Russian main battle tank. Designed in the late 1980s - early 1990s as a deep modernization of the T-72B tank under the name "Advanced T-72B", but in 1992 it entered service under the T-90 index. After the death of Vladimir Ivanovich Potkin, the chief designer of the tank, by a government decision Russian Federation The T-90 was named "Vladimir".
Between 2001 and 2010 T-90 became the best-selling in the world tank market.
Since the end of 2011, the purchase of T-90 tanks for the Russian Armed Forces has been stopped.
09/09/2011 at the NTIIM training ground in the city of Nizhny Tagil within the framework of the VIII international exhibition of arms REA-2011, the T-90SM was first publicly shown, a new version tank T-90 for export.
History of creation and production
The T-90 is a deep modernization of the T-72B, designed in Nizhny Tagil "UKBTM" in 1989 under the leadership of chief engineer Vladimir Potkin as "Improved T-72B" (factory name "Object 188"). In 1989, the tank was sent to the GSE, which were successful.
Object 188 was created in parallel with a more advanced experimental tank called Object 187 in order to bring the T-72B tank to the level of T-80UUD. Reservation of the T-72B of the later series corresponded to this level, but the lack of an automated fire control system was a big drawback. The very simple and reliable sighting system 1A40-1 no longer met modern requirements for tanks. To increase the firepower of the tank, it was planned to install a new fire control system on it (a fire control system - an automated system that combines a complex of sensors and technical means. Provides search, detection and identification of targets; preparation of weapons for firing, their guidance and solution of the problem of hitting a target). The solution was the installation of the 1A45 Irtysh fire control complex, which was tested on T-80U (UD) tanks. It was modified to function in conjunction with the automatic loader of the T-72 tank. The modified complex was named 1A45T.
At the beginning of 1989, the tank "Object 188" was sent for state tests. Tests have shown a fairly high reliability of the new tank. On March 27, 1991, by a joint decision of the Ministry of Defense and the defense industry, the tank was recommended for adoption by the USSR Armed Forces. The development of Object 187 had to be stopped. But the subsequent period in the life of the country and the conclusions drawn after receiving the results of the combat use of T-72 tanks in Operation Desert Storm did not make it possible to make a final decision. In addition, in December 1991 the USSR ceased to exist.
The UVZ design bureau decided to improve the protection efficiency of Object 188. The vehicle was equipped with a TShU-1 "Shtora-1" optical-electronic suppression system, and then additional tests were carried out. On September 30, 1992, the first "Object 188" of the installation series went into run tests, and on October 5, 1992, the Government of the Russian Federation issued Decree No. 759-58 on the adoption of the tank by the RF Armed Forces and on the permission to sell its export version abroad. By order of the President of the Russian Federation, the tank was named T-90.
Mass production tank was launched in 1992. 1992-1998 about 120 T-90s were produced for the Russian Armed Forces. Due to a decrease in funding for the armed forces, the production of tanks was suspended and resumed only in 2001 after the signing of an export contract with India on February 18, 2001. In 2001, the first 40 T-90S and 84 T-90S were sent to India in 2002, which allowed the buyer to fully form four tank battalions.
In 2004-2006, the tank was thoroughly modernized and its production resumed for the Russian Armed Forces under the T-90A index. 32 T-90A tanks (model 2004) and 337 T-90A tanks (model 2006) were produced, as well as more than 50 T-90AK tanks from 2004 to 2011. In 2005, the T-90A was officially adopted by the Russian Armed Forces.
The T-90A, a modernized version of the T-90 (originally "object 188A1"), which entered production since 2004, has a number of important improvements:
As a night sight, the Buran-M thermal imager was installed on the 2004 modification, then on the 2006 modification they began to install a more modern second-generation ESSA thermal imager with a Catherine FC matrix, stabilized in two planes, integrated with the main sight and its rangefinder channel, this made it possible to increase the night vision range from 1800 to 4000 m;
-the former cast turret was replaced by a reinforced welded turret with the frontal parts up to 950 mm in size, which significantly increased its resistance against BOPS / KS;
- instead of the 840-horsepower engine, a 1000-horsepower V-92S2 diesel was installed. It was also possible to install a 1200-horsepower V-99 diesel engine on the tank;
-Replaced the gun stabilizer, which doubled the aiming speed and improved the firing accuracy on the move.
According to official data, as of early 2012, the general release of the T-90 and its modifications for Armed Forces Russia amounted to about 500 tanks: about 120 T-90, 32 T-90A (including 7 pieces of the "AK" modification) with the gunner's night sight "Buran-M" and about 337 T-90A (including 30-40 pieces modifications "AK") with a thermal imager "Essa" with a matrix Catherine FC.
According to them, as of 2012, the total production of the T-90 and its modifications amounted to at least 1335 tanks (not including those made under license in India):
T-90 modification of 1992 (object 188) - about 120 tanks;
-T-90S "Bhishma" modification of 2001 (object 188S) - 657 (310 + 347) tanks. In 2006, the Indian government also awarded a $ 2.5 billion contract for the licensed production of 1,000 T-90 Bhishma tanks at the state-owned HVF (Heavy Vehicles Factory) in Avadi, Tamil Nadu. In 2009, the Indian Armed Forces received the first 10 out of 1000 planned locally produced T-90Ss.
-T-90SA modification of 2006 (object 188SA) - 189 tanks;
-T-90A modification of 2004 (object 188A1) - 32 tanks with a gunner's night sight "Buran-M";
-T-90A modification of 2006 (object 188A1) - 217 (+120 until 2011) tanks with a thermal imager "Essa" with a Catherine FC matrix.
Description of construction
The T-90 has a classic layout, with the control compartment in the frontal part, the fighting compartment in the middle and the engine compartment in the aft part. The crew of the T-90 consists of three people - the driver, located along the longitudinal axis of the tank in the control compartment and the gunner with the commander, located in the tower to the left and right of the gun, respectively.
On the T-90 of the initial series ("Object 188"), in addition to the OMS 1A45T, unified with the T-80, the Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression system was equipped, which provides the tank with protection against the most common guided anti-tank weapons, such as ATGMs with command semi-automatic guidance systems such as "TOW", "Hot", "Milan", "Dragon" and weapons with laser homing heads such as "Maverick", "Hellfire", "Copperhead" due to the creation of active interference with their guidance. 2 searchlights TShU-1-7 / 7M to create interference in the IR range, sights and seeker.
Firepower
Fire control system and sighting devices
T-90
The MSA T-90 showed the following combat firing capabilities. The T-90 tank hits heavily armored targets at a distance of up to 5 km on the move (up to 30 km / h) with a fairly high probability of being hit by the first shot. During the GSI ( state tests), 24 missile launches were made at ranges of 4-5 km and all of them hit the target (all missile launches were made by inexperienced specialists), an experienced gunner with a movement at a speed of 25 km / h hit 7 real armored targets located at ranges of 1500-2500 with shells. In the same conditions Leopard hit 1, Abrams 2 less targets. On tests in India, he demonstrated the ability to see the target at night in difficult climatic conditions at a distance of up to 3000 meters.
