Caliber 7.62 What are the figures. Rifle arms caliber, its dimension and designation in different countries. What does caliber affect

Interesting questions sometimes arise during the writing, and then discussing materials on arms. It happened after my article on the standards for the protection of military personnel and staff of force structures. Honestly, for me it was somewhat unexpected.

An interesting conversation arose about, which was used during the tests. More precisely, about the calibers of this weapon. The fact is that the data provided corresponded to the standards of manufacturers. What created some confusion in the perception of the material. The confusion caused by the weak knowledge of the very concept of "caliber".

After some, he decided to fill his miscalculation. Indeed, even those who are professionally engaged in small arms rarely think about the theoretical part. What for? There are our weapons, there is European, there is American. And this weapon is used with the corresponding cartridges. When using others, completely unnecessary delays and other troubles arise.

So, let's start with the Azov. What is caliber? The caliber is the numerical expression of the diameter of the barrel channel measured between the opposite fields. It seems everything is clear. However, existing on this moment Weapons do not always correspond to this definition. Why did it happen? The thing is that in the work of the servicemen uses rifled weapons. This circumstance makes the standard definition conditional.

Most weapons comply with the standard. But there are exceptions. It is much less likely to calibrate on the cut. Simply put, the caliber is determined not by the field of the trunk, but from the depth of the cut to the opposite depth of the cut. But this is not all. It is quite rare, but the third method of measuring the caliber is also used. According to the opposite to each other, cutting and field of the trunk.

So questions arose quite correct. Although there were already during the use of weapons. The cartridges of the same caliber "do not climb" or "dangle" in the trunk. But about it below.

Now on the designation of calibers in various countries.

Many wondered about the famous Russian three-line. Why does this weapon have exactly such a name? Beautiful rifle, 7.62 mm. Why a three-year one?

The system of measuring calibers adopted in Tsarist Russia is to blame. 1 line corresponded to 2.54 mm. The attentive reader has already seen where the legs grow from. That's right, English inch. 1 "\u003d 25.4 mm. But since the calibres small arms Still less, it was divided on the line. 1 "\u003d 10 lines. And then the simple arithmetic. 3 lines \u003d 7.62 mm.

What I wrote above, the fact is quite well known. But this fact has a continuation. When discussing the mosine rifle, another caliber name was used: 30 points. Imagine: "The famous Russian thirty" ... Indeed, at that time this calibration system was used.
1 inch \u003d 10 lines \u003d 100 points \u003d 25.4 mm.

But let's go back these days. We are still more interesting to modern weapons gauges.

In most countries of the world, the caliber is expressed in the record known to us. Millimeters. It can be both integers and fractional. Fractional is usually written up to the second sign. 9 mm Pistol and 5,45-mm automatic. Such an entry gives a more accurate determination of the caliber.

But the United Kingdom and the United States retained the designation of the caliber in inches. By the way, this also applies to other countries where the English system of measures has been preserved. Save, though in a somewhat modified form and our "familiar" - lines.

In the UK, calibers are measured in thousands of inches. Americans slightly simplified the measurement. Catch hundredths.

For a complete understanding of this system, it is necessary to return to our beautiful three-line. Officially, according to English requirements, the caliber of this weapon was recorded as 0.3 (3 lines \u003d 3 x2.54 mm).

In English designation, this caliber will be recorded already as 0,300. In American - 0.30. Zero for convenience was removed, and today we have two caliber in the rest: .30 and.300. But this is most often not used today. The point is also not needed. Calibras today are simply 300 in the UK and 30 in the United States. And for us this is a well-known 7.62-mm caliber.

30 (USA) \u003d 300 (United Kingdom) \u003d 7.62 mm (Russia).

So it looks visual. Now you, dear readers, can safely calculate the caliber of any weapon and translate to the usual measurement system.

American caliber 30 is multiplied by 0.254 mm and we get our 7.62. English caliber 300 multiply at 0.0254 and get the same result.

By the way, I had another question that I was vulnerable one of the readers. Why Americans use 5.6-mm rifle, and in russian army Automatic 5.45-mm? In principle, I have already given the answer at the beginning of the article. And this answer is in the method of measuring calibers. Not sure, but I think, I was found among lovers to dig in weapons wishing, who measured the bullet of our AK-74. Not when she shot. And right in the cartridge. Surprise, but you shot a caliber of 5.6 mm. This diameter directly bullets.

