Over the past decades, in connection with the rapid computerization of all spheres of production, spiritual and cultural activities, interest in the nature and essence of information has sharply increased.
The man was faced with a potent remedy for which there are no limits. Information carries both constructive and destructive power, but to a much greater extent than it was before. Time has changed not so much the essence of information as the intensity of the impact, the contexts of its application have changed.
Mass media is a powerful force of influence on the consciousness of people, a means of promptly delivering information to different parts of the world, the most effective means of influencing human emotions, capable of convincing the recipient in the best way. This is especially evident in relation to electronic media. As technical capabilities expand, their role increases. And in terms of the emotional impact on the feelings and consciousness of people, they remain unsurpassed so far and collect the largest audience.
Suggestion and submission occurs not through reason, but through feelings. Suggestion is directly associated with the manipulation of consciousness, since it is an intrusion into the consciousness of an outside idea without direct and direct participation in this act of the "I" of the subject. The main components of the phenomenon of manipulation are the purposeful transformation of information in communication, the concealment of mental influence, the use of numerous means of pressure, the choice of targets of influence and the use of automatic patterns of human behavior. It is quite obvious that the transfer of information in the process of communication is undoubtedly one of the most important components of interaction. Nowadays, manipulators have learned to transform the transmitted information beyond recognition; in other cases, it is not at all possible to determine its accuracy.
Acting through the means mass media, manipulators make the main bet on involuntary memorization. Therefore, it is much more important for them to create a stream of chaotic messages than to present one coherent idea that a person thinks over and deliberately remembers.
The existence of positive and negative information, which, in one way or another, a person encounters throughout his life, is reflected in different ways on the mental state of each individual individually. And due to the fact that society has not yet learned to filter the negative elements of the perceived, ailments, physical fatigue, depression and stress arise. This is one of the main causes of information diseases. These diseases envelop the brain and have a destructive effect on the subconscious and the human psyche. Therefore, the word carries in itself not only great importance, but also a huge responsibility for the creation of a healthy nation. But every person has his own cultural and educational level, with the help of which he chooses and thereby filters the information product. American psychotherapists have found out in the course of research that an information virus penetrates a person's DNA, where it changes the hereditary program, which is why it is so dangerous.
The way of life and thinking of a modern person is formed against the background of a dynamically developing process of technologization of politics, economics, and production. The rapid obsolescence of professional knowledge makes the process of education of a specialist in the third millennium permanent and uninterrupted. It is at this stage of the formation of the intellectual, moral, social experience of a person that there is a real opportunity to master the basics of working with information - information culture.
Today in the post: The likelihood of manifestation of psychological dangers, may vary depending on specific conditions.
Greetings, dear blog readers, I wish you all mental health.
Influence of information on a person - classification
Currently, there is no sufficiently substantiated and detailed general classification of the influence of information on a person. This is due to the novelty and complexity of this problem, as well as to the fact that the procedure itself and the result of the classification depend on the tasks that need to be solved, and in this regard, on the chosen grounds and criteria that are used in the classification.
First of all, it is necessary to highlight the following main sources influence of information on a person, which can be divided in relation to the personality into two groups: external and internal.
Sources of information influence on a person
Common source external the influence of information is that part of the information environment of society, which, for various reasons, does not adequately reflect surrounding a person peace. Those. information that misleads people, into the world of illusions, does not allow to adequately perceive the environment and oneself.
The information environment takes on the character of a second, subjective reality for a person. The part of it that contains information that inadequately reflects the surrounding world, and those of its characteristics and processes that impede or hinder the adequacy of perception and understanding by a person of the surrounding world and himself.
One of them is the objective complexity of the world itself and the process of its cognition, mistakes and delusions of people who cognize it.
In another group of sources of influence, it is possible to combine the actions of those people who, pursuing their own goals, achieve this, using various methods of informational and psychological influence on others (see Psychology of influence on a person) without taking into account their interests, and often, simply by misleading, acting contrary to their interests and damaging them. This is the activity of various persons - from political leaders, state and public figures, representatives of the media, literature and art, to our everyday partners in interpersonal interaction.
These persons include those who, exerting an informational and psychological influence on others, skillfully, mixing lies with truth, increase the degree of inadequacy of the information environment of society and thereby expand the illusory subjective reality.
(manipulation or control of people)
True, this does not make it easier for those who have already fallen into the web of his manipulations, who are experiencing their destructive and derogatory influence on themselves.
Influence of information on a person - manipulation relationship
The very socio-political and economic situation of cardinal social changes and the transition to market relations contributes to this and enhances this trend.
The seller seeks to sell the product to the buyer, and their interests do not always coincide, if not to say that they diverge and have only one common point of contact - the fact of selling a particular product. At the same time, the seller actively resorts to various methods to hide the flaws and emphasize the merits, real, and most often imaginary, of the advertised product.
Often, he hides the information the client needs, and part of it changes and thereby makes it difficult to obtain adequate information about the product.
(psychology of persuasion, or everything will be my way)
The employer also resorts to psychological manipulations in order, for example, to pay the employee cheaper, etc.
Participants in the negotiations, using various methods of manipulating information, implement reflexive control technology in order to achieve their goals and achieve more favorable conditions for their side, as a rule, at the expense of infringing on the interests of the other side. Moreover, this happens both in situations affecting the interests of an individual or several persons, and interstate relations, in which the interests of entire peoples and even, as history testifies, their very existence act as the price of manipulation.