Firing from the main and auxiliary weapons of the T-90A is carried out by the 1A42 fire control complex, which consists of a 1G46 rangefinder sight, a T01-K04 commander's sighting and observation complex and a rear-view television system.
The main means of aiming a cannon and a coaxial machine gun at the target is the 1A43 information and computing daytime complex of the gunner, which is part of the fire control system. It, in turn, consists of a 1G46 guidance device, a 1V528-1 ballistic computer and a set of automatic sensors that determine the firing conditions.
The 1G46 sighting and rangefinder guidance device is designed directly for aiming weapons at a target and combines a periscope sight with a continuously adjustable magnification within 2.7-12X, a laser rangefinder that determines the range in the range of 400-5000 m, a system for their stabilization in two planes and guided missile guidance system. The electronic tank ballistic computer 1В528-1 automatically calculates the required elevation angle of the barrel and horizontal lead when firing at a moving target, corrects these parameters taking into account the meteorological conditions determined by the set of sensors and automatically guides the weapon in accordance with these data. In addition, as on the rest Soviet tanks, the T-90A gun is equipped with a side level and an azimuth indicator for semi-direct fire and from closed positions.
The tank commander has a T01-K04 sighting and observation system, which provides fire from an anti-aircraft machine gun, as well as, in a duplicate mode, from the main armament. The complex includes an electro-optical day / night periscope observation device PK-5, stabilized in two planes. The day channel of the observation device provides magnification up to 8X, the night one - up to 5.2X. At night, the device operates in passive mode, at a distance of up to 1000 m, due to the enhancement of natural light, or in active mode, at a distance of up to 5000 m, due to target illumination with an OTSHU-1-7 infrared searchlight. In addition, a monocular telescopic optical sight PZU-7 is used to aim the anti-aircraft machine gun mount.
For firing at night, the T-90A is equipped with the Buran-M or ESSA TVP night complex, which makes it possible to recognize targets 2.3x2.3 m in size at night. The complex consists of a thermal imaging camera stabilized in two planes, with the help of which both the gunner and the commander can monitor the terrain from individual screens, as well as control the weapons using a standard fire control system.
Aiming system: 1) The gunner's main sight is a multichannel one with sighting and thermal imaging channels, a laser rangefinder, a built-in laser control channel, an increase in the sighting channel, magnification 4-12. Target recognition range of the "tank" type, meters: through the sighting channel up to 5000, through the thermal imaging channel not less than 3500 2) The commander's sight - combined panoramic with television and thermal imaging channels, laser rangefinder Target recognition range of the "tank" type, meters: through TV- channel up to 5000, at night through a thermal imaging channel not less than 3500 3) A double sight with a dependent line of sight Recognition range of a target of the "tank" type, meters: during the day not less than 2000 at dusk not less than 1000
Ballistic computer with a set of meteorological and topographic conditions sensors and a barrel bending meter. The possibility of automatic tracking of targets is provided independently for the gunner and commander with the implementation of the "hunter-gunner" mode. The speed of the turret movement horizontally, deg / s is not less than 40. Rear view TV camera (version after 2011).
T90MS
MSA, allows the crew to hit moving targets, including when the tank itself is in motion, with a high probability of hitting the target from the first shot in almost any weather conditions. The weapon provides at least 15% more accuracy. Equipped with a combat control system and a navigation system that can be integrated down to the division level. 4 television cameras provide an almost all-round view, transmitting images to the monitors of the commander and gunner. Each camera has a field of view of 95 degrees in azimuth and 40 degrees in elevation.
Smoothbore cannon
The main armament of the T-90A (SM) is the 125-mm smoothbore cannon 2A46M-5, mounted in a coaxial machine gun mount on trunnions in the front of the turret and stabilized in two planes by the 2E42-4 "Jasmine" system. The new gun 2A46M-5 reduces dispersion by 15%. Unlike the 2A46M, the barrel is chrome-plated, equipped with an ejector, a thermal protective casing and a system for accounting for the thermal bending of the gun barrel, which allows checking the aiming line without leaving the tank. The barrel length of the gun is 48 calibers. The cannon is equipped with an automatic loader and is capable of firing ATGMs. The automatic loader T-90, located on the rotating turret floor, is electromechanical, carousel type, similar to that installed on the T-72, but with an automatic control system from the commander's seat. The rate of fire of the T-90A (CA) is 8 shots in 56 seconds when the automatic loader is operating, the loading time for one AZ shot is 7 seconds.
The ammunition load of the T-90A (CA) gun consists of 42 (43, 40 on other modifications) separate-case loading shots, of which 22 are in the automatic loader, and another 20 are in stowages in the hull and turret of the tank and can be manually moved by the crew into the automatic loader as the ammunition is consumed in it, or directly loaded into the gun. The T-90 can fire a wide range of ammunition of four types - armor-piercing sub-caliber 3BM42, 3BM46, 3BM42M (partially) cumulative ZBK29 (M), high-explosive fragmentation projectiles ZOF26 with a remote detonation system "Ainet", with an electronic detonator providing 3VM-12 OFS at a given point of the trajectory, this increases the effectiveness of firing at hovering helicopters and manpower in trenches, guided missiles, which can be loaded into the ammunition load in any ratio.
Russian BOPS from the T-90 ammunition are somewhat inferior in armor penetration to American counterparts, but surpass them in speed. For example, the armor penetration of the ZBM-42M from the T-90A ammunition is estimated at 650-700 mm KGS, and the 3BM-46 650 mm (distance 2000 m), while the American M829A2 BOPS from the M1A2SEP ammunition at the same distance penetrates 710 (750 according to the analytical data) mm KGS (rolled homogeneous steel).
Complex guided weapons
In addition to traditional artillery weapons, the T-90 has the ability to fire the Invar-M ATGM. The missiles are launched using the main gun of the tank, the missiles are guided by a laser beam in a semi-automatic mode. The T-90 guided weapon system allows firing, with a hit probability close to one, at stationary or moving targets at a speed of up to 70 km / h at a distance of 100 to 5000 m, from a standstill and in motion at a speed of up to 30 km / h ... This provides him with a greater effective target destruction range than tanks equipped only with artillery weapons, for which, even with the most modern sighting means, effective firing at targets of the "tank" type at a distance of more than 2500 m is already quite difficult.
The guided weapons complex consists of a laser control channel with a ballistic computer, an automation unit and guided missile rounds for a tank gun. The rounds with guided missiles, brand 3UBK14 or 3UBK20, have the same dimensions as standard 125-mm artillery rounds and consist of a solid-propellant rocket and a reduced propellant charge necessary to give the initial velocity of the rocket, as well as to ensure the recoil of the gun and the opening of its bolt after shot.
