The first divisions of the railway troops in the world were created in Russia in 1851 by order of Emperor Nicholas I. At the beginning of the twentieth century. The Russian empire possessed very numerous and among the world's best railway troops. As part of the Russian army, there were 12 railway battalions enrolled in 4 railway brigades. Baranovichi railway brigade was responsible for the European part of Russia and combat training of personnel for all brigades. The Turkestan Railway Brigade ensured the functioning and protection of the Custinian Railway, the Ussuri Brigade - the Ussuri Railway, and one of the most combed Caumur Brigade - the Sino-Eastern Railway.
By the beginning of the First World War, a well-equipped railway sanitary transport was created: in September 1914, 74 military-sanitary trains were involved at the front, and in December 1916 there were already about 400 ...
Below the selection of photographs of the sanitary train of its imperial highness of the Great Princess Olga Nikolaevna, the military-sanitary train of the Vyatka province, formed by the local branch of the Red Cross and the sanitary bath and laundry trains of the Empress Alexandra Fedorovna, the times of the First World War.
The sanitary train of its imperial highness of the Great Princess Olga Nikolaevna.
01. Interior type of pharmacy
02. Inside view of the Chamber of Sanitary Train
03. Doctors and nurses at lunch in the car-dining room
04. Inside view of the Chamber of Sanitary Train
05. Operating Sanitary Train
06. Medical and Santic Train Personnel
07. Sanitary train kitchen
08. Car for severe
09. Internal view of the car for easy-wing
10. Interior view of the car
11. Group of Medical Train Personnel
Military Sanitary Train of Vyatka Province, formed by the local Department of the Red Cross
12. A group of personal service composition of the train with the chairman of the local government of the Red Cross by Governor A. G. Chernyavsky (the fourth left in the first row) and his wife's sprue of the community of Sisters of Mercy O. K. Chernyavskaya (fifth left in the first row)
13. General view of the Military Sanitary Train
14. A group of members of the Vyatka local departments of the Red Cross and the personal service makeup of the train
15. Interior view of the car for the serious military-sanitary train
16. Inner view of a third-class car for easy wounded naval train
17. Inside Fourth Class Wagon for Easy Wounded Military Sanitary Train
18. Interior view of the operating room of the military-sanitary train
19. Inside view of the carriage for the staff of the military-sanitary train; In the foreground - the corner of the dining room
20. Desktop in the Senior Military Senior Physician
21. Interior view of the Cuisine of the Military Sanitary Train
The train laundry, which was used during the First World War and was created for the money of the empress Alexandra Fedorovna.
23. Platform for transporting a sanitary car.
24. Water tank car.
25. Steam locomotive with a tender.
26. Power station car.
27. Hairdressing department.
28. Wagon-bath.
29. Wagon-bath.
Special compositions are formed
Already on the third day of war, on June 24, 1941, the NKPS instructed the railway to form 288 military-sanitary trains (150 permanent and 138 temporary). For them, six thousand cars were singled out and identified the staff of railway workers.
The military-sanitary train (VSP) consisted of specially equipped wagons for serious and accessible, insulator, pharmacies-dressing, kitchen and other service wagons. Sanitary pavements that appeal at short distances were formed mainly from covered freight cars equipped for the transportation of wounded, as well as cars to accommodate pharmacy-dressing, kitchen, medical and service personnel.
Military trains served train brigades, which included conductors, train carriages, a train electrician and a power plants engineer.
Equipment and formation of military-sanitary trains and age was carried out on many railways and transport factories. Daily in the NKPS received messages about the readiness of trains. For their formation and departure to the front-line areas strictly followed.
Workers of the Moscow Car Repair Plant in a short time equipped a military-sanitary train and sent it to the South-West Front. Then shearded new trains. With them left for the front workers in the communists and non-partisan.
Railway workers of the Egorshinsky Department of Movement took prepare a sanitary train. The work was organized by the department of separation. The undertaking was supported by workers of the locomotive and car depots, routes and teams of industrial enterprises. Komsomol members of the department organized the collection of funds and property. Together with the residents
Yegorzysky district they collected 170 thousand rubles. Soon, the military-sanitary train went to the front with the team, entirely composed of railway workers and workers of the YegorShsky district.
The team of the Nizhnyedneprovsky car repair plant was equipped and sent to the front 36 naval and sanitary trains. For the removal of the wounded from front hospitals at Pridneprovskaya, military-sanitary pavements were kiced, formed mainly from cargo wagons.
The carriage shop of the Tashkent steam-repair plant received a combat task - to prepare trains of special purpose. Equipment for them has not arrived. It took it on the spot. Machines for seriously edged produced a brigade of women and adolescents under the guidance of an experienced master of Lukyanovsky, evacuated from the Velikoluksky car repair plant. Worked around the clock. People understood that it was necessary to cope with the task as quickly as possible and better.
In September 1941, the first three sanitary trains went to the front, in the next two months - four more. In December, they sent five compositions with red crosses to the front. The work of the team was highly appreciated in the order of the commander of the Central Asian Military District.
The workers of the Kuibyshev and Ufa carriage plots were converted by passenger cars under the sanitary and formed 11 trains. The brigades included experienced car masters, electricians and conductors.
On the task of the NKPS and the UPVAO Kuibyshev car part and the depot equipped 80 military-sanitary trains and feet. Worked at the time by the head of the Kuibyshev carriage plot A. N. Boyko and the deputy head of the service of the carriage house of the road V.K. Uspensky says:
At the Kuybyshev station organized a reference point of repair of military-sanitary trains. On some days, there were eight trains here. All of them had to thoroughly examine, check and repair the systems of heating, water supply, electrical displacement, insert knocked glass. Large labor costs required the repair of the bodies, roofs, internal inventory. Special troubles at first delivered the seedback boilers in the kitchen. Senior Master A. S. Gavrilov found among evacuated tinsmiths and Ludillers. It immediately became easier. Lacked sawn timber. Also found an outlet - they began to catch an alloy forest in the Volga and deliver it to a car onto the sawmill.
A military commandant of the station S. A. Novinsky called one day: "By the next morning it is necessary to repair and send 8 naval-sanitary trains to the front." And on the approach five more - in Kuibyshev and three transit. All demanded repairs. There is no existing workforce, people and so work in two shifts in a row. Who can attract? Mobilized all engineering and technical workers. Senior Master of the Kuibyshev car depot A. N. Kuwanin remembered his blacksmith experience, went to help workers. Among the railway workers and political officers of one of the trains are gray. Repair graduated on time, and trains went to destination
Railway service group of K. E. Voroshilov, built a military-sanitary train. 1942 year
The Road named after V. V. Kuibyshev worked with a huge tension. And it was necessary to skip even more trains. The question arose about increasing the length of the compositions. But there were difficulties with autotorrow. Professor V. F. Yegorchenko, who led the brake laboratory, helped solve the problem. Began to led military-sanitary trains from 32-34 wagons.
What were the military-sanitary trains, wrote Vera Panov:
"... on distant spare paths, near some long za6opa, stood handsome train: freshly made dark green wagons, scarlet crosses on a white field; On the windows - dazzling purity linen curtains manual embroidery. No goodness was when I was with a tiny my suitcase in a boat car, what role this train will play in my fate, or rather, people to whom I go. These people lived on wheels for almost three and a half years: from the first days of the war they gathered in this train and with honor, immobally carried their noble service. Military-sanitary train No. 312 was one of the best in the Soviet Union, 96 and the command decided that the training team should write a brochure about his work - to transfer experience with the collectives of other sanitary trains. The Perm Department of the Union of Soviet writers I was aimed at help as a professional journalist; I was - a pen, which will record their stories and will be positioned in due order. " 97.