Access to large-scale use of new information technologies and control over the mass media greatly enhances the possibilities of information and psychological influence on people by changing the information environment of society. This is most possible for a variety of social organizations - various associations of people, social groups, public, political and state structures, some social institutions of society.
In this regard, it is possible to single out three more relatively independent groups of sources of information influence on a person.
Groups of influence of information on a person
Thus, the activity of various groups and associations of people, in particular, some political parties, social and political movements, nationalist and religious organizations, financial, economic and commercial structures, lobbying and mafia groups, etc.
Their activities become dangerous when, in order to achieve their goals, they begin to use various means of information and psychological influence, thereby changing the behavior of people in such a way that damage to their own interests is caused. There are widely known examples of the activity of some religious sects of this kind, provoking ethnic-ethnic conflicts, unfair advertising, in particular, the sensational story of the MMM JSC (which had no problems, but most of its clients had these problems).
As another source of information influence, under certain conditions, one can single out the state itself, the authorities state power and management. This is due to the actions of state leaders and the ruling elite. The danger arises when, realizing their own interests, and sometimes just ambitions, they use the power of the state apparatus to provide information and psychological influence on people, masking their actions and true goals that do not correspond to the interests of the state, society and the population of the country.
The danger of the influence of information is aggravated by the fact that the state often begins to experiment with the masses for the sake of "good great goals" and to influence their consciousness.
The main sources of information influence on a person
The main sources of information and psychological influence on a person can be summarized as follows:
- State(including foreign ones), authorities and administrations and other state structures and institutions.
- Society(various public, economic, political and other organizations, including foreign ones).
- Various social groups(formal and informal, stable and casual, large and small in the place of residence, work, study, service, cohabitation and leisure activities, etc.);
- Individuals(including representatives of government and public structures, various social groups, etc.).
The main means of influencing information on a person
In general, the following are distinguished as the main means of influencing information on a person:
- mass media(including Information Systems, for example, the Internet, etc.);
- literature(including artistic, scientific and technical, socio-political, special, etc.);
- art(including various areas of the so-called mass culture etc.);
- education(including the system of preschool, secondary, higher and secondary special state and non-state education, the system of so-called alternative education, etc.);
- upbringing(all the various forms of upbringing in the education system, public organizations - formal and informal, the system of organizing social work, etc.);
- personal communication.
Internal sources of influence of information on a person's personality are inherent in the very biosocial nature of the human psyche, in the peculiarities of its formation and functioning, in the individual and personal characteristics of the individual.
Due to these features, people differ in the degree of susceptibility to various information influences, the ability to analyze and evaluate incoming information, etc.
In addition to individual characteristics, there are certain general characteristics and patterns of the functioning of the psyche, which affect the degree of susceptibility to information and psychological influences and are inherent in most people.
So, for example, in crisis changes in society, the suggestibility of people increases, and, accordingly, the susceptibility to information and psychological influences increases. It also increases in conditions of a person being in mass gatherings of people, in a crowd, at a rally, demonstration. A kind of mental infection with a certain psychoemotional state occurs with a person, which, for example, is quite clearly manifested at various entertainment events.
There are certain patterns of perception and response to unconscious and unconscious influences, for example, to subthreshold stimuli, etc.
Psychophysiological possibilities of resisting the influence of information on a person
Knowledge of their individual psychological characteristics and general characteristics and the regularities of the functioning of the psyche is now becoming for a person not just an obligatory element of his general culture, but also a necessary condition for safety in social interaction, in various interpersonal communicative situations.
Paradoxically, many people are much more eager to learn about the structure of the car and how to handle it than about their own psychological characteristics and ways to use their mental capabilities.
I wish you all psychological well-being!
FAQ:
We know all this from school, but we do not attach any importance to it, since we believe that it will always be so. The best young years pass in the works of righteous and family concerns, we have no time to stop and think about whether we are living right or doing something wrong. We are in demand at work, we are respected and appreciated as an irreplaceable worker, and the requirements are growing and we need to meet them, and at home the husband and children require care and attention. And then the beloved parents have grown old and our care and support are oh so necessary. And we begin to understand that our love is not enough for everyone, we deprive someone, at work we do not have time as before, and our health begins to fail.
And then we should seriously think about it and ask ourselves what we can do in such a situation to preserve our health and the health of our loved ones. And the answer to it will be quite simple. This is our food. The link between nutrition and health is simple - the worse we eat, the more we get sick. There is only one way out - go to proper nutrition... Indeed, with proper nutrition, a person is less exposed to various diseases and copes with them more easily.
I am absolutely sure that in time everyone will understand and accept this. But it will be a pity for lost time, because neither time nor lost health can be returned. About principles healthy eating a lot has been written, books published with easy-to-prepare and affordable recipes. So take it and use it for health. Believe me, it won't get any worse.
Our body is very smart! When he sees that he is being cared for, he will understand this and reciprocate with us.
How do you take care of your health? Write in the comments!
Positive factors affecting human health
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN HEALTH
There are five main factors that affect human health - this is air, water, stress, unhealthy diet and heredity.
Let's start with a factor affecting human health - air .