Auxiliary weapons
The auxiliary armament of the T-90 consists of a coaxial machine gun, an anti-aircraft machine gun and the crew's personal weapons. In a coaxial installation with a cannon, a 7.62-mm PKT or PKTM machine gun is installed. The machine gun ammunition consists of 2000 rounds in eight belts of 250 pieces each, the combat rate of fire is about 250 rounds per minute.
The anti-aircraft machine-gun mount is mounted on the turret roof on the commander's cupola and is a remotely guided autonomous 12.7-mm machine gun, NSVT "Utyos" on tanks of the first issues or 6P49 "Kord" - on later machines. The aiming of the machine gun in the horizontal and vertical plane is carried out using an electromechanical drive. Machine gun ammunition is 300 rounds in two belts of 150 pieces.
Security and survivability
Ballistic protection
The T-90 is equipped with sharply differentiated anti-cannon armor protection. The T-90 armored hull is welded, the turret is cast on the T-90 and welded on the T-90SA and T-90A.
The main body material is armor steel; the upper frontal plate of the hull, as well as the frontal part of the tower within the course angles + ...- 35 deg. consist of composite armor. The sides and roof of the tower and the side armor plates of the hull also have a multilayer structure. Armor T-90S / A is made from steel armor of medium hardness, which is quite significantly (by 10-15%) superior in anti-projectile resistance to the cast armor of medium hardness used earlier.
The shape of the T-90's armored hull and its layout have not changed compared to the T-72, although the protection of the new tank has significantly increased compared to its predecessor, due to the use of more modern composite armor. The T-90 hull has a box-like shape, with a wedge-shaped nose with a standard angle for the main Soviet battle tanks to the vertical of the upper frontal plate - 68 degrees. The sides of the hull are vertical, their upper part consists of armor plates, while the lower one is formed by the edges of the bottom. The hull stern has a reverse slope. The roof of the hull consists of several rolled armor plates, while the bottom of the hull is one-piece stamped, of complex shape. The turret on the T-90A has frontal parts horizontally bent backward by 60 °.
The exact data on the booking of the T-90 (model 1992) and other modifications, as of 2014, are classified.
Active defense
In addition to traditional armor and reactive armor, the T-90 is equipped with active protection, which consists of the Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression complex. The complex is designed to protect against tank damage by anti-tank guided missiles and consists of an optical-electronic suppression station and a curtain system. The optoelectronic suppression station is designed to protect against missiles with a semi-automatic guidance system and consists of two OTSHU-1-7 infrared searchlights, two modulators and a control panel.
The system for setting up curtains is designed to counter guided missiles with laser homing or semi-automatic guidance along the laser beam, as well as to interfere with the operation of laser rangefinders and set up a smoke (aerosol) curtain. The system consists of a complex of laser radiation indicators, which includes two coarse and two precise direction sensors, a control system and twelve aerosol grenade launchers. When a tank is detected by laser radiation, the curtain system ensures that the direction of radiation is determined and the crew is alerted, after which, automatically or at the direction of the tank commander, it fires an aerosol grenade, which, when it bursts, creates an aerosol cloud that weakens and partially reflects laser radiation, disrupting the operation of the missile guidance systems. In addition, the aerosol cloud disguises the tank, acting as a smoke screen and can be used specifically for this purpose.
Mobility
Engine
T-90 of early modifications are equipped with a four-stroke V-shaped 12-cylinder multi-fuel diesel engine model B-84MS liquid-cooled with direct fuel injection and a driven centrifugal supercharger. The V-84MS develops a maximum power of 840 hp. at 2000 rpm.
On the T-90 of later releases, the T-90A / C, the engine of the B-92S2 model is installed, which is an upgraded B-84 and differs from it by the installation of a turbocharger and an improved design, which made it possible to increase the power developed by the engine to 1000 hp. at 2000 rpm.
Transmission
Hydrocontrolled planetary gearboxes. The transmission provides 7 forward and one reverse gears. Turning the machine is carried out by engaging a low gear in the gearbox from the side of the lagging track. The transmission control drive is hydraulic with a mechanical drive of the spools. The brake drive is mechanical, but at the same time it provides effective braking and stopping of the machine, holding it even on steep ascents and descents.
Surveillance, communication and navigation equipment
Tank communication is provided by the VHF radio station R-163-50U and the receiver R-163-UP with frequency modulation and a step of 1 KHz. The communication range at VHF frequencies 30.025 to 79.975 MHz reaches 20 km for a two-meter whip antenna.
The command tank is additionally equipped with a HF radio station R-163-50K ("Crossbow-50K"), 2-30 MHz. The communication range to the whip antenna in motion is up to 50 km. In the parking lot, the range of external communication at frequencies from 2 to 18 MHz is up to 350 km. This range is achieved by installing a symmetrical dipole antenna on an 11-meter mast
Ergonomics
Some T-90s are equipped with the SKS-3 air conditioning system.
Maintainability
There are two types of repairs for the T-90: major and current. Routine repairs are carried out as needed. With current repairs, the T-90 returns to service in an average of 2 hours. After a run of 2500 km, maintenance is carried out for 12 hours. After running 5000 km - 30 hours. Overhaul is carried out after a run of 11,000 km, with a track resource of 6,000 km.
Modifications
T-90 is the first serial modification.
T-90S - export version of the T-90. There are no OTSHU Shtora searchlights on the tank, instead of them additional blocks of built-in reactive armor are equipped.
T-90K - the command version of the T-90, with additional communications (radio station R-163-50K) and navigation equipment (TNA-4-3).
T-90SK - the command version of the T-90S, with additional communications and navigation equipment.
T-90A - modification of the T-90 has been produced since 2004, equipped with a V-92S2 engine with a capacity of 1000 liters. from., the thermal imaging equipment was modernized, a welded tower was installed instead of a cast one, new system PPO.
T-90AK - the command variant of the T-90A, with additional communication and navigation equipment, as well as a tactical combat control system and improved protection of fuel tanks. It has been in service with the Russian Armed Forces since 2006.
T-90SA - an export version of the T-90A, with a cooling system for night vision equipment and a modified system for detecting laser radiation, a new PPO system is equipped. Searchlights OTSHU curtain on the tank are absent, instead of them additional blocks of built-in reactive armor are equipped.
T-90SKA - the command variant of the T-90SA, with additional communication and navigation equipment and the T-BMS tactical battle management system.
T-90A (2006) - modernization of the T-90A: equipped with a second-generation Essa thermal imaging sight, modernized the automatic loader, increased the fuel tank by 100 liters
T-90AM is the latest modification of the T-90A. The old turret was replaced with a new combat module with the Kalina fire control system with an integrated combat information and control system of the tactical level, new machine loading and upgraded cannon 2A46M-5, as well as remotely controlled anti-aircraft gun"UDP T05BV-1". Dynamic protection "Relic". The control on the basis of the steering wheel and the system of automatic gear shifting with the possibility of switching to manual are applied. The tank is equipped with a V-92S2F monoblock power plant with a capacity of 1130 hp. with., created on the basis of the B-92S2.
