An without any declaration of war, Japan began military actions against Russia, and the Russian-Japanese war began in January 1904. The Japanese fleet attacked the ships, which were at the external raid in Port Arthur. As a result of this treacherous attack, they managed to deal with a number of powerful ships of the Russian squadron. Officially declared war on only February 10. The very reason for this war is the expansion of our country to the east, the other reason is the annexation of the Liaodong Peninsula, which was previously captured by Japan. This factor provoked not only military reform, but also the militarization of Japan.
All Russian society was outraged by the news of the beginning of the Russian-Japanese war. As for the world society, his reaction was completely different. So, England and the United States, the prognipon position was occupied. In the tone of media messages, an explicit anti-Russian mood was heard. France, which was at that time the Allied Russia, was announced neutrality, as it was interested in Union with Russia, but did not want to strengthen Germany. The Russian-French good relationship was cooled immediately after signing by France Agreement with England in April 1904. Germany announced in relation to our country friendly neutrality.
The first attempt of the Japanese to master the fortress of Port Arthur, even despite their serious hostilities, was not crowned with success. On August 6, the Japanese undertook a second attempt. Stormed the fortress of Port Arthur Army, as part of which was forty-five thousand servicemen under the command of the Oyama. They met the strongest resistance of Russian defenders. Already on August 11, they were forced to retreat them, in these battles the Japanese lost the greater half of their soldiers. Only in early December 1904, the fortress of Port Arthur was handed over to the Japanese. It happened after the heroic death of Kondratrate - General of the Russian Army. A act with the Japanese on the surrender of the fortress was signed by the flight and artwork, although it could have bothered about two months. The result of this was the destruction of the Russian fleet and capturing thirty-two thousand Russian soldiers.
Historians identified the most significant events that occurred during the Russian-Japanese war, this is:
1.Mackden battle, which lasted from 5 to 24 February 1905. It remains in the history of mankind, as the largest land battle until the very beginning of another war - the First World War. The Russian army had to move away, she was lost in the battle of fifty nine thousand soldiers among those killed, the Japanese lost eighty thousand.
2. The Tsushim battle, which lasts only one day from May 27 to 28. The result of this battle was the complete destruction of the Russian Baltic squadron by the Japanese fleet, which was superior to her in numbers six times.
The course of the Russian-Japanese war was not in favor of Russia. But the Japanese economy was strongly exhausted by this war, which made it go for peace negotiations. On August 9, a peaceful conference between the participants of this war began in Portsmouth. For participants of the diplomatic delegation, they were successful from Russia. The prisoner of the world agreement caused a squall of protests in Tokyo.
On the consequences of the Russian-Japanese war.
They were very noticeable for Russia, namely:
1. Destruction of the Pacific Fleet.
2. About one hundred thousand people among those killed.
3. Stop the expansion of the country to the East.
The defeat of the Russians in the war in all colors showed the weakness of the king's policy, it was to some extent and led to the growing revolutionary mood among the population. The result was the 1905 revolution.
Of the most important reasons for the defeat of the country in the war, the following are allocated:
- Russian Empire was in diplomatic isolation;
- the Russian army was not prepared for the conduct of hostilities in fairly difficult conditions;
- Many tsarist generals were mediocre, and some are just traitors of the Fatherland;
- Significant superiority of Japan both in the economic and military spheres.
Essay on the topic "Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905."
End XIX - early XX centuries. were marked by the acute wrestling of great powers. That in one, then in another area of \u200b\u200bthe planet there were conflicts and wars. As a result of the collision of the gravity aspirations tsarist Russia And the Militarian Japan has emerged Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905. The imperialists of the United States and the England played a big role in the unleashing, which played a dual policy towards Japan and Russia, trying to warm their competitors in the Far East so that to host themselves in Southeast Asia. In the conflict of Russia with Japan, German imperialists were interested, which began to implement a wide expansion in various parts of the globe.The experience of the Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905. Carefully studied and overseas historiography. Interest in this topic was explained primarily to the fact that Western countries who took part in the exacerbation of contradictions between Russia and Japan were forced to follow the course of war and its consequences. The fact is that since the Franco-Prussian war 1870-1871. and the Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878 Until the beginning of the 20th century, a large scale wars were conducted, which would require the participation of the considerable forces of armies and fleets. Hence the study and summary of the experience of the first wars of the Epoch of Imperialism, including Russian-Japanese, should know to a certain extent contribute to the development of the military circles of the countries of Western Europe of those new phenomena and trends in the development of methods and forms of armed struggle that manifested themselves during these conflicts.
