Bacteriological weapons are called pathogenic microbes and bacterial poisons (toxins), intended for the defeat of people, animals, plants and infection of food supplies and water sources, as well as ammunition with which they are applied.
With damage to bacterial agents, the disease occurs immediately, almost always there is a hidden (incubatory) period during which the disease does not exist by external signs, and the affected does not lose their combat capability.
To establish the fact of the use of bacterial agents and determine the type of pathogen is quite difficult, since neither microbes nor toxins have neither color, no odor, nor taste, but the effect of their action can manifest itself through a large period of time.
Detection of bacterial agents is possible only by conducting special laboratory studies, which requires considerable time, and this makes it difficult to carry out measures to prevent epidemic diseases.
5.3.1 Types of pathogens microbes
Depending on the structure and biological properties of the microbes are divided into bacteria, viruses, rickettsia and fungi.
Bacteria - vegetable origin microorganisms, mainly unicellular, visible only with the help of a microscope. Under favorable conditions, they multiply very quickly by simply division every 20-30 minutes. When exposed to sun rays, disinfectants and boiling bacteria, they die quickly, but some of them (Siberian ulcers, tetanus, botulism), turning into disputes, have high resistance to the specified factors. Finding into favorable conditions for development, disputes germinate and turn into a vegetative (active) form of bacteria. TO low temperatures Bacteria are little sensitive and easily tolerate freezing.
Bacteria cause diseases of plague, cholera, sap, Siberian ulcers, etc.
Viruses are the smallest organisms, thousands of times less bacteria. Unlike bacteria, viruses multiply only in alive fabrics. Many of them are kept drying and temperatures above 100 OS. Viruses can cause diseases such as genuine pieces, flu, etc.
Ricketsia in size and forms are approaching some bacteria, but they develop and live in the tissues of the organs affected by them. They cause a disease with a raw tit.
Fungi, like bacteria, have vegetable origin, but more perfect in structure. The stability of fungi to the effects of physicochemical factors is significantly higher than bacteria; They are well tolerated the effects of sun rays and drying.
Some microbes, for example, botulism microbes, tetanus, diphtheria, produce highly active poisons - toxins that cause severe poisoning.
There are microbes that can cause animal diseases. Such hazardous infectious diseases include the lush, the plague of cattle, plague plague, sheep, Sap, Siberian ulcers, etc.
Dangerous are the pathogens of some diseases of plants, for example, the pathogens of the stem rust of cereals, phytoophluorosa of potatoes, rice pyricularity, etc.
5.3.2 Methods for the use of bacteriological weapons
The use of bacteriological weapons, as a rule, are:
- aviation bombs;
- artillery mines and shells;
- packages (bags, boxes, containers), discharged from airplanes;
- special devices scattering insects from airplanes;
- divergent methods.
In some cases, for the spread of infectious diseases, the enemy can leave the infected content items during the waste: clothing, products, cigarettes, etc. The disease in this case may occur as a result of direct contact with infected objects.
General characteristics of biological weapons. The main types of causative agents of infectious diseases and the features of their affecting action. Methods and means of using biological weapons
General characteristics of biological weapons
Biological weapons are special ammunition and combat equipment with the means of their delivery to the goal, equipped with biological means; It is intended for mass lesion People, agricultural animals and crops crops.
The basis of the striking effect of biological weapons is biological means (BS) - specially selected for combat application Biological agents capable of penetrating people (animals, plants) to cause severe diseases (lesions).
Features of the striking action bo
1. Bo selectively amazes, mainly living matter, leaving intact material values, which can then be used by the attacker side. In addition, some biological means are able to affect only people, other agricultural animals, third - plants. Only individual agents are dangerous for both people and animals.
2. Bo has high combat efficiency, since causing a dose of biological agents is negligible, significantly surpassing the most toxic poisoning substances.
3. Boy can affect live strength on the squares in tens of thousands and more square kilometers, which allows it to be used to defeat a strongly dispersed living force and in the absence of data on its accurate deployment.
4. The affecting effect Bo manifests itself through a certain, so-called incubation (hidden) period, which continues from several hours to several days and even weeks. The incubation period can be reduced or lengthened depending on various factors. These include the value of the dose of biological agents that penetrate the body, the presence in the body of specific immunity, the timeliness of the use of medical protection products, physical condition and the prior irradiation of the body by ionizing flows. In the incubation period, the personnel fully maintains combat capability.
5. Bo is characterized by the duration of the action due to the property of certain biological means to cause diseases capable of epidemic distribution. On the other hand, some biological means are preserved in an external environment in a viable state (months and years). The increase in the duration of the action of Bo is also associated with the possibility of propagation of certain biological agents with artificially infected with bloodsowing carriers. In this case, the risk of formation of a persistent natural focus of infection occurs, finding in which will be dangerous for personnel.
6. The possibility of securing boobs and difficulties in timely indication and identification of biological agents.
7. Bo has a strong psychological impact. The threat of applying the enemy Bo or the sudden appearance of dangerous diseases (plague, smallpox, yellow fever) can cause panic, depressed, thereby reduce the combat capability of troops and disorganize the work of the rear.
8. Large volume and complexity of work on the elimination of the effects of boosters, it is possible that serious environmental consequences are possible. Biological means are striking people, animal and vegetable worldMicroorganisms. This can lead to their mass death, reduce the number to such a level, in which they will not be able to continue their further existence as species. The disappearance in the ecological community of one or group of biological species seriously violates environmental equilibrium. The created vacuum can be filled biological species - carrier hazardous infectionacquired in natural conditions or as a result of the use of Bo. In turn, this will lead to the formation of extensive areas with a resistant natural foci, habitats in which for a person is dangerous.
Biological means are able to cause diseases, hitting the body through the organism through the respiratory organs along with air, through the gastrointestinal tract with food and water, through skin cover (through abrasions and wounds and in the bite of infected insects).