But excerpt from the order of the head of the military sanitary management of the North-Western Front of March 14, 1942:
"On the initiative of Women-Railways, activists of the station and the city of Bologoye, and women's military personnel for the International Women's Day as a gift for the North-West Front, a military-sanitary pavement No. 707 was formed.
In the remoteness of a love attitude to the case of women who participated in the formation of a military-sanitary pavement, it is equipped with the provision of the emergence of the highest possible amenities. Caring for wounded fighters, defenders of the Soviet Motherland, led by workers who gave our front this train.
For the valuable assistance of the head of the front, for the manifestable care of the wounded fighters and commanders, declare thanks to A. A. Zybina - the lubricant of the third car partner, P. B. Vikhova - instructor for women's work, A. N. Osipova - Workstation of the Holy , M. A. Tubnova - Housewife ... "
Conductor wagons, train carriages and electricians sought constantly contain wagons in good condition and purity. The train carriage Master N. A. Karenev from the Mariupol station, working as a military-sanitary train, organized the care of wagons and trained the case of conductors according to the method of Lunina. There was no need for a pegging inspection and current repairs, the transportation of the wounded was accelerated. The experience of Kosarev began to be widely used in servicing military-sanitary trains. In 1943, Novator was awarded the high title Hero of Socialist Labor.
The wounded are delivered to the rear
For timely poisoning and reconnaissance of military-sanitary trains and feuds in the NKPS and on railways, constant control was established. The heads of the railways were obliged to personally control the position with the passage of naval sanitary trains and sunlight and to promote trains with wounded, empty sanitary trains and stepplings on a par with operational military echelons.
During the war years, the volume of transportation on evacuation was wounded amounted to 11,863 trains. In the fact that it was possible to heal, return 72.3 percent of the wounded and 90.6 percent of patients with warriors, there is a considerable work of railway workers who made everything to create military sanitary trains, quickly promote them by railways, rather to deliver wounded in the rear countries.
N. A. Kosarev - a train carriage master of the military-sanitary train number 342, a hero of socialist labor
On June 22, - recalled Major Medical Service, Honored Doctor of the Kazakh SSR, Kavaler of the Order of Patriotic War II degree and Red Star, Honorary Railwayman A. K. Sukhukova, and in 1941, the young doctor of the tourxiba railway hospital, - I am with a military Sanitary train went to the front. Under the knock of the wheels, he repeated like an oath, the words of the chief surgeon of the Red Army of Nikolai Nilovich Burdenko:
"You, fighters of the Red Army, remember that we will be with you! We will guard your health, we divide all the difficulties of combat life and along with you we will despise the danger! Together with you, we will draw our courage in the enthusiasm of the great multinational people, when it will with weapons in the hands of protecting the achievements of his freed work! "
... Our military-sanitary train rushed to the West, to the front. Do not forget those terrible days. Do not delete from my first serious memory. So he, as in reality. Not alive and not dead. Not shouting, does not complain, does not require. The view is still. The pulse is barely tough. It was easy to preserve the necessary calm, to overcome the involuntary weakness, - no weakness - fear! Early ...
Thousands of railway transport medical workers dressed military uniforms.
The timely evacuation of the wounded escaped importance. Not to leave the battlefield on the battlefield, there was a law. The kingdom himself, and the comrade will tear down - such was the tradition of the front fraternity.
The salvation of the wounded warrior was determined by the Order of the People's Commissar of the USSR Defense of August 23, 1941, as a manifestation of high military valor, standing in one row with the exploits of pilots, tankers, infantrymen, artillery players, sailors.
Railway workers showed bravery and dedication, delivered wounded on time to destinations in time, saving Mercy's train at rates of enemy aviation and shelling.
Despite clearly identifying signs, Hitler's pilots from the first days of the war hunted for military-sanitary trains. Only in 1941, these trains made 224 attacks.
After the massive aircraft, on August 29, 1941), the paths were destroyed at the MGA station, the depot is burning, the locomotives and cars, a lot of those killed and damaged. Some of the miracle survived one train with seriously edged. It must be sent as soon as possible. And at the station one-only suitable locomotive, but without a brigade. And then the locomotive depot of I. N. Chmutov, who has no control rights rose to the locomotive. He led the train to Leningrad and deliberately delivered it to the Moscow railway station. It was the last train arriving in the city on the Neva from MGI in 1941. The next day, Moscow State University took an opponent.
Not far from Kharkov, at the station Losevo, on October 21, 1941 there was a military-sanitary train. Eylo's wounded here are a lot. It is impossible to place in one composition. Then the commander of the armored train standing here organized a trailer to the fortress on the wheels of several empty platforms. The mattresses were taken next to the hostel station, the mattresses were taken, put on the platform and evacuated this way all the wounded.
In the area of \u200b\u200bDebaltseva, the battles continued all November and December 1941. The fascists and a linear station Dereradovka were continuously fired, which arrived from Voroshilovgrad of stewing with ammunition and food. From here hurt in the rear of wounded fighters and commanders. Most often at the exact time. In the depraught of severely entered the sleigh. Furious traveled on foot. They were met by the head of the station L. D. Gorenkin and Senior Shooter I. N. Prokopenko, the assistant chief of the political waste of the Voroshilovgrad branch according to Komsomol I. X. Golzheko, who often accompanied the train. The situation sometimes was so much that he had to work for an assistant driver, a stagger, a loader, compiler. The wounded were placed in wagons. Sanya drove the ammunition delivered by trains and sent to the forefront.
On December 5, 1941, the military commandant station Voroshilovgrad gave an order: "Sanitary pavement number 5 with a steam locomotive E 709-65, the driver I. S. Kovalenko, send to Dereradovka for wounded fighters and commanders." Since the defrarandower was almost continuously subjected to fire raids, the pavement stopped in an agreed place. Here with ravines and beams, so as not to notice the enemy, delivered wounded - more than 120 people. When it was possible to go, anxious message came to: in the dererande the enemy's troops.
We will make your way, - accepted the decision I. S. Kovalenko. Pumpped water to the boiler, refuel the furnace with coal and moved down. When approaching the deprerande, the group of Nazis was noticed on the platform. "Open the purge crane!" - ordered an assistant driver. Files concerning the train of fascists led the hot waterfall mixture. There were screams and moans, then random shooting. But the sunlight has already passed the station, jumped out of the enemy ring.
In the area of \u200b\u200bKupyansk - Valuyki on a sanitary fellow woman with wounded fighters, the enemy airplanes suddenly flew out. The first pair of bomber with firing dive. There is nothing to defend - on military-sanitary trains the installation of anti-aircraft guns is not provided. The enemy knew that it was possible to act unpunished.
Machinist A. Fedotov slows down sharply, although he knows that thereby causes great pain to be wounded, but all the bombs fell ahead, and the train is intact. The path is damaged, the composition is measured. And the planes one by one go to the attack. Four cars caught fire - people die. The locomotive and the conductor brigades disclaim the wagons, knock off the flames, saved the wounded. Kochghar Samsonov died, he got burns driver Fedotov, clothes on the main conductor Efimova burns, but members of the train brigade continue to fight for the lives of people. Finally, the planes stopped the bombing, as their deadly cargo ended. Soon it was possible to finally repay the fire. Corrected the way and the train went on.