ATTENTION, only today!
Causes of defeat of Russia
Numerous reasons for Russia's defeat in the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905. You can minimize the main groups:
The following from the situation within the country
Even after defeats in Port Arthur, in the battles in Mukden and Tsushim, Russia had enough forces and means to win the war. If the war continued another year or two, then Russia would have to have a war at least a draw. But because of the peasant unrest, the speeches of the proletariat, armed uprisings, the government was interested in the imminent conclusion of the world. In the fall, in the fall of 1905, the whole society came into motion. At this time, various flows of revolutionary and liberal movement were merged. The first Russian revolution of 1905-07 began.
Widely known by the Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia V.K. Plevue: "To keep the revolution, we need a little victorious war." In these words, it was its truth: the revolution in Russia has long been brewing and only a victorious war could restrain the revolution. But the situation developed otherwise, the failures in the Russian-Japanese war pushed the beginning of the revolution. The defeats in the war were struck by the prestige of Russia, which led to the growth of growth in the various segments of the population and the army.
War aggravated many problems russian society And the army: bureaucracy, irresponsible waste of funds, an outdated system of management of society and the army (the manifestation of the initiative in the army is not that was not encouraged, but even on the contrary, stopped). We needed change in all spheres of state life. V.I. Lenin's widespread that was characterized by this war, as the collapse of Russian autocracy, and that the tsarist government was defeated, but not the heroism of Russian soldiers and sailors.
The following is foreign Policy
The most important object of the struggle for the territorial section of the world at the beginning of the twentieth century was the backward and weak China. Many wanted to carry out peaceful conquest of this country to capture its markets, raw materials and territories. Including a close fellow interest in this area showed Russia and aggressively tuned Japan. Increased attention of Russia to China could not please England and the United States (they did not benefit Russia in the Far East), as a result, they supported Japan in this undertak.
In 1902, the Military Political Union of England and Japan was concluded, finalized by Japan's hands in conciliatory aspirations. England and the United States helped Japan in preparing for war: issued loans, supplied raw materials, supplied and taught the army and fleet. It was advantageous to keep Japan and Russia for mutual weakening each other. In the interests of Germany and France, it was not possible to increase England and Japan in the East and at the same time distract Russia from other regions in which the interests could happen, so Germany and France, if so to speak, were on the side of Russia.
The essence of the foreign policy of the leading powers was to appear to be among themselves Russia and Japan, so that in the war they as much as possible each other, while other powers could take advantage of the fruits of the conflict. To this end, England and the United States began to provide more weak side -Eponia Whatever assistance and assistance, lending, training of military personnel, the supply of army and fleet, supply of strategic raw materials, comprehensive political support.
Military reasons
The entire course of the Russian-Japanese war distinguished himself with the talentless senior command of the Russian army. The highest command staff went to war completely incapable of military action. At the highest office posts, the "high" origin or ability to please the bosses.
Russian army included a large number of officers who did not show the initiative and who did not have the practices of military affairs, nor modern knowledge of the necessary in military affairs, and theoretically weakly prepared generals. And even such officers often lacked. Ordinary soldiers often ...
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Kemerovo Institute of Food Industry
Department of History of Russia
abstract
Topic: "Russian - Japanese War 1904-1905."
Performed:
Checked:
Kemerovo 2011.
Content.
Introduction ........................................................................... ......... 3
- Russia to the beginning of the war ............................................................... 5
Events of the Russian-Japanese War:
b) sea battles (tsushima) ................................................ ... ... ... 12
c) Results (Portsmouth World). ..........................................................16
Conclusion ........................................................................................... ... 18
References. ....................................................................................20
Appendix .............................................................................. .21
Introduction
On January 26 (February 8), 1904, the Japanese Military fleet committed an unexpected attack on the ships of the Russian army near Port Arthur. It was the beginning of one of the most unsuccessful military campaigns in the history of Russia. In the end of January, the young Japanese empire managed to conquer the total advantage over the Pacific Squadion of the Russian Army. I think that it was this war that put the beginning of the collapse of our country, as an autocratic empire. As it sounds loudly, but it seems to me that it was with the beginning of the Russian-Japanese war who went series terrible wars. This war lasted just a year and a half, but how much she took lives (220 thousand people). Many historians argue that the Russian-Japanese war is inferior to the first and second world wars on the scale of the global value of the Russian-Japanese war. And what were the causes of the war?