The main types of causative agents of infectious diseases and the features of their affecting
As biological agents, the enemy can use:
For the defeat of people - botulinum toxin, staphylococcal enterotoxin, plague pathogens, Tularemia, Siberian ulcers, yellow fever, ku-fever, brucellosis, Venezuelan encephalomyelitis of horses and other diseases;
For the damage to agricultural animals - the pathogens of the Siberian ulcers, the Sap, Famingury, the plague of cattle, etc.;
For the damage to agricultural crops - the pathogens of rust of bread cereals, phytoofluorosis of potatoes and other diseases.
To destroy crops of grain and industrial crops, one can expect deliberate use of insects by an opponent - the most dangerous pests of crops, such as locusts, the Colorado Fur Zhka, etc.
Microorganisms, including causative agents of infectious diseases, depending on the size, structure and biological properties are divided into the following classes: bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi.
Bacteria are single-cell microorganisms visible only under the microscope; We multiply by simply division. They quickly die from exposure to direct sunlight, disinfectants and high temperatures. At low temperatures, bacteria are small and even freezing. Some types of bacteria for survival in adverse conditions Capably be covered with a protective capsule or turn into a disruption with a large stability to the specified factors. Bacteria cause severe diseases such as plague, tularemia, Siberian ulcers, sap, etc.
Fungi - microorganisms, differing from bacteria with a more complex structure and breeding methods. Disputes of fungi highly resistant to drying, exposure to sunlight and disinfectants. Diseases caused by pathogenic fungi are characterized by damage in the internal organs with severe and long flow.
Features of the affecting actions of toxins
Microbial toxins - Products of vital activity of certain types of bacteria with high toxicity. When feeding with food, water into the human body, these products cause severe, often with fatal poisoning.
The most dangerous of known bacterial toxins is a botulinical toxin, which leads in the absence of timely treatment for fatal outcomes in 60-70% of cases. Toxins, especially during dried form, is quite resistant to freezing, oscillations relative humidity Air and not losing their affect properties in the air to 12 hours. Toxins are destroyed with long-term boiling and exposure to disinfectants.
When inserting a certain amount of toxin in the body, it causes the form of a disease, called poisoning or intoxication.
The penetration of toxins into the body takes place mostly three ways: through the gastrointestinal tract, the wound surface and the lungs. From the site of primary penetration, they are dealt with blood for all organs and tissues. The toxin in the blood is partially exposed to neutralizing with special cells of the immune system or specific antibodies, which are produced by the body in response to the introduction of toxin. In addition, the detoxification process goes to the liver where toxin falls with blood flow. The elimination of neutralized toxin from the body in most cases is carried out by the kidneys.
The manifestations of the toxic effect of microbial toxins are different and are associated with the prevailing defeat of them or other organs and those changes in the body that arise due to violations. functions of these organs.
Separate toxins, affect the nervous tissue, block the conducting pulses by nerve fibers, disturbing the regulating effect nervous systemson muscles, resulting in paralysis.
Other toxins that act mainly in the intestines are disturbed in it the process of suction of the fluid, which, on the contrary, it comes into the intestinal lumen, as a result of which the diagrams and dehydration of the body are developing.
In addition, toxins act on various internal organswhere blood penetrates, breaking heart activities, liver, kidney functions. A number of toxins, while in the blood, is able to provide a direct damaging effect on blood cells and blood vessels, violate blood clotting processes.
Methods and means of using biological weapons
The effectiveness of Bo action depends not only on the affecting abilities of causative agents of diseases, but also largely on the right choice of methods and means of their application. The following methods of application Bo were possible:
Pollution of the surface layer of air by spraying biological recipes (disease pathogens);
Aerosol method;
Dispersion in the area of \u200b\u200bthe object of artificially infected blood-sucking carriers of diseases - transmissible method;
Direct contamination by biological means of weapons and military equipment, water supply systems (water sources), food products, foodstuffs, as well as indoor air and facilities that are important with sabotage equipment - a sabotage method.
The most efficient and probable method of using biological means is the creation of a biological aerosol with small bombs, equipped in one-time bombing cassettes, containers, combat parts of controlled and winged missiles, as well as by various spraying devices (tight and spray aircraft devices, mechanical aerosol generators), installed on airplanes, helicopters, winged rockets, aerostats, ships, submarines, on terrestrial vehicles.
Pulse and spraying aircraft Allowed to achieve infection with surface air aerosol on large areas.
One-time bombing cassettes and containers may contain several dozen and even hundreds of small biological bombs. The scattering of small bombs allows you to simultaneously and evenly cover the aerosol large-sized objects. The translation of the biological formulation in a combat condition is carried out by an explosive charge explosion.
Transmissive way lies in deliberate dispersion in a given area of \u200b\u200bartificially infected carriers. The method is based on the ability of bloodsowing carriers to be easily perceived, continue to maintain, and through bittenness and selection to transmit pathogens of a number of dangerous people and animal diseases. Thus, individual species of mosquito transmit yellow fever, fleas - plague, lush - a rapid tit, ticks - ku-fever, encephalitis, tularevia, etc. The influence of meteorological conditions is determined only by the impact of them on the vital activity of carriers. It is believed that the use of infected carriers is most likely at temperatures from 15 ° C and higher and relative humidity of at least 60%. This method is considered as auxiliary.
For delivery and dispersion in the area of \u200b\u200bdiseases of diseases, as well as insects - pests of crops can be used entomological ammunition - aviation bombs and containers providing protection against adverse factors during the flight and landing period (heating and a soft landing on Earth).
It is not excluded to use as a means of delivering radio and tele-controlled balloons and balloons. Draifuya together with the dominant air currents, they are capable of landing or reset biological ammunition.
Sabotage method It is very affordable and effective, does not require special preparation. With the help of small-sized instruments (portable aerosol generators, spraying penalties), you can infect air in places of mass accumulation of people, in the premises and halls of train stations, airports, metro, socio-cultural and sports centers, as well as at facilities with important defense and state importance. It is possible to infect water in urban water supply systems using causative agents cholera, typhoid typhoids, plague.