Since without it, a person cannot live even 2 minutes. The air surrounds us always and everywhere, we constantly breathe it in and the state of our health depends on how clean it is. The trouble is that air quality is deteriorating every day, and we are not able to influence this process. Exhaust gases from car engines; smog from industrial, incl. chemical enterprises; smoke from cigarettes; solar radiation, easily penetrating the weakened ozone layer and ozone holes, and many other factors constantly degrade the quality of the air around us. How to be? After all, we cannot buy air in stores, like, for example, water. And if they could, then it would be necessary to walk (live) in spacesuits, in which our purchased clean air, imported, for example, from the Carpathian Mountains, would be supplied. We cannot surround ourselves clean air 24 hours a day. However, we can install a ventilation system with primary air purification in a house or apartment, as well as install an active air purifier with dehumidification and humidification systems, a flame filter, an air ionizer, and also supply an air conditioner with an oxygen generator. Thus, sleep is the most important part of our life, we will spend breathing clean air. So, we can influence the air in the room, but we cannot be in it all our life. Going outside and inhaling polluted air, sooner or later we will feel the consequences of this - all kinds of diseases. Of course, today it is not realistic to make the air on the street clean, however, knowing the chemical constituents of polluted air in cities and industrial centers, we can predict the consequences and resist the development of diseases associated with these factors.
Factors negatively affecting health how to protect yourself
Choice CHOICE has developed phytocomplexes - "Breeze", "Freelife" and "Omega + Complex", which effectively cope with the prevention of diseases arising from polluted air.
Phytocomplex "Breeze" clears the respiratory tract from all unnecessary, has an antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory effect, accelerates the regeneration of the epithelium of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. At the beginning of the intake, it restores the functions of the respiratory system and then maintains it in a normal state.
Phytocomplexes " Freelife" and " Omega +» , fight free radicals entering our body with oxygen, strengthens cell membranes, increases the resistance of the immune system, slows down the aging process of our body and prevents such terrible diseases as stroke, heart attack, cancer and other tumors.
Next fact a torus affecting human health -water
With water, it's a little easier and a little more difficult. Considering that the human body consists of more than 60% water (liquid), its role in human health is very great. Water can be defended, purified, purchased already purified or imported from pure sources. But here a dilemma arises. With drinking water, important substances and minerals enter the body. If we drink untreated water, many harmful substances enter the body along with useful substances. If we purify water, then together with harmful substances we remove useful ones. What is the way out? The only thing left to do is to buy water in stores, imported from clean sources. But how many people use purchased water and do they constantly? Unfortunately, there are still many people who neglect their health by eating water from a pipeline system or from shallow wells. Most often this is due to either ignorance or a lack of financial resources. One way or another, the consequences will not be long in coming and it is not difficult to predict them. However, with prevention, these diseases can be prevented.
Drugs that have a positive effect on human health
Here come to the rescue phytocomplexes: Cleanhelp, Sunklin, Breakblock, Livesafe, Freelife, and Norm. They make cleansing the body helping our body to neutralize and remove impurities in the water, prevent them negative impact on the body, which significantly improves our health and, therefore, prolongs life. Our The "Ministry of Health" will not help here. He can only warnthat: smoking is harmful, and leads to a disease such as cancer; excessive alcohol consumption leads to an increase in injuries, diseases of the stomach, kidneys, liver, brain, cardiovascular system; the use of raw water can cause poisoning, all kinds infectious diseases etc.
"Ministry of Health" warns, but does not solve the problem for you... The health care system is based on symptomatic treatment (relief of symptoms) with the help of synthesized chemical substances (drugs), and they, as you know, do not eliminate the causes of diseases, and even less are calculated as a means of prevention. For example, if we have a headache, then our "medicine" suggests taking a remedy that eliminates pain (symptom), and not one that will cure the cause of its occurrence. Almost all drugs that are used in traditional medicine are aimed specifically at relieving symptoms, while phytocomplexes are aimed at eliminating the causes of the disease.
The next important factor affecting human health is nutrition
A person is designed in such a way that all nutrients for his vital activity must enter his body with food. But what are we eating? Food rich in carbohydrates, mostly easily digestible, which enhances the fermentation process in the intestine, which means it prevents the process of full digestion. Fish for many is practically not affordable, mushrooms too. Sausages and smoked meats predominate among meat products. Too often we buy vegetable oil refined - in beautiful bottles, transparent, odorless, but, unfortunately, in this form it has lost most of its valuable properties. Food products contain a huge amount of preservatives, dyes; they are packed in synthetic containers, etc. Meat products are also rich in many chemicals that are harmful to our body, which animals received during life, eating poor quality feed. This list of horror stories goes on and on. In any case, the food we eat will always have a lack of nutrients and an excess of harmful ones.
To replenish our body with all the necessary bio-substances, scientists of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine and National University food technology a product with a high biological value was created and named “ prosers". "PROZERY" is a product of health-improving nutrition, which is sprouted, dried and crushed grains of cereals - wheat, oats and corn. Being a "storehouse" of vitamins, minerals, plant enzymes and other vital substances, "Proser", which are part of the phytocomplexes of the CHOICE company, daily nourish every cell of our body, strengthening the immune system and increasing its protective functions.
Another factor that greatly affects human health - stress.