The main cause of the war was the contradiction between imperialist powers in the Far East. Governments of Russia and Japan, sought to master Korea, Manchuria and other territories in strategic and economic terms. Stop Russia in promoting in the Far East, to break the established Russian-Chinese relations, to subordinate to its one-chased control of Korea and in the future China - these are the main causes of the Russian-Japanese war.
The Japanese Empire, which appeared on November 9, 1867, was at the end of the 19th century by a young, fast-growing state. In Japan, by this time, the new government took a course on the modernization of the country. The Cabinet of Taro Katsura came to power, which was more militant towards Russia. By the mid-1890s, passed to the policy of external expansion. During the Japan (1894-1895), Japan inflicted a crushing defeat. The Simonoski Agreement, signed by the war, recorded China's refusal from all rights to Korea and the transfer of Japan a number of territories, including the Liaodan Peninsula in Manchuria.
In 1895, the program of the accelerated development of the Armed Forces was adopted in Japan. In 1897 - 1899, the costs of building a military fleet reached the astronomical value - a third of the state budget. The main problem of state was his small territory. From here the main direction of foreign policy - the glittering wars. The first such campaign the Japanese spent already in 1894, while taking several islands in neighboring China.
At this very time, a domestic political situation was heating in Russia - not far from the mountain was the first Russian revolution. The well-being of the people did not increase, but the dissatisfaction with the authorities grew. Naturally, in Japan, knowing this, went to extreme measures - military actions. Another important reason was the desire of the Government of the Rising Sun. Want Russian Empire Strategically important ports on the Pacific coast.
Russia to the beginning of the war.
War with Japan for Nicholas II was the inevitable border in the development of the fundamental interests of Russia in the Far East. In the XIX century Russian pioneers began the active development of the Far East. In 1858, the Rights Bank of Amur officially departed to Russia for the Agun Treaty concluded with the Empire. This contract recorded Russia's transfer of modern Primorsky Krai, in which Vladivostok was laid in 1860. With Japan, in 1855, the Simoian treatise was concluded, according to which the Kuril Islands north of the island of ITUURUP was announced by the possessions of Russia, and Sakhalin was announced by the joint ownership of the two countries.
Having won the Kitavy in 1895, the ruling circles of Japan sought to strengthen their presence in Korea. Therefore, the end of the Japaway War (1894-1895) smoothly turned into preparation for war with Russia.
Japan expelled to oust Russia from Korea and Manchuria, consolidate the Liaoda Peninsula, which she received from China as a result of the war.
However, the strengthening of Japan under the roof of England and the United States did not suit not only Russia, but also France and Germany. As a result, Russia, Germany and France have achieved changes in the conditions of the Simonoski Treaty. The three-time interventions taken, with the participation of Russia, led to Japan's refusal from the Liaodong Peninsula, and then to the transfer of it in 1898 to Rental use. On March 15, 1898, the Convention was signed between Russia and China, according to which Russia was leased by non-freezing ports of the Liaodong Peninsula, Port Arthur and Far. In addition, laying gasket to these ports railway From one of the items of the Sino-Eastern Railway (K.V.Z.D.). From the construction of the railway line, both parties received substantial benefits. Russia significantly strengthened positions in the Far East, and China, receiving firm guarantees of armed protection against the real new aggression of Japan, could begin the economic development of a huge manchore region.
Regular movement throughout the highway began on July 13, 1903. The administrative and technical center of KVA became the city of Harbin.
In early 1896, Russia and the Chinese Empire conclude a defensive union against Japan.
The construction of Russia of the Trans-Siberian highway and the CERE, rental of Port Arthur and the strengthening of the overall impact of Russia contradicted equally to the interests of Japan and the United Kingdom.
Of course, the UK was not going to fight with Russia herself, this "honorable role" was left by Japan. January 30, 1902 England and Japan signed union contractwho became a major victory of Japanese foreign policy. The contract gave Japan the opportunity to start a war with Russia, possessing confidence that no power will provide Russian armed support. Many countries were fairly afraid of wars no longer with one Japan, but also with England. At the same time, Japan provided financial assistance to England. As a result of the Anglo-Japanese agreement, England was able to apply a serious blow to Russia with the help of Japan. But Japan helped not only the United Kingdom. The United States also considered Russia the main rival in the Pacific. With such allies, Japan received the neutrality you need. Even Germany was eager for the war of Russia with Japan, since it was hoping that the war would distract the power of the Russian army from Europe.