Biological means can be applied by tactical, transport and strategic aviation aircraft.
According to the views of foreign military specialists, the use of biological weapons is possible both on the eve of and during hostilities in order to apply mass losses to personnel, difficulty of conducting active hostilities, disorganizing the work of objects and the economy of the rear in general. At the same time, it is planned to use biological ammunition both independently and in combination with nuclear, chemical and ordinary weapons in order to significantly increase common losses. So, for example, preceding the irradiation of the body by ionizing radiation nuclear explosion Abruptly reduces its protective ability against the action of the BS and reduces the incubation period.
Principles of Biological Weapons (suddenness, massation, careful taking into account the conditions of application, combat properties and features of the affecting effects of diseases of diseases) are generally the same as for the other types of OMP, in particular, chemical weapons.
In the offensive, biological weapons are intended to be used to defeat the personal composition of reserves and second echelons located in areas of concentration or making march, as well as rear parts. In defense, the use of biological weapons is recommended for the defeat of the personnel, both the first and second echelons, major points of management and rear objects. To solve operational-tactical problems, the enemy can apply BS with a short incubation period and low contagiousness.
Under action on strategic objects, the BS with a long hidden period and high contagiousness is more likely.
Human infection in vivo or under the conditions of applied by the opponent of bacteriological weapons can occur when inhalation of infected air, eating contaminated food and water, bite of infected insects and ticks, as well ascontact with sick people, animal and infected objects. According to these paths man infection B. foreign armies The methods of use of bacterial agents are also being developed. The main ways of artificial distribution of pathogenic microbes - education aerosol, use of carriers (insects and ticks), as well as direct air contamination, food, food and water sources by performing diversions (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6. Possible methods Applications of bacteriological means.
What is the most effective method of propagation of bacterial agents? According to foreign specialists, this is the formation of aerosols.
On this issue, for example, M. Laitenberg writes that for man infection aerogenic waym (with aerosols) often require lower doses of the bioagent and that is used treatment is less effective. The aerosol mature of the propagation of bacterial agents creates an additional effect - significant increase in the number of ill people.
According to American specialists (D. Rothschild, M. Laitenberg, etc.), aerosols can be formed using biological ammunition explosive, mechanical generators and spray devices.
Explosive ammunition Present a discontinuous charge, surrounded by a certain amount of biological agent. In an explosion, the microbial culture (dry or liquid) is embroidered on the smallest particles in the size of several microns and forms an aerosol. What, according to American experts, the advantages of this method? Easy, reliability, low cost. But as a result of the heat excretion, a significant death of microorganisms will occur during explosion and the resulting shock wave. Therefore, the amount of explosive in bacteriological ammunitions of explosive action is always small, and the gap on the terrain of such ammunition is not accompanied by a strong explosion.
Mechanical generators of aerosol Consist of a device for feeding a bacterial suspension and a pressure source. As a source of pressure, compressed gases or gases are used in the process of combustion of chemicals.
The juggles in the article "Weapon of Mass Destruction" published in the Militarie Road journal describes bacterial aerosol generators. It indicates that with neutral or even adverse conditions, 190 liters of the bacterial suspension, sprayed using a generator, is sufficient to create a high concentration of infectious material on an area of \u200b\u200b60 km 2 or more.
In American press, it was said about the advantages of this method. It consists in relatively silent operation of the generator, the resulting aerosols in the form of droplets of the desired value. When forming aerosols, a significantly smaller number of microorganisms die than when an explosion. American experts do that this method is not deprived of the shortcomings. These in the United States refer to the high cost and complexity of the design.
Spray devices allow you to create bacterial clouds by spraying the corresponding microbial suspensions or dry preparations. This method is effective, economical and allows you to inflict areas in thousands of square kilometers. What is its advantage? American experts believe that it allows you to attack from districts that are at a significant distance from the place of purpose. After all, affecting agents (sick microorganisms) will be transferred to the goal of air flow. Spray devices American experts plan to use also for damage to farm animals and plants.
In accordance with these methods, the use of bacterial recipes is also listed in American printing: artillery shells, mines, aviation bombs, warheads rocket, aerosol generators, pulse and spraying aircraft. To deliver ammunition to the target, all possible means are indicated. So, for example, M. Stubbs in the article "Are the West vulnerable?" It writes that pathogenic bacteria can be delivered to the target with many means: from intercontinental ballistic missiles Before the smallest insect carriers (referred to the possibility of spreading over the purpose of infected insects and ticks delivered to the target the same means).
The American specialist Kennedy in the article "Atomic, chemical and biological weapons - an unknown factor" emphasizes that submarines can be used to deliver a significant amount of bacterial agents to the target.
Mazon in the magazine "Electronics" indicates that low-flying shells of the type "Snark" can be used to spray almost all poisoning substances and bacterial agents over the airfields, cities or fields of matured breads.
The most complete means of using bacteriological weapons are given in the book D. Rothschild. It indicates that aircraft can be used to dispel bacterial agents, which are supposed to hit people, farm animals, food reserves and water sources. For dispersion in these cases, tight aviation devices, aerosol generators, plastic bombs in cassettes, triggered automatically when falling to the surface of the Earth and water are suitable. According to the author, various rockets can be used for the use of bacteriological weapons, including intercontinental. Spraying of biological agents can be carried out in the presence of associated wind from surface and underwater vessels, as well as with balloons. The possibility of using bacteriological mines and fugasis, undermined when leaving the territory, is not excluded.
With all these methods of application of bacterial agents, regardless of whether explosive ammunitions or mechanical generators and spraying devices are used, bacterial aerosols are always formed. They have an impact various factors. On the effect on the microbes of solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity we have already spoken. Under the influence of these factors, microorganisms die. But on microorganisms, as soon as they enter the air, other factors operate, the main of which are wind and vertical resistance of air.
