Born in the small town of Penzan in the south-west of England. The father was a cracker on a tree, but he earned a little and therefore his family struggled ends with the ends. In the year, his father dies, and hemphri moves to live to thinner, his mother's father. Soon became a student of the pharmacy, he began to be interested in chemistry. With a chemist in a medical institution ("Pneumatic Institute"), in 1801 Assistant, and with Professor of the Royal Institute, a year of Devi, aged 34 years, the title of Lord was awarded, also marries the young widow Jane Eypris, the far relative of Walter Scott, The year won the "mining gas" (methane), developing an explosion-proof mine lamp, for which the title of the baronet was awarded, and in the appendage to this, rich shaftowners of England presented him with a silver service worth 2,500 pounds sterling, with the President of the Royal Society London. Davy studied and began working M. Faraday. With a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg An. In the same year he was struck by the first apoplexic blow, which for a long time chained him to bed. At the beginning of the year, he leaves London to Europe along with his brother: Lady Jane did not find it necessary to accompany the sick husband. On May 29, a year in the way to England, Devi struck the second blow, from which he died at the fifty-first year of life in Geneva. A few hours before death, he received a letter from his wife in which she writes that he loved him. He was buried in Westminster Abbey in London, at the burial site outstanding people England. In his honor, the London Royal Society has established a reward for scientists - Davy Medal.
Work
In Davie, he opened the intoxicating effect of nitrogen zaksi, called the funny gas. In Davie proposed an electrochemical theory of chemical affinity, later developed by Y. Bercelius. In obtained metallic potassium and sodium by electrolysis of their hydroxins, considered to be indecomposable substances. In I received an electrolytic passage of calcium amalgam, strontium, barium and magnesium. Regardless of the J.G.G. Lyusaka and L.Tenar Davy allocated a boron of boric acid and confirmed the elementary nature of chlorine. Davy proposed a hydrogen theory of acids, refuted by A.Luhuazier, who believed that each acid should contain oxygen. In 1808-09, described the phenomenon of the so-called electric arc (see the arc discharge). In Davy, the safe mine lamp was constructed with a metal grid. It set the dependence of the electrical resistance of the conductor from its length and section and noted the dependence of electrical conductivity on temperature. In 1803-13 he read a course of agricultural chemistry. Davy expressed the idea that mineral salts are necessary to feed plants, and pointed out the need for field experiments to resolve the issues of agriculture.
| Once, Professor Hemfri Dave received a letter from one of the students. He wrote that his name is Michael Faraday that he listened to the course of lectures of a respected professor and now would like to work in his laboratory of the Royal Institute. Professor read the letter loud, thought, and then asked his assistant:
"How do you think that I answer this student?" Assistant said: "Take it and charge him to start to wash the flasks, test tubes and other dishes. If he agrees, in the future it will be fat." As we now know, the assistant was not mistaken. |
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Watch what is "Davy G." in other dictionaries:
- (DAVY), Sir Humphrey (1778 1829), an English chemist, which has discovered that electrolytic elements are refurbished with chemicals. This led it to the use of electrolysis to highlight such elements like sodium, potassium, barium, ... ... Scientific and Technical Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Davy) (DAVY) Gemphri (Humphrey) (1778 1829), English chemist and physicist, one of the founders of electrochemistry. He received electrolysis (1800) hydrogen and oxygen (from water), K, Na, Ca, Sr, Ba, Mg and Li (1807 18). Described (1810) electric arc. Proposed… … Modern encyclopedia
- ("Goddess"), in Hinduism's wife's wife Shiva (see Shiva), has several hatty (Cali, Durga, Parvati, etc.) ... encyclopedic Dictionary
List of words or phrases with links to relevant articles. If you got here ... Wikipedia
Davy (Davy) Gemphri (Humphrey) (12/17/1778, Penzans, 29.5.1829, Geneva), English chemist and physicist. From 1798 Chemist in a medical institution ("Pneumatic Institute"), in 1801 Assistant, and from 1802 Professor of the Royal Institute, from 1820 President ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
DAVY - [Mahadevi, Devi; Sanskr. Goddess], in Hinduism, the designation of wives. the deities most often applied to the Saviva spouse; The main object of reverence in Chattasm. Cult D. goes back to the archaic reverence of the goddess of the mother and primitive cults of fertility, ... ... Orthodox encyclopedia
Goddess, most often a goddess mother. In Sivat mythology, it is used to designate Siva's spouse, or shakti, personification of the female hypostasis of its creative energy. Removing the goddesses, especially the goddesses of mothers, goes back to the oldest ... ... Dictionary of Hinduisma
Davy G. - Davy, Davy (Davy) Gemphri (Humphrey) (1778-1829), English. Chemist and physicist, one of the founders of electrochemistry, in. However. h. Petersburg. An (1826). Received (1800-18) electrolysis of hydrogen and oxygen (from water), potassium, sodium, calcium, barium, magnesium and ... ... Biographical Dictionary
DAVY - (Davie), James, Rod. OK. 1783, mind. 19 Nov. 1857 In Ebardine, the regent of the choir at the Church of St. Andrei; I published the collections of Psalms in the arrangement of 4 votes with the accompaniment and the same transcription of duets, tercets and Glees, the exercises for singing, etc., and ... ... Music dictionary Riemann
Colonel David Croquette, better known as Davy Croquett (English Davy Crockett; August 17, 1786 March 6, 1836) The famous American folk hero, traveler, US Army officer and politician. Born on the frontier, in Tennessee. Was ... ... Wikipedia
Books
- Basics of Data Science and Big Data. Python and data science, Davy Silen, Arno Maisman, Mohamed Ali. Data Science is a combination of concepts and methods that make sense and understandable view of huge amounts of data. Each of the chapters of this book is devoted to one of the most interesting aspects ...