A state of uncertainty about the future, lack of goals, aspirations, a lost ability to dream and a constant lack of finances - all this leads to daily chronic stress. The information field around us, the media, - every day all this turns into an increasing source of stress, which, as you know, lead to the development of most diseases and dramatically reduce the life expectancy of a person. It is impossible to remove most stress factors from our lives, but you can change their perception and neutralize their negative impact on our health and life in general. For this, the anti-stress phytocomplex "Balance" was created, which perfectly copes with this task.
And finally, the most unpleasant factor that affects human health remains - heredity.
It is practically impossible to influence heredity, since it appears even in the womb, but we can, by taking phytocomplexes, "disarm" its negative aspects, preserving its positive effect on our health and life expectancy.
From the above, the conclusion follows: systemic, it is the systematic reception of all phytocomplexes of the Choice company "CHOICE" for the purpose of prevention, will strengthen your health and the health of your loved ones, will help to cope with all negative factors that press on you from the outside and will prolong your life for many years of quality. Be healthy!
Health prevention with Choice gives excellent results.
Factors determining the disease
FACTORS DEFINING HEALTH AND DISEASE
There are many reasons for ill health (third state) and diseases. Three streams of information constantly and simultaneously act on a person: sensory, perceived by the sensory organs through the first signaling system, verbal (oral or written word), perceived through the second signaling system, and structural (components of food and air), entering through the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system. Information can be necessary (useful), indifferent and harmful. The organism, taking into account adaptation, has a certain information-perception capacity.
The negative effects of almost complete shutdown (Pavlovskaya Tower of Silence), a sharp deficit (a state of weightlessness) or excessive exposure (death by tickling) of sensory information are known. Between these extremes, there are many daily and fairly strong deviations from the optimal levels of sensory information.
In recent decades, the volume of physical activity of people of all ages has sharply decreased. The share of physical labor in production fell from 90% to 10%. Physical education and a small proportion of people go in for sports, especially regularly and throughout their lives. The senses were attacked by noises, vibrations and various types of radiation, previously unknown in strength and variety, not only at work, but also at home and in places of rest. At the same time, man has deprived himself of many sensations of direct communication with nature. There are a lot of conveniences that detrain the body. The flow of verbal information has increased many times over, which in itself is not indifferent to the body. In contrast to the still close ancestors, the food of modern humans is much less diverse in terms of the set of natural products. The flow of structural information (including chemical contamination of the inhaled air) has undergone the greatest changes. As a result of changes in the triune flow of information, characterized by a deficiency of necessary (useful) information and the effect on the body of harmful information, chronic stress occurs, a decrease in the general nonspecific resistance of the body, the development of the so-called third state (an intermediate state between health and disease).
Thus, diseases arise as a result of the influence of certain factors of the external or internal environment that exceed the adaptive-compensatory capabilities of the organism, and are also transmitted from a sick person, a bacillus carrier or a sick animal to a healthy one.
Several years ago, the World Health Organization tried to rank all factors in order of their importance to health. As a result, more than 200 factors were identified that have the most significant impact on modern man. Among them, there are physical, chemical, biological, social, psychological, genetic factors. However, the most important in the development of the most common diseases, which are the main cause of death of the population, are: physical inactivity (lack of movement), unhealthy diet (primarily overeating), psycho-emotional stress and bad habits(alcohol abuse, smoking, use of drugs and other chemicals). Unfavorable environmental conditions in many countries are also the cause of many modern diseases. If the first three factors depend directly on the person himself, on his worldview, culture and behavior, then the solution of environmental problems depends on the joint efforts of many countries.
In 1994, the Interdepartmental Commission on Public Health Protection of the Security Council of the Russian Federation determined this ratio in relation to our country as follows (in brackets - WHO data):
PUBLIC HEALTH Public health is the cumulative health of people living in a given territory or state as a whole. Public health is a characteristic of one of the most important properties, qualities of society as a social organism; constituent factor of gross domestic product (GDP), function and derivative of society (Yu.P. Lisitsin, 1992). Public health characterizes the vitality of society (D.D. Venediktov, 1981).
In international practice, the following is traditionally used to describe public health: 1) a set of demographic indicators: fertility, mortality (general, child, perinatal, infant, age-specific), average life expectancy; 2) morbidity (general, for certain age groups, for infectious, chronic nonspecific diseases, certain types of diseases, for
morbidity with temporary disability, hospitalization, etc.); 3) indicator of disability (general, child, carriage, for reasons); 4) the level of physical development.
The WHO experts, when developing the “health for all in the 21st century” strategy, chose several other public health indicators:% of GDP spent on health care; share of GDP per capita; availability of primary health care; provision of the population with safe water supply; % of persons immunized against infectious diseases; nutritional status of children, in particular,% of children born with low birth weight (< 2,5 кг); уровень детской смертности и средней продолжительности жизни; уровень грамотности взрослого населения.
Since public health adjoins the concepts of wealth, the potential of society, Yu.P. Lisitsyn (1992) suggests using the "public health index" - the ratio of factors of healthy and unhealthy lifestyles.
Key indicators of public health:
Fertility rate: Number of live births per year x 1000;
Average annual population
For example, in the Pskov region in 2000, the birth rate was 7.9 per 1000 population, and the death rate was 14.2.
Mortality rate: Number of deaths per year x 1000
Average annual population;
The general mortality rate of the population in adulthood in Russia at the end of the twentieth century was 1560 per 100,000 (in the USA - 780).