But still the ally of Russia was found. France, which has not approved the distraction of Russian forces to the Far East. As a result, on March 20, 1902, Russia and France published a common declaration, which, however, did not bind to nothing serious France.
But Japan did not get up - she received powerful support. Therefore, he demanded recognition of the sphere of "special" interests not only Korea, but also Manchuria. It is clear that it was a provocation. Of course, this requirement from the Russian side could not be satisfied. Russia still did not want to see in Japan at least any serious opponent.
However, at that time in Russia there was a very difficult situation.
The country was likharanidilo, she was on the threshold of the civil revolution. The government actually split into two camps - "aggressive" and "moderate." The first of them, among whose members were the Minister of Internal Affairs V. K. Plev, Stattto Secretary A. M. Crazy, the governor of the king in the Far East of E. I. Alekseev, was called "Crazozovskaya Click". These persons who have had enormous influence and power, openly pushed Nicholas II on the path of seizing the territories of China and believed that the war with Japan would be in favor of Russia, as it will strengthen the position of power within the country. Perhaps, in the event of victory in the war of Russia, it would have happened, but, unfortunately, or fortunately, the victory of Japan led to completely different consequences.
Another camp, whose kernel was the chairman of the Committee of Ministers S. Yu. Witte, Foreign Minister V. N. Lamdarf, Military Minister A. N. Kuropatkin, believed that the time of war for Russia, due to the country's unpreparedness and the armed forces, not yet It has come, it is necessary to go for temporary concessions of Japan. These contradictions were deprived of the policies of Russia integrity and though, after a long debate, Russia agreed to go for a whole range of concessions and continue the negotiations, it was already too late. In Japan, by the time the "War Party" won. And otherwise all trite. Sent on February 3, notes of the Russian government was specifically detained on the telegraph in Nagasaki until February 7, and on February 6, according to the decision taken on January 30, the Japanese fleet came out in the yellow sea.
Military operations on land.
By the beginning of the war, Russian troops in the Far East, only about 100 thousand people were listed, including in regular troops: officers - 2 thousand 985 and lower ranks - 89 thousand 470, in Cossack troops: officers - 264 and lower ranks - 5 MUD. 116. The Troops of the Amur District were summarized in the 1st and 2nd Siberian corps.
Unlike Russia, by 1904, Japan was ready for action. By this time it was already a completely updated state. Japan has been disposed of developed industry and transport. With the help of Western allies, Japan created a strong naval fleet. In general, the Japanese army and the fleet, with their proper preparation, noticeably exceeded Russian forces.
Using the insufficient preparedness of the Russian Army and Fleet to combat actions, the Japanese fleet on the night of January 27 (from the 8th to February 9) of 1904, without declaring the war, he suddenly attacked the Russian squadron at the external Ride Port Arthur, dismissing the armadire "Retvosan", "Cesarevich" and the cruiser "Pallada". This served as the beginning of the Russian-Japanese war.
The Japanese military command of the first priority believed that it was necessary to destroy the Russian Pacific Fleet and seize its main base in the Far East - Port Arthur. Therefore, the first part of the Japanese war plan was the blockade of Port Arthur from Sushi and from the sea, his seizure and destruction of the Port Arthur squadron. The second part of the plan of the Japanese was to destroy Russian land forces in Manchuria and to force Russia to refuse to further continue hostilities.
The plan of Russia was passive. The Russian command was assumed for a long period (7 months) to defend, and then, after concentrating in Manchuria superior forces, go to the offensive. The plans of the action of the Russian land army and the Navy were not agreed.
On August 6, the first assault on lasting 5 days began. Hot Fights
We turned around in the western plot for the mountain corner, in the North - at the plumbing and cuminantius, and especially on the Eastern - for the Raruta No. 1 and No. 2. On the night of August 10, the Japanese parts broke through the rear of the main line of Russian defense. Russian infantry and sailors rapidly counterattacked from different directions. In about half an hour, the remains of the Japanese troops were forced to flee. Thus, the first assault port of Port Arthur ended with the defeat of the Japanese, one of the reasons for which the night shooting of Russian artillery was considered. The leg army lost 15 thousand warriors, some parts have ceased to exist. The Japanese were forced to go to the long-term siege of the fortress.