Caliber measurement russian weapons passes according to the standard scheme. From the field to the opposite field. But if you measure the depth of cuts, the desired 5.6 mm are obtained. But what I described now is far from all the bullets. There are many factors that "reduce" a bullet caliber to a weapon caliber. And even make this caliber less weapon caliber. This is the number of powder in the ammunition, and the hardness of the bullet, and the number of cuts in weapons, and the length of the leading part ... The trunk of the weapon is not rubber. And the wear of such a trunk is an order of magnitude higher.

I did not want to "climb" in the debris. But if there was a need for a little later, and this side modern weapons, namely, cartridges. Today, most of the users of small arms (meaning row combat weapons) Confident that the designation of the cartridge corresponds to the caliber. And, alas, they are wrong.

The designation of the cartridge corresponds to the weapon caliber. No, cartridge and weapons gauges are very close to each other, but do not fully coincide.

American police officers use the revolvers of the 38th caliber. Using the technique that I described above, you can easily calculate this caliber in millimeters. 9.65 mm! But this caliber does not exist in principle. And the cartridges used by the police are nothing but the usual 9-mm cartridges! And such ammunition are used in weapons, the true caliber of which is only 8.83 mm.

And what is shown in Hollywood films when a policeman gets from the safe especially powerful cartridges and with a proud view is equipped with a drum, it turns out that in the light of this article, complete nonsense. Cartridges ".38 Special" used in these revolvers generally have caliber 357!

By the way, in the same way today there is a popular Kalashnikov machine gun in the US. Our cartridges and cartridges manufactured by the United States, as they say, two big differences. And on the equipment, and by caliber (true) bullets. But about it somehow another time.

In general, the existing system for the designation of weapons gauges is so simple as complicated. Primitively count millimeters or inches today can not be. Existing weapons even one caliber has different bodies. Cartridges for most rifles and automata "their". The unification that was spoken quite recently goes into the past. Modern small arms becomes highly specialized. The use of "foreign" cartridges can lead not only to the failure of the weapon, but also to more sad consequences.

Caliber of rifle arms

The most popular gauges of pistols:

577 (14.7 mm) - the largest of the serial, revolver "Ela" (United Kingdom);

45 (11.4 mm) - "National" US caliber, the most common in the Wild West. In 1911, the automatic gun Colt M1911 such a caliber entered the arms of the army and the fleet and, repeatedly upgraded, served until 1985, when the US Armed Forces switched to 9mm for Beretta_92.

38; .357 (9mm) - is currently considered optimal for manual weapons (less - the bullet is too "weak", more - the gun is too heavy).

25 (6.35 mm) - TOS-8.

2.7 mm is the smallest of serial, had a pistol "Hummingbird" Piper System (Belgium).

Glad-Bulk Hunting Hunting Weapon

For smooth-bore hunting rifles, the calibers are measured in other things: caliber number means number of bulletswhich can be filled out of 1 English pound lead (453.6 g). The bullets should be spherical, the same mass and diameter, which is equal to the inner diameter of the barrel in its middle part. The smaller the diameter of the trunk, the greater the number of bullets. In this way twentieth caliber less than sixteenth, but sixteenth less than twelfth.

In the designation of cartridges to smooth-bore armsAs with the designation of the cartridges to the rifle arms, it is customary to indicate the length of the sleeve, for example: 12/70 - 12-caliber cartridge with a sleeve of 70 mm long. The most common lengths of the sleeves: 65, 70, 76 (Magnum). Along with them there are: 60 and 89 (Super Magnum). The highest distribution in Russia has hunting rifles 12 caliber. There are (in descending order of prevalence) 16, 20, 36 (.410), 32, 28, and the distribution of the caliber 36 (.410) is due exclusively by the release of carabins of the saiga of the corresponding caliber.

The real diameter of the trunk channel of this caliber in each country may differ from those specified at certain limits. In addition, we should not forget that the trobal barrel hunting weapons Usually has of various types The narrowings (choky), pass through which without damage to the trunk can not by any bullet of its caliber, so that in many cases the bullets are made on the diameter of the chocage and are supplied with lightly grain sealing belts, which are cut down when the choc passes. It should be noted that the common caliber of signal pistols - 26.5 mm - nothing else as the 4th hunting.

Caliber of Russian artillery, air bombs, torpedoes and jet shells

In Europe, the term caliber Artillery. Appeared in 1546, when Hartman from Nuremberg developed a device that was called the Gatman scale. It was a prismatic tetrahedral line. For one line, units of measurement (inches) were applied to three others - actual dimensions, depending on the weight in pounds, iron, lead and stone nuclei, respectively.