- "Goddess"), the main female deity of the Hindu Pantheon. In the classic Cassetia, Davy is transformed into an independent deity, and sometimes it is considered not only as a "second half" of Shiva, but also as an inhabitant source of world energies.
The origins of the image of Davy go to the cult of the goddesses of fertility of the Aboriginal Proto Indian civilization III-II millennium BC Among the statuettes found during the excavations of the Harapp settlements, there are numerous standard women's figures from clay, reflecting the features of the goddesses of mothers, the cult of which is exceptionally distributed in the Indian village, and the corresponding drawings. Archaeological data make it possible to assume that female symbols (Yoni) correspond to the maternal cult of the male deity (Prosšiva) are confused. The hypotheses relative to the possible connection of these images with the Middle East maternal cult is fully realistic, since studies have found the presence of solid trade and other relations between the two regions.
Patriarchal Religion Indoariyev left a few space for reverending women's deities, which are presented, besides the goddess Ushas, \u200b\u200bmainly by abstract images, hypoplicizing human life-related (type of speech), cosmic beginnings (type of virgin), individual components of sacrifices (type swaws), and temporary "girlfriends like »The main Aryan gods. The first real literary prototype of Davy - appearing in Ken-Upanishade The mind, the daughter of Himavat (God of Himalayas), who serves here by the mentor of the gods, clarifying the indrey, that their entire strength focuses in Brahman and among them they prevail those who are closest to contact him.
In the Davy of the classic Hinduism, the relief is distinguishable, light and dark half, which correspond to the nature of Shiva. The initial cult of Davy refers to the first centuries of the new era.
The image of Davi as a virtuous spouse and mother of the family is presented by several significant "personnel." In order of mythological chronology, it is primarily Sati ("judge") - the daughter of Dakshi's deity, wishing, contrary to his will, to become a wife of Shiva and threw the garland when choosing a groom on his neck. When and after that, the father did not agree to their marriage, she provoked his chosen one to destroy the father's sacrifice, and herself rushed into the fire (it was for this that the mythological roots of the Hindu Custom of Self-immolation of the widows were applied to this feat. Having perished in the flame, Sati was revived in the face of the minds ("radiance"), which this time the devotees achieved the favor of Shiva. In fact, this is only another name of Parvati ("Hot") - Chimavat's daughters and Apsears and sisters of the goddess Ganggi, who settled next to Shiva on Mount Kailas, but for a long time could not attract the attention of the meditating God-Asklet's meditating. Conscriptors who set themselves the task of overthrew the asura Taraki, sent Kamadevu (Indian Cupid), which put a flower boom in Shiva and paid for this with his body. Parvati strengthened ascetic, and when he received due to this "merit" (Punya) was sufficient for the goal and Shiva was still tested (appearing in the form of Brahman, who began to fuck him and was rejected by the Movitin), her dream came true, she became his wife and gave birth from him scanda - the killer Taraki (the plot of the famous poem Kalidas Birth of the god of war), as well as (for some versions) icy Ganesh. Mythological synonyms of Wam-Parvati, sometimes indistinguishable from their epithets, should be considered Gauri ("Light"), Ambica ("Mother"), Annapurna ("Nutrient").
More popular, however, became the formidable manifestations of Davy. These include primarily Durga ("hard to access"), which, according to CharivancheIt was common in initially behind the backward tribes - Shabarov, Cululov, as well as non-Indians, "barbarians".
Durga is a goddess-warrior, the defender of the gods and world order from the demonic forces (with whom, however, herself has much in common). The main feat is the destruction of the Mahisha Demon, who accepted the appearance of Buffalo and who killed the gods from the sky. Parvati had to take on this work, because Mahisha could not be killed her husband or a beast. The murder of Mahisha in a cruel match made up the plot of numerous literary interpretations ( Skanda Purana, Marcandai Purana etc.), as well as the visual arts - Mahishasuramardani ("Killing Mahisha"). Durga is depicted by an eight (in each hand on the arms belonging to different gods) and squeezing on Lion (he is her "driving animal" - Wahan), which torments buffalo, from the carcass of which is trying to jump out the daemon hit by the arrows of Indian Amazon.
It is believed that Durga lives in the Vindhian Mountains, in the community of inaders participating in its bloody adventures and cannibalistic trapes. The cult of Durga was distributed over all medieval India. One of the forms of Durga - Kali ("Black"), who received his name as Durgi's blackened from the wrath of the wrath of the face and is a female monster, dressed in the skins of Panthers, in a necklace from skulls, with severed heads, a sword sacrificated with a knife in Hands and with a long language painted by the blood of the victims are predominantly demons. Since at the end of each next world period (Calp), Durga envelops the world with an impenetrable darkness, she gets the name of Calaratri ("Night of Time"). Other names - Chandi ("ammunition"), Bhairavi ("frightening") - Also only the epithets of Durga, whereas Cotravay ("killer") is the Tamil Goddess of War and Hunting, the embodiment of aggressive female sexuality - is the Aboriginal adaptation of the image of Durga or reflects The image of a local goddess, who took Douga's appearance (described in the form of a woman with snakes and a crescent in her hair covered with an elephant skin and a tiger and standing on a bull head with a sword in her hands). A rural variation of Durga should be considered a Dravidian goddess, which received the Sanskrit name of Bhagawati.
In addition, Davie is the center of a whole female Pantheon, which includes the goddesses of non-anarchic origin, considered as potency-energy leading men's gods. The most famous Sap Sap System ("Seven Mothers"), including, according to Davi-MahatmierPersonalized by the energies of seven gods produced to help DEVI in its fight against hostile forces: Brahmani (Brahma's energy), Maheshvari (Davy itself), Kaumari (Skanda energy), Vaishnavi (Energy Vishnu), Varahi (manifestation of Vishnu-Vepry), Narachimi (manifestation of Vishnu-PHOTERA) and Aindri (indra energy).