Deaths due to cardiovascular diseases in Russia account for 54%, from neoplasms - 17%, from accidents - 16%, from diseases of the respiratory system - 5%.
Natural growth rate:
Absolute natural increase x 1000 Average annual population
or the difference between fertility and mortality rates.
At present, a very difficult demographic situation has developed in Russia. The All-Russian Congress of Physicians (June 1997) stated that the population of Russia is decreasing at an unprecedented rate: 10 people are born, and 15 die per 1000 population. Since 1992, population growth has become negative, and Russia has become a depopulatory country: fewer people are born than die in a year.
One of critical indicators population health is the infant mortality rate. In 1997, in Russia, it reached 19.86 per 1000 newborns (in the USA - 8.4, in Japan - 5.3).
Infant mortality rate:
Number of children who died in the 1st month in a year х 1000 Number of children born alive in the reporting year;
Perinatal mortality rate:
(Number of stillbirths. + Number of children, died at the 1st week of the year) х 1000 Number of children born alive and dead in the reporting year;
The mortality rate of children over 1 year old has grown by 35% over the last 10 years of the 20th century. In the structure of the causes of death, accidents, poisoning, and injuries rank first (46.7% among children aged 1 to 4 years, 76% among adolescents aged 15 to 19 years).
Infant mortality rate:
Number of children who died in the 1st year per year х 1000 Number of children born alive in the reporting year;
Incidence rate:
Number of newly diagnosed patients per year х 1000 Average annual population;
Soreness indicator:
Number of patients with this disease, registered for the year x 1000 Average annual population;
Over the past 5 years of the twentieth century, the incidence of cancer among children and adolescents has increased by 13%, endocrine diseases - by 29.5%, blood diseases - by 35.4%, asthma - by 40%, diseases of the digestive system - by 21.6% ... In 1990, 60-70 out of 1000 children suffered from chronic diseases of the gastroduodenal system, in 2000 - 530-600.
According to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, out of 6 million adolescents aged 15-16 years, 94.5% are diagnosed with various diseases, 1/3 of which limit the choice of profession.
In Russia, only 10% of graduates can be considered healthy. For 10 years, the number of healthy female graduates has decreased from 28.3% to 6.3%, 75% of them have chronic diseases. And these are future mothers, carriers of the nation's gene pool, which causes particular concern (the postulate: “healthy parents - healthy children”).
Life expectancy is calculated using specially compiled tables based on mortality data by age group. The resulting value "expresses the average number of years that a person who comes from the studied population and is at the age of" x "years can live under given mortality conditions." The most commonly used value is the average life expectancy of a newborn or a person at the age of 0 years.
For millennia, the average human life span has fluctuated within narrow limits from 18 to 30 years. By the beginning of the 17th century, as a result of a gradual but steady improvement in living conditions, the average life expectancy in a number of countries
Europe began to exceed the 30-year level. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, major scientific advances in biology and medicine, the rise of general culture and health care, large-scale sanitary and hygienic measures in industrially developed European countries contributed to a significant decrease in the mortality rate of children, as well as the population of middle and older age groups.
After the Second World War, these changes also took place in developing countries. At present, the average life expectancy in Great Britain and the United States reaches 76 years, in France - 77 years, in Canada - 78 years, in Japan - 80 years. The average life expectancy of that part of the population that is destined to live to old age has also increased. Until 1970, the Soviet Union had the highest growth in the average life expectancy of newborns. However, by the end of the twentieth century, the average life expectancy of men in the Russian Federation again dropped to 58 years. It should be noted that there is a significant difference in the average life expectancy of men and women. At present, the difference between the average life expectancy of men and women in Russia reaches 10 years or more. The reasons for this difference lie primarily in social factors: in the nature of work, which is more responsible, intensive and difficult in men, and in the greater prevalence of alcoholism, smoking and injuries among men. There are also purely biological factors that are equally important in explaining this phenomenon... It is common knowledge that more boys are born in the population than girls. But boys die most often during childhood, and later the number of men decreases in all age categories. In old age, among centenarians, the ratio between the number of men and women is 1: 3.
Epidemiological evidence strongly suggests that males have a higher incidence than females. Men die from myocardial infarction more often 7.5 times between the ages of 40 and 49; 5.5 times - at the age of 50 to 55 years and 2.5 times - at the age of over 60 years. The unequal life expectancy of men and women is also explained by genetic differences in the chromosomal apparatus of the cell nucleus, in the presence of a double set of X chromosomes in women, which determines the higher reliability of important mechanisms of biological regulation of the cell.
It should be noted that the biological potential of human health presupposes his life expectancy is much longer than he has at present.
The US national program identifies three approaches to improving the status of public health, three organizing principles (in decreasing order of importance): 1) health promotion - health promotion (pay attention!); 2) health protection - health protection; 3) preventive services - preventive and medical services.
The public health of the population of Russia at the end of the 20th and at the beginning of the 21st century is in a state of crisis. The main manifestation of the health crisis in Russia is a decrease in life expectancy, depopulation due to a fall in the birth rate and an increase in mortality. The essence of depopulation is an increase in the number of deaths among people 30-50 years of age due to injuries and poisoning. Infant mortality, childbirth difficulties, abandonment of a second child and the consequences of abortion, especially before the birth of the first child, are of enormous importance.