Example (about):

1 line - mark swine kernels weighing 1 pound - correlated with 1.5 inches

2 faces - iron kernel 1 f. - from 2.5

3 edd - stone kernel 1 f. - C 3.

Thus, knowing or size, or the weight of the projectile, it was possible to easily complete, and most importantly, to make ammunition. Such a system existed in the world about 300 years.

In Russia to Peter 1 no standards existed. At the beginning of the XVIII century on the instructions of Peter 1, Feldshmeister General Count Bruce based on the Gatman scale developed patriotic system calibers. She divided guns by artillery weight shell (cast-iron kernel). The unit of measurement served an artillery pound - a cast-iron ball with a diameter of 2 inches and weighing 115 spools (about 490 grams). A scale was also created, correlating artillery weight with the diameter of the trunk channel, that is, with what we now call a caliber. At the same time, it did not matter what types of shells shoot an instrument - a carriage, bombs, or something else. Only the theoretical artillery weight, which could shoot an instrument at its size. This system was introduced by the royal decree in the city and lasted one and a half century.

Example:

3-pound gun, gun caliber 3 pound - official name;

artillery weight 3 pounds - The main characteristic of the gun.

size on the scale of 2.8 inches - The diameter of the trunk channel, the auxiliary characteristics of the gun.

In practice, it was a small gun, which shouted with cores weighing about 1.5 kg and having a caliber (in our understanding) about 70 mm.

D. E. Kozlovsky in his book translates Russian artillery weight with translation into metric gauges:

3 pounds - 76 mm.

Special place in this system occupied discontinuous shells (bomb). Their weight was measured in pouches (1 pound \u003d 40 trading pounds \u003d approx. 16.3 kg) is due to the fact that the bombs were hollow, with explosives inside, that is, made of different density materials. In their production, it was much more convenient to operate with generally accepted weight units.

D.Kozlovsky leads a trail. Relations:

1/4 Pone - 120 mm

For bombs, a special tool - bombard, or morrtira. Her tactical specificationsThe combat missions and calibration system allow us to talk about a special form of artillery. In practice, small bombards were often shot by ordinary nuclei, and then the same instrument had different calibers. - total at 12 pounds and a special 10 pounds.

The introduction of calibers, among other things, has become a good material incentive for soldiers and officers. Thus, in the book of the Maritime Charter, printed in St. Petersburg in 1720, in the chapter "On awarding" sums of premium payments for taken from the enemy of cannons:

30-pound - 300 rubles

In the second half of the XIX century, with the introduction of rifle artillery, the scale was adjusted due to changes in the characteristics of the projectile, but the principle remained the same.

Interesting fact: in our time artillery tools, calibrated by weight, is still in service. This is due to the fact that in the UK, a similar system remained until the end of World War II. Upon completion a large number of The guns were sold and transferred to the countries so. Naz. Third peace. In the very WB 25-pound (87.6 mm), the guns were in service until the end of the 70s. Passed. Yes, and now remained in salute units.

In 1877, an inch system was introduced. At the same time, the former sizes in the "Breusoy" scale to the new system did not have any relationship. True, "Brysov" scale and artillery weight remained for some time and after 1877 due to the fact that many outdated guns remained in the army.

Example:

Notes

Caliber Aviabomb is measured in kilograms.

see also

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Watch what is "Caliber Weapons" in other dictionaries:

1) Channel diameter of firearms. It is determined: in smooth-bore weapons on the inner diameter of the barrel, in the neck, the distance between the opposite fields of the cuts. It is expressed in inches (25.4 mm) or millimeters. 2) size ... ... marine dictionary

caliber weapons - Ginklo Kalibras Statusas T Sritis Gynyba apibrėžtis Aviacinių Bombų Kalibras Skaičiuojamas Jų Masės Kilogramais. Atitikmenys: Angl. Weapon Calibre Rus. Arms caliber ... Artilerijos Terminų žodynas

caliber weapons - Ginklo Kalibras Statusas T Sritis Gynyba APIRZOTIS ŠAUNAMOJO Ginklo Vamzdžio Vidinis Skersmuo; Sviedinių (MINų, Kulkų) Didžiausias Skersmuo. Kalibro Matavimas įVairiose Valstybėse Kiek Skiriasi: Vienose (Rusija) Graižtvinio Ginklo Kalibras ... Artilerijos Terminų žodynas