The feat of railway workers is highly appreciated: the title of the Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded the title of the Hero of Socialist Labor, the driver Alexei Fedotov was awarded the Order of Lenin.
On the Ryazan-Ural road, the driver A. G. Korneev led a naval-sanitary train. With the raid of enemy aviation, he was heavily wounded, but, expired with blood, brought the train from under the bombing, saved hundreds of wounded fighters and commanders. Alexander Gavrilovich Korneev posthumously awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
On July 14, 1942, Hitler Aviation produced a massive raid to the dodanzanskaya station North-Donetsk road. Kirchegars Zinchenko and Matvienko died, the assistant driver I. Pirogov was seriously injured, the senior driver V. Ya. Dubina was injured. The brigade buried the dead, with the help of local railway workers eliminated flowing in the tender, produced the most necessary repair and moved on. At the station, the Red Grave of them is met by a duty station and a group of vible.
Check. Train with seriously edged should be taken immediately.
We take, "V. Ya. Dububi said firmly, which recovered a little. Coupled from the composition of broken cars, as Lokomotiv could still be filtered. For the right wing, a senior driver sat down, and his brother Mikhail and A. G. Yermakov were for the assistant to the driver and the Kochigar. The path of this military-sanitary train has spread through Gukovo, Zverevo, Rostov, Bataysk, Caucasian. He was subjected to bombing, but the mineral waters arrived without loss.
A risky flight on a faulty locomotive did not end. In the hospital of the Evrata station, that near Baku, V. Ya. Dubin was removed by fragments, and the flight continued through the Caspian Sea to Kzyl-Horde.
As you drove on such a mutilated locomotive, they were surprised at the local depot. - I can not believe that they followed the trains ...
In 1943, Vasily Vasily Yakovlevich Dubin awarded the title Hero of Socialist Labor.
In early August 1942, near Armavir, recalls the commander of the third company of the fifth bridge battalion of the first Guards Railway Brigade of Georgy Mikhailovich Odulov, the stations remained mostly fighters-demolitions. They must restore the damaged way, send the wagons with cargoes on it, and then blow the way. When the wagons were sent, proceeded to barrage work.
At this time, the wounded redarmeys began to arrive at the station, they gathered them more than a hundred. The only opportunity is to evacuate the wounded railway tracks. The locomotive and wagons are, but there is no person who would know how to manage the locomotive. Sergeant Polysnikov found among the locals of the former driver of the locomotive. He was already old and seriously sick, could not even say. The fighters brought him on their hands to the locomotive, contributed to the booth. Polyanyn asked to show what should be done to bring the car in motion. When the driver stopped at any lever or crane, the poultry was taken for him, and if the sick nod was sick, the sergeant understood what was acting correctly. Then four cars with wounded wounded to the locomotive and sent towards Tuapse.
In the parks of the station of the Oktyabrskaya Railway there were several trains, among which the military-sanitary. Enemy aircraft appeared above the station. Attendant in the third post ordered the arrogernice of Kuznetsova to prepare a route for a military-sanitary pavement. Kuznetsova rushed to translate the arrows. The bomb broke near the bomb. A fragole overtook a woman when several steps remained to the last arrow. From the last forces of Kuznetsova, reached the lever, translated the arrow, she served the signal and dropped the signal and fell.
On June 18, 1944, a group of fascist bomber with missiles on the parachutes lit the station at two o'clock in the morning of the Kalininsk Railway station at two o'clock in the morning. A few minutes before that, a sanitary train arrived and duty at the station N. V. Saveliev managed to give the team to replace the locomotive. Bombing began. Immediately collapsed telephone. The duty officer could not call any arrow post or a depot or a train dispatcher. Together with the Military Commandant rushed to where the sanitary was stood to immediately send the train from the station. Fascist vultures made one visiting after another. Everything is sorrow, crushing. But people were on the ground. The courage and courage showed the senior shooter of Innocent Burmakin. Under the hail of fragments quickly cooked the route, slept the steam locomotive under the sanitary and the train went.
Traveling No. 6 on the new-building line Kizlyar - Astrakhan. Here during the evacuation received the appointment of the Sparshilovgrad Branch of Ekaterina Konayeva. Together with her, railroad workers arrived from Rhodakovo station: A. I. Grechany, who was commissioned to lead the small team of the road, the maneuver dispatcher D. I. Mogyul, the arroges S. V. Verbicksky and I. A. Kovalev, and even sixteen years of grave nephew - Alexander .
At the ambulance hand from the sleepers and other materials left by the builders, built housing: something similar to the dugout. Then they sent a written two-axis wagon. One half was taken to work, the other - under housing.
Echelons went continuously: north - military, south - with evacuated wounded, equipment.
On the morning of September 23, 1942, a military-sanitary fellow arrived at the travel. Loved her driver A. Kalyuzhny. Two conductors for the whole train. They were asked Katya to pour in the steppe wormwood for brooms. Returning, heard the hum of aircraft, whistling bombs. From all the legs rushed to the flaming, exhaust fragments of the car, where he lived and worked. Of all comrades, only Ivan Kovalev filed signs of life:
Turn me on the back. I want to see the sky.
Now I will help, Ivan Andreevich, - Katya fell cautiously under the head with a dying bunch of wormwood.
Aside, heard moan. Katya rushed there. Wounded in his leg cuckoo crawled from a burning car. He dragged him out, tied him on an ambulance hand and hurried to send a military-sanitary fellow. Fortunately, she is unharmed.
I found a telephone device in the wreckage, attached it on the post, contacted the neighboring station and issued a permission to the driver's assanderly follow.
The train left. Soon the car burned to the hospital, arriving from the neighboring station. Killed buried.
Katya remained alone. Almost three days on the desert junction met and accompanied the train. It is not clear how she had enough forces after a three-day watch fascinating 5 kilometers to the arms of the paths!
An important importance for servicing the soldiers of the Red Army was the creation of the Ban Baths on the railways and factories. Each appearance of such a train at the front pleased the soldiers of the Red Army. This is how the front-line newspaper was written in those years: "The small train is far visible. Wagons shine in the sun with fresh paint. On one of them it is written: "Train bath for the fighters of the Red Army from the working Northern Railways and the Vologda Survo-Safe Plant."
We go to this unusual train. Improve the eye impeccable cleanliness and wonderful amenities. We are offered to undress. The service personnel indicates the procedure for passing through this train.
We enter the hairdresser. Here, too, clean, cozy. And here is the bath itself. How nice to wash in it is such a comfortable and hot hut!
The train has a lounge. If you were waved before the comrade, then wait here. At your service newspapers, chess ...
Fighters and commanders of the units of the younger lieutenant Shkudov, having disappeared in this beautiful bath and rest, ask the newspaper's editorial office to convey heartly thanks to the working Northern Railway and Plant. "
Railway workers were addressed to other warm words. Short, but no less expressive: "Thank you hot. Major Vasilyev. " "Many thanks. Lieutenant Putkov. " "Here's a wonderful sauna! They know the comrades of the railway workers than to please the front-line. Senior Politruk A. Kakorin. " "Everything is good here, wonderful. I deeply agitated such love and care for fighters and commander. Thank you! Senior Battalion Commissioner K. Novikov. "
Medical and preventive work
During the Great Patriotic War, workers of therapeutic institutions (hospitals, polyclinic, ambulatory, medical and obstetric items) of railway transport worked with a huge tension. In the front-line areas, they have provided medical care around the clock. In the echelons of evacuated enterprises, institutions and the population, sanitary posts were organized.