Under the influence of wind, bacterial aerosols will move above the surface of the earth, and stronger windThe faster the dispersion of the bacterial cloud (i.e., the faster in this cloud there is a decrease in the concentration of microorganisms to the inactive), in the forest with a minor air movement, the bacterial cloud will be stated, creating a long-acting foci of infection, and in the open area - to dissipate faster.
The vertical resistance of the air is characterized by a temperature gradient (i.e., the difference of air temperature at some height from the surface of the Earth). There are three degrees of vertical stability: inversion, convection and isothermia.
When inversion, the gradient is negative, there are no upstream air currents. The lower layers of air are colder, and therefore harder the upper, so the aerosol cloud will be as if it should be shaved on the ground, under the influence of the wind penetrate into a large depth and slowly dispel. Inversion is observed at night with a cloudless sky and a weak wind.
Convection is characterized by a positive gradient, and therefore air currents are ascending. They contribute to the rapid dispersion of the aerosol cloud. Convection, as a rule, is observed in the summer in warm, sunny weather.
When isothermia, the temperature of the upper and lower layers of the surface layer of air is the same, the vertical air currents are missing and the aerosol cloud is dissipated slowly. Isothermia is observed in summer time In short, more often in cloud weather, and for a long time in winter with solid clouds.
Foreign experts believe that it is advisable to apply bacteriological weapons by methods that lead to the formation of bacterial aerosols only with inversion or isothermal conditions. When convection, the bacterial cloud quickly climbs up and dissipates, as a result of which the effect will not be obtained on the maximum area.
Scattering a bacterial cloud under the influence of wind and vertical air stability still does not mean losses by microorganisms of their affecting properties. On the path of the movement of the aerosol clouds will be infected with settlements of microorganisms, water sources, combat vehicles, Transport, clothing of people and other items. All this will create additional sources of contamination of people from contact with infected objects and the use of infected products and water, as well as inhalation of microbes raised into the air from the soil and local items.
This feature of bacterial aerosols (all of all) is taken into account when carrying out measures to eliminate the effects of bacteriological attack. For example, it includes disinfection of terrain, military equipment, transport, water, food, as well as full sanitary processing personnel.
The sabotage methods may infect air indoor, food and water sources. American experts believe that this method has a limited meaning.
However, as the CROSER indicates in the magazine "Militarie Medicin", "under certain circumstances and this method can lead to significant losses. Aerosol can be sprayed in the air conditioning system of state institutions. Divergent acts can be carried out on plants for the processing of milk, food products and the production of ice cream with minimal risk of sabotage detection, which, however, are able to cause significant damage. " According to the canor, "infection of the water supply system with sabotage does not represent difficulties." This indicates that the sabotage method of infection can be used against small contingents of people or a minor number of animals and crops of crops that occupy limited territories, or against the governing lineup. To carry out such operations, it is recommended to supply saboteurs with infectious material and small spraying devices. With the help of them, it is possible to introduce pathogenic (pathogens) microorganisms into the system of ventilation of large institutions, theaters, metro, etc., and also directly to the main water distribution system of cities. To infect food products, the caner is recommended to introduce infectious material in finished products and semi-finished products. In this case, it is indicated that "in this case, the infection can be carried out using persons selling products, or with the help of the service personnel."
So, without giving the sabotage method of an independent role, American experts consider it possible to use it as an addition to the most effective method Applications of bacteriological weapons - an aerosol method.
According to foreign authors, biological agents can also be distributed using arthropods ( mosquitoes, pincers, wrench etc.). With the help of carriers it is possible to transmit pathogens of diseases such as plague (fleas), yellow fever, japanese Encephalitis (mosquitoes), tick-borne encephalitis, tularemia (pliers). US military specialists believe that growing a huge amount of, for example, mosquitoes and artificially infect their pathogens of infectious diseases is not difficult. CROSIER in the magazine "Militarie Medicin" writes that under certain conditions, this method of propagation of infectious agents can have an effective effect. With it, it is not only possible to infect people with dangerous diseases, but also to continue to support the focus of infection. Most insects retain the ability to infect human and animals throughout life - from a few weeks to 2-3 months. Ticks live several years and are able to transmit an infection even a new generation.
Japanese specialists, developing bacteriological weapons, made the principal emphasis on the spread of diseases among the troops and the population with the help of this method. They developed special ceramic bombs that were filled with ampoules with plague bluffs. The use of such bombs was planned from an airplane.
Japanese militarists, as established in the Khabarovsk process over military criminals (December 1949), not only developed, but also used bacteriological weapons during hostilities in China. So, in 1940, they were dispersed from the flea aircraft infected with the bacteria of the plague, in the area of \u200b\u200bNingbo, and in 1941 - in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Duntinhu. After these operations, the diseases of the population were noted.
In 1952, in the minutes of the International Scientific Commission for the Investigation Facts of the Application of Bacteriological Weapons, data was made about the total number of victims from the infection of plague after use by Japanese militarists in China of bacteriological weapons. From 1940 to 1944, about 700 people died.
In the newspaper "New York Time" in 1955, a statement of the Japanese writer Hiroshi Akiyama is given that as a result of experiments on the study of biological weapons conducted in special Center Under Harbin during World War II, 1500-2000 people died.
So, with the help of carriers (insects and ticks), diseases are possible among the troops and the population. However, according to a number of foreign authors, complex problems of transportation and supply associated with this method, as well as a large dependence of carriers on weather conditions (time of year) still make it less appropriate compared to the aerogenic method of human infection.