Caliber weapons - 1) The diameter of the channel of the firearms of the firearms (in the row is determined by the distance between the opposite fields of the cuts or at a distance between the cuts), as well as the diameter of the projectile (mines, bullets) to its largest transverse section. K. about. ... ... Dictionary of Military Terms

Caliber weapons - Galibr of gunsion, i.e., DІMameter Channel Firep. guns, in the present. Time is expressed in Lin. Ether (mm., See, LN. and dm.). With a given, in the institute of the needed mobility (for the manual. The gunness gunness), in the case and the character of the duality of the gun, ... ... Military encyclopedia

Caliber - The ratio of the pipeline length to its inner diameter. A source … Dictionary directory terms of regulatory and technical documentation

The caliber is determined by the inner diameter of the barrel. Barrel in 18 caliber caliber diametrical stem channel size in its fields; One of the main values \u200b\u200bdetermining the power of firearms. The caliber is determined by the smooth-bore weapon ... ... Wikipedia

1. Definition
2. Methods and measurement methods
3. Caliber ratio and weapon specifications
4. The ratio of the caliber and tactical characteristics of weapons
5. Influence of the caliber on the striking weapon ability

Definition

The caliber is the diameter of the barrel channel, as well as the diameter of the bullet.
Caliber cartridge is a caliber of his bullet.
The caliber determines the size, mass, power of weapons and ammunition.

Methods and measurement methods

Weapon Caliber Measuring Methods:
- in the fields of the trunk;
- on cutting trunk.

Methods for determining the caliber:
. Weight - on the basis of the unit of measurement is 1 pound \u003d 453.59 g and, accordingly, the number of bullets poured from metal of this mass.
Note: This method is used when measuring calibers of hunting smooth-bore rifles.

Large caliber:

10 - 19.4 - 20.4 mm

Medium caliber:

12 - 18.2-18.7 mm
14 - 18.6-18.2 mm
16 - 17-17,25 mm
20 - 15,7-15.95 mm

Small caliber:

28 -14-14.25 mm
32 -12-12,75 mm

Linear - based on the unit of measurement is the line.
1 line \u003d 2.54 mm; 1 point \u003d 0.254 mm; 0.1 points \u003d 0.0254 mm;
10 lines \u003d 100 points \u003d 1 inch \u003d 25.4 mm.
. Numerical is a measurement of caliber in inches or millimeters.

Large caliber:
9 - 20 mm (for pistols and machine guns from 9 to 15 mm);

Medium (normal) caliber:

6.5 - 8 mm (for pistols and machine guns up to 9 mm);

Small caliber:
up to 6.5 mm.

Note: - measurement of caliber in inches is characteristic of countries such as United Kingdom, Canada, USA; - The designation of calibers is preserved as accepted on the weapons of weapons manufacturers.

Caliber ratio and weapon specifications

The size of the caliber is the basis for measuring linear (longitudinal and transverse) parameters of the barrel and determines the type (class, view) of the weapon as a whole.
Weapon trunk consists of several parts:
- government;
- average;
- Dulley.
Internal part of the trunk:
- a cartridge (its length is determined by the length of the sleeve);
- The pool input (its length corresponds to 1-1.5 caliber valve);
- cutting part.
Barrel length:
- for large-caliber machine guns - more than 70 glues of calibers;
- for rifles - approximately 70;
- for carbines - from 40 to 50;
- For pistols (machine guns, revolvers) from 20 to 30.
The length of the barrel area, on which the cuts of constant steepness make one full turn, are called the pitch of the slices.
Number of different cuts:
- 4 (6) - during caliber from 5.45 to 9 mm;
- 8 - from 12.7 to 14.5 mm;
- 12 - 30 (40) mm.

V beginning. \u003d T * L / 0.06 * D² / L - pitch of slices, in inches
V Nach - initial bullet speed, foot / sec.
D - Bullee diameter in inches
L - bullet length in inches
1 foot \u003d 0.3 m
Usually T \u003d 240 - 320 mm

T ch. \u003d (1/50 - 1/70) D - the depth of the cuts is determined by the caliber of the weapon (bullets) and is 1.5 - 2% of its magnitude. For 3 linear (7.62 mm) rifles and carbines T ch \u003d 0.12 - 0.15 mm.
To assess weapons, besides its caliber, it is necessary to take into account such a characteristic as the sleeve length:
- for large-caliber machine guns - 100-110 mm;
- for shopping and automatic rifles - 45-55 mm;
- for assault rifle (automata) - 30-40 mm;
- For pistols (machine gun guns, revolvers) - 15-30 mm.