T-90SM is an export version of the T-90AM tank.
Cars based on T-90
BMR-3M - armored demining vehicle
-BREM-1M - armored recovery vehicle
-TOS-1A "Solntsepёk" - reactive system salvo fire
-IMR-3M - engineering clearing vehicle
-MTU-90 - bridgelayer
- "Frame" - fighting machine tank support
-E300 - universal tracked chassis
Export
Permission to supply abroad the export version of the T-90 under the designation T-90S was given simultaneously with the adoption of the tank in service in 1992. However, the tank was first demonstrated at the IDEX exhibition in Abu Dhabi only in 1997.
India is the largest foreign buyer of the T-90... In 1999, a preliminary contract was signed for the purchase of three tanks for testing. In 2001, the final contract was signed and the delivery of a batch of 310 T-90S units began.
In 2001, an agreement was reached on the licensed production of the T-90 in India. In the period from October 2002 to September 2003, the Russian side provided equipment and licensed technical documentation for the assembly of T-90S in India. Technical assistance was provided in organizing production at the HVF (Heavy Vehicles Factory) plant in Avadi (Tamil Nadu state) and other enterprises of the Indian military-industrial complex. In 2003, Uralvagonzavod supplied the remaining 186 of 310 T-90Ss in the form of semi-assembled units and separate components for further licensed assembly at the Indian HVF facilities.
In 2006, the Indian government awarded a $ 2.5 billion contract for licensed production of 1000 T-90 tanks Bhishma. In October of the same year, an additional contract was signed worth $ 795 million for the supply of another 330 T-90SA tanks during 2007-2008, providing for the assembly of part of this batch of tanks in India. Together with Russia and France, the Indian version of the T-90 "Bhishma" was designed, which features an upgraded chassis, an improved fire control system with a French thermal imager "Essa" and Indian dynamic armor Kanchan. The tank was given the name "Bhishma" in honor of the legendary hero of the ancient Indian epic "Mahabharata".
In 2007, another contract was signed for the supply of 347 T-90SA for the amount of $ 1.237 billion in the form of supplies of 124 tanks and 223 vehicle kits for licensed production (small-scale assembly). In 2010, the contract was fulfilled after sending the remaining 20 tanks and about 160 tank kits to India for assembly at the Indian state-owned enterprise HVF.
As of 2008, more than 500 tanks have been delivered and plans have been announced to increase the degree of localization and launch full-fledged production of the T-90. In 2008, Indian Defense Minister D. Singh called the T-90 "the second after nuclear weapons deterrent "in the conflict with Pakistan, which threatened to turn into a large-scale nuclear war.
In 2009, the Indian Armed Forces received the first 10 out of 1000 planned T-90SAs of local production. In total, under the license contract for HVF, it is planned to produce 1000 T-90SA in 2009-2020. The production capacity of the state-owned HVF plant is allowed to produce up to 100 tanks per year.
Currently, Russian specialists are providing technical assistance in the production of supplied tank sets and warranty service for the T-90S / SA of the Indian army. As of 2010, Uralvagonzavod sold more than 600 T-90S / SA tanks to India, of which about 400 tank sets for assembly at the HVF plant. In total, India intends to increase the number of T-90s in the army to 2,000 by 2020.
Other countries
In March 2006, during a visit to Algeria, Vladimir Putin signed a large package of contracts worth about $ 8 billion. In particular, it included 185 T-90S tanks.
In 2011, Kazakhstan showed great interest in purchasing T-90S tanks.
In 2011, an agreement was signed between the Ministry of Defense of Azerbaijan and the Rosoboronexport company on the purchase of 94 T-90S (3 battalions). The delivery of tanks started in the spring of 2013. There is also an option for 94 more T-90S tanks. At the request of the Azerbaijani side, the tanks were equipped with optical-electronic suppression complexes "Shtora-1"
In service
Azerbaijan: in 2011, an agreement was signed between the Ministry of Defense of Azerbaijan and Rosoboronexport for the purchase of 94 T-90S (3 battalions). The delivery of tanks started in the spring of 2013. There is also an option for 94 more T-90S tanks. At the request of the Azerbaijani side, the Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression systems were installed on the tanks.
-Algeria: 185 units, as of 2013. Additionally, 120 units of T-90SA were ordered in 2011.
-India: 780 units. (Russian-made tanks and tank kits assembled at the Indian state-owned enterprise HVF), as of 2013.
-Russia: more than 500 units. (of which 200 units are in storage), as of 2013.
-Turkmenia: 10 units, as of 2013. In the summer of 2011, a contract was signed for the supply of another 30 tanks.
-Uganda: 44 units, as of 2011. The tanks were delivered in 2011 as part of a package contract signed in 2010.
Combat use
There are no official statements or confirmations regarding the participation of the T-90 in hostilities. The RF Ministry of Defense did not make statements on this matter. There is only a certificate kept at Uralvagonzavod, which says that one T-90 tank of the 1992 model was at the disposal of one of the units in the conflict zone in Chechnya, but nothing is said about its participation in any battles.
TTX T-90A (S, M)
Classification: MBT (main battle tank)
- Combat weight, t: 46.5
-Layout scheme: classic
-Crew, pers .: 3
Dimensions:
Body length, mm: 6860
-Length with gun forward, mm: 9530
-Case width, mm: 3780
-Height, mm: 2230 (on the roof of the tower)
-Base, mm: 4270
- Track, mm: 2790
- Clearance, mm: T-90 (S): 426..492; T-90A (CA): 404..467
Reservation:
Type of armor: combined projectile (with filler in the form of plane-parallel plates and inserts made of steel of increased hardness and other materials)
-Active protection: KOEP Shtora-1 / 1M
-Dynamic protection: T-90 (A, C): "Contact-5"; T-90SM: "Relic"
Armament:
Caliber and brand of the gun: 125 mm T-90 (S): 2A46M; T-90A (M): 2A46M-5
-Gun type: smoothbore
-Barrel length, calibers: 51
-Cannon ammunition: T-90 (S): 43 (22 in AZ); T-90A (CA): 42 (22 in AZ); T-90SM: 40 (22 in AZ)
-Angles VN, city .: -5 .. + 16
- Angles GN, city .: 360
-Fire range, km: ATGM: 5.0
-Sights: Gunner (day): 1G46; Gunner (night): Buran-PA, M or "ESSA"; Commander (day / night): T01-KO4
-Machine guns: 1 x 12.7 mm NSVT or Kord 1 x 7.62 mm PKT
-Other weapons: "Reflex-M"
Mobility:
Engine: Manufacturer: ChTZ; Brand: V-84MS or V-92S2; Type: diesel; Volume: 38,880 cc; Maximum power: 1000 HP (736 kW), at 2000 rpm; Configuration: V-shaped; Cylinders: 12-cylinder; Cylinder diameter: 150mm; Piston stroke: 180 mm; Compression ratio: 14; Power system: direct injection; Cooling: liquid; Cycle (number of measures): 4-cycle; Recommended fuel: multi-fuel
-Speed on the highway, km / h: 60
-Speed over rough terrain, km / h: 35-45
- Cruising on the highway, km: 550 (700 with external tanks)
- Cruising cross-country, km: 345..520
-Specific power, l. s / t: T-90 (C): 18.6; T-90A (CA): 21.5; T-90SM: 24
-Suspension type: individual torsion bar
-Specific ground pressure, kg / sq. See: T-90 (C): 0.938; T-90A (CA): 0.97
-Covering rise, city .: 30
- Overcoming wall, m: 0.85
- Overcome moat, m: 2.6 ... 2.8
- Overcome ford, m: 1.2 (1.8 with preliminary preparation; 5.0 with OPVT (equipment for underwater driving of tanks - a set of devices that provide the tank with the ability to overcome water obstacles along their bottom))
The T-90S missile and gun tank was put into service in 1993. The T-90 missile and cannon tanks are a new generation of Russian tanks that include original design developments and the best layout and design solutions for the T-72 and T-80 tanks. The T-90S tank was created on the basis of a thorough study and understanding of the tactics and strategy of using tanks in real conditions of modern combat, taking into account many years of experience in military operation of T-72 tanks in various countries of the world, as well as the results of many years of intensive tests in the most severe conditions. The T-90S tank retains the peculiarity of domestic tank building - the classic layout scheme, in which the main armament is located in a rotating turret, the power plant and transmission are in the aft part of the hull, and the crew is separate: the tank commander and gunner in the fighting compartment, the driver-mechanic is in department of management. Almost every unit or system of the T-90S tank has a new quality.