The cult of DEVI spread to the esoteric practice of sharkists, in general, the relevant Hindu tantrism ("Tantra Left Hand"), and the cult of people's. Shaktristian cult involves, along with the recitation of the Mantra dedicated to Davy, interpreted as Jagging ("Mother of the World"), also Kundalini Yoga - a system of exercises of psychotechnics, designed to force the hidden in the human body the deified female energy of Kundalini to rise in gradually on all subsequent chakras until the highest (Sakhasrara), where its merger with Shiva must occur, and at the same time individual consciousness Adepta. "Tantra Left Hand" includes the famous "five" M ". The cult of people will be represented by honoring female fertility symbols in the special sanctoes of Davy, named Pithami. In Pitshai, dedicated to Cali, were committed (in particular, in Bengal), in accordance with the nature of this manifestation. Durga, human sacrifices. One of them, Calighat, gave the name of the modern Calcutta. In the Dravidsk south, at the end of the 20th century. The ritual buffalo slaughter in honor of the mother's goddess is performed.
May 29, 1829died Gemphri Davy. (Humphry Davy, 1778-1829), the Great Chemist of the 19th century, known for major scientific discoveries, and is the founder of electrochemistry. However, for the anesthesiologists, Sir Gemphri Davie is primarily the roads and memorial as a researcher who first described the anesthetic properties of nitrogen zaksi. Gemphri Davie also entered the history of medicine of critical states and as a supervisor of the Pneumatic Medical Institute of Thomas Beddoes (Beddoes, Thomas, 1760-1808), and is considered to be one of the founders of modern respiratory therapy. Gemphri Davy.(Humphry Davy, 1778-1829) was born in the small town of Penzan in the southwest of England. There is an old saying about this area: "The South Wind brings there Shnuni, and the North - returns them." Hemphrey was the eldest son in a poor family who owned a small estate in Ludgvan (Ludgvan) not far from Penzans. Hemfrey's father, Robert Davy, was a sharp on a tree, "you can not consider money," and therefore the family struggled ends with the ends, and the mother was a receiving daughter of a local Tonkin doctor. Gemphri Davy. Experiments with Nitrogen Skump.
Gemphri studied in a grammatical school of Penzans. In 1795, a year after the death of his father, Gamphrey was adopted as an assistant and a pharmacy assistant to the local surgeon J. Binghan Borlase (J. Binghan Borlase). He prepared ointment, weighed the powders, helped when dressing, dreaming to learn from the medical craft and become a doctor.
Extremely diligent and inquisitive Davy eagerly listened to the conversations of her chief with local colleagues and travel merchants-pharmacists about the prospects for the development of "pneumatic medicine", the foundations of which were laid by the works of the English scientist Joseph Priwley (Priestley J., 1733-1804). The noise around this new fashion in medicine was already decent, judging by the opposition, which expressed quite loudly. So, for example, Jan Ingenhaus, a court doctor of the Austrian imperial yard, was openly warned by the medical world from the dangers of excessive passion from the gases as a "vital elixir". But even more categorical negative views expressed an authoritative American doctor, Chemist Mitchell (Lantham Mitchell), who refers to the experiments on animals with an open nitrogen attached, said that this gas is a dangerous poison, from which his animals almost died. Mitchell in his warnings went even further, expressing the idea that some gases themselves are the main cause of epidemic diseases. Mitchell was for all recognized authority, and his judgments in the public consciousness were almost the truth in the last instance. However, on young Davy, such sentences made an opposite effect and gave it the thought of cooking nitrogen at him, and to try its action.
At night, when the owner Borlase left, Davy re-read the "Chemical Handbook" of Nikolson, "Guidelines for Elementary Chemistry" Lavoisier and "Experiments and Observations" were attracted, and also gradually prepared equipment and drugs for cooking nitrogen. When everything was ready, and the gas was received, Davy began his heroic experiments. Inhalation of Nitrogen Zakis produced such an unusual action on him, causing extremely pleasant sensations and a fun mood that Davy, hiding experiments from her chief, began to repeat them almost daily, more and more convinced not only in the absence of a poisoning action, but also in the unchanged intoxicating The effect of nitrogen zaksi and merry hallucinations caused by them.
Davie was a novice poet, and he did not lose, so as not to describe in verses his feelings under the action of nitrogen zaki. But for us, it is much more interesting not his youthful verses, losing the charm of poetic form when translating prose, and the exact entries from his famous book, published in 1800, when he was already an employee of the Medical Pneumatic Institute. Here we find the world's first direct indication of an anesthetic effect of nitrogen inhalation. Here is a quote from Davy book "Chemical and philosophical research concerning mainly nitrogen pumping, or defluminated air and its inhalation":
"In case of teething of one ill-fated tooth, called Dentes Sapientiae, I experienced acute inflammation of the gums, accompanied by a big pain, which equally interfered with both rest and conscious work. One day, when inflammation was extremely sensitive, I breathed three large doses of Nitrogen Zakisi. The pain completely disappeared after the first four or five breaths and unpleasant sensations for several minutes changed with a feeling of pleasure. When the former state of consciousness returned, and the condition in the authority came back with him, and it even seemed to me that the pain was stronger after experience than before. "
Fascinating experiments with nitrogen and accompanying the state of anesthetic intoxication spoiled the relationship between Davy with his chief, who at first could not understand the reasons for unprecedented seizures of the unrestrained laughter and initiate their student. It happened that the patients who came, having met with an insane, in their opinion, a medicine assistant, went with discontent and the practice of Borlase began to fall. When the owner found out at the end of the reason for the frequent obsession of Davy, then, seemingly in the experiments with nitrogen the cause of his medical disadvantaged, he forbade DEVI to continue research in his house.
Davie moved to his reception office, Dr. Tonkin. Here he again gathered some glass dishes and equipment, established the production of gases and resumed his experiments. Exactly here, Tonkin, he gave nitrogen nitrogen name "laughing gas".