The main technical characteristics (weapon length, the length of the barrel, the mass of weapons and ammunition) determine the maneuverable capabilities of the weapon.

The ratio of caliber and tactical characteristics of weapons

V beginning. \u003d T * L / 0.06 * D², where

T - Pitch of slices
D - Caliber Bullets
L - bullet length

V beginning. \u003d To the Obror * T, where

To the oborce. - the number of rolver cuts along the length of the barrel

E Dulne. \u003d M bullets * V² Nach .. / 2 \u003d ІKV * T / 2, where

І - the number of degrees of freedom
Kv \u003d 1.38 * 10²³ J / K - Boltzmann's permanent
T \u003d - 273,15º K \u003d 0ºС

E Dulne. \u003d E Dulne. / S where

S \u003d πd² / 4 - bullet cross-sectional area

Combat rate - the number of shots per minute, which theoretically, can be made based on the aiming and recharging operations.
Technical speed - the number of shots per minute, which theoretically, can be made without taking into account the aiming and recharging operations.
The shooting paced is the technical speed of automatic weapons during shooting in automatic (continuous) mode.
A shot in which the trajectory does not rise above the targeting line above the target all over its entirety, is called direct shot.
The flight range of the bullet is the phase of her movement after a shot to fall into a solid obstacle.

The aiming range is the distance from the bullshit slicer to the point of intersection of the aiming line and the flight path.
Effective shooting range determines the effectiveness of targeting target:
- large-caliber machine guns 2500 m;
- rifles 1500 m;
- Pistols 300 m.
The punching action of the bullet is the ability to pierce various obstacles (the depth of penetration in obstacles).
The punch effect of the bullet depends on the properties of the barrier, the caliber, the kinetic energy of the bullet (mass and initial speed) at the time of the meeting with the obstacle, as well as on the form and design of the bullet.
Easy bullet of the 1908 sample (D bullets \u003d 7.62mm)
The thickness of the enabled medium (at l \u003d 50 m from the barrier)
1. Steel plate - 0.6 cm
2. Iron stove - 1.2 cm
3. Gravel - 12 cm
4. Brick wall - 15-20 cm
5. Sand (Earth) - 70 cm
6. Wood - 75 -85 cm
7. Soft clay - 80 cm
8. Strked snow - 350 cm
9. Straw - 400 cm
10. Peat - 2800 cm

The slaughter action of the bullet is the amount of kinetic energy, the bullet took place in the human body.
The striking ability is the unconditional conclusion of a person in order.

E Delle. \u003d 6-8 J. / cm² - causes abrasions
14-17 J. / cm² - Surface wounds
32-36 J. / cm² - impenetrable wort of chest with breast fractures
54-60 J. / cm² - penetrating earlyness of the chest
135-145 J. / CM²- penetrating injury of the chest with damage to its back wall

Here is the fifth century by one of the parameters characterizing the power of firearms, is the caliber. What is a caliber, will be able to answer any person, more or less versed in the military sphere - is the size of the ammunition and the diameter of the barrel. French origin of the term literally meaning "How many pounds" can tell interesting story parametrization in weapons. There is also an opinion that the basis of the word Arabic: "Galib" means '' form ''. The diameter of the model of modern handlers can be characterized in accordance with four classification systems. For example, a smooth-bore hunting carbine "Saiga '' is the 36th .41 or 10.25 mm.

English system

Two centuries ago, both artillery systems and small arms used round ammunition. The cores for guns and the morrtis were made of cast iron, and in some cases stamped from stone. The bullets for rifles and pistols were cast from lead. England, being an advanced industrial power, distributed not only advanced technologies in the processing of metals, new Systems Armament, but also the original system of measures and scales. The British principle of measuring the inner diameter of the trunk was distributed in all world armies. The standard was the English pound (453.59 g) of lead (for rifles) or cast iron (for guns) and ammunition made from it. So, the core weighing three pounds of the cast iron served as an ammunition for the appropriate gun - a three-pound gun (by modern classification - 76 mm). And the number of bullets made from one pound of lead, placed in the trunk channel of the gun, explains what the caliber of small arms is. For the barrel of larger diameter, respectively, a smaller amount of ammunition was obtained. The smaller the number of marking, the greater the diameter of the barrel. The fourth caliber is significantly more than thirty-sixth.