On the basis of the Central Clinical Hospital, the NKPS and road hospitals in large railway nodes were organized by Evukboites. Rebuilt the nature of the work of hospitals, quickly prepared them for receiving wounded. Part of the doctors in the early days of the war was called into the Red Army. In evacuitudes, many therapists and physicians and doctors of some other specialties became surgeons.
Moscow railway workers transfer to the front-line train bath
The EvicoPuest team under the Central Clinical Hospital of the NCPS, headed by Professor T. P. Phenchenkov, providing timely and highly qualified medical care for the wounded, ensured the return of more than 7 thousand soldiers of the Red Army. And in the afternoon, and at night, the hospital workers for the life and health of Soviet people fought. Doctors N. S. Zhigalko, T. I. Linnik, E. D. Terian, I. I. Yudina, Medical sisters O. M. Andreeva, A. M. Zakharenkov, A. S. Osipenko, N. in . Sazonov and many others. When there was not enough donor blood for the wounded - doctors became donors.
In the Moscow Central Clinical Hospital named after N. A. Semashko, the Yaroslavl Railway, transformed in July 1942 to the Central Clinical Hospital of the NKPS, the first military-sanitary train delivered 363 wounded Kaluga from 3 September 1941. The hospital team showed high organized. Surgeons and therapist doctors who have been preparing under the guidance of Professor V. R. Briatsev and the leading surgeon K. E. Pottylov, successfully coped with the treatment of wounded. An example of selfless labor was submitted by the head of the hospital V. A. Mukhvishnikov, Doctors N. B. Arutyunova, K. P. Ivanov, M. V. Leminovskaya, I. M. Lobodenko, Medical sisters E. I. Gladchikova, E. G. Kuzmicheva , K. N. Maskin and others. During the war in the hospital, the health of thousands of soldiers and officers of the Red Army were restored.
The whole medical chain of railway transport worked closely with the Military Medical Service of the Red Army. Railway medical institutions were hospitalized wounded and patients from evacuated population.
The war caused the migration of the population in the country. There was a risk of occurrence and distribution of mass diseases. From the very first days of the sanitary facilities of railway transport lay a large load. Active work was carried out to prevent and eliminate infectious diseases by railway sanitary and medical institutions, the necessary medical assistance was provided. Disinfection stations were created, insulating checkpoints, sanitary disinfection trains and disinfection detachments.
In December 1942, medical and sanitary departments on the roads reorganized into medical and sanitary services, central medical and sanitary governance - to the main medical and sanitary management of the NKPS. This raised their role and responsibility for the provision of medical care. In January 1943, they organized road and linear sanitary and epidemiological stations based on sanitary sites.
The practical assistance to medical institutions provided well-known scientists-physicians V. R. Bright, I. A. Kassirsky, N. V. Konovalov, E. F. Rabkin, S. F. Kazansky, V. I. Kazansky and other specialists who worked in EvicoPares and hospitals of railway transport.
The roads developed by Professor P. I. Nikitin and other specialists of the Central Research Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology of Railway Transport scheme and methods of disinfection of trains and train stations were widely used on the roads.
The head of the medical and sanitary service of the Central Asian road Sh. J. Eshonhegeev so talked about the work of Tashkent physicians at that time: "From day to day, a month after a month, the Tashkent's stationary area was filled with escaped areas of the country's districts. The clues of the sanitary and control point were sketching here. A small state, which was led by a sanitary doctor A. S. Grigoriev, was overloaded. Doctors in the afternoon and night met and accompanied the train, revealed the sick, conducted sanitary processing of wagons. If necessary, patients were sent to the district hospital.
At the initiative of the Tashkent Zode railway workers, the production training of recovering wounded fighters was organized in the subposteer hospital. At the hospital equipped the office of communication. Theoretical course was led by the Lipat Communication Transport Communications Teacher. In the same hospital opened electrical, lathe and laminated rooms. People who could no longer fight, received a specialty ... "
Thanks to the organization of the timely evacuation of the wounded countries in the rear of the country conducted by a large medical and preventive work, railway workers made an invaluable contribution to the saving of life and the restoration of the health of thousands and thousands of Soviet people, preventing mass infectious diseases among the population.
Across the war. Berlin
Jacob Kolesnik (in the picture) passed the war from Voroshilovgrad to Berlin. In his awards - the long way of the rifle regiment to victory: two orders of the Patriotic War, the Order of the Red Star, the Medals "for the courage", "for military merit", "For the defense of Stalingrad", "For the liberation of Warsaw", "For the capture of Berlin", "For the victory over Germany" ...
Front-line pharmaciesRod Yakov Sidorovich from Ukraine. Before the war, he received in absentia to the pharmaceutical Faculty of Kiev Medin Institute. He worked as an assistant in Pharmacy No. 79 in his native district center raisa.
"In August 1941, he was sent to Voroshilovgrad (now - Lugansk) by the assistant to the pharmacy chief in the rifle regiment, - Veteran spoke about front roads at a meeting with Brest pharmacists. - In November 1941, he was translated by Feldsher to the station Hungarovka of the Rostov region, where they provided the first medical assistance to the wounded. They were located in the dugouts, in the conditions of complete antisanitarian: from rodents infected Tularemia. In January 1942, after treatment, he arrived in Stalingrad; Appointed head of the pharmacy of the 853rd rifle regiment.
In the spring of 1942, translated under Kharkov, who since the beginning of June the Germans bombed. Heavy battles were walking, but the enemy managed to break through the front line - we retreated. The crossings are destroyed. Through the Oskol River, climbing - under fire. The city was reached late at night. We were ordered to wait for the division and keep at any cost ...
Then there were fights for Stalingrad, from which our offensive began. The fierce battles behind Mount Kremynets in the Raisa area: the Germans chained their machine gunners so that they did not give up positions. Raisins took the summer of 1943.
By the end of the winter of 1944, Zaporizhia was liberated, in the spring - Odessa, in the summer - Chisinau. Then the division was transferred to the 1st Belarusian front, which he commanded Georgy Zhukov. Moved to Western Ukraine, then - on Warsaw, Kustere, Oder, Lansberg, Berlin ... "
Valor in peacetime
After the war, Jacob Sidorovich continued to serve in the troops.
In 1956 he became a deputy. Head of the receiving department of the Brest Regional Pharmacy Warehouse. In 1963 - Head of the Brest Regional Pharmacy Warehouse. Built 2 warehouses. Introduced information technology, improved the material and technical base. In 1970, Ya. Kolesnik was awarded the medal "For Valiant Labor." In 1985-1992 He worked as a technologist of the Brest pharmacy management.
Partisan "Shield" Health
The doctor from Gomel Maxim Yermakov was 27 years old when the Great Patriotic War began. From the first days - at the front: the Sunrot Commander, the head of the medical service of the regiment, the Medicalbat of the Division ... In November 1942 he received contusion and captured. Miraculously survived in the fascist camp of the death "Groslazaret" (see "MV" for 08.05.2008, No. 19). After escape from the concentration camp, it was in the Sitovo partisan compound, he was appointed head of the medical service of one of the detachments, then the whole formation.
We publish memories of a health veteran about the partisan buddies of physicians.