But one day at night, the family of Tonkinov was awakened by a strong explosion. Having killed into the Davy's room, they found him confused, with a guilty view, among the equipment scattered explosion. There was a categorical prohibition to continue these arrows, threatening to blow up the whole house. The secondary search for Davy came an end.
But at this time the doctor came to Penzans Davis Gonday(Davies Giddy, later Gilbert), subsequently became the President of the Royal Society (1827-30). He heard about the "mysterious gases" and about the explosion in the house of Tonkin and wished to meet this "incorrect youth." Rydi immediately saw in the young Davy of a promising toastive researcher and recommended him to his friend - Dr. Thomasa Forest (Beddoes, Thomas, 1760-1808), Director of the Pneumatic Institute in Clifton, under Bristol.
Having arrived at Clifton, Davy received a maximum of what could dream: a wonderful laboratory, excellent living and work conditions, and an excellent leader, enthusiastic gases and their actions on the human body inhalation.
Thomas Forewo, who led the "Pneumatic Institute" created by him, at that time there were forty years. It was an extremely educated, diversified scientist who gathered around him a group of enthusiasts of a new idea - pneumatic medicine. He himself was a famous chemist, philosopher, poet and sincerely fond of the ideas of ministry for the benefit of mankind. He was educated in London, Edinburgh and Paris, was friendly with Lavoisier. An additional course of chemistry he passed in Oxford. The well was fond of psychological analyzes, studied the nature of dreams and the impressions of early childhood, thereby exiting the future works of Sigmund Freud.
The ideas of the poor about the treatment of gas inhalations of various diseases met a very hot response and all kinds of assistance. Suffice it to say that the famous poet Thomas Vedzhwood has provided a thousand pounds of sterling at his disposal, and the famous inventor, the creator of the first steam car, James Watt (Watt, J, 1736-1819) supplied its laboratories with the necessary equipment.
The Pneumatic Institute was equipped and equipped with first-class equipment and laboratories, with it there was a hospital for 10 beds and a polyclinic office. By the time of arrival of Davi at the Institute, tests of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen inhalation, and some recently open hydrocarbons have already been widely carried out. In fact, it was a real scientific center in which the properties of various gases were studied and their influence on the human body. We can safely say that Thomas Forest and his staff were pioneers and predecessors of modern respiratory therapy. In the Pneumatic Institute, in many respects, thanks to James Watt, the first inhalers, spirometers, compressed gas cylinders, etc. were created and tested. It was in the Pneumatic Institute that was first applied with therapeutic purposes of oxygen; developed the foundations of aerosol therapy; For the first time, the total capacity of the lungs by hydrogen dilution (Davy) was measured.
Davie's intentions to make a nitrogen rushing were encountered with approval. Davy repeated his experiments carried out in Penzans, made good gasometers, although he almost died twice from inhalations not enough purified gas. In the end, on April 11, 1799, he managed to establish a chemically pure nitrogen pump.
The first demonstration of large doses of nitrogen inhalation was held Davy in the presence of Kinglak's Junior Assistant. The success was complete: inhaling three or four quarts of a cooked, impermeable flue bag, Davy did not experience any bad action. Others joined experiments. The first of the inhalation adopting was the famous poet Samuel Taylor Kselij. Davy himself recorded his hallucinations in detail on this session:
"Almost immediately began a jitter that comes from the chest to the limbs. I experienced a feeling of tactile stress, highly pleasant in each member. My visual impressions were dazzling and seemed great. I clearly heard every sound in the room and was finely oriented in what happened. Gradually, as a pleasant sensation grew, I lost a connection with the outside world. The streams of visual images quickly ran in my mind and was so combined with words that they produced completely new images. I stayed in the world of ideas, re-changed and bugly combined. I built theories and made discoveries. When I was awakened by Dr. Kinglakom, who took the bag from my mouth, then indignation and pride were the first feelings from the presence of my other person. My emotions were sublime, and I experienced enthusiasm; I walked around the room for about a minute, absolutely not believing with what they said around me. When I returned to the previous state of reason, I had the need to report the discovery I did during the experiment. I tried to return my visions, but they were weak and inquisitive. However, the amount of data was presented by itself, and I stated Dr. Kinglaku with the most complete confidence and prophetic way: there is nothing in the world, except for concepts; The universe consists of impressions, ideas, pleasures and suffering. "Experiments began to put wider. Rumors and stories attracted many patients with the Pneumatic Institute, mainly suffering from Asthma. Many of them after inhalation considered themselves completely cured and "re-born."
There was no doubt that the theory of American Mitchell about the role of gases as the reason for the "infectious reports" was categorically refuted by the experiments of Davy, and this gave him the right to speak with a critical magazine article. Soon, in 1800, the book was published and published "Studies are chemical and philosophical concerning mainly nitrogen pumping, or defluminated air and its inhalation."
The authority and glory of Gemphri Davy grew rapidly. At this time, the efforts of Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford), British Naturalist Joseph Banks, English Chemist and Physics, Henry Cavendish, was organized by Naturalists Society, named Royal Institute. The society was placed in Albemarle and was equipped with excellent own laboratories. The Royal Institute immediately established the tradition of inviting public lectures on his research of famous chemists and physicists. In 1801, Davy was invited to the Royal Institute to read the report on Nitrogen Zakis. Success was complete. The inhalation experiments that followed the lecture caused great interest among the public. Many members of society wished to experience gas for themselves. Everything is uncontrollably laughing: one under the action of Nitrogen's zaisi, others, looking at them, especially when a certain Mr. Underwood was so stunned to inhale that the mouthpiece had to take away from him.
Lectures and demonstrations of Davy captured London society, where according to the contemporary, "... People of the first rank and talent, from the literary society and science, practitioners and theorists," Blue stockings "and the Great Ladies, old and young - everyone has all filled the audience." Congratulations, invitations and gifts flew at the lecturer. His society attracted everyone, and everyone proud to familiarize himself with him.