Despite such conclusions of a number of foreign specialists, the possibility of using carriers in the war is not excluded. Therefore, in the organization of anti-bacteriological protection of troops, measures should be provided to prevent the attack of arthropod carriers per person. For this purpose, special reversing agents are used - repellents. To destroy insects and ticks in the arrangement of troops, regardless of whether they are applied by an opponent or inhabit this area, used insecticides
Bacteriological (biological) weapon
Introduction
Bacteriological weapons (biological) is a means of mass destruction of people, animals and the destruction of crops. The basis of his affecting actions is bacterial tools to which pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi) and toxins are produced by bacteria.
Bacteriological intelligence is organized for the purposes of timely detection of the enemy's preparation for the use of BS, establishing the fact of their use, determining the type of agents, as well as the scale of infection and air in the strips of the troops.
The medical service provides instruction in chemical observation posts and intelligence faults on sampling rules for the indication of the BS, as well as the implementation of complex problems of bacteriological intelligence of the foci of bacterial infection in the troops and the specific indication of the BS.
The main activities of bacteriological intelligence are:
mining and receiving intelligence data on the preparation of the enemy to the use of bacteriological weapons;
continuous observation of air and terrain to detect external (direct and indirect) features indicating the possibility of applying an opponent BS;
The indication of the BS, aimed at detecting characteristic factors, indicating the application of these funds, as well as determining the type of bacterial recipes used;
timely detection and examination of each case of infectious diseases among the troops, the population, as well as among farm animals;
Establishing the scope of bacterial infection, as well as identifying local means that can be used for antibacterial protection.
The continuous collection of reconnaissance data on the preparation of the enemy to the use of bacteriological weapons is ensured by the efforts of international headquarters.
Permanent observation of air, terrain and water management is carried out by all units of troops.
The external signs of the use of bacteriological weapons include:
Less sharp, unknown ordinary ammunition sounds of gaps of aviation bombs, rockets, shells and mines, accompanied by the formation of the cloud, fog or smoke at the surface surface;
The appearance of a quickly disappearing strip of fog or smoke for an opponent aircraft or on the way of movement of balloons;
The presence in the places of gaps of ammunition on the soil and the surrounding objects of droplets of a turbid liquid or powdered substances, as well as fragments and individual parts of ammunition;
the appearance on the area of \u200b\u200bthe remains of unusual bombs, rockets and shells with piston and other devices for creating aerosols;
The presence of insect, ticks and corpses of rodents is unusual for this area near the place of falling bombs or containers.
Under the application of the opponent of bacteriological weapons, the possibility of the appearance of infectious diseases is not excluded than the fact of bacteriological attack will be established, and earlier than bacterial causative agents will be found in the external environment. Under these conditions, the medical service is obliged to conduct a detailed epidemiological survey of the hearth disease and organize the necessary complex of anti-epidemic events.
Emergency prevention begins immediately after establishing the fact of the use of bacteriological weapons or the appearance among the personnel of mass infectious diseases of unknown etiology.
The concept of bacteriological (biological) weapons
Bacteriological (biological) weapons are special ammunition and combat facilities with delivery facilities, equipped with bacterial (biological) means.
for the defeat of people: pathogens of bacterial diseases (plague, tularemia, brucellosis, Siberian ulcer, cholera); pathogens of viral diseases (natural sucks, yellow fever, Venezuelan encephalomyelitis horses);
pathogens of ricketsiosis (raw tit, spotty fragile rocky mountains, ku-fever); pathogens of fungal diseases (coccidiodomicosis, prog, histopommosis);
Historical reference
The history of mankind has retained information on the poisoning of wells during numerous wars, infection of the precipitated fortresses of the plating, the use of poisoning gases on the battlefield.
Back in the V century BC. Indian law Manu banned military use of poisons, but in the 19th century n. e. The civilized colonialists of America gave Indians infected blankets to cause epidemics in tribes.
The only proven fact of the intentional use of biological weapons in the 20th century is the Japanese of the Chinese territories of the plague bacteria in the 30-40s.
The International Convention on Biological Weapons (Biological Weapons Convention) of 1972 has banned its production and application in any form. In 1980, the United States argued that the only country that violates the Convention is the USSR.
In 1995, there were already 17 countries in the American list of violators (Iran, Iraq, Syria, Libya, South Africa, North and South Korea, China, Taiwan, Israel, Egypt, Cuba, Bulgaria, India, Vietnam, Cuba).
The "black list" of Americans, according to observers, is perception: it includes almost all famous American enemies, but for some reason does not include America itself.
Some experts believe that the United States applied biological weapons during the War in Vietnam, where more than 100 thousand tons of herbicides and defolients were sprayed, who act primarily on vegetation (the Americans tried to destroy the greens on the trees to see the partisans from the air).
This is called an example of ecosystem biological weapons: since pesticides do not possess an absolutely electoral action, in Vietnam, there was damage to freshwater fish, the catch to the mid-80s. It remained 10-20 times lower than before the use of military purposes.
Several times lower and soil fertility of affected lands. As a result, 12% of forests were destroyed, 40% of mangroves and more than 5% of the farmland of the country.
The direct damage was to 1.6 million Vietnamese. More than 7 million people were forced to leave areas where pesticides were used.
After several years, the officially referred to the President of Richard Nixon from the development of biological weapons (BO), some military specialists in the United States began to open interest to this type of weapons.
Since the beginning of the eighties, experts have drawn attention to the rapid development of military biological programs in different countries World.
Protocol on the prohibition of applications in the war of suffiling, toxic or other similar gases and bacteriological agents.
Geneva, June 17, 1925
Below adds authorized on behalf of their respective governments:
considering that the use of suffocating, poisonous or other such gases in the war, as well as any similar liquids, substances and processes, was fairly convicted by the public opinion of the civilized world;
considering that the prohibition of this application was formulated in contracts, the participants of which are most of the powers of the world;
for the purpose of widespread recognition in international law this prohibition is equal to the obligatory for the conscience and practice of peoples;
schedule:
what high Contracting Parties, since they are not already participating in contracts prohibiting this application, they recognize this prohibition, agree to extend this prohibition of bacteriological means of warfare and agree to consider themselves related to each other by the terms of this declaration related to each other.