By the end of 1942, the detachment of Ivan Shitov rose into a major partisan compound that had his medical service. At first, the qualified personnel were not enough, but the rows of partisans replenished doctors, paramedic, nurses, the will of the fate of the enemy's rear, who fled from the fascist captivity.
Doctors Gregory Kochetov, Nikolay Makarov, Feldsher Leonid Chebykin headed the medical unit in the detachments of them. Kirov, "For Motherland", im. Chapayev. Elena Strange, before the war, who worked in the surgical department of the Tour Hospital, became the eldest nurse of the hospital, and after some time, with the help of the surgeon Fyodor Goncharov, he took possession of the skills of the operating sister. With duties and herself coped perfectly, and trained the dressing nurses to work in Lazareta.
Until the middle of 1943, the medical unit received from a big land from the case to occasion. Elena taught his assistants to make bandages from the tedimentible canvas, the pillows for dressing packages, in which, instead of cotton, used a linen pass, growing sick and others growing on the sick places, despite the difficult conditions of partisan life, insistently demanded from nurses to comply with the rules of asepsis and antiseptics. When the trophy autoclave with bixes and preims, Elena taught girls to work with him.
Feldscher Stepan Leshchenko (before the fascist occupation - the pharmacist in the village. Vasilevichi) became the head of the pharmacy. Locked strict records of drugs, followed the detachment climbing climbing with medicines on time. The efforts of surgeons mastered the technique of mask anesthesia and helped during operations.
With the activation of combat operations, the wounded became greater, to cope with the increased work of the doctors did not have time. We trained the partisans for self-mutual assistance skills when injured in battle: imposing bandages, stopping bleeding with a bundle of any soft tissue, fixation of damaged bones, etc.
In a short time prepared 69 Sanners, 102 Sanitar; In each platoon they created Sanzna, in the Roths - Sannotes. This improved the medical service of the partisan, in the detachments they installed a sannelotold for the skill, storage of food, the work of the geographics, the fulfillment of the rules of personal and public hygiene.
Daily several groups of 3-4 people. We went to combat tasks. They acted at a great distance from the main base, so each was Sanaktvist, who assisted wounded, evacuated to Lazare or partisan hospital. It happened, affected by a few days carried on homemade stretchers. If you managed to get a horse - delivered riding or on the cart, in winter - on the sleigh. Fascist garrisons arrived at night, and the peasants were covered in the afternoon.
Field Surgery
Effectively operated the surgical group of strengthening (XSU), which included surgeon, assistant, anesthesian, operating sister, sanitation. The transport was fixed behind them. HSU had everything you need for 2-3 operations and worked in the field. If the wounded after surgery was untransported, the temporary hospital unfolded.
On the basis of the surgical department of the hospital, organized courses on military field surgery for doctors and paramedics. As a leading surgeon, I took the examinations from the cadets, the most prepared received permission to conduct primary surgical processing of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Lazareta, participated in uncomplicated operations.
Together with the starting, we got a great moonshine apparatus and adapted it to prepare distilled and bidistillated water. Steel began to prepare 0.25%, 0.5%, 2% novocaine solutions, saline, 5% - glucose, 10% - table salt. This made it possible to widely implement qualified surgical treatment. Operations were carried out in the peasant hut, the chaolache, dugout, it happened - and on the cart. If it was operated in the open air, a sheet was hanging over the wounded, moistened with 0.2% solution of chlorine or carbolic acid. The operating table served a shield from boards or tesa. The wounded Grigory Kharitonenko attracted folding iron legs to him, and then hung off wooden shields from two ends: it was possible to change the position of the body during the operation.
For the medical service allocated the best horses, carts, harness; The ride was appointed Sanitar, who helped the nurse to care for the wounded. The partisans often changed the dislocation, moving from place to place in the shake, bumpy roads. We tried that transportation did not deliver injured and sick harm. When moving, intramuscularly analgesic agents were injected, heavy - 2 single doses, sometimes 3, reducing the risk of traumatic shock.
Feldsher Vladimir Kolobkov came up with a grid from the rope. Under it, on the floor, the hay, straw, summer - green branches; From above - the bed, which was stacked by the wounded. Over time, the frame was installed over the wagon (they were made from the rods of the vine or from the wire), covered with a cloak-tent - it was protected from rain and snow, and in summer - from the scorching sun.
Spit instead of scalpel
Often, proven folk remedies were used to treat (see "Partisan" drawings). Health workers and recovering wounded collected St. John's wort, the immortals, plantain, Lily of Lily, Valerian, Chernika, Malina, and others. Healing plants. Of these, in the hospital pharmacy, infusions, decoctions, and others were preparing the chopped aloe leaves with heroic fat used as an anti-inflammatory agent for purulent wounds and skin diseases.
Do not forget about physiotherapy. Feldsher Maxim Mituccan before the war worked in Fto of the Lepel Hospital; Help the massage technique perfectly, knew how to use peat and mud. Thermal procedures are heated sand, potatoes, flaxseed, warming compresses, rubbing helped recovery wounded in the postoperative period, especially when restoring the functions of the limbs.
In today, tires were made of tires; Parachute woven adapted for the manufacture of sanitary bags, cloths and straps for stretcher. The slats of the braids in the hands of the craftsmen turned into surgical scalpels or amputation knives. From galvanized tin Mastery of sterilizers.
Partisans Sergey Utkin, Semyon Sparrow, Ivan Seutkin with Feldsher, Evgeny Osipov, constructed a collapsible dezer. The sample was made 4 more and installed in several villages. Dezhemera helped reduce infectious incidence among residents.
During the actions of the Shitovsky partisan compound, a medical assistance was provided to 431 wounded; In surgical activity, 60.4% postoperative mortality was 1.9%; 73.3% of the victims of the guerrilla returned to the system.
Maxim Ermakov, a veteran of the partisan movement, Gomel.
To victory - on a sanitary train
Galina Pogorelov, Veteran of the Great Patriotic War, the former senior nurse Rapipolyniki Schuchinskaya CRH, came to congratulate the head physician Stanislav Ambrushkevich, Chairman of the trade union committee of Elena Podline and the current senior nurse Rapolyikliniki Lyudmila Jreptovich.
Galina Pogorelova, the former senior nurse Rapolyiklinic Schuchinsky CRH, passed the Great Patriotic War until the last day. More precisely, he drove in the front-line sanitary train No. 1151.
Caught 68 years old, but the memory retained the smallest details.
Morning on June 22. Joking and talking, running Galya with girlfriends through the meadow to the forest - for strawberries. The sun only emerged due to the horizon. Feet nicely choking pure dew. Sunny Polyana all in fragrant berry. One handy - in the mouth, the second - in the mug. Tasty! Quickly filled the rootes to the top. Returned to the native village of Chernistokinsk, which is 20 kilometers from Nizhny Tagil, stored with fragrant sweetness, funny, satisfied. It was surprised that all windows in the houses were lazy. From somewhere came: "War began."
The next day, the 17-year-old girls went to ask the front. In response: "Wound to you!" Stormed the military enlistment office three times, the agenda of Galina, who had time to complete the Nizhnyagil's medical staff, received only in June 1942.
Sanitary train became a place of service. They were taken injured from the front line and delivered to the rear composition. So he mooded like a shuttle, in the hot front-line zone of its 1151th. From bombing hid in roadside grass and rare armories along the "piece of iron". They dragged into shelter and helpless wounded. Galina pounded 3 cars: bandaged, turned, washed, he was drunk, fed the fighters, and even ... turned themselves the self-killer. Dead closed her eyes ...