Experiments of Davy with nitrogen over themselves, as well as countless facts of the availability of direct painful effect in many patients at the Department of Poor gas anesthesia can be used for surgical operations (!!!).
And he completely clearly expressed this major idea in his book. "MEDICAL VAPOURS": "... Since nitrogen is touched with intensive action, it can be destroyed by physical pain, it can be successfully used in surgical operations in which there is no place of a big loss of blood."
And it sounded over forty years before in the US Horace Wells. (Horace Wells, 1815-1848), who absolutely not read the works of Davy, independently began to take anesthesia of nitrogen. Wells took advantage of non-scientific academic chemical scientific data, and those entertaining "gas fun", which the American provincial public having fun, who took this fun from fashionable English salons, where such entertainment became already the objects of cheerful, and sometimes evil cartoons and ridicule.
Maybe the discovery of Davy remains in the shade due to the gradual cooling of the public to "pneumatic medicine". Not being a doctor himself and acquiring only the most primitive therapeutic ideas and skills from his former chef, provincial inhever Borleza, he, of course, completely empirically tried the therapeutic effect of gases in various diseases. Yes, and his new chief, Thomas Hoodo, was also captured by many delusions. This circumstance and should have served that the therapeutic successes of "pneumatic medicine" soon turned out to be untenable, and the very idea and the case, so hotly cherished poor and Davy, began to meet an increasing and greater opposition from the medical class.
Numerous professional doctors increasingly began to publish data on the fact that the use of inhalation causes pulse disorder and dizziness attacks. After some time, "pneumatic medicine" was declared by charctatance and prohibited. Thomas Hoodo was forced to abandon his shit and turn the institute into a regular small hospital. And in 1808, in 1808, he wrote to Davy: "Hello from Dr. Hoodo, - one of those who crumbled outside Avena Fatha, and from which neither the stem, neither color nor the fetal grew up.
However, Davy himself, at one time, who received a name and recognition for experiments with Zaku Nitrogen, was already on the threshold of those works and discoveries that made it one of the greatest chemists in the world.
In 1801, Davy was invited as a lecturer in the Royal Institute just founded. Its carefully prepared and interesting lectures contributed to the popularization of chemistry and significantly raised the prestige of the institution itself. In 1802, at the age of 23, Gemphri Davie becomes a professor of chemistry.
His initial responsibilities in the Royal Institute also included the study of the process of skin tossing. He allocated a tubic extract from tropical plants, which was more efficient and cheaper than the usual oak extract, and the report published by Davy on this issue was the desktop book of Kozhevnikov for a long time.
In 1803, Davy hemphri became a member London royal society and an honorary member of Dublin society. In the same year, he made the first series of annual lectures on agriculture. Subsequently, these cycles of lectures gradually resulted in the book "Elements of agrochemistry" (1813), which became the only systematic work on this topic for many years.
For its research in the field of electroplating chemistry, work on the process of skin tossing and the analysis of minerals (the first systematic course on geology in England) Davy received the Copley medal in 1805
In 1807 he was elected secretary of the London Royal Society, and since 1820 he became his president.
Gemphri Davie entered the story as the founder of the new science electrochemistry and the opening author of many new substances and chemical elements. In the early years of the XIX century, Davy became interested in studying the effect of electric current on various substances, including molten salts and alkali.
He suggested that with the help of electrolysis you can decompose any chemical substances on the items. This point of view was expressed in 1806 in his lectures. "On some chemical forces of electricity"
(ON SOME CHEMICAL AGENCIES OF ELECTRICITY), For which, despite the fact that England and France were in a state of war, he received a Napoleonic Prize from the French Institute (1807). Subsequently, Napoleon awarded Davie by the Order of the Honorary Legion.
A thirty-year-old scientist was able to receive six previously unknown metals within two years: potassium, sodium, barium, calcium, magnesium and strontium. It became one of the most prominent events in the history of the opening of new chemical elements, especially if we consider that alkali was considered simple substances (from chemists of that time only Lavoisier doubted this).
Once, during experiments with unknown metals, there was a misfortune: melted potassium fell into the water, an explosion occurred, as a result of which Davy was brutally suffered. The negligence turned out for him the loss of the right eye and deep scars on the face.
Davy tried to decompose with electrolysis many natural compounds, including alumina. He was confident that in this substance contains an unknown metal. The scientist wrote: " If I was lucky enough to get a metal substance that I am looking for, I would suggest a name for him - aluminum ". He managed to get an aluminum alloy with iron, and pure aluminum was allocated only in 1825, when Davy had already stopped experiments, Danish physicist H.K. Erstended.
According to the properties of mercury amalgam, Davy confirmed Ampere's hypothesis about the existence of a complex ammonium group. DEVI studies over chlorine and chlorine acid corrected the concepts of Lavoisier about acids, and this was the beginning of the hydrogen theory of acids. Davy also established an analogy in the properties of chlorine and iodine. It opened phosgene and solid fluorine hydrogen. And in 1818, Davy was in its pure form another alkaline metal - lithium.
The scientific interests of Gemphri Davy were very versatile. So, in 1815, he constructed a safe lamp for carbon black grid, which saved the lives to many miners. He spent this job at the request of a society to prevent accidents in coal mines. For the invention of a safe lamp and conducted in connection with this study of the processes of the flame, he received the Gold and Silver Medal of Rumford from the Royal Society.
The basic principle of the security lamp device is that the flame in the lamp closed with a special cellular metal mesh with a certain number of cells per square inch (625 cells per square inch, mesh thickness -1/70 inches). Davy did not make a patent for this invention. The biggest award for him was that he was his invention safe lamp saved to many miners. In 1816, Davie wrote about this: "No, my dear friend, my sole purpose was humanity, and if I was successful, I already consider myself generously rewarded."