The automated fire control complex is designed to conduct effective aimed fire at long ranges with artillery shells and a guided projectile from a tank gun on the move and from a place at moving and stationary targets by the gunner and commander, day and night, as well as from a coaxial machine gun. Provides an increase in the effective firing range and an increase in the night vision range, including by installing a television sight in the tank. A guided weapon system with a laser-beam control channel allows firing a guided missile through the barrel of a cannon from a standstill and on the move at stationary and moving targets at ranges from 100 to 5000 m. guidance systems with tracer feedback. The system of automatic all-round visibility, detection and protection of the tank from anti-tank shells with semi-automatic laser homing heads provides interference to anti-tank vehicle control systems with laser rangefinders and target designators. The closed anti-aircraft gun allows the commander to conduct aimed fire using remote control drives for air, and in stabilized mode - at ground targets, while remaining under reliable armor protection. Built-in explosive reactive armor is effective against APCR and HEAT shells. The combination of built-in reactive armor and multi-layer armor gives the tank additional options for survival in extreme combat conditions.
The main armament of the T-90S is a smoothbore gun of 125 mm caliber with increased accuracy and high ballistics. The use of an automatic loader made it possible to achieve a high rate of fire (up to 7-8 rounds per minute), which favorably distinguishes the T-90S tank from most foreign tanks. The capabilities of the tank cannon to combat ground-based armored and low-flying air targets have been expanded through the use of a guided weapon system, which makes it possible to destroy any most modern tank before it comes close to effective firing range from its cannon.
The tank is traditionally equipped with a diesel engine, the main advantages of which over a gas turbine engine, especially in hot climates and sandy soils, are:
Slight drop in power at high temperatures the environment;
- high reliability in dusty conditions;
- 1.8-2 times less fuel consumption.
The main tank T-90S can overcome water obstacles up to 5 m deep along the bottom with non-stop combat missions after overcoming a water obstacle. The vehicle has built-in equipment for self-digging, a device for hitching minesweepers and can be transported by all types of transport.
Tactical and technical characteristics
Combat weight, t 46.5
Crew 3
Multi-fuel diesel engine,
liquid cooling
power, kW (hp) 735 (1000)
specific power, kW (hp) / t 15.8 (21.5)
Armament:
125-mm smoothbore cannon 2A46M,
automatic charging
rate of fire, rds / min. up to 8
type of shot armor-piercing sabot, cumulative,
high-explosive, guided missile
machine gun paired with a 7.62 mm PKTM cannon
anti-aircraft armament 12.7-mm machine gun "Kord"
Ammunition, pcs .:
shots to the gun
(including in the automatic loader) 43 (22)
cartridges 7.62 / 12.7 2000/300
9K119 Reflex guided weapon system
Maximum firing range, m 5000
Fire control system day sight-rangefinder, device
built-in sight alignment control,
gunner's night sight
(electro-optical or thermal imaging)
Target identification range of the "tank" type, m up to 3000 (thermal imaging channel)
Two-plane stabilizer
Sighting and observation
commander's complex:
target identification range of the "tank" type, m:
at night 700-1200
in the afternoon 4000-10000
Combined armor protection, built-in
dynamic protection, complex
active defense "Arena"
Systems for launching smoke grenades, protection against weapons of mass destruction,
automatic PPO
Length with gun forward, mm 9530
Tower roof height, mm 2230
Speed, km / h:
average on a dry dirt road 40-45
maximum 60
Cruising on the highway, km 550
Fuel tank capacity, l 1200 + 400
Overcome ford
(with preliminary preparation), m 1.2 (1.8)
Overcoming water obstacle with OPVT, m up to 5
Means of communication:
VHF radio station R-163-50U
VHF receiver R-163-UP
At the last exhibition Army 2015, anyone could feel like a member of the crew of the T-90s tank. For this, there were 4 cars in the static parking lot, which anyone could get into. Let's see what it's like to be a tanker:
2. Place of the driver. Swing levers; main clutch pedal (similar to a car clutch); the mountain brake pedal hidden behind the fan (similar to the parking brake of a car); fuel pedal; a comb of a selector of transfers. 
3. Everyone is always interested in what it means to “review like in a tank”. Prism observation device TNPO-168 with a wide field of view.
For driving at night, an active-passive TVN-5 night vision device can be installed instead 
4. On the left hand is the instrument panel. 
5. It is larger. All devices and toggle switches are protected against damage or accidental switching. 
6. On the right hand there is a gear selector lever, a place for a thermos, a handle for closing the hatch, an intercom, junction boxes. 
7. And behind the driver's back there is only a modest clearance into the fighting compartment from the side of the operator-gunner. 
8. Workplace of the operator-gunner. On the left is the PN-5 night sight, on the right is the gunner's day sight 1G46. 
9. Night sight, weapon control units. 
10. At the bottom right, mechanical handles for turning the turret and aiming the gun, showing the aiming angles. 
11. Place of the tank commander 
12. The sighting and observation complex of the commander PNK-4S consists of a combined day-night sight of the commander TKN-4S and a gun position sensor. 
