mountains and flows into the Enkounter (bay in South Australia).
Its length is 2575 km. Lower 970 km available for small vessels. Sea vessels can not go due to the brave of the river of sandy shames. The length of Marrambiji is 1690 km. The influx originates in the Kuma area. Stock Marrambiji and Murrey regulates the hydropower system "Snow Mountains". Length of the Darling River - 2740 km. She flows into Murray. Her tributaries drain the western slopes of the mountains in the northern part of the new South Wales and partly in Southeast Queensland.
Dams regulate the river stock almost constantly. The exception is especially dry periods. A little more than half of the mainland territory belongs to the internal basins of the drain or has a disassembled stock. Threads on Western Plateau function impermanent, sufficiently short time. They end or in temporary lakes, or in swamps. The considerable territory of Queensland belongs to the pool of Lake Air. This is one of the largest on globe In-house pools. Here the most significant rivers - Cooper Creek, Georgina, Diamantine.
They are characterized by extremely small slopes and are peculiar labyrinths of intertwined, usually completely dry beds. After heavy rains, they bloat past many kilometers. To Lake Air Water Rivers reach quite rarely. For the first time since the colonization of Australia, the Lake Basin was filled only in 1950.
The use of rivers is associated with significant difficulties precisely because of the extreme variability of the drain. In the inner areas, the plots are suitable for construction - rarity. At the same time, large reservoirs are needed for stable water supply. Very significant water loss for evaporation. True, in Tasmania, stock in all seasons is relatively constant.
For a dry continent, the value of a large river system is difficult to overestimate. At a very impressive array of sushi (7,636,000 square meters), approximately 41 cm of precipitation falls per year. Significant part of them is lost due to evaporation. All Rivers of Australia take less than 9 cm of precipitation. Half of this amount falls on the Murray - Darling system. It is not surprising that the pools of these huge rivers are rich not only settlementsBut also unique forms of water life, formed in the specific conditions of this ancient continent.
List of rivers Australia In alphabet order.
- Adelaide
- Albert.
- Ashberton
- Barca
- Barron.
- Baruon (New South Wales)
- Baruon (Victoria)
- Berdekin
- Burnett
- Blackwood
- Brisbane
- Victoria
- Gaskown.
- Diamantin
- Denmark
- Deruente
- Jardine
- Dawson
- Katerin.
- Cataract
- Kestlery.
- Clyde
- Clarence
- Condami
- Cooper Creek
- Lane-Kaza
- Macquory
- Marrambiji
- Laclan
- Merchson
- Murray
- Darling
- Murchison
- Manning
- South Alligator River
- North
- North
- Snowy River
- Thomson (QLD)
- Thomson (VIC)
- Torrens.
- Wilson
- Williams
- Fitzroy (Queensland)
- Fitzroy (Western Australia)
- Flinders.
- Fortescia
- Franklin
- Hunter
- Eberkromby
- Avon (Western Australia)
- Avon (Western Victoria)
- Avon (Eastern Victoria)
Murray River (Marri River in South Australia) - the most big River Australia. The Murray River is originated in the Australian Alps, where the most drained west Side These high mountains. The river flows and wriggles throughout its length on the plains of Australia, and ultimately forms the border between the two states: the new South Wales and Victoria.
The river took the direction to the north-west, then, turning to the south, it takes another 500 km (310 miles), and then, practically reaching the ocean, flows into Lake Alexandrin.
The largest river in Australia is the nature of the river
Almost all rivers of this country are not particularly far from the coast. As for the largest river itself, it flows in the east of Australia. While the river is pierced to the sea, it has to cross mountain forests, wetlands, agricultural land and, of course, many cities.
On the shores and in the waters of the river there are different animals: frogs, mussels, crayfish, fish, cliffs, pelicans, ducks, kangaroo, lizards, snakes, turtles live in aquatic environment rivers.
Water streams of the Murray River cross the Lakes Alexandrin and Kurong, as well as some others. Their salinity fluctuates, although until recently they were fresh. Next, the river reaches the Indian Ocean. But. Australian cards say that the river reaches the Southern Ocean, not far from Goolwa.
The mouth of the river is distinguished by its shallowness and small size, although it is worth noting that the river is always abundantly filled with waters before the appearance of irrigation systems. Note that since 2010, the river has 58% of natural filling. In addition, this is a very significant irrigated region of the whole country - the feeder, so to speak, of the whole people.
Raine precipitations fill the Australia Rivers on one fifth of the total. The largest of the rainwater evaporates, it is also used by trees and plants, in addition, a large amount falls into the lakes, swamps and ocean. It is such an ambiguous filling of the river that affects its irregular flow: at the same time the river is very filled, the flow rate is also increased, and the size of the river, and at another time - the other way around.
River gives life
The Murray River in aggregate with its tributaries has great importance to the lifetimes, which, adapting to her character, surround and the stomach near her.
Among them:
Murray Turtle with a short neck, Murray River Cracks, Water Rats, Wide and Clawed Yabbies, Macrobrachium Large Shrimps, Platypus;
- Types of fish that have already managed to gain popularity and value all over the world: Murray Crack, Golden Okun, Trout, Eel, Silver Perch, Tailed Som, Western Carp Pescar, Australian Koryushka, Macquarie Perch.
It is worth noting that the Murray River has colossal support to their surroundings on forest corridors.
But, as always, unfortunately, it happens, over time, the status of the river has deteriorated. Many reasons affect this. For example, droughts that were not so long ago, in 2000-2007, influenced the state of forests growing on the banks of the river. Drought - bad, flood - also bad. Flooding, or rather, flooding places of the Murray River, for example in 1956, lasted for 6 months, as a result, many cities were flooded at the bottom of Murray.
But the disease is not so terrible as its consequences. Fish: Carp, Caulfur, Gambusia, Red Person, Perch, Rainbow Trout, felt these consequences for themselves. In addition, a large number of species vegetable world They disappeared due to the deterioration of the state of the Murray River along with her tributaries.
Not in vain, after all, they say that nature needs to love and appreciate, then we can see what has never been seen before. Therefore, keeping our nature, we can preserve the lives of many animals and plants that will certainly make and decorate our flora and fauna.