On August 12, enemy engineering battalions came to the advanced lines. At the end of August - early September, siege works have noticeably advanced. During this time, an artillery regiment of the enemy was replenished due to eleven siege haubs. The legged legs were replenished with 16 thousand soldiers and officers and officers and, moreover, 2 companies of the sapper. In turn, Port Arthur defenders improved defensive structures. Thanks to the installation of new marine batteries, the amount of artillery in September increased to 652 stems. The remuneration of shells was reimbursed by the fleet, and on September 1, 1904 the fortress had 251,428 shots. Persistent struggle unfolded for dominant heights long and high,
who were important in the defense defense system. The storms of these heights followed one by one. The human forces of the enemy at the main direction of impact exceeded defense by about 3 times, and in some sections - up to 10 times. In the reflection of attacks, Russians widely used a number of new means of struggle, including mortars, invented by Micheman S.N. Voussev. After four-day fierce fighting, the Japanese managed to capture the mountain long.
Attacks on the mountain high on September 6-9, during which the Losses of the Japanese amounted to 5 thousand soldiers and officers, ended to no avail. Russians lost 256 people and wounded 947. This ended the second storming of the fortress.
On October 17, after a 3-day artillery training, the Japanese held the third storming of the fortress, which lasted 3 days. All the enemy attacks were repulsed by Russian troops with huge losses for him.
On November 13, the Japanese troops (over 50 thousand people) have taken even the opposition. They courageously opposed the Russian garrison numbered 18 thousand people by this time. Especially heavy battles took place behind the mountain, which fell on November 22. Having taught the mountain, the enemy began to shelling the city and the harbor of 11-inch Gaubitz. Having received numerous damages, on November 22, the batonniets "Poltava" sank. November 23 - Barny "Retvosan". November 24 - Barny "Peresvet" and "Victory", Pallada Cruiser. The bayan cruiser was badly damaged. December 2 with a group of officers killed a hero of defense
Kondratenko. It was a big loss for defenders of the fortress. Although after the death of the squadron, the position of the precipitated was much worsened, the garrison was ready to continue the struggle. The combat-ready parts were still defensed, 610 guns could shoot (of which 284 sea), there were 207,855 shells (lacked large caliber), did not feel acute need in bread and breadcrumbs, out of 59 fortified assemblies of the fortress were lost no more than 20. (Sorokin A.I. Decree. Op., P. 103.) However, as a result of the union of the general of the article and the new chief of the land defense of General A.V. Foke December 20, 1904 (January 2, 1905 for a new style) Port Arthur was taken by the Japanese, without visible to the grounds.
After the fall of Port Arthur, the Japanese command focused on all troops (five armies) against the main forces of the Russian army who were south of Mukden. The Japanese command planned to embrace Russian troops with both flanks, surround them and destroy them. On February 23, 1905, the Japanese troops were transferred to the offensive and were forced to retreat the Russian army in the general battle in Mukden, which walked on the more than 100-kilometer front and lasted for three weeks. Duration with Mukden has become the last battle in this war. The highest Russian command was in full confusion. By March 7, the Russians lost their hope to renew the offensive and fought for Mukden. The 3rd Japanese army advanced to the north of Mukden to cut off the general of Kuropatkin from the railway connecting the Manchurian army with European Russia. If you cut this line, then the war for the Russians will be lost.
March 9, on Thursday, began the decisive phase of battle. A strong storm played. By the end of the day, Russian positions were almost hopeless. The attacks were weak and late, and the Japanese boldly went to hand-to-hand. In the east, the troops of the 1st army of General Cupuri approached the railway, which meant the risk of surroundings in Mukden, from where they will not be able to leave or receive reinforcements. At six, five in the evening on March 9, General Kuropatkin ordered Russian armies to produce a common retreat along the railway on Telin. The Russian army reached Telin with terrible human and property losses. The Japanese continued to push throughout the front, and on March 12, General Kuropatkin ordered to continue the retreat to the city of Spring. It lasted ten days. Now the Japanese stopped harassment and occupied positions a few miles north and east of Telin. In severe battles, the Russian army lost 90 thousand people (killed, wounded and prisoners) of 350 thousand who participated in the battle; The Japanese army lost 75 thousand people (killed, wounded and captive) from 300 thousand. After that, the war on land began to calm and took a position.