Nowadays, this measurement system applies only for smooth-bore hunting weapons. Some foreign ammunition are equipped with a Gauge inscription, standing next to the number - the caliber indicator. Gage is a dimensional lead ball, which a couple of centuries ago, a weapon caliber was determined.

In the West are measured in inches

After 1917, Russia moved to A in the countries of the British Commonwealth and in the United States the diameter of the trunk is still measured in inches. In Russia, the parameters are considered to be in millimeters: the caliber of the AK-47 automaton is 7.62 mm. In the new light, this weapon is called AK-47 thirtiethly caliber, that is, thirty hundredths. Moreover, various principles of the designation are applied to the United Kingdom and the United States. Zero in the English-language world is lowered, the separator of the tenths and hundredths of the decimal fraction is not a comma, but a point. In England, the diameter of the tube channel of the legendary AK will write "caliber.300", and in the USA '' Calibr.30 '' - in thousandth and hundredths of inches, respectively. In colloquial speech, the same picture: the usual machine gun will be referred to as an automatic carbine of a three hundredth or thirtieth caliber. Abrearer received samples of weapons of the following calibers.

What is a caliber of the cutting weapon

Weapon firms use two system of measuring the diameter of the barrel channel. In Russia, states former USSRAs well as in the armies of our former satellites in Asia and Africa, the caliber is determined by the distance between opposite cuts (the smallest distance). In the North Atlantic Union, the caliber is the distance between the bottom of the neck (the largest diameter). Thus, the most common type of small armament in the west, 16, according to NATO standards, has a caliber of 5.6 mm, and according to domestic standards - 5.42 mm.

The caliber is a parameter that determines the type of tools and small arms. The length of the trunk is measured in calibers. If 130/55 is written in the instrument characteristic, it means that the caliber of the gun is 130 mm, the length of the barrel 55 calibers is 7150 mm. If the length of the trunk is less than 30 calibers, then the gun is a warmness, more is a gun. In the shooting arms the same principle. Rifles have the length of the trunk in 70 calibers, carbines - 50. The domestic automatic ACM cartridge caliber is 7.62 mm, the length of the barrel is 54 caliber. Consequently, this type of weapon is a carbine with the possibility of maintaining an automatic firing. The AK-74 automatic cartridge 5.45 caliber has a trunk length of 76 calibers. In accordance with the generally accepted classification, this is an automatic rifle. And the term "automatic" was introduced into the turnover of ideological considerations.

Large machine gun or small gun?

An innumerable variety of samples of small armament of military and civilian purposes in the size of the stem channel is conditionally divided into three groups:

Rifle weapons, as a rule, has a barrel diameter to 30 mm. A small-caliber artillery begins with 30 mm. Ammunition for small arms are cartridges, for artillery - shells. This classification may be exceptions. So the aviation armament of a 23 mm caliber is called a cannon, and shells are made for a severe American sniper 20-millimeter rifle. In the special literature of the product, 30 mm caliber is attributed to the category of small arms. Devices absorbing returns after a shot characteristic of artillery systems, this type of automatic weapon has no.

Chief caliber of hunters

This term, of course, does not apply to the sphere of small arms. The main caliber is the tools of the greatest size, which constituted the basis of the power of artillery warships. The more caliber of the guns, the more powerful was the ship. With small arms, the situation is a bit different: a large caliber is not always comfortable. In the diversity of modern rifles and classification systems, only a specialist may be understood. In the marking of the parameters of smooth-bore samples, the archaic English system of measures is still applied. What is a caliber for a hunter going to a large game? This is a matter of life and death. Match the caliber of smooth-bore hunting rifles with a metric measurement system in the following table.

Civilian patterns of small arms all over the world are produced in the range of 4th to the 36th. In Russia, the most common hunting calibers are the twelfth, sixteenth and twentieth. It should also be borne in mind that each manufacturer of weapons has its own specificity of the manufacture of the trunk. Even such serious armory concerns as "Izhmash" and "Tzoz", 12 caliber of the trunk channel has a difference in almost a millimeter.

Twelfth caliber

12 Kalibr The gun today is most popular with hunters, although in previous years was not very common. This is very powerful weapons. The goal can be beaten up to 35 meters away. By virtue of its versatility, it is used in the fishery for any kind of game - from protein to elk and bear. Shot from a gun of an eight-millionth card Equivalent to nine shots from the 32nd caliber gun.