In the concept “Health of the Nation” developed by N. Kravchenko (1991), public health is presented as a single interdependent process of development of two supersystems: “population” and “economy”, as a complex combination of biosocial and economic systems. According to this concept, a way out of the public health crisis in Russia should be expected only in connection with the recovery of the country's economy.
Factors affecting health
The state of health affects the well-being of a person, his physical, social and labor activity. The quality of life and the level of general satisfaction depend on this. It is currently believed that general health consists of several components: somatic, physical, mental and moral. It is formed under the influence of a number of external and internal factors that can have a beneficial or negative impact. Maintaining a high level of public health is an important state task, for the implementation of which special federal programs are being developed in the Russian Federation.
The main factors affecting human health
All factors important for the formation and maintenance of human health can be divided into 4 groups. They were identified by WHO experts back in the 80s of the twentieth century, and modern researchers adhere to the same classification.
- socio-economic conditions and lifestyle of the individual;
- the state of the environment, including human interaction with various microorganisms;
- genetic (hereditary) factors - the presence of congenital anomalies, constitutional features and a predisposition to certain diseases that arose during intrauterine development and during the life of a mutation;
- medical support - the availability and quality of medical care, the usefulness and regularity of preventive examinations and screening examinations.
The ratio of these factors depends on gender, age, place of residence and individual characteristics of a person. Nevertheless, there are average statistical indicators of their influence on the formation of health. According to the WHO, lifestyle (50–55%) and the environment (up to 25%) have the greatest impact. The share of heredity is about 15–20%, and the share of medical care is up to 15%.
Lifestyle includes the degree of physical activity of a person and the presence of bad habits. This also includes the nature of the organization of work and rest, adherence to adherence to the daily routine, the duration of night sleep, and the culture of food.
Environmental factors are natural and anthroponous (created by people) conditions in the place of permanent residence, rest or work of a person. They can be of a physical, chemical, biological and socio-psychological nature. Their influence can be small in intensity and constant, or short-term but powerful.
Physical factors
Temperature, humidity, vibration, radiation, electromagnetic and sound vibrations are the main physical factors affecting health. In recent decades, more and more importance is attached to electromagnetic radiation, because a person experiences its effect almost constantly. There is a natural background that does not pose a health hazard. It is formed as a result of solar activity. But technological progress leads to the so-called electromagnetic pollution of the environment.
Waves of different lengths are emitted by all household and industrial electrical appliances, microwave (microwave) ovens, mobile and radio telephones, and physiotherapy devices. A certain influence is also exerted by power lines, in-house power grids, transformer stations, urban electric transport, cellular communication stations (transmitters), television towers. Even the constant action of average intensity of unidirectional electromagnetic radiation usually does not lead to significant changes in the human body. But the problem lies in the number of sources of such radiation surrounding the city dweller.
The massive cumulative effect of electric waves causes a change in the functioning of cells of the nervous, endocrine, immune and reproductive systems. There is an opinion that the increase in the number of neurodegenerative, oncological and autoimmune diseases in society is associated, among other things, with the action of this physical factor.
The radiation factor is also important. All living things on Earth are constantly exposed to the natural background radiation. It is formed during the release of radioisotopes from various rocks and their further circulation in food chains. In addition to this, a modern person receives radiation exposure during regular X-ray preventive examinations and during X-ray therapy of certain diseases. But sometimes he is unaware of the constant exposure to radiation. This happens when eating foods with an increased amount of isotopes, living in buildings made of building materials with a high radiation background.
Radiation leads to a change in the genetic material of cells, disrupts the functioning of the bone marrow and the immune system, and negatively affects the ability of tissues to regenerate. The functioning of the endocrine glands and the epithelium of the digestive tract deteriorates, and a tendency to frequent illnesses appears.
Chemical factors
All compounds that enter the human body are chemical factors that affect health. They can be absorbed through food, water, inhaled air, or through the skin. A negative impact can be exerted by:
- synthetic nutritional supplements, flavor improvers, substitutes, preservatives, dyes;
- household and auto chemicals, washing powders, dishwashing detergents, air fresheners in any form;
- deodorants, cosmetics, shampoos and body hygiene products;
- medicines and dietary supplements;
- food pesticides, heavy metals, formaldehyde, traces of additives to accelerate the growth of livestock and poultry;
- glue, varnishes, paints and other materials for the renovation of premises;
- volatile chemical compounds released from floor and wall coverings;
- preparations used in agriculture for pest and weed control, means for getting rid of mosquitoes, flies and other flying insects;
- tobacco smoke, which can enter the lungs of even a non-smoker;
- water and air polluted by industrial waste, city smog;
- smoke from burning landfills and burning leaves from city trees (which accumulate heavy metals and other products from exhaust gases).
Chemical factors affecting health are especially dangerous when there is a tendency to accumulate in the body. As a result, a person develops chronic intoxication with damage to peripheral nerves, kidneys, liver and other organs. The functioning of the immune system changes, which leads to an increased risk of developing bronchial asthma, autoimmune and allergic diseases.
Biological and socio-psychological factors
Most people place an increased emphasis on the role of microorganisms in maintaining an adequate level of health. To destroy pathogenic (pathogenic) bacteria, some people use disinfectants for everyday cleaning and washing dishes, thoroughly clean their hands and even take antibacterial drugs for prophylactic purposes. But this approach is wrong.