In 1812, at the age of thirty-four, Davy was awarded the title of Lord for his scientific merit (April 8), after which he read the farewell lecture to the members of the Royal Institute (April 9), and soon married Lady Jane Eipris (April 11), Rich widow, relative of the famous writer Walter Scott. However, this marriage was not happy. At the same time, he returns to the enthusiasm of his youth - poetry, and enters the circle of English poets-romantics of the so-called "lake school".
In 1818, after DEVI for her merit was granted to the books, he goes to Italy, where he explores volcanic reactions, as well as unsuccessfully trying to find a way to deploy the famous Herculanum handwritten scrolls, stored in Naples, and diligently studies the chemistry of paints, Consistent in painting.
In 1820, he becomes president of the Royal Society and is in this honorable post until 1827.
In 1823-25. Davy in collaboration with a famous politician and writer John Wilson Croker (John Wilson Croker) establishes Athenaeum Club.in which it becomes a trustee. Together with the colonial governor Thomas Stamford Raffles (Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles) establishes Zoological Society and develops a plan for zoological gardens in Regent "S PARK (London), open in 1828
At the beginning of 1827, Davy, feeling mawing, leaves London for treatment in France and Italy along with his brother. The wife did not find it necessary to accompany the sick husband. Due to the poor health of Davy, the responsibilities of the President of the Royal Society were forced. Interestingly, in this post, Davy changed his former patron, who made so much for him - the doctor Davis Gonday(Davies Giddy, later Gilbert).
Doctors believed that the main cause of Davy's disease was the harmful working conditions in the chemical laboratory and frequent experiments with gases on themselves.
Being forced to refuse to do business and sports, Davy, who does not know how to sit, folded his hands, again took up the writer's work. His last book dedicated to fisheries (in the manner of Izaak Walton), also contained their own drawings of Davie as illustrations.
After a short, last, visit to England, he returned to Italy, settled in Rome in February 1829, with the words of Davy himself, as if Ruin among the ruins. Despite the fact that it was partially paralyzed after several violations of the cerebral circulation, he continued to work.
In 1829, May 29, in Geneva, on the way back to England, Davy again struck the apoplexic strike, from which he died at the 51st year of life. Near him there was only his brother. Davy buried in Westminster Abbey in London, where the dust of the outstanding sons of England rests.
Memory Medal Gemphri Davy.
The Collected Works of Sir Humphry Davy, edited by His Brother, John Davy with An Introduction by David Knight, University of Durham, Thoemmes Press, 9 Volume (S) (2001). 7. Humphry Davy "S Sexual Chemistry, by Jan Golinski. Published in Configurations 7 (1999), 15-41. |
Gemphri Davy (1788-1829) was one of the most prominent researchers early XIX. in. He did not receive a systematic education. Being a student of a doctor, he since 1797 he independently studied chemistry according to the textbook A. Lavoisier. Next, he worked as an assistant in a pneumatic institute. Here, Davy made his first discovery, establishing an intoxicating effect on a nitrogen oxide (II) - funny gas. This discovery made his name famous in all of England. After a year, Davy was invited to the assistant and head of the chemical laboratory at the Royal Institute in London, "and a year later he took the place of professor of chemistry in this institute.
The brilliant lectures of Davy in the Royal Institute attracted many listeners from various layers of the London society. At the same time, he conducted large research at the Institute. In 1803 he was elected by a member of the Royal Society, and in 1820 he became president of this society and received many other scientific differences.
Electrochemical experiments of Davy Water decomposition was devoted. It found that at the same time it turns out hydrogen twice as much as oxygen. At the same time, he expressed some generalizations about the electrolysis mechanism. In 1805, Davy began experiments on the decomposition of caustic alkalis. Initially, he was unsuccessfully tried to distinguish metals contained in alkalis, electrolysis of solutions and melts. After that, he took a small piece of dried caustic potals, which has undergone actions for several seconds. wet air, placed it on the platinum disk of the negative pole of the battery and closed through this slice of the current. Immediately he noticed the formation of a metal bulb, similar to mercury. In this way, Metallic Potassium (Potassions) and Sodium (Sodia) was first obtained.
This discovery of Davy made a huge impression on european scientists. It caused natural interest in the unusual properties of alkali metals and to search for their ways to obtain chemical methods. Continuing its research, Davy received alkaline earth metals, somewhat modifying the conditions of experience and applying to mercury as a cathode so that an amalgam of these metals was obtained during electrolysis. He also tried to decompose the boric acid with the help of a volt column. But it did not succeed, and he attempted to isolate free boron. In the end, he managed to get a "elementary principle" of Borcid (boring) acid, and he called him Boraci. Zhe-Gay-Lyussak and L. Tenar, who worked in the same direction, also received this "principle" and offered to call him boron.
Davy spent a lot of strength and time to release free ammonium, giving salts, close by properties to potash and sodium. In 1808, Ya Britsellius, together with M. Pontin, also attempted to obtain free ammonium. They managed to single out ammonium ammonium amalgam, which was confirmed then Davy. At the beginning of the XIX century. It was believed that HAOR is a product of oxidation of Muriyee (salt) acid, and called it oxidized Murieful acid. Heated metal potassium in hydrochloric acid pairs, Davy received potassium chloride. The same result was obtained and when burning potassium in oxyminic acid pairs (chlorine). At the same time (1809) J. Gay-Lyssak and L. Tenar, wanting to take away oxygen from oxyminic acid, passed dehydrated gas through a porcelain tube with hot coal and concluded that this acid may be elementary substance. However, the decisive experiments in this direction were fulfilled by the city of Davy. It received hydrochloric acid from a mixture of oxymurium acid and hydrogen (in the light with an explosion). He also tried to decompose oxymurium acid in a volt arc flame between coal electrodes. Based on the results of these experiments, Davy concluded (1810), which oxymurium acid is an elementary substance. The new element of Davy called Chlorin (Gay-Lussak reduced this name to Chlorine) and tried to allocate free fluorine. In 1812, he expressed the opinion that the fluoride of boron and silicon fluoride is compounds of an unknown element similar to chlorine and contained by plastic acid. Attempts to allocate this element ended in failure. But unknown in free form element was called "Fluorine".