Renaissance smooth vehicles

In the seventies of the last century, smooth-born rifles began to return to combat service, first as a self-defense weapon, and then as equipped combat units. Many weapons experts believe that the most effective melee weapon (up to 50 m) is a tactical rifle that ensures the density of fire is not less than automatic weapons. Smooth-bore ammunitions have a significant stopping effect. The most common among police knobs 12 caliber.

In some countries, smooth-bore rifles are classified as storm weapons and consist not only of law enforcement strength, but also special units. Shotguns of this caliber are equipped with US marines, guarding embassies abroad. 12 Caliber Rouge is universal and allows you to use various types of ammunition: from rubber bullets to special devices throwing "cats '' on roofs of houses. Created samples with the possibility of maintaining automatic fire. The most successful sample is the twelve-charged assault carbine of Protecta produced by South Africa.

Sixteenth caliber

Easy to return - 16 caliber. This type of guns in soviet time Got the most distribution due to the mass of products of Tula gunsmiths. Nowadays, domestic producers, focusing on the overseas market, the rifles of this caliber are practically not released. Made in Italy and France. Weapons are lighter than twelfth, but more powerful and cheaper than twentieth. Very often, the samples of weapons of this caliber are pumping performance without butt. 16 caliber is popular with employees of security structures, although some hunters call it "dying."

Selection of professionals

20 caliber is mainly used by professional fishers. It has a smaller slaughter force than the first two options. The weight of the ammunition is 10-12 grams less than 12 caliber. The main advantage is the smaller weight that with long hiking transitions has not the last value. 20 Caliber received a second life with the appearance of new cartridges '' magnum '' with a weight of the fraction up to 36 grams. The owners note a significantly smaller breeding force at the same weight of ammunition and the comfort of using such weapons.

Characterized input and output calibers.

Encyclopedic YouTube.

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  The caliber is denoted both on weapons and on the cartridges. However, with the same digits of caliber, the diameters of the stem channels (and bullets) may vary. For example, 9 × 18 Makar cartridges and 9 × 19 Parabelloum (or 9 × 17 browning) have the same 9 mm caliber. Pistol Makarov is a distance between the fields (the smallest diameter of the barrel channel) - 9 mm, the distance between the cut is 9.25 mm, the diameter of the bullet is 9.27 mm. In weapons under the second ammunition, the distance between the fields is 8.8 mm, the distance between the cut is 9 mm, the diameter of the bullet is 9.03 mm.

  The caliber of the rifle arms in countries using the English system of measures is measured in inches: in the USA - at hundredths (0.01 inches), in the UK - by thousandth (0.001 inches). In the recording zero of the whole part of the number and designation unit of measurement (inches) are lowered, a point is used as a decimal separator: .45 , .450 . In Russian texts, traditional English and American gauges are recorded in the same way (with a point, not a comma adopted in Russia with a decimal separator): caliber.45, caliber.450; In conversational speech: forty fifth caliber, four hundred fifty caliber.

  Classification of small rifle gauges:

  As a rule, the small arms from the artillery varies in the type of ammunition. Small weapons are intended for shooting with bullets, and artillery systems are shooting with projectiles. At the same time, for rugged firearms, one of the differences of the bullets from shells is that the bullets when passing through the barrel channel are crashed into cuts by their shell. This creates a rotational point that increases the resistance of the bullet in flight. The projecture, during a shot, rotation is attached with the help of leading belts (manufactured from materials of less hardness than the shell of the projectile case) [ ] .

  The most common gauges of pistols, rifles and machine guns:

  • .577 (14.7 mm) is the largest of the serial, Ela revolver (United Kingdom);
  • .50 (12.7 mm) - used for large-caliber machine guns and sniper rifles;
  • .45 (11.43 mm) - National Calibr of the United States, the most common in the Wild West; In 1911, a self-challenging gun Colt M1911 such a caliber entered the arms of the army and fleet and, with minor changes in 1926, he served until 1985, when armed forces The United States switched to 9 mm for Beretta 92; in civil circulation continues to be used;
  • .40 (10.2 mm) - relatively new pistol caliber; Provides better efficiency, for which he was gained great popularity in US strength structures;
  • .38; .357 (9 mm), is considered to be currently the best for short-barreled weapons (less - the cartridge is "weak", more - the pistol is too bulky and heavy, strong return);
  • .30 (7.62 mm) - caliber of ammunition of the revolver system of Nagan, TT pistol, Mosina rifles, Self-loading Carabiner Simonov, Kalashnikov machine gun, handmade machine gun Kalashnikov, Sniper rifle Dragunov, PC machine guns / PKM / PKT;
  • .22 LR (5.6 mm) - Caliber of ammunition rifle Tose-8 (Tose-10, Tose-12);
  • .223 (5.56 mm) - Caliber of ammunition automatic rifle M16;
  • 5.45 mm - AK-74 ammunition caliber;
  • 2.7 mm - the smallest caliber of serial; Used in the "Hummingbird" pistol of the Franz Pfannla (Austria) system [ ] .