High Contracting Parties will make all their efforts to encourage other states to join this Protocol. The government of the French Republic will be notified about this accession, and the last - all the signatories and the joining powers. He will be part of the notice made by the Government of the French Republic.
This Protocol, French and english texts which will be considered authentic, will be ratified as soon as possible. He will wear the date of this day.
The ratification of this Protocol will be transmitted to the Government of the French Republic, which will notify each signatory or joined power on the adoption by storage.
Rattification lists or accession documents will be kept in the archives of the government of the French Republic.
This Protocol will enter into force for each signed power from the date of the receipt of ratification, and from now on such a power will be associated with respect to other powers that have already made their ratifications.
In the certificate of which the authorized signed this Protocol.
Dechanged in Geneva in one copy of the seventeenth of June a thousand nine hundred and twenty-fifth year.
Views of BS
As bacterial (biological) funds can be used:
for the defeat of people: pathogens of bacterial diseases (plague, tularemia, brucellosis, Siberian ulcer, cholera);
pathogens of viral diseases (natural sucks, yellow fever, Venezuelan encephalomyelitis horses);
pathogens of ricketsiosis (raw tit, spotted fraud of the rocky mountains, coulichorad); pathogens of fungal diseases (coccidiodomicosis, prog, histopommosis);
for the defeat of animals: Pathways of the FMD, the plague of cattle, plague of pigs, Siberian ulcers, Sap, the African fever of pigs, false rabies and other diseases;
for the destruction of plants: the pathogens of rust of bread cereals, phytoofluorosis of potatoes, late fading corn and other cultures; insect pests of agricultural plants; Phytotoxicants, defoliacs, herbicides and other chemicals.
An essential feature of bacteriological (biological) weapons is the presence of a hidden period of action, during which the affected remain in the ranks and fulfill their duties, and then suddenly ill.
The hidden period can be different, for example, when infected with plague and cholera, it can last from several hours to 3 days, Tularemia - up to 6 days, a raped typhoid-up to 14 days.
To deliver bacterial (biological) funds, the same carriers are used as for nuclear and chemical weapons (aviation bombs, shells, mines, rockets, aerosol generators and other devices). In addition, bacterial (biological) formulations can be applied by a sabotage.
The main method of the use of bacterial (biological) means is considered to be an overhaul air layer. When an explosion of ammunition or triggered generators, an aerosol cloud is formed, along the path of propagation of which the formulation particles infect the area. It is possible to use bacterial (biological) means with the help of insects infected with pathogenic microbes, ticks, rodents, etc.
Application of the opponent of bacteriological (biological) weapons can be detected by the following visible external features:
the formation of an aerosol cloud after an explosion of ammunition or when the generators are triggered;
detection of remnants of special containers, ammunition and other types of weapons;
the presence of a large number of insects, ticks, rodents, unknown for the locality, etc.
Powerful microbes cannot be detected by human senses. This is possible only with the help of technical means of non-specific bacteriological (biological) intelligence.
Prevention of lesions.
Disease pathogens can fall into the human body with various ways: when inhaled infected air, with the use of contaminated water and food, when microbes get into the blood through open wounds and burn surfaces, with the bite of infected insects, as well as in contact with sick people, animals, infected with patients Items and not only at the time of use of bacterial (biological) funds, but after a long time after their application, if the personnel of personnel was not carried out.
General features of many infectious diseases are heat Body and significant weakness, as well as rapid propagation, which leads to the emergence of focal diseases and poisoning.
The direct protection of the personnel during the bacteriological (biological) attack of the enemy is ensured by using the means of individual and collective protection, as well as the use of emergency prevention tools available in individual aid kits.
Features of damage to bacterial agents
With damage to bacterial agents, the disease occurs immediately, almost always there is a hidden (incubatory) period during which the disease does not exist by external signs, and the affected does not lose their combat capability.
Some diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera) are able to be transmitted from a sick person healthy and, quickly spreading, cause epidemics.
To establish the fact of the use of bacterial agents and determine the type of pathogen is quite difficult, since neither microbes nor toxins have neither color, no odor, nor taste, but the effect of their action can manifest itself through a large period of time. Detection of bacterial agents is possible only by conducting special laboratory studies, which requires considerable time, and this makes it difficult to conduct timely conducting measures to prevent epidemic diseases.
Bacterial products include pathogenic microbes and toxins produced by them. For bacteriological weapons, causative agents of the following diseases can be used:
- Chuma
- Cholera.
- anthrax
- Botulism
a) a plague-edged infectious disease. Contrinitor is a microbe that does not have high resistance outside the body; In the sputum, allocated, he retains his vitality up to 10 days. Incubatory performance is 1 - 3 days. The disease begins sharply: the present weakness, chills, headache, the temperature is rapidly rising, the consciousness is darkened.
The so-called pulmonary form of plague is most dangerous. Disease it is possible when inhaling air containing the pathogen of the plague. Signal signs: Along with a severe common state, pain in the chest and cough appear with a large amount of sputum with plague bacteria; The patient's forces quickly fall, the loss of consciousness comes; Death of akin to the result of increasing cardiovascular weakness. The disease lasts 2 to 4 days.
b) cholera - an acute infectious disease characterized by a heavy flow and a leaning to rapid distribution. The causative agent of cholera - cholera vibrion is low-resistant to the external environment, the water is saved for several months. The incubation period during cholera continues from several hours to 6 days, an average of 1 to 3 days.
The main signs of the destruction of cholera: vomiting, diarrhea; convulsions; Patient cholera's dumping and sick feces take the kind of rice beam. With liquid feces and vomiting the patient loses a large number of Liquid, quickly thin, the body temperature drops to 35 degrees.