In 1815, Davy took up the development of a secure lamp for miners. In those days of explosions in the mines were the cause of the death of many miners.
The process of chemistry development in the first decades of the XIX century. He passed under the influence of the needs of the rapidly developed industry, in the conditions of the continued industrial revolution, which advanced new and important tasks before science.
Gemphri Davy.
IN Having a very early age, he showed extraordinary darity. In two from a little year, I spoke quite right. At six years, I knew how to read and write. Seven-year-old entered the middle school of the hometown of Truro (Cornwell).
The family did not have a material supply, and Davy Hemphri did not receive higher education. In 1795, he graduated from grammar school (there was such an educational institution in England). Perhaps training in it developed addiction to the poeticity. True, about his creations, the biographer noticed with some irony: "The feelings found by him in verses were very worthy of praise, but the poetic technique barely exceeded the level that is required from the poet laureate."
In general, in the "humanitarian" spheres throughout his life, Davy felt feels relaxed. He even created an impressive poems of "Epos Moses" - a tribute to the deep religiousness of the author. Davy considered "small earth As a point, serving the beginning of development, limited only by infinity. "
Further, his life was as follows. He was given to training for a pharmacist in Penzan. It is not known how Davy has succeeded in fulfilling his immediate duties, but it is known that he has been engaged in self-education with an extraordinary zeal. He compiled a detailed plan that is so curious that it makes sense to bring it entirely. Here in which sequence the "assault" of knowledge was noted:
1. Theology, or religion studied through nature.
2. Geography.
3. My profession:
1) Botany; 2) pharmacy; 3) zoology; 4) anatomy; 5) Surgery; 6) Chemistry.
4. Languages:
1) English; 2) French; 3) Latin; 4) Greek;
5) Italian; 6) Spanish; 7) Jewish.
5. Logic.
6. Physics:
1) the teachings and properties of the bodies of nature;
2) on nature operations; 3) the doctrine of fluids;
4) properties of organized matter; 5) on the organization of matter;
6) Elementary astronomy.
7. Mechanics.
8. History and chronology.
9. Rhetoric.
10. Mathematics.
Perhaps none of the scientists neither before nor after hemphri built such a homeric projects in his youth. Yes, and he himself quite soon realized their fantasticity. But at first, he was quite punctually followed by the pen written.
In January 1798, the student of the pharmacist reached chemistry. His benefits have just been translated into English "Chemistry Course" A. Lavuaazier and "Chemical Dictionary". For practical work, he created a home laboratory. The idea of \u200b\u200bLavoise regarding the material nature of the light was carried away by Davy, but served for him only a reason to make a mistaken assumption for which he had to blush all his life: oxygen there are light connections with an unknown element. An article with this "revelation" was even printed. But there is no humus without good ... So the "original" thinking young man in October 1798 was invited to the pneumatic institute in Bristol. There, in particular, studies of the physiological action of various gases were conducted.
IN Bristol Davie made his first present discovery: discovered an intoxicating action on a man of "funny gas" (nitrogen zaki). At the turn of centuries (1799-1801), he developed a rapid activity: determined the composition of nitrogen oxides, nitric acid, ammonia and began experiments with an electric current source - a galvanic battery, which served as the beginning of his future wonderful discoveries. For two years, he published about a dozen articles.
The experimental talent of Davie revealed rapidly. The "ideology" of his creativity put the accumulation of facts at the head of the corner, and not the development of theoretical ideas. Although its electrochemical theory is an exception to this rule.
The first publications of the results of work made the name of Davi widely known in England. In February 1801, he was invited to the London Royal Institute as an assistant lecturer and the head of the chemical laboratory, and next year he took a vacancy of the professor. His brilliant lectures enjoyed exceptional popularity. In 1803, Davy becomes a member of the Royal Society, in 1807-1812. He performs the position of his secretary, and in 1820 he is elected by the president.
The history of Davy science entered as one of the founders of electrochemistry. Back in the Pneumatic Institute, he conducted a study of electric current to various objects. One of the first to carry out the electrolysis of water and confirmed the fact of its decomposition into hydrogen and oxygen (1801).
Especially wide scope of such studies received in the Royal Institute. Their preliminary results, he outlined in the lecture, read on November 20, 1806. In it, he developed ideas, however, not always clearly clearly, which later formed the basis of the "electrochemical theory". In particular, he explained the chemical affinity of the bodies entering into compounds, the energy of their electrical (positive and negative) charges: "Among the bodies that give chemical compounds, all those whose electrical energies are well known are oppositely charged; An example is copper and zinc, gold and mercury, sulfur and metals, sour and alkaline substances ... We must assume that these bodies will attract each other under the action of their electric forces. For modern condition Our information would be useless to try to make conclusions regarding the source of electrical energy or about those causes, by virtue of which the bodies listed in contact are electrified. In any case, the connection between electrical energy and chemical affinity is quite obvious. Perhaps they are identical in nature and are the main properties of the substance? "
These considerations cannot be considered the complete foundations of the electrochemical theory, because Davy rejects the possibility of current occurrence as a result of chemical reactions. And it is quite logical that his "electrochemical achievements" primarily lay in the field of practice.
P Ozhalui, the most significant achievement of Davy was the release of alkaline and alkaline-land metals - the result of electrolytic decomposition of alkalis. Thus, one of the most important chemical problems was allowed.
Even at the end of the XVIII century. It was believed that in the barite and lime it contains metal bases, while caustic alkalis was generally considered simple substances. True, Lavoisier himself assumed that they will eventually be decomposed.
That, before the powerless, there were ordinary chemical operations, it turned out to be possible due to electric current.