"From the first day I outraged this coup in the hearts of our army, she did not want to resist! .. She immediately retreated! .. He who is obliged to his part-to-person commander-in-chief," he wrote his participant M. V. Alekseev (first of the battle World - Head of the headquarters of the commander-in-chief of Nicholas II).
The plan of the Japanese command was not implemented: instead of the defeat of the Russian army, it happened to the north. At the same time, the Japanese army suffered so heavy losses that it turned out to be completely incapable of further active actions. After Mukden battle active martialctions On land stopped.
Sea battles. Tsushima.
The last hope of the Russian government for success in the war was to transfer a squadron of ships from the Baltic Sea under the leadership of the head of the Chief Maritime Staff of Vice Admiral Z. P. Rodistrensky on the Pacific Ocean.
The idea of \u200b\u200bthe strengthening of our fleet in the Pacific arose with the beginning of the war.
According to its tactical data, Japanese battleships were much stronger than Russians, which can be seen from the following table:
From the mapping of these figures it is clear that the Japanese ships were better armored and had a greater speed. Artillery on the Japanese ships in rapidity doubled Russian, which allowed the Japanese to throw a much larger number of shells in one minute.
On April 12, 1904, the General Adjutant General Vice-Admiral Z. P. Rodvlensky was appointed to command the Russian squadron. The hero of the Russian-Turkish war, he enjoyed a man with a heavy, but the strong character of the commander who knows his work, a severe, but a fair performer of the law.
Qualitatively, the evapacon of the admiral of the village was weak. In its composition, she had old diversified vessels and unbridled cruisers, half of whom did not suit their slowness even for exploration. The 3rd squadron was even worse, and her ships, even older, even more differently, were named by someone's "Kaloshi".
In Tangier, the 2nd squadron divided: 5 armadors and 2 armor cruisers went around Africa, and the rest of the vessels went through the Suez Canal. The whole squadron was reiterated in Nessibe, at Madagascar, on December 24, 1904. Here it was already waiting for the sad news of the fall of Port Arthur and about the destruction of the entire 1st Pacific squadron.
April 25, off the coast of Anama 3rd squadron connected from the 2nd. After replenishing the stocks of coal, the squadron moved to the north, heading towards the Korean Strait. The passage of the Korean Strait had only the convenience that near Shanghai could be released all the transports that bind the speed of the squadron stroke and demanding a strong convoy in battle. Probably, this consideration and bowed a squadron course to the Korean Strait. Unfortunately, the habit of semi-dimensions affected and here and destroyed this is the only advantage of the chosen path. On May 12, only some transports were released in Shanghai; Part of them ("Anadyr", "Irtysh", "Kamchatka", "Korea", towing steamats "Rus", and "Svir") remained during the squadron and to protect them, in case of battle, Admiral Rodially separated all the cruiser and thus weakened Squadral military forces on 36 6 "" guns and 29,120-millimeters.
The next day after that day, May 13, the first presence near the enemy courts were found. Night waited for mine attacks; But the Japanese shouted their destroyers, "to finish us after the fight."
And here is his day. At 5 o'clock in the morning, on May 14, our squadron entered two columns to the Tsushimsky Strait. The squadron already stood in combat order north of the island of Tsushima. At 1 hour 55 min. The day he gave her an order to start the battle and raised the signal: "The fate of the empire depends on the result of the battle. Let everyone tense all his strength. "
And while our squadron began to be rearranged from a hiking building in combat - in one column, Japanese vessels just discovered their fire, focusing on our headquarters, and confused our entire maneuver. On our boiled ships and have a lot of wood in their composition, fires began. The head of the Squadron Admiral Horn Squader was seriously injured at the very beginning of the battle and in a semi-conscious state was transferred to the Martar "Busy". The squadron command passed to the counter-admiral of hotly, but it was impossible to manage the fight. Combat order did not exist. Our ships rushed under the hail of the enemy shells, burned and tone. Shop honestly fought to the last opportunity and gibbles Heroic.
By morning, on May 15, only 1 cruiser - "Emerald" and 4 armored mines remained under the superior of the admiral of Nekhivatov. The rest of the surviving vessels are broken by or in Vladivostok, or in neutral ports.