Already 4 months at the front. The cruel shelling at the conifer station. Wounded in the leg, strong contusion (500-kilogram Fougascus broke out 100 meters). In a second, I saw it: a partner, a young girl-Feldeshru, a fragment, as a razor, cut off his head. From shock and contusion, Galina lost speech and rumor for a week, but he refused to go to the hospital. They came out their doctors from the 1151st.
Another tragic memory. 1943. The train from Leningrad, where weavers were exported to Moscow, under massive bombing turned into a real bake (1151th there was towards him). Fatal, ridiculous turn of fate: people who survived from hungry death died in fire. Among the charred bodies most were children ...
Where the offensive began, there we threw us, "recalls Galina Ivanovna. - It happened, the days did not wash the eyes. There is no time to eat, and did not resemble pavements. In addition to injury, and an ulcer on the front earned.
In the morning I woke up from shooting. Heard a joyful message on the radio: "Victory!" Immediately went to Nevsky. We, girls in gymnasters, passersby hugged, kissed, thanked. This is the brightest memory in my life!
But for Galina, the war has not ended. The train was sent to the Far East. Then - in Manchuria. On the way to Harbin, I met my love: a wedding with a senior Vasily Pogorelov played directly in native composition of 1151.
In Schuchin arrived in 1954. Belarus has become the second birthplace, Raibolnitsa is the only place for her peaceful service. 40 years worked in Rayipolynik (of which 12 - being retired). First, a nurse in a surgical office.
Then there was no sisters of procedural, dressing - everything did it myself. From 9 to 12 dressings and other manipulations, then at the reception. Dr. Sergei Ilyich Presnov took without refusal - patients and therapeutic, and gynecological, and oncological, and even tuberculosis. I got it. Well, the Sanitary Eugene Beetle helped - the material sterilize, gypsum roll. Now all this is, but before - prepared themselves.
Then allocated the eldest bid. Worked on this position a quarter of a century. So many worries! They built a clinic, the nurses became more, but still lacked. You fulfill the duties of the eldest - and run to the oncologist Alexander Semenovna Merzlikina to help her at the reception ...
In pensions, Galina Ivanovna began to work in an infectious office. It was necessary to write supretyvetmateries and arrange them. I went to Grodno for your experience, added my fantasy. Behind the flowers, the pots went to Skidel. Live green wall made from traditions. In a word, created comfort, flowers even bloomed in the shadow! Month 4 "Cold". Benches turned out to be informative, colorful. All-Union check appreciated the office of the Cabinet as exemplary.
I remember the chief physician of Gavrilev leads guests. Deputy. The minister asks me: "How many nights did you sleep, so that you create such a beauty?" Indeed, not in the eyebrow, and in the eye I got. I really took a pencil at night, drew on paper, like what to do.
The main rule in work, like on the front, was to help people. She asked for young nurses to see the needs of a sick person, treated him sensitively, heartily, encouraged, supported. The negligible subordinates could say sharply: "It's not easier to communicate with you, think about doing another profession."
Today, Galina Ivanovna sees badly due to cataracts. Sometimes and does not recognize someone on the street, but grateful Shchuchins are always called, stop, ask about health, will offer help. True, in the last Galina Ivanovna does not need: the son takes care of the mother. And colleagues. At the slightest ailment, they will be treated, prescribed treatment, you need to be put in the hospital. Included for holidays, in recent years - visit themselves. On the birthday and day of medical workers - necessarily. The head physician Stanislav Ambrushevich buys beautiful, bright colors and travels with the Chairman of the trade union committee and the current senior nurse Rapolylicinici to Galina Ivanovna, to express his admiration for a woman who carried the military male's brittle shoulders.
She and today wins - old age, sneaking to weakness, illness. In the morning - necessarily makes charging, cottons around the house. And now, to its 86th anniversary, a festive table for colleagues has covered. We sat, Considered, Galina Ivanovna recalled the War years. It is still a young ringing voice shook only once, when he told about the day of the victory in Leningrad. How not to be touched by: I drove all the same alive at the 1151th sanitary. And how many beautiful and young tempered ...
Underground pharmacy
In Brest on a residential building No. 18, Soviet Street, in which the pharmacy number 4 was previously located, a memorial plaque was established in the memory of Galina Arzhanova.
In several rows on the metal - the tragic fate and the feat of a medical worker: "Here during the Great Patriotic War, on the task of the party underground, Galina Aleksandrovna Argenova worked in a pharmacy - connected partisan detachments. In December 1943, after the brutal torture, the Nazis hung a brave patriot. "
... Galina was born in 1922 in the village of Ivanovo under Volokolamsky. After the seven, he entered the Moscow pharmaceutical school, which he graduated with honors in 1940.
The graduate Arzhanov was sent to Brest, at the pharmacy number 4. For less than a year, the girl had a chance to work in peacetime. The war found in a unchanged city.
The last Galino letter of native dated May 20, 1941. "I don't have time at all ... I'm in a pharmacy for whole days or in management, I am preparing a summary of work for June 1 to send to Minsk. This is a simple recipe count, but now for more than a week there are so hot and dry days that there is no strength to work, the head does not form anything.
The river all the days is filled with people, and I have not bathed and not sunbathe. With the onset of warm weather, the entire city was coming. Brest became noisy: and in the afternoon, and at night, people walk through the streets, there are fun talking fun or sing ...
In general, in Brest is not bored now, but still I want to visit your native edges. Vacation is promised to me from July 20, duration, like all pharmacists, except the heads, - 2 weeks. "
At the beginning of the war, Galina has established contact with underground workers, together with them a leaflet spread, followed the movements of the enemy military units. On the task of the Brest underground committee of the party in 1942 returned to the pharmacy. The girl who has already been a connected partisan detachment of the name of Cernaka got the opportunity to supply fighters with medicines, medical instruments, dressing material.
In 1942, the relatives received the last news about her daughter: a representative of the headquarters of the partisan compound was arrived in the village of Ivanovo, who spoke about Gale. And in October 1943, the Gestapo arrested her on the denier; In December, the girl hung.
Alexei Arzhanov wanted daughter. On August 8, 1944 he wrote in the name of the head of the Brest pharmacy. After 3 months later, the family received an answer from Galina's girlfriend - Olga Filippovich, who headed after the liberation of Belarus, the pharmacy No. 1 of Brest: "I am very unpleasant to give you such news of my daughter, but you have to write what is. Daughter Your honestly died for their homeland. She was connected with the partisan detachment and helped medicines all the time. And in 1943 she was caught by German dogs and shot. "
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Galina Argenova is posthumously awarded the Order of the Patriotic War I degree. Since 1972, the name of the underground workers wears one of the Brest streets.
Elena Aleksyk, Brest TPRP "Pharmacy". Photo from the archive of Brest TPRUP "Pharmacy".
Galina Argenova worked as a pharmacist in peacetime less than a year. Before the victory, the girl did not live - for the help of the partisans connected in 1943, the fascists hung.
During the years of the Great Patriotic War, military-sanitary trains saved millions of wounded fighters, making his way from the "boilers" and the hottest places of advance.