Initially, Davy went on a false path. He tried to distinguish metals from alkalis solutions and melts. Dozens of experiments did not lead to success. Then there was an idea: to experience the effect of electric current on solid alkali: "Cali, quite dried with heating, is not a conductor, but it can be done, adding a minimum amount of moisture that does not affect its aggregate state, and in this form it easily melts and decomposes powerful electrical forces... "During the experiments," small balls with a strong metal glitter appeared ... These balls consist exactly from that substance that I was looking for and which is easily flammable by the base of Kali. " About this Davy told Royal Society on October 19, 1807
Similar way to Davy got sodium. He suggested for free alkali metal - new chemical elements - the names of "Potassions" and "Sodiy" (from English words "Rotach" and "Soda"); Latin names of these elements are recorded as "Potassium" and "Sodium".
The release of alkali metals in free form can be considered as one of the greatest chemical discoveries of the beginning of the XIX century. And as one of the first practical triumphs of electrochemistry.
In 1808, Davy electrolytically decomposed alkaline lands and received free alkali-land metals - barium, strontium, calcium and magnesium. However, he had to fundamentally change the experiment to the experiment, since dry alkaline lands did not conduct current and became conductives only in melts.
Davy made an attempt to highlight the elementary boron from boric acidFor which it built a large electrical battery consisting of 500 pairs of copper and zinc plates. But even such a powerful current source did not lead to success.
TO The rupal merit of the scientist is to establish the elementary nature of chlorine. K. Sheele, who discovered Chlorine in 1774, being a tary adherence to the Flogiston theory, proposed for him the name "deflomatic hydrochloric acid". A. Lavuaazier, relying on his theory of acids, expressed the idea that in "acid" contains a special radical - "Muri" - in compound with oxygen. In 1785, K.Brtoll, having entered the manganese dioxide on hydrochloric acid, received nothing more than "defluminated hydrochloric acid". Hence he concluded that such a product of hydrochloric acid oxidation, and called chlorine "oxidized hydrochloric acid" ( acide Muriatique Oxygene.). As a result, the hypothesis about the existence of an element "Miuri" became generally accepted, as well as widespread the name "Oxymurium acid" was obtained. Many researchers, including French chemists, J.G. Lyussak and L. Tar, tried to figure out her nature, but only Davy in the late 1810 as a result of numerous experiments finally concluded: "Oxymurium acid" has an elementary nature. He gave a new element called "chlorine" (translated from the Greek meaning "yellow-green"). The modern name "Chlorine" suggested in 1811 Gay Lussak.
Davy tried to highlight and free fluorine. In 1812, he suggested that in plaguing acid and its compounds contained a certain "principle", similar to chlorine. Davie even proposed the name for this hypothetical elementary substance - "Fluorine", by analogy with "chlorine". However, he did not achieve the desired, but seriously poisoned, working with fluorine-containing products. The trouble never comes one: the scientist almost lost his vision in experiments with nitrogen chloride.
The year 1812 turned out to be a turning point for Davy hemphri. In the remaining 17 years of life, he did not make any significant discoveries, and in some issues of chemistry remained retrograd. For example, supported the idea of \u200b\u200bthe complex composition of some elementary substances (nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, carbon, etc.). In fact, it was indifferent to the chemical atomistic of Dalton, calling it a "witty assumption." However, he used Daltonian atomic weights, called their proportions. In the same year, he released the book "Elements of Chemical Philosophy". Davy considered it only as the first part of the large essay, which must cover all chemistry. This work remained unfinished.
Davy left a good memory of the invention in 1815 a secure lamp for miners. It was used in mines for more than a century until electrical lighting was introduced.
The scientist died on May 29, 1829, barely survived the half-century border. In the obituary noted: "Davy ... represented a vivid example of the fact that the Romans called a man who favors happiness. His success, however, even from this point of view was not the case of the case, and he owes it to his profound, the foresee of the future when creating his plans and talentedness and perseverance, with whom he brought them to a successful end ... "
P Withers that Davy entered the history of science by one of the founders of electrochemistry, which actually created the first electrochemical theory. He confirmed the fact of electrolytic decomposition of solutions of complex substances and the fact that hydrogen, metals and alkalis are distinguished on the negative pole, and in positive - oxygen and acid. He concluded that chemical compounds are the product of electrical neutralization of oppositely charged substances entering into interaction. This postulate Y. Bercelius embodied in his dualistic theory.
Perhaps it will not be an exaggeration to say that Davie was "programmed to more." Unfortunately, the diseases staged him in the heyday. The nature of the scientist was by no means lightly: ambition and pride were clearly expressed in his nature. That is why his essentially left the disciples, except Michael Faraday, who played a significant role in the fate of Davy. By the way, they met in 1812
Faraday acquired knowledge on his own. Working a student of the rebooter, he carefully acquainted with the content of books. She was especially interested in books in chemistry. Michael attended the Popular Lectures of Davy at the Royal Institute. Then he rewrote them completely, supplied the drawings and sent a nuclear scientist with a request to accept the assistant for laboratory work. Davy soon became convinced of the brilliant abilities of a young employee and even took him with him as an assistant on a journey through Europe in 1813-1815.
Over the years, Faradays made increasing independence. He fulfilled several remarkable works in chemistry and already in 1821 he was elected a member of the Royal Society, which Davy, oddly enough, was actively prevented. Was the envy to the rapid creative growth of a young colleague or irritability caused by constant malaise? Who knows ... Faraday after the death of Davie headed his laboratory and inherited lectures at the Royal Institute.
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If Davy stood at the sources of electrochemistry, then Faradays contributed to summing up the theoretical foundation. It formulated the basic laws of electrolysis and proposed the terms "electrode", "Anode", "Cathode", "Anion", "Kation", "Ion" ...
However, in the history of science, Michael Faradays entered primarily as a physicist, moreover, as one of the greatest physicists All time. It is enough just to say that he established the connection of electricity with magnetism, which had colossal consequences for the development of natural science and technology.