13. The commander is surrounded by instruments from all sides. 
Main battle tank T-90
History of creation
T-72B serial production, which was started in 1985 at the time of its creation, turned out to be outdated in terms of the fire control complex, so there was no automated control system on it at all. The T-72B lagged behind both the foreign tanks "Leopard-2" and "Abrams" and the domestic T-80BV, T-64BV, T-80U and T-80UD, which were produced in the second half of the 80s. Therefore, immediately after the start of production of the T-72B, work began to improve it. Various modernization options were developed, including the installation of the 1A45 armament control complex already installed on the T-80UD and T-80U while maintaining the existing layout of the T-72B. The upgraded vehicle received the index "Object-188". The first four tanks entered trials in 1989, and two more modified models were tested in 1990.
Along with the 1A45 installation, there was a simpler improvement option, which included the modification of the 1A40-1 tank sighting complex and the installation of the Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression complex.
The design of the "T-72B improved" tank did not have any significant differences from the T-72B, and the 1A45 system had long been tested on the tanks developed by the KMDB. Morozov and the Leningrad "Spetsmash". In fact, the task of the UKBTM designers was only to install a ready-made armament control complex in the T-72B tank. But even this task turned out to be difficult for the designers of the UKBTM, which is why, in the opinion of both testers and tankers, the working field of the gunner and commander and the ergonomics of their workplaces were unsuccessfully implemented.
The tank was put into service in 1992 after the collapse of the USSR. Initially, for this rather modest modernization, a new name "T-88" was assumed, which was later replaced by "T-90".
Production of T-90 tanks for Russian army began in 1992, in difficult enough for Russian times, but thanks to the patronage of the President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, before the chairman of the Sverdlovsk regional committee, the plant received funding. From 1992 to 1997, about 120 T-90 tanks were produced for the Russian armed forces. The first vehicles ended up in training centers, the T-90 entered service with the 21st Taganrog Order of Suvorov Motorized Rifle Division and the 5th Guards Don Tank Division. In the 90s, some of the tanks were dismantled, many were not combat-ready. In the mid-2000s, the remaining T-90 tanks were transferred from Siberia to the 2nd Guards Taman Division in the Moscow region and a number of training centers.
For deliveries abroad, an export modification of the T-90S tank with improved characteristics was developed. Since 2004, the production of the improved T-90A began.
Firepower
The main armament of the T-90 is a 125-mm modernized smoothbore cannon launcher 2A46M-2.
Ammunition of the tank - 43 shots, of which 22 shots fit into the rotating conveyor of the automatic loader and 21 in non-mechanized stowage.
A PKT machine gun of 7.62 caliber is paired with the cannon. Machine gun ammunition 200 rounds (8 belts of 250 rounds). A machine gun paired with a cannon can be fired from the gunner's or commander's position.
The anti-aircraft machine gun is located on the commander's hatch, has a remote control and is designed to fire at air and ground targets with closed tank hatches from the commander's seat. The vertical guidance angle is from -5 ° to + 70 °, horizontally - in the range of +/- 90 ° along the course, or 360 ° with the tank turret. The machine gun is stabilized vertically in the range of angles from -3 ° to + 30 °. Ammunition for the anti-aircraft machine gun 300 rounds (2 belts in stores, 150 each).
The main anti-tank weapons of the T-90 are also armor-piercing sub-caliber shells (3BM-22, 3BM-26, BM-29, 3BM-42) and a guided weapon system with 3UBK14 and 3UBK20 rounds. Rate of fire - 6 ... 8 rounds per minute. Russian BPS from the T-90 ammunition lag behind American ones in terms of armor penetration. were mainly developed back in the 80s under the USSR.
Another factor holding back the development of high-power ammunition for the T-90 tank is the limitations of the automatic loader (AZ) along the length of the loaded projectile.
T-90 tanks equipped with KUV 9K119 "Reflex" receive fundamentally new combat capabilities: the range of the TUR is 2 ... 2.5 times higher than the range of return fire of the BPS of any modern tanks. This allows domestic tanks win a battle before entering the effective fire zone of enemy tanks.
The 1A45-T fire control complex consists of a 1G46 gunner's day sight, a TO1-KO1 night gunner's complex with a Buran-PA sight, a PNK-4S commander's sighting and observation complex, a PZU-7 anti-aircraft sight, a 1ETs29 anti-aircraft gun control system, a ballistic computer 1B528-1 with sensors of input information, 2E42-4 weapon stabilizer and other devices.
The gunner's day sight 1G46 has a line of sight stabilized in two planes, a built-in laser rangefinder and a guided missile control channel.
Night sighting complex TO1-KO1 with a TPN-4 "Buran-PA" sight with an electro-optical converter.
The sighting and observation complex of the PNK-4S commander consists of a combined day-night sight of the commander TKN-4S and a gun position sensor. The commander's combined sight TKN-4S is stabilized in the vertical plane and has three channels: a single day channel, a multiple day channel with a magnification of 8x and a night channel with a 5.4x magnification. The commander can switch from the day channel to the night channel (with an electro-optical converter) and vice versa using the lever.
The anti-aircraft sight allows the commander to fire at air targets from an anti-aircraft machine gun while under the protection of the turret armor.
Ballistic computer 1В528-1 for calculating ballistic corrections automatically takes into account the signals coming from the following sensors: tank speed, target angular velocity, roll angle of the cannon trunnion axis, transverse component of wind speed, range to the target, heading angle. Additionally, for manual calculation, the following parameters are entered: ambient air temperature, charge temperature, barrel bore wear, ambient pressure, etc.
The disadvantages of the T-90 fire control complex are the errors in stabilizing the field of view of the night sight, which complicates observation and aiming in motion. The TPN-4 night sight has dependent stabilization in both planes.
On the T-90S and T-90A, an improved fire control system with a thermal imaging sight "Essa" is installed, the conditions for observing the target and aiming through the second sight in motion are no worse than when working through the first.
Security T-90
The design of the turret with a cast base of the T-90 tank is similar to that used on the T-72B. Filler bags are of the "semi-active" type.
On the frontal part of the turret of the T-90 tank, 7 containers and one reactive armor unit are installed, which cover less than half of the frontal projection of the turret at 0 ° course angles of fire.
On the roof of the tower, 21 containers are installed, protecting from ammunition from attacking from above.
Due to the unsuccessful installation of jamming searchlights from the Shtora-1 KOEP, a large section of the tower projection in the most threatening sectors of fire is not protected by reactive armor. The areas on the sides of the embrasure are also very weakly protected, with one container and one reduced-size section.
Further modernization of the turret is difficult due to the significant moment of turret imbalance (the center of gravity is shifted forward).
The armor of the T-90 hull consists of spaced barriers made of steel of increased hardness and armor with the use of "reflective sheets" on the principle of functioning similar to the package used in the tank turret.
The built-in dynamic protection "Contact-V" is installed on the upper part of the frontal assembly, which provides protection not only from cumulative PTS, but also from OBPS.
On the sides of the hull, power screens with built-in dynamic protection are installed.
Tanks equipped with built-in ERA "Contact-V" provide protection against the M829A1 armor-piercing sub-caliber projectile (BPS).