Mobilization
On June 24, 1941, the People's Commissariat of Commissions of Messages (NKPS) gave an indication of railways to form 288 military-sanitary trains. For them, six thousand cars were singled out and identified the staff of railway workers. The military-sanitary train (VSP) consisted of specially equipped wagons for serious and accessible, insulator, pharmacies-dressing, kitchen and other service wagons. In addition to VSP, there were a huge role in the evacuation of the wounded, so-called, sanitary pavements. They moved into small distances, and were formed mainly from covered cargo cars equipped for the transportation of wounded. Military trains served train brigades, which included conductors, train carriages, a train electrician and a power plants engineer.
On July 17, 1941, a military-sanitary train No. 87 went from Saratov to his first flight. And here is a rare photo - against the background of this composition, his boss is posing - the captain of the medical service of Tabakov Pavel Kondratievich.
Soon, the wounded redarmeys will open this train "Happy", and after 64 years ago, a documentary film will be removed, in which the son of the Various Tabakov will take part - the famous actor and director Oleg Pavlovich Tabakov. The legendary train made 135 flights to the bake of military hell and lost only the tail carriage and one person killed for all this time! At the same time, thousands of soldiers' lives saved on the train number 87.
Baptism of fire
On September 1, 1941, at the Novo-Alekseyevka station "Happy" first came under the shelling of enemy aircraft. Pop-87 health workers continued to assist victims. The second plaque Personal train met fire from the rifles.
"Especially memorable loading in Taganrog on October 3, 1941 in the context of the panic city due to the approach of fascist troops. Simultaneously with a small group of wounded (50 people), our train was supposed to take workers and staff of eight hospitals. However, the wounded began to bring on motorcycles and machines directly from the battlefield. Soon, their number increased to 147. I learned that in one of the hospitals there were carriage wounded, and immediately took measures to export these patients, and they were all taken to the train, "then recalled Pavel Tabakov.
Feats of railway workers
Despite the clear identification signs of the Red Cross, the Hitler's pilots from the first days of the war hunted for military and sanitary trains. Only in 1941, these trains made 224 attacks.
On December 5, 1941, the military commandant station Voroshilovgrad gave an order: "Sanitary pavement number 5 with a locomotive E 709-65, in which Ivan Kovalenko worked as a driver in which Ivan Kovalenko, send to Deprradovka for wounded fighters and commander." Since the defrarandower was almost continuously subjected to fire raids, the pavement stopped in an agreed place. Here with ravines and beams, so as not to notice the enemy, delivered wounded - more than 120 people. When it was possible to go, the terrible news came: the troops of the enemy entered the dererande, - the paths for waste are cut off.
"I decided that we would break through! Pumpped water to the boiler, refuel the furnace with coal and moved down. When approaching the deprerande, the group of Nazis was noticed on the platform. "Open the purge crane!" - I ordered my assistant. Files concerning the train of fascists led the hot waterfall mixture. There were screams and moans, then random shooting. But the sunlight has already passed the station, jumped out of the enemy ring, "then he remembered the driver of the Sanitary train Kovalenko. Another feat of railway workers was performed on the site Kupyansk - Valuyki. The enemy aircraft flew to the sanitary fence with wounded fighters. There is nothing to defend - on military-sanitary trains the installation of anti-aircraft guns is not provided. The enemy knew that it was possible to act unpunished.
Machinist A. Fedotov sharply slowed down, contrary to all instructions, so he saved hundreds of lives, - all the bombs fell ahead, and the train survived.
A minute later, the bombs were made to the composition, four cars immediately caught fire, the wounded began to burn alive. Then the locomotive and conductor brigades broked the wagons, began to shoot down the flames from them. In the fight against fire, Kochoeman Samsonov died, he got burns driver Fedotov, clotched clothes on the main conductor Efimov, but members of the train brigade continued the struggle for the lives of people. The planes stopped the bombing only when their deadly cargo ended. Soon it was possible to finally repay the fire. The path was fixed and the military-sanitary train went on.
Diversants and traitors against sanitary trains
From the first days of the Great Patriotic War in our rear, the saboteurs and pests began to "work". Here are just two evidence of their inhuman "feats."
"In my eyes, the Germans bomb the sanitary train," says Veteran of the Great Patriotic War Ekaterina Kovalenko. - When everyone was evacuated from Dnepropetrovsk, I was as part of a sanitary train. At the station Nizhnedneprovsk-Knot stood, waited for "green" light. And we needed just a little bit - under Novomoskovsky, in Orlovshchina, there was our EvicoPost. But the dispatcher at the station turned out to be a pest: he not only did not release our echelon, who stood on the ways between the two fuel compositions, but also filed a sign of German aviation, who should be bombed. "
Sanitary Levitsky Leonid Semenovich talked about how the saboteurs worked in our rear: "During the loading of the wounded, two fighters appeared in the air - one, and the other German. The German plane shot down our pilot just over the Vasilkoval airfield, and after a while it was delivered to us this wounded pilot. When the German "Messer" turned back, from the rocket, from the ground, he was driven by a green rocket signal. There was a local resident near us, who said: "Do not overnight in the wagons of the kids, since this news feeder filed to him is that hosts are here - they will be bombed."
The next day, at 7 am Naval Sanitary Train No. 1078 attacked 18 German bombers at once.
"The first nine of the aircraft stood with the railway and began to bomb us, and then another nine flew - it went on until 11 o'clock in the day," recalled the veteran of war.
Sanitary trains were required by the medical service of each front, each army. The echelons were formed, including, and at the expense of citizens - they needed huge, at that time, the means - 170 thousand rubles for the composition. Military trains during the war years transported millions of wounded and patients. They were peculiar hospitals on wheels, where the whole days did the doctors and nurses worked for operating and dressings.
Specially equipped for the transportation and treatment of victims, as well as auxiliary wagons, such as car operating cars, kitchens, pharmacies, carriages for staff, morgue cars and the like.
8 (20) May 1877, the first sanitary train of Russia was departed from Perron of the Nikolaev Station. One of the orders on this train was F. F. Shpeperk, which will later write an essay: called " Sanitary train number 1 named after the empress and its 16-month activities during the war 1877-1878.» .
The greatest number of patients and wounded sanitary trains were evacuated during the Great Patriotic War. Millions of the lives of Soviet soldiers and civilians were saved by military-sanitary trains who carried out not only evacuation and first aid, but also speaking in the role of mobile hospitals equipped with operational. According to the testimony of the participants of the war, the German-fascist troops used the emblem of the Red Cross as a cover of their armored trains, while the Red Cross on Soviet trains did not confuse the attackers of their German pilots.
Railway sanitary transport is represented by military-sanitary trains ( Pm) and military sanitary pavements ( VSR).
- Pm Designed for evacuation in the front rear area and in the rear of the country with a continuation of treatment in the path. Formed, as a rule, on the basis of all-metal passenger cars. Evacuature - about 500 people.
- VSR Designed for evacuation in army and front-line areas with medical assistance in the way. Forms from cargo covered wagons with wooden bodies. Evacuature is about 900 people.
Medical trains today
As of 2010, in Russia there are five mobile consulting and diagnostic centers based on railway trains: "Health", "Saint Luka", "Therapist Matvey Mudrov", "Academician Fedor Angles" and "Surgeon Nikolai Pirogov". The diagnostic train consists of eight re-equipped passenger cars. The train has a pharmacy, where you can immediately after the inspection to purchase the necessary medicines. One carriage is equipped with diesel generator units that provide complete autonomy of power supply.