At dawn on May 15 from the courts of the squad, the halmes were noticed on the horizon. Suggested that these are our retired ships. But at about 8 o'clock in the morning it was clear that "hassles" - enemy courts. There were 28 of them. Part of them, having encouraged our squad, crossed him the course and surrounded him to 10 hours. The Japanese first opened fire from a distance of about 60 cables. Our vessels were not answered: their guns were powerless to this distance. The Japanese did not come closer. Then, after a short meeting of the admiral with the ranks of his headquarters and officers of his flagship ship, at Nicholas I, and the White Flags were raised on other vessels. And the remnants of our "Armada" surrendered.
In this battle, the inconsistency of the highest command of the squadron was completely revealed.
1) The commander of the Russian squadron Vice-Admiral Rodistrensky did not prepare his ships to battle.
2) The battle plan was absent.
3) There were no intelligence.
4) The battle guide and the transfer of command were not organized.
5) The Russian squadron entered the battle at a disadvantage, only head ships could shoot.
6) The connection in one brilvater column of new and old courts deprived the opportunity to use the strongest ships.
7) maneuvering in one brilvater column, allowed the Japanese to reach heads.
8) Incorrect use of spotlights on the ships of the ADMIRAL DRIVERSKY Squader helped the Japanese destroyers successfully attack the Russians.
9) The personnel of the Russian squadron entered into a battle in extremely difficult conditions, having committed a seven-month transition.
Regarding the Japanese Fleet, it is necessary to note:
1) The Japanese squadron was more likely, modernly equipped and more expert and better prepared.
2) The Personal Composition of the Japanese Fleet had eleven-month military experience.
However, despite these advantages, the Japanese allowed a number of major bugs in battle:
1) Intelligence during the battle was not properly organized. Because of this, the Russian battleships broke out several times from the Japanese fleet, and the Japanese only accidentally found Russian armor.
2) The deployment of the Japanese destroyers was carried out incompletely. The maneuver of Admiral Nekhovahova knocked their calculations, and they temporarily lost the Russian column. Four squads did not find it.
The results of the attacks show the lack of preparation of the destroyer: from all the trapes released only six, and, three and the same ship.
So, as a result of the Tsushim battle, almost all Russian ships were sweeping. The outcome of war became obvious. The Tsushima catastrophe produced at all the hardest impression. The Russian fleet was actually destroyed. Tsushima became a shameful page of Russian military history and painfully hit the national pride of the people.
The Japanese lost only 3 minutes, 116 people killed and 538 wounded; The rest of their vessels received more or less serious damage, but none of them were in disrepair to the service. So really affected the combat superiority of the Japanese squadron in front of ours.
However, Japan was economically exhausted. Human resources are exhausted, among the prisoners there were old men and children. Japan was not able to continue hostilities. I could not continue them and Russia.
Results. Portsmouth peace treaty
Everyone understood that peace negotiations need. They began immediately after Tsushima. The role of the mediator accepted the President of the North-American United States Roosevelt.
The first authorized Nikolai II was appointed S. Yu. Witte. And the next day, he received relevant instructions: in no case agreed on any forms of payment of the contribution, which Russia never paid in history, and not to give "not the Ries of Russian Earth." The royal government hurried to conclude peace with Japan to unleash his hands to fight the revolution.
All Japanese printing dictated the following conditions of the world: three billion contributions, the accession of Sakhalin, Kamchatka, the Ussuri region, the Primorskaya region, Liaodong rental and Port Arthur, the breakdown of Vladivostok fortifications, ownership of V.-Chinese. d.
News of such requirements of Japan was worried, of course, russian Society. The emperor has known for all their patriotic appeals to answer: "Russian people can rely on me. I will never make a shameful or unworthy of the Great Russia of the world. "
Meanwhile, Roosevelt from the emperor of Japan knew perfectly,
As far as Japan was needed the early world. Only the firm position of our delegation made Japan to temper their demands. And due to the exhaustion of their resources, Japan was afraid of the resumption of hostilities.
And so, after numerous disputes and discussions, August 23, at 15.47 the world agreement was signed by authorized both parties.
Under this Agreement, Japan received freedom of action in Korea, the southern part of Liaodun with Port Arthur and the Far Fallen, the southern part of Sakhalin, the rights to fishing north of Vladivostok and the reimbursement of the costs of the detention of prisoners of war. Manchuria is subject to simultaneous cleansing it, and it establishes trading equality of all nations; East Chinese. D. shares between Russia and Japan and between them the trade agreement is resumed.