A person is constantly in contact with a huge number of microorganisms, and not all of them pose a health hazard. They are found in soil, air, water, and food. Some of them even live on human skin, in the mouth, vagina and inside the intestines. In addition to pathogenic (pathogenic) bacteria, there are opportunistic and even beneficial microbes. For example, vaginal lactobacilli help maintain the necessary acid balance, and a number of bacteria in the large intestine supply the human body with B vitamins and facilitate the more complete digestion of food residues.
Constant interaction with a variety of microorganisms has a training effect on the immune system, maintaining the necessary strength of the immune response. Uncontrolled intake of antibacterial agents, the use of unbalanced diets and lead to disruption of normal microflora (dysbiosis). This is fraught with the activation of opportunistic bacteria, the formation of systemic candidiasis, the development of intestinal disorders and inflammation of the vaginal wall in women. Dysbacteriosis also leads to a decrease in immunity and increases the risk of developing allergic dermatoses.
Social and psychological factors that affect health also play an important role. Stressful situations initially lead to the mobilization of the body with the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and stimulation of the endocrine system. Subsequently, there is a depletion of adaptive capabilities, and unreacted emotions begin to transform into psychosomatic diseases. These include bronchial asthma, stomach and duodenal ulcers, dyskinesias of various organs, migraine, fibromyalgia. Immunity decreases, fatigue accumulates, the productivity of the brain decreases, existing chronic diseases are exacerbated.
Maintaining health is not just about eliminating symptoms and fighting infection. Preventive examinations, proper nutrition, rational physical activity, competent organization of the workplace and recreation areas are important. It is necessary to influence all factors affecting health. Unfortunately, one person cannot radically change the state of the environment. But he can improve the microclimate of his home, choose his food carefully, keep the water clean and reduce the daily use of pollutants.
The article was prepared by the doctor Obukhova Alina Sergeevna
Factors determining health abstract
There are many reasons for ill health (the third state) and diseases. A person is constantly and simultaneously affected by three streams of information(I.I.Brekhman, 1990): sensory perceived by the senses through the first signaling system, verbal(spoken or written word) perceived through the second signaling system, and structural(components of food and air) entering through the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system. Information can be necessary (useful), indifferent and harmful. The organism, taking into account adaptation, has a certain information-perceiving capacity.
In recent decades, the volume of physical activity of people of all ages has sharply decreased. The share of physical labor in production fell from 90% to 10%.
The senses were attacked by noises, vibrations and various types of radiation, previously unknown in strength and variety, not only at work, but also at home and in places of rest.
At the same time, man has deprived himself of many sensations of direct communication with nature.
There are a lot of conveniences that detrain the body.
The flow of verbal information has increased many times over, which in itself is not indifferent to the body.
In contrast to the still close ancestors, the food of modern humans is much less diverse in terms of the set of natural products.
The flow of structural information (including chemical contamination of the inhaled air) has undergone the greatest changes.
As a result of changes in the triune flow of information, characterized by a deficiency of necessary (useful) and the impact on the body of harmful information, there is chronic stress, a decrease in the general nonspecific stability of the body, the development of the so-called third state (an intermediate state between health and disease).
Diseases arise as a result of the influence of certain factors of the external or internal environment, exceeding the adaptive-compensatory capabilities of the organism.
Factors that determine health are:
Lifestyle;
Biological (heredity, type of higher nervous activity, constitution, temperament, etc.);
The state of the environment;
Natural (climate, weather, landscape, flora, fauna, etc.);
Socio-economic;
The level of development of health care.
It was also found that Lifestyle by about 50%, heredity by 20%, the state of the environment, ecology by 15-20% and healthcare, socio-economic factors(the activities of its bodies and institutions) by 10% determine health (individual and public).
Grouping of risk factors according to their specific weight for health.
| Factors affecting health | Health value in% | Risk factor groups |
| Lifestyle, working conditions of residence, habits | Smoking, alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, harmful working conditions, stressful situations, weakness, physical inactivity, poor living conditions, drug use, fragility of families, high level of urbanization | |
| Genetics, biology ( heredity) human | Predisposition to hereditary diseases | |
| External environment, natural and climatic conditions ( ecology) | 15-20 | Air, water, soil pollution, abrupt change in atmospheric phenomena, increased cosmic, magnetic and other radiation phenomena |
| Healthcare ( socio-economic) | Ineffectiveness of preventive measures, low quality of medical care, delay in its provision |
For different groups of diseases, this ratio of factors is different.(Table 2). For example, in the occurrence of sexually transmitted diseases, a person's lifestyle is of exceptional importance.
The factors causing the disease. For the development of the disease, it is necessary a combination of risk factors and immediate causes of the disease. It is often difficult to isolate the cause of the disease, since there can be several reasons and they are interrelated.
Immediate cause diseases ( etiological factors) directly affects the body, causing pathological changes in it. Etiological factors can be bacterial, physical, chemical, etc.
Disease risk factors - these are factors that negatively affect health. They favor the onset and development of diseases, cause pathological changes in the body.
The World Health Organization has allocated more than 200 factors, which have the most significant impact on modern man. Among them, there are physical, chemical, biological, social, psychological, genetic factors. The number of risk factors is large and growing every year: in the 1960s. there were no more than 1000 of them, now about 3000.