Sanitary trains in literature and cinema
- Art films "Train of Mercy", "For the rest of life", "There is no fodder"
- Documentary film "Road to Stalingrad".
- Fragment of the feature film "Dad"
see also
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Notes
Links
Literature
- Military-sanitary train // Soviet military encyclopedia (8 tons) / N. V. Oharkov (before. Ch. Commission). - m .: Milivdat, 1978. - T. 6. - P. 391. - 671 p. - 105,000 copies.
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Excerpt characterizing a sanitary train
Pierre continued in French to persuade the officer not to collect from this drunk, insane person. The Frenchman listened to silently without changing the gloomy species, and suddenly he turned to Pierre with a smile. He silently looked at him for a few seconds. His beautiful face took a tragically gentle expression, and he extended his hand.- Vous M "Avez Sauve La Vie! Vous Etes Francais, [You saved my life. You are French," he said. For the French, this conclusion was undoubted Capitaina Du 13 Me Leger [Monsieur Rambala, Captain of the 13th Light Regiment] - was, no doubt, the greatest thing.
But no matter how uncomparented this conclusion, and the officer's conviction based on him, Pierre found it necessary to disappoint him.
"Je Suis Russe, [I am Russian," said Pierre quickly.
"Ti Ti, a D" Autres, [tell it to others] - said the Frenchman, making my finger in front of his nose and smiling. - Tout a L "Heure Vous Allez Me Conter Tout Ca," he said. - Charme de Rencontrer Un Compatriote. EH BIEN! QU "ALLONS NOUUS FAIRE DE CET HOMME? [Now you will tell me all this. It is very nice to meet the compatriot. Well! What do we do with this person?] - he added, turning to Pierre, already like his brother. If even Pierre was not a Frenchman, having received it the highest name in the world, he could not renounce him, the expression of the face and the tone of the French officer said. For the last question, Pierre once again explained who was Makar Alekseich, explained that he had the most advent of this Drunk, the crazy man dragged a charged gun, who did not have time to take away from him, and asked to leave his act without punishment.
The Frenchman put up the chest and made the royal gesture hand.
- Vous M "Avez Sauve La Vie. Vous Etes Francais. Vous Me Demandez SA Grace? Je Vous L" Accorde. QU "ON EMMENE CET HOMME, [you saved my life. You are a Frenchman. Do you want to forgive him? I forgive him. To lead the French officer quickly and energetically, taking the French officer under the arm he made him for the salvation of his life In the French Pierre, and went to the house with him.
Soldiers who were on the courtyard, having heard a shot, entered the senses, asking what happened, and revealing the willingness to punish the perpetrators; But the officer strictly stopped them.
"On Vous Demandera Quand On Aura Besoin De Vous," When you need, you will be called, "he said. Soldiers came out. The Bunner, who had time to visit the kitchen, went to the officer.
"Capitaine, ILS ONT De La Soupe et du Gigot de Mouton Dans La Cuisine," he said. - Faut Il Vous L "ApporTer? [Captain They have a soup and fried lamb in the kitchen. Orders to bring?]
- OUI, ET Le Vin, [Yes, and Wine,] - said Captain.
French officer, together with Pierre entered the house. Pierre considered his debt again to assure the captain that he was not a Frenchman, and wanted to leave, but the French officer did not want to hear about it. He was taking such a degree, kindly, good-natured and truly grateful for the salvation of his life, that Pierre did not have the spirit to refuse him and sat down with him in the hall, in the first room, in which they entered. For the statement of Pierre that he is not a Frenchman, the captain, obviously not understanding how it was possible to give up such a flattering title, shrugged and said that he certainly wants to hear Russian, then let it be so, but that he, despite That, still forever connected with him a sense of gratitude for the salvation of life.
If this person would have been gifted at least any ability to understand the feelings of others and guess the feelings of Pierre, Pierre, probably he would have left him; But the lively impermeability of this person to all that he did not have, the Pierre won.
- Francais Ou Prince Russe Incognito, [French or Russian Prince Incognito,] - said the Frenchman, Looking down, though dirty, but Pierre's thin underwear and a ring on his hand. - Je Vous Dois La Vie Je Vous Offre Mon Amitie. UN FRANCAIS N "OUBLIE JAMAIS NI UNE INSULTE NI UN SERVICE. JE VOUS OFFRE MON AMITIE. JE NE VOU DIS QUE CA. [I owe you life, and I offer you friendship. The Frenchman never forgets any insult or services. I suggest You have my friendship. I don't say anything else.]
In the sounds of voice, in the expression of the face, in the gestures of this officer, there was so much good nature and nobility (in the French sense) that Pierre, answering an unconscious smile on the smile of the Frenchman, shook his hand.
- Capitaine Ramball Du Treizieme Leger, Decore Pour L "Affaire du Sept, [Captain Rambal, Thirteenth Light Shelf, Cavaler of the Honorary Legion for the work of the seventh of September,] - he was replaced with a smug, uncpendless smile, which wrinkled his lips under the mustache. - voudrez Vous Bien ME DIRE A PRESENT, A QUI "J" AI L "HONNEUR DE PARLER AUSSI AGREABLEMENT AU LIEU DE RESTER AL" AMBULANCE AVEC LA BALLE DE CE FOU DANS LE CORPS. [Will you be so kind to tell me now, with whom I am I have the honor to talk so nice, instead of being on a dressing point with a bullet of this crazy in the body?]
Pierre answered that he could not say his name, and blushing, began, trying to invent a name, talk about the reasons why he could not tell this, but the Frenchman hastily interrupted him.
"DE GRACE," he said. - Je Comprends Vos Raisons, Vous Etes Officier ... Officier Superieur, PEUT ETRE. Vous Avez Porte Les Armes Contre Nous. CE N "EST PAS MON AFFAIRE. Je Vous Dois La Vie. Cela Me Suffit. Je Suis Tout a vous. Vous Etes Gentilhomme? [Fullness, please. I understand you, you officer ... Headquarters officer, maybe. You served against us . This is not my business. I owe you life. I am pretty enough, and I am all yours. Are you a nobleman?] - He added with a touch of the question. Pierre tilted his head. - Votre Nom De Bapteme, S "Il Vous Plait? Je Ne Demande Pas Davantage. Monsieur Pierre, Dites Vous ... Parfait. C "EST TUT CE QUE JE Desire Savoir. [Your name? I am no longer asking anything. Mr. Pierre, did you say? Perfect. That's all I need.]
When there were fried lamb, scrambled eggs, samovar, vodka and wine from the Russian cellar, which the French brought with him, Rambal asked Pierre to take part in this dinner and immediately, greedily and quickly, as a healthy and hungry man, began to eat, quickly chewing With its strong teeth, indifferently smoking and sentencing Excellent, Exquis! [Wonderful, excellent!] The face flushed and covered later. Pierre was hungry and gladly took part in dinner. Morel, Renta, brought a saucepan with warm water and put a bottle of red wine into it. In addition, he brought a bottle with a kvass, which he took to the sample in the kitchen. This drink was already known to the French and got a name. They called Kvas Limonade de Cochon (Pork Lemonade), and Morel booked this Limonade de Cochon, which he found in the kitchen. But since the captain had wine, mined during the transition through Moscow, he provided Kwas Serel and took the Bordeaux bottle. He wrapped the bottle of neck to the napkin and poured himself and pierre wine. Hunger and the wine and wine more revived the captain, and he did not stop talking during lunch.