In severe cases, the disease will end with death.
c) Siberian ulcer-acute disease that affects mainly
farm animals, and they can be transmitted to people. The pathogen of the Siberian ulcers penetrates the body through the respiratory tract, the digestive tract, damaged skin. The disease occurs after 1 - 3 days; It proceeds in three forms: lung, intestinal and skin.
The pulmonary form of Siberian ulcers is a peculiar inflammation of the lungs: the body temperature rises sharply, coughing appears with the release of blood wet, heart activity weakens and death occurs after 2 - 3 days.
The intestinal form of the disease is manifested in the ulcerative lesion of the intestine, sharp pain in the abdomen, blood vita, diarrhea; Death occurs through
3 - 4 days. At the skin form of Siberian ulcers are amazed most often open areas Body (hands, legs, neck, face). At the site of the microbes of the causative agent, the title spot appears, which in 12 - 15 hours turns into a bubble with a muddy or bleeding fluid. The bubble soon bursts, forming a black stamp, around which new bubbles appear, increasing the size of the stamp to 6 to 9 centimeters in diameter (carbuncoon). Carbuncoon is painful, massive swelling is formed around it. In the breakthrough, the carbuncule is possible infecting blood and death. With a favorable course of the disease in 5-6 days, the temperature in the patient decreases, painful phenomena gradually pass.
d) botulism is caused by botulinical toxin, which is one of the strongest poisons currently known.
Infection can occur through the respiratory tract, the digestive tract, damaged skin and mucous membranes. The incubation period is 2 hours before the day.
Botulism toxin strikes the central nervous system, the nerve wandering nerve and the nervous apparatus of the heart; The disease is characterized by neurorateral phenomena. First, there are general weakness, dizziness, pressure in the opposite region, violations gastrointestinal tract Paralytic phenomena are then developed: paralysis of the main muscles, muscles of the tongue, soft sky, larynx, facial muscles; In the future, paralysis of the muscles of the stomach and intestines is observed, as a result of which there is a meteorism and resistant constipation. The body temperature of the patient is usually lower than normal. In severe cases, death may occur in a few hours after the start of the disease as a result of a paralysis of breathing.
Excerpt from the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation
Article67.1. Biodiversity of biological weapons
The use of biological weapons - shall be punished with imprisonment for a period of eight to twelve years. The same action, entailed by the death of a person, is punished with imprisonment for a term of ten to fifteen years.
Article 67.2. Development, Production, Acquisition, Storage, Sales, Transportation of Biological Weapons
Development, production, acquisition, storage, sales, transportation of biological weapons - are punishable by imprisonment for up to five years. The same actions that caused the death of a person, causing harm to his health or other serious consequences or committed on a preliminary conspiracy by a group of persons either by the person who biological agents or toxins were entrusted with the service or having access to them in connection with the work performed -
shall be punished with imprisonment for a period of three to ten years. The provision of a foreign state or foreign organization of assistance in the development, production, acquisition, storage, sales, transportation of biological weapons - is punished with imprisonment for a period of five to eight years.
Note. Under biological weapons in Articles 67.1 and 67.2 are understood as any living organism, including microorganism, virus or other biological agent, as well as any substance produced by a living organism or obtained by genetic engineering, or any of its derivative, as well as the means of their delivery created by In order to cause death, a disease or other defective functioning of a human or other living organism, infection of the environment, food, water or other material objects. Under biological weapons, biological agents are not understood, toxins or their delivery tools developed, manufactured, purchased, sold, transported and used for peaceful purposes, such as preventive or medical-protective.
(introduced by the Law of the Russian Federation of 29.04.93 No. 4901-1 - Vedomosti RF and Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, 1993, N 22, Art. 789)
List of references:
A. M. Arkhangelsky "Bacteriological weapons and protection from him", Moscow, 1971;
Yu. V. Borovsky, R. F. Galiyev "Bacteriological weapons probable opponent and protection from him ", Moscow, 1990;
Medical encyclopedia;
Soviet encyclopedic dictionary.
"Civil Defense" / Edited by General Army, A. T. Altunin -M.: Milivodat, 1982.
U Tan. Chemical and bacteriological (biological) weapons and consequences of its possible application. M., 1970.
Content
Introduction 1.
The concept of bacteriological (biological) weapons 2
Historical reference 4.
Types of BS 6.
Prevention of lesions 7.
Types and main properties of combat biological agents 8
Basic signs of biological defeat 12
Rules for the behavior and action of the population in the focus of bacteriological damage 13
Methods for using bacterial agents 17
Features of damage by bacterial agents 18
Exposure from the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation 20
List of references 21
Curriculum
1. Brief historical certificate
The pathogens of infectious diseases for military purposes were used for a long time. For example, in 1346 an epidemic of plague among the Genoeses during the siege of the Cafe Fortress (on the site of the current city of Theodosius) by throwing the people who were precipitated the corpses who died from the plague for the shaft of the fortress.
The idea of \u200b\u200busing pathogenic microorganisms as a means of lesion arose due to the fact that infectious diseases constantly carried out a lot of human lives, and the epidemics associated with wars caused large losses And among the troops, the predetermines sometimes the outcome of battles or even whole campaigns. For example, out of 27 thousand English soldiers participating in 1741, in conciliatory campaigns in Mexico and Peru. 20 thousand died from yellow fever. From 1733 to 1865, 8 million people were killed in the wars in Europe, of which only 1.5 million were combat losses, and 6.5 million were killed from infectious diseases.
Nowadays, it is difficult to even even submit the consequences of the intentional distribution of pathogens of infectious diseases, if the population does not know the measures to combat and protect, clearly and consistently perform them. It is worth it for this to recall examples of epidemic diseases, for example, the tragedy of G. G. Then out of 500 million people sick of the flu, 20 million died, that is, almost 2 times more than was killed for the entire first world war.
In the years preceding the Second World War, the most intensive work in the creation of bacteriological weapons was led by the Japanese. In the occupied territory of Manchuria, they created two major research centers that had experienced polygons, where the test of biological agents was carried out not only on laboratory animals, but also on the prisoners of war and peaceful population of China.