Distinguish primary and secondary risk factors.
Primary:
unhealthy lifestyle (smoking, alcohol consumption, unbalanced diet, stressful situations, constant psycho-emotional stress, physical inactivity, poor material and living conditions, drug use, unfavorable moral climate in the family, low cultural and educational level);
unfavorable heredity (hereditary predisposition to various diseases, genetic risk - a predisposition to hereditary diseases);
unfavorable state of the environment (air pollution with carcinogens and other harmful substances, water pollution, soil pollution, a sharp change in atmospheric parameters, an increase in radiation, magnetic and other radiation);
unsatisfactory performance of health services (low quality of medical care, delayed delivery of medical care, inaccessibility of medical care).
Secondary:
diseases that aggravate the course of other diseases (diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, etc.).
There are also main (large) risk factors, those. common to a variety of diseases: smoking, physical inactivity, overweight, unbalanced diet, arterial hypertension, psychoemotional stress, etc.
The greatest importance in the development of the most common diseases, which are the main cause (factor) of death population are:
hypodynamia (lack of movement),
improper diet (primarily overeating),
bad habits (alcohol abuse, smoking, use of drugs and other chemicals),
psycho-emotional stress,
unfavorable ecological situation.
If the first factors depend on the person himself, from his worldview, culture and behavior, the solution of environmental problems depends on the joint efforts of many countries.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Insert missing words into sentences:
Physical health - _______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
It is based on ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Topic 2: MAIN SIGNS OF VIOLATION
CHILD HEALTH
Tasks
| term | definition |
| it is a latent, latent period of a disease or a stage of the body's functional readiness for the development of a certain disease | |
| Disease | |
| is the cumulative health of people living in a given territory or state as a whole | |
| Public Health Index | |
| Self-control | |
| a system of state, socio-economic, social, medical and sanitary measures aimed at improving the level of health, ensuring the ability to work and active longevity of people | |
| "Protection of childhood and motherhood" | |
| Health Index |
1. Fill in the table with missing terms and definitions
2. Fill in the blanks, write down the factors that determine health and illness:
3. Choose one correct answer from the proposed tests. Fill out the answers in the table:
# 1. There is an intermediate state between health and disease, which is called ...
a) the height of the disease,
b) pre-illness,
No. 2. Three streams of information constantly act on a person:
a) motor, adaptive, mediated,
b) compensatory, natural, individual,
c) sensory, verbal, structural.
No. 3. What factors 50% depends on human health:
a) environment,
b) heredity,
c) lifestyle and living conditions.
No. 4. By the end of the twentieth century, the average life expectancy of men in the Russian Federation decreased to ...
No. 5. According to the epidemiological service ...
a) in women, the incidence is higher than in men,
b) in men, the incidence is higher than in women,
c) the same ratio of morbidity in men and women.
No. 6. In accordance with the proposed scheme, children and adolescents, depending on their state of health, are divided into ...
a) 5 groups,
b) 4 groups,
c) 3 groups.
4. Write down the main public health indicators in the table:
5. Insert the missing words into the sentence:
Currently, there are more than ______ factors , which have the most significant impact on modern man. Among them are _______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Factors.
6. Highest value in the development of diseases that cause mortality of the population, they have: physical inactivity, malnutrition, psycho-emotional stress, bad habits, unfavorable environmental conditions, etc. List the diseases that develop as a result of these factors: ________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Topic 3: CRITERIA FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL
HEALTH
Tasks:
1. Write down several meanings of the concept of "norm":
1. Norm - is ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. The normal system is _______________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. It is normal for a person that __________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. The point of view of VM Dilman _____________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. Your point of view ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. Choose one correct answer from the proposed tests. Fill out the answers in the table:
# 1. The following are used as a tool for assessing mental and social health:
a) audience,
b) questionnaires, questionnaires,
c) exercise tests.
No. 2. Subjective indicators of health status include:
a) mood, sleep, appetite,
b) height, weight, chest circumference,
c) measurement of pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate.
No. 3. The average sleep duration for an adult is:
a) 7-8 hours,
b) 8-9 hours,
c) 9-10 hours.
No. 4. The optimal exercise is one at which the heart rate is _____ of the maximum allowable age group.
c) 90% and more.
No. 5. The heart rate of a healthy but untrained man is:
a) 7075 beats per minute,
b) 75-80 beats per minute,
c) 80-85 beats per minute.
No. 6. The heart rate of a healthy but untrained woman is:
a) 7075 beats per minute,
b) 75-80 beats per minute,
c) 80-85 beats per minute.
3. The indicators of human health include: body weight, circumference of the body and its parts, dynamometry of the hand, body strength, frequency and rhythm of pulse and respiration, activity, body temperature, skin color, the presence of painful sensations, the nature of sweating, stability of attention, metabolism , overexertion, coordination of movements, etc. Distribute the above indicators in the table:
4. Functional indicators of the cardiovascular system. Take individual heart rate measurements and 20 squats. Evaluate the test by the percentage of heart rate increase in relation to the initial indicator and by the duration of the pulse rate recovery to the initial value.
1) resting heart rate _____ beats per minute,
2) pulse after load _____ beats per minute,
3) pulse 1 minute after loading _____ beats per minute,
4) the state of the cardiovascular system _____%.