Comparison characteristics |
|||||||
A type |
Producing country |
B. weight, t. |
Armor penetration (mm. / 60 0) |
Protection eq. (mm.) |
|||
BTS |
KS |
from BTS |
from the COP |
||||
T-90 |
RF |
46,5 |
220…300 |
670…700 |
1000 |
||
Complex of optical-electronic suppression "Shtora-1"
The Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression complex, which provides the tank with individual protection against anti-tank guided missiles (ATGM) in service with most armies of the world with command semi-automatic guidance systems such as TOW, Hot, Milan, Dragon and laser homing heads such as "Maverick", "Hellfiree", "Copper head" due to the creation of active interference with their guidance. In a fraction of a second after the laser beam hit the "enemy's" rangefinder, the T-90 automatics warned the crew about the danger with a sound signal and fired a grenade in the threatened direction, which, having exploded, created a dense aerosol cloud that completely absorbed the tank. As a result, the laser rangefinder lost its target and the ATGM went off course.
The Shtora-1 complex consists of two independent systems: a remote system for setting aerosol formation, designed to overlap the fields of view (instrumental and visual) guidance systems using laser illumination, and an optoelectronic countermeasure station TShU 1-7, intended for organizing false signals in the control loop of anti-tank shells with semi-automatic command guidance systems.
The Shtora-1 complex provides: jamming in the form of modulated infrared radiation affecting the semi-automatic missile control system; automatic shooting of an aerosol-forming grenade in the direction of the laser illumination source and overlapping this direction with an aerosol curtain, determining the direction to the laser illumination source and issuing a command to turn the tank turret in the indicated direction, light and sound alarms when the tank is irradiated with laser targeting devices and range finders, staging in front of the tank of the masking aerosol curtain.
The OTSHU-1 optoelectronic suppression station installed on the T-90S tank provides jamming in the form of modulated infrared radiation in the wavelength range of 0.7-2.5 microns in the sector + -20 degrees from the axis of the barrel along the horizon and 4.5 degrees - vertically.
The aerosol curtain system reacts to laser radiation within 360 degrees in azimuth and -5 ... + 25 in the vertical plane. An aerosol curtain is formed at a distance of 55-70 meters in 3 seconds after the shooting of 3D17 grenades. The duration of the aerosol cloud is about 20 seconds (according to foreign sources). The weight of the system is about 400 kg.
Tactical characteristics of the CURTAIN system |
|
Probability of disruption of aimed guidance anti-tank weapons types ATLIS, TADS, PAVE-SPIKE |
in the afternoon 0.85 |
The probability of disruption of guided missiles with a laser homing head such as "Maverick", "Helfire" |
|
The probability of disruption of guided artillery shells of the "Copperhead" type |
|
The probability of disruption of target designators with an electron-optical modulator |
0,8 - 0,9 |
The probability of disruption of the guidance of anti-tank guided missiles with television heads "Maverick", "Helfire" |
0,54 |
The probability of failure of the guidance of anti-tank guided missiles such as "Milan", "Hot" |
|
Increasing the likelihood of protection against artillery systems with laser rangefinders, at times |
1,3 - 3,0 |
Mobility
The tank is equipped with a V-84MS engine with a power of 840 hp. different from the B-84-1 in the design of the exhaust manifolds.
The seven-speed final transmission (BKP) was developed in the early 60s for the T-64 tank under the 5TDF engine, with a capacity of 700 hp. In the 70s, the BKP was strengthened for the V-46 engines, and then the V-84 and V-92 engines.
Naturally, the BKP developed in the 60s no longer fully meet modern requirements. Due to the use of an outdated turning mechanism, the role of which is played by onboard stepped gearboxes, the maneuverability of the Russian T-90 tank is lower than that of foreign tanks.
In addition to maneuverability, the lack of the tank's transmission is the low reverse speed - 4.8 km / h. On modern western tanks, hydrostatic steering mechanisms with digital automatic control systems are used, reverse movement up to 30 km / h is provided.
Another aspect is the ease of maintenance of a tank engine, in which the B-84 is inferior to foreign diesel engines. Replacing the engine is difficult due to poor access to it in the engine compartment and the need for centering work - replacing the engine with a factory team of 4 people takes 22.2 hours. The presence of a guitar and the need to align other units with it complicates and complicates repair work in the engine-transmission department. This did not meet the requirements for promising armored vehicles back in the 70s.
The undercarriage of the T-90 is similar to that used on the T-72B.
Tactical and technical characteristics |
||
Parameter |
Unit of measurement |
T-90 |
Full mass |
46,5 |
|
Crew |
people |
|
Specific power |
hp / t |
|
Engine |
HP |
B-84MS |
Tank width |
||
Specific ground pressure |
kgf / cm 2 |
0,94 |
Operating temperature |
° C |
40 ... + 50 (with power reduction) |
Tank length |
||
with the gun forward |
mm |
9530 |
corps |
mm |
6917 |
Tank width |
||
by caterpillar |
mm |
3370 |
by removable protective screens |
mm |
3780 |
Tower roof height |
mm |
2228 |
Support surface length |
mm |
4270 |
Ground clearance |
mm |
426…470 |
Track width |
mm |
2790 |
Travel speed |
||
Average on dry dirt road |
km / h |
35…40 |
Maximum on paved road |
km / h |
|
In reverse gear, maximum |
km / h |
4,18 |
Fuel consumption per 100 km |
||
On a dry dirt road |
l, up to |
260…450 |
On a paved road |
l, up to |
|
on main fuel tanks |
km |
|
with additional barrels |
km |
|
Ammunition |
||
Shots to the gun |
PC |
|
Introduced into service in 1993. The appearance of the tank was caused by the need to modernize existing models, taking into account the experience of the war in the Persian Gulf, as well as the reorientation of production to Russian components. In the middle of the T-90 there is a low flat tower with a commander's cupola shifted to the right. The frontal part of the tower is reinforced with active plate armor of the second generation. Suspended armor blocks can also be installed on the turret roof, providing additional protection against air damage.
The driver's seat is located in front of the tank hull. Above it is a sunroof and a wide-angle optical system... The bow of the tank is equipped with an acute-angled blade fitted with a mount for a KMT-6 mine sweep. The main armament on the T-90 is a smooth-bore 125-mm cannon 2A46M, equipped with a removable heat-insulating casing.
A high-explosive fragmentation projectile with an electronic remote fuse was introduced into the T-90 cannon ammunition. To prepare the fuse for operation in the remote firing mode, a time interval setter is used. To the right of the gun is a coaxial 7.62 mm PKT machine gun. The tower houses a 12.7-mm NSVT anti-aircraft machine gun, equipped with a 1Ts29 remote control system with vertical stabilization. The tank's 125-mm cannon is adapted for firing AT-11 ATGMs with laser guidance. The firing range of the ATGM is 4000 m. The 1A45 fire control complex allows the gunner and commander to conduct targeted firing with artillery shots from a cannon day and night from a place and in motion, guided missiles from a place.