Since 1941, a special military scientific research service was actively conducted in the United States, a special military research service was created, large research laboratories were built, experimental laboratories in Mississippi, enterprises for the production of biological agents and their storage in Arkansas , Test polygon in Utah and a number of other objects. Most of the work on the creation of bacteriological weapons was performed in the strictest mode of secrecy.
The great victory of the progressive forces of the whole world was the adoption of the Convention on the prohibition of the development, production and accumulation of reserves of bacteriological weapons and its destruction.
It is necessary to emphasize such a feature of biological weapons as the possibility of reverse action. The use of a number of the most virulent pathogens of contagious (infectious) diseases creates a risk of defeating its troops and the population. For this reason, for example, in question, the feasibility of using the pathogen of plague and some others. Siberian ulcer, yellow fever, tularemia, brucellosis, ku-fever and Venezuelan Encephalomyelitis are considered more acceptable. From the disease of the Siberian ulcer and yellow fever, people without treatment are usually dying in a few weeks. Brucellosis, ku-fever and Venezuelan encephalomyelitis rarely lead to a death rate, but the disease caused by them lasts more than 2-3 months.
2. Bacteriological (biological) weapon
Bacteriological (biological) weapons (BO) refers to the means of mass lesion and is intended to defeat people, farm animals and plants, for infecting food, forage and water.
Bacteriological weapons can be applied with aviation, rockets, artillery shells, mines and a sabotage method in the form of liquid or dry (powdered) formulations, aerosols containing pathogens of various diseases, as well as by spreading insects, rodents.
The most likely bib applications can be: large administrative and industrial centers, railway units and stations, marine and river ports, water sources; Water bases and warehouses, etc.
The defeat of people can occur as a result of inhalation of infected air, when microbes and toxins and toxins for mucous rims, when eating contaminated products and water, as well as as a result of the bitees of infected insects (rodents) and direct communication with sick people.
The main features of the use of Bo are: a trace behind the low-flying plane, the deaf breaks of the bomb (shells) with the formation of a cloud, droplets or powdered matter on the soil, the emergence of a significant amount of insects or their species that have not yet been met in this area, as well as a massive disease People or case of animals. In case of sabotage use, both is concealed, without explicit external signs. The hidden period ranges from several hours to several days and depends on the type of disease.
TO characteristic features Bo treat:
The ability to hit people and animals with negligible doses;
The presence of a hidden period of the disease;
Great duration to keep striking properties;
The ability of many diseases is transmitted from a patient to a healthy body;
The difficulty of detecting pathogens of infectious diseases;
Strong psychological impact, etc.
The basis of the striking effect of bacteriological weapons is bacterial agents: pathogenic microbes (bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi) and toxins produced by some bacteria (poisons).
Bacteria - vegetable origin microorganisms that are not visible to the naked eye, very quickly multiply by simple division and are able to cause severe epidemiological diseases. Bacteria die from the effects of sunlight, disinfectants and boiling.
Toxins - potent poisons produced by bacteria.
As bacterial agents, only those microbes that are resistant to drying have the ability to infect minimal doses, quickly cause severe diseases, difficult to recognize, and consequently, treatment.
These include pathogens: plague, Siberian ulcers, tularera, brucellosis, spa, melissodosis, natural smallpox, botulinum toxin and other particularly dangerous infectious diseases.
When applying aerosols, air is infected, forming a bacterial cloud, which under the action of the wind is capable of substantial distances, creating extensive areas of contamination of a few hundred square kilometers.
Infected by bacteria areas of the terrain and all objects of the external environment can be dangerous for several hours, day and even weeks. The axial aerosols can again rise ascending air flows and hold some time in the surface layers of the atmosphere. In view of small sizes, biological aerosols, like coal dust, can easily penetrate the room through window slots, open windows or loosely closed doors.
Through the respiratory tract, a person can get infected with many infections, even those that are not transmitted with natural distribution through the air.
3. Characteristics of infectious diseases
Plague - acute contagious human disease and some animals. The pathogen of the plague is a clear microbe (wand). In vivo, this is a disease of wild rodents (gopters, tushkans, rats, etc.), which spreads among the animals by flea. Hanging the blood of a patient animal, they become contagious. Periodically aroused among wild rodents in certain places, the plague is preserved in these primary natural foci. The transition of infection on rats and mice, as well as on domestic animals, the release of plagues from the natural focus and the spread beyond it is dangerous for people.
A person's infection occurs through the skin and mucous rolves when contact with patients with animals (when removing the skins and cutting of carcasses) or when the contaminated flea is bite. From a person to a man's plague is transmitted through air (at pulmonary disease), through fleas and infected things of the patient. The source of infection may also be the corpses of people who died from the plague. Incubation (hidden) period - 2-6 days. The disease is accompanied by a total sharp intoxication, damage to cardiovascular and nervous systems. There are bubonic, skin, pulmonary and septic form of plague. An exceptional danger to others represents a person who is ill forming her pulmonary form. Patients are hospitalized in special medical institutions.
The population in the focus of bacteriological damage should strictly fulfill all the requirements of the Medical Defense Medical Service. The speed of the elimination of the hearth largely depends on the organization's organization.
Infectious patients transport, as a rule, sanitary transport or on specially fitted cars. You can not transport patients on the same car together with wounded, as well as patients with various infectious diseases. It is forbidden to carry infectious patients in passing transport.
When transporting infectious patients, it is necessary to have dishes to collect the patient's discharge, disinfecting to disinfect these selection and hands, as well as medicines to provide urgent assistance. Accompanying infectious patients must strictly observe precautionary measures: to wear bathrobes over clothes, on the head - bandages; Nose and mouth close up with a respirator or a vanity-marl bandage. Having delivered the patient to the medical institution, the accompanying undergo complete sanitary processing. Disinfect transport in the hospital, where he was delivered.