Many in Japan were unhappy with the peace treaty: Japan received less territories than expected - for example, only part of Sakhalin, and not all, and most importantly, did not receive cash contributions. Japan dealt with the country, which throughout its history never paid in conference.
In his memoirs, Witte was recognized: "Not Russia was broken by the Japanese, not the Russian army, but our orders, or more correctly, our boyish management of 140 million people in recent years."
The terms of the contract were significantly closer to the Russian, rather than the Japanese program of the world, therefore, in Japan, this peace treaty was met with frank discontent. But European powers and the United States were pleased with the conclusion of the contract.
And only after the defeat of Japan in World War II and its surrender on September 2, 1945, the Portsmouth Mirny Agreement has lost strength.
Conclusion.
Yes, Russia suffered a brutal defeat in the war. There was also an underestimation of the rival forces, and the progress of the command. In it, all - and unparalleled heroism of soldiers, and bitterness of defeats, and the betrayal of the highest military leadership, and the shameful passing by the general of Port Arthur. Russia was in diplomatic isolation. England and the United States occupied a progenic position, France proclaimed neutrality and did not support his ally - Russia. The Russian-Japanese war failed under the long geographic expansion of Russia. Japan's victory in the war put it in one row with great European powers.
However, it is impossible not to note the fact that still the advantages were. The war had a great influence on the development of military art.
At the same time, despite the seeming evidence of the defeat of Russia, and today among historians there is no single answer to the question: was Russia defeated? Many claim that it was not the surrender of Russia, but signing the equal
etc.................
The answer was left the guest
The Russian-Japanese war I became interested in childhood when my grandfather painted me about my service at the port of Arthur, showed photos of this city of and fortifications. Subsequently, I read a lot of literature dedicated to this topic, which examined different points of view of the events, but the Yabolche tends to the fact that Russia was not ready for this war. In the armyprocetal, corruption and humiliation of lower chains, and there was no longer a fleet of affairs. In this paper, the events occurring on land and at sea on time of the Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905, an analysis of the reasons for the defeat of the Russian phlory and losing the war as a whole. Many provisions have been confirmed by official documents. The past makes it possible to understand the process of becoming aggressive politician-free imperialism, allows you to more effectively expose military hazards, makes it possible to more actively fight the curd and security of peoples. Concrete XIX - the beginning of the XX centuries. Between the acute wrestling of great powers The world or for the redistribution of pieces already dedicated ".to in one, then in another area of \u200b\u200bthe planet there were everd conflicts. As a result of the collision of the gripful aspirations of Tsarist Russia, the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905gg. The Emerialists of the United States and England played in its unleashing, which played politics in relation to Japan and Russia, trying to all elbow to Ukrainian economy. In the conflict of Russia with Japan, the playful imperialists were interested, which began to exercise wide expansion of the swirls of the globe. History of the Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905. Received the attention of many examiners. Created extensive literature, requiring analysis and critical work. The greatest number The various works were released in Russia. Specific Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905. It was studied and foreign historics. The interest in this topic was primarily explained in the first place that Western countries who took part in the exacerbation of resistance between Russia and Japan were forced to follow the course of war by the consequences. The fact is that since the Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871. and the Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878. Until the beginning of the twentieth century, a large scale was not a large scale that would require the participation of the significant forces of the IFLOT armies. From here, the study and summary of the experience of the first wars of the Epoch of Imperialism, the internal number, Russian-Japanese, should be subject to a certain opportunity to promote the military circles of the countries of Western Europe of those new phenomena and the development of methods and forms of armed struggle, which were manifested in the course of conflict. Soviet historicist Russian Japanese war went a big way in his grandioli. It is important to note, first of all, fruitful archaeological activity of Soviet historians. Valuable collections of documents of immigal works were published. From among the main scientific problems of the history of the Russian-Japanese war, the greatest attention was paid to the study of the origin of the Harakter of this war. Soviet historians showed the complex characteristics of the international relationship of the time: the most acute struggle of the great powers of helping in the Far East, which led to the military collision of two-periemelist rivals - Japan and Tsarist Russia. The achievements of the Soviet people are summarized in capital labor covering the history of international relations in the Far East from the XIV century to 1945. The issues of the development of military art were studied from the problem of the war (Monogram.A. Litovsky). E.Egoreva. Soviet historians paid a lot of attention to the study of individuals. The defense of Port Arthur, Primorye, Sakhalin and Kamchatka was covered.