The complex includes a 1A42 fire control system, a 9K119 "Reflex" guided weapon system, a PNK-4S commander's instrument-observation complex and a T01-P02T thermal imaging tank complex. Thus, the T-90 tank is capable of hitting most enemy tanks and helicopters, while remaining out of range. The 1V528-1 digital ballistic computer with a capacitive wind sensor DVE-BS and a laser range finder included in the fire control system allow hitting targets with high accuracy in night conditions.
The TShU-2 Shtora optoelectronic suppression system provides additional protection for the T-90 tank by jamming in the optical range the ATGM control lines (shells, aerial bombs, aircraft missile launchers) with optical feedback, or with laser guidance (illumination). This system consists of two IR illuminators located next to the cannon barrel. The searchlights are constantly on and emit a coded IR signal, which prevents the enemy's ATGM from targeting accurately. 12 grenade launchers are installed on the turret of the tank for setting aerosol curtains.
The armor protection of the frontal part of the hull and turret of the T-90 is a multi-layer combined armor barriers that provide invulnerability against most types of armor-piercing sub-caliber and cumulative shells of tank (anti-tank) guns. High resistance against cumulative ammunition is achieved by installing mounted explosive reactive armor. The tank has 227 containers: 61 on the hull, 70 on the turret, and 96 on the side skirts.Since 1988, T-90 (T-72B) serial tanks have used built-in explosive reactive armor. The hull of the tank is welded, its upper frontal part is inclined at an angle of 63 ° from the vertical. The tower is cast, its frontal part has variable tilt angles from 10 ° to 25 °. The sides of the hull are protected by anti-cumulative screens. The T-90 tank is distinguished by a high level of anti-radiation protection due to the use of undercut and overburden, a collective protection system and local protection of crew members.
The tank's survivability on the battlefield was increased due to its low silhouette, the use of TDA and the 902B Tucha system for setting up smoke screens, a napalm protection system, and fast-acting fire-fighting equipment ZETs13 "Iney". The T-90 tank has a camouflage painting and is equipped with equipment for self-digging and for hanging a KMT-6 mine sweep. The machine is equipped with a multi-fuel four-stroke high-speed diesel engine V-84-1 liquid-cooled with supercharging from a driven centrifugal supercharger. In addition, inertial (wave) supercharging is used.
Engine power is 840 hp. from. It is adapted to operate on diesel fuel, jet fuel (T-1, TS-1, T-2) and motor gasoline (A-66, A-72). The start is carried out using an electric starter, an air start system, as well as from an external power source or from a tug. For an emergency start of a cold engine in winter, there is an intake air heating system. The mechanical planetary transmission consists of an input gearbox, two final drives and two final drives. It has a hydraulic servo control and its own oil system.
Tank of India T-90 "Bhishma"
In 2006, the Indian government signed a $ 2.5 billion contract for the licensed production of 1,000 T-90 Bhishma tanks (named after the legendary hero of the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata)
The suspension system uses an individual torsion bar suspension with lever-blade type hydraulic shock absorbers on the 1st, 2nd and 6th suspension nodes of each side. Track roller discs are made of aluminum alloy. The track rollers are rubberised on the outside and the carrier rollers are cushioned internally. To protect the caterpillar from dropping when the tank turns, limit discs are welded on the drive wheels.
The T-90 tank has several modifications and is supplied in different countries the world
The T-90 tank is equipped with underwater driving equipment that allows it to overcome water obstacles up to five meters deep and about 1000 meters wide. The tank uses a communications complex "Paragraph", which includes a VHF radio station R-173, a radio receiver R-173P, a block of antenna filters and a laryngophone amplifier. The radio station operates in the frequency range 30-76 MHz and has a memory device that allows you to prepare 10 communication frequencies in advance. It provides a communication range of at least 20 km both on site and in motion on medium-rugged terrain.
The performance characteristics of the main battle tank T-90:
| Combat weight, t | 46,5 |
| Crew, people | 3 |
| Overall dimensions, mm: | |
| length with gun forward | 9530 |
| width | 3460 |
| height | 2230 |
| clearance | 470 |
| Armor | |
| combined, with built-in dynamic protection | |
| Armament: | |
| 125-mm smoothbore cannon launcher 2A46M; 7.62 mm PKT machine gun; 12.7 mm machine gun; 12 smoke grenade launchers | |
| Ammunition: | |
| 43 rounds, 1250 rounds of 7.62-mm caliber, 300 rounds of 12.7-mm caliber | |
| Engine | V-84MS, multi-fuel, four-stroke, diesel, 12-cylinder, turbocharged, liquid-cooled, power 840 hp from. |
| Specific ground pressure, kg / cm | 0,85 |
| Highway speed, km / h | 60 |
| Cruising on the highway, km | 500 |
| Overcoming obstacles: | |
| wall height, m | 0,80 |
| ditch width, m | 2,80 |
| ford depth, m | 1.20 (with preparation 5 m) |
Modifications to the T-90 main battle tank
- T-90 is the first serial modification of the tank.
- T-90K - the command version of the T-90, with additional communications (radio station R-163-50K) and navigation equipment (TNA-4-3).
- T-90A - modification of the T-90, with a new welded turret, 1000 hp engine. with., improved thermal imaging equipment, new elements of dynamic protection and a number of other improvements.
- T-90S - an export version of the T-90, without the Shtora-1 system and with additional reactive armor.
- T-90SK - the command version of the T-90S, with additional communications and navigation equipment.
- T-90SA - an export version of the T-90A, with a cooling system for night vision equipment and a modified system for detecting laser radiation.
- T-90SKA - the command version of the T-90SA, with additional communications and navigation equipment.
- T-90A - modernization (2006) T-90A: the second generation "Essa" thermal imaging sight was installed, the automatic loader was improved, the tank was increased by 100 liters.
- T-90AM is the latest modification of the T-90A. The old turret was replaced by a new combat module with a fire control system "Kalina" with an integrated combat information and control system of the tactical level, a new automatic loader and an upgraded 2A46M-5 cannon, as well as a remotely controlled anti-aircraft gun "UDP T05BV-1". Dynamic protection "Relic". The control on the basis of the steering wheel and the system of automatic gear shifting with the possibility of switching to manual are applied. The tank is equipped with a V-92S2F monoblock power plant with a capacity of 1,130 hp. with., developed on the basis of the B-92S2.
- T-90SM is an export version of the T-90AM tank.
Sources:
- Christopher F. Foss. Jane's Handbooks. Tanks and Fighting Vehicles;
- G. L. Kholiavsky. "Complete Encyclopedia of World Tanks 1915 - 2000";
- Murakhovsky V. I., Pavlov M. V., Safonov B. S., Solyankin A. G. "Modern tanks";
- Philip Truitt. "Tanks and SPGs";
- Equipment and weapons 2010 - 06.
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