  Glad-borne caliber or other hunting weapons

  For smooth-bore hunting rifles, the calibers are measured differently: the number of caliber means a whole amount of spherical bullets that can be pulled out from 1 English pound lead (453.59 g). The bullets should be spherical, the same mass and diameter, which is equal to the inner diameter of the barrel in its middle part. The smaller the diameter of the trunk, the greater the bullet is obtained from the pound of lead. Thus, the twentieth caliber is less than the tenth, and the sixteenth is less than twelfth.

  You can also use the formula for determining the caliber (K) by the diameter of the barrel (D, cm):

  K \u003d 453, 59 ⋅ 6 π ⋅ D 3 ⋅ 11, 3415 ≈ 76, 3842 D 3 (\\ displaystyle k \u003d (\\ FRAC (453,59 \\ CDOT 6) (\\ pi \\ cdot ((d) ^ (3) ) \\ CDOT 11,3415)) \\ APPROX (\\ FRAC (76,3842) ((D) ^ (3))))

  In the designation of the caliber of the cartridges to the smooth-bore weapons, as with the designation of cartridges to the rifle weapon, it is customary to indicate the length of the sleeve, for example: 12/70 - 12 caliber cartridge with a sleeve of 70 mm long. The most common lengths of the sleeves: 65, 70, 76 mm (Magnum); Along with them, there are 60 and 89 mm (Super Magnum).

  The highest distribution in Russia has hunting rifles 12 caliber. There are (in the descending order of prevalence) 20, 16, 24, 28, 36 ,.410, and distribution.410 is due exclusively by the release of the Carabins "Saiga" of the corresponding caliber.

  The real diameter of the trunk channel of this caliber depends, firstly, from a specific manufacturer and, secondly, from the drilling under a certain type of sleeve: metal, plastic or folder. For example, a 12 caliber barrel, drilled under a folder or plastic sleeve, has a channel diameter of 18.3 mm, drilled under metallic - 19.4 mm. In addition, we should not forget that the trunk hunting weapon usually has different types of dangle narrowing (choky), pass through which without damage to the trunk can not by any bullet of its caliber, so that in many cases the body of the bullet is made by the diameter of the choc and is supplied with centering belly, which are easily frozen when the choc passes. It should be noted that the common caliber of signal pistols - 26.5 mm - nothing else like the 4th hunting caliber.

  Caliber is the diameter of the barrel channel, expressed in different measures (see table)

  No. p / p	Heat machines	Name	The designation of the caliber in the number of ball bullets in the pound	Conditional caliber bullet in thousands of inch	Caliber barrel in millimeters range (from - up)
  1	Large-caliber	Signal	4	0,935	(23,35 - 26,72)
  2		Staine	8	0,835	(20,80 - 21,21)
  3		Duck	10	0,775	(19,00 - 20,25)
  4		Service	12	0,729	(18,20 - 18,93)
  5	Middle-caliper	Intermediate	14	0,693	(17,20 – 17,60)
  6		Hunting	16	0,662	(16,80 – 17,40)
  7		Fishery	20	0,615	(15,50 - 16,31)
  8		Canine	24	0,579	(14,7 - 15,20)
  9	Normal-Calibe	Fur	28	0,550	(13,40 - 14,35)
  10		Teenage	32	0,502	(12,37 - 13,36)
  11		36 (411 TCM)	70	0,410	(10,00 -11,10)
  12		Legislative 366 TKM	92	0,374	(9,48 – 9,62)
  13	Malocaliberis	Avian	106	0,350	(8,70 – 9,25)
  14		Sniper	174	0,300	(7,60 – 7,85)
  15		Sports	300	0,250	(6.10 – 6,38)
  16		Elementary	460	0,220	(5,42 - 5,56)
  17		For Tir A.	840	0,177	(4,45 - 4,53)

  * All errors in determining the caliber value are due to the different weight of the pound of lead in various surge systems, as well as the rules of rounding and desire to get a beautiful figure in a row.

  Caliber of Russian artillery

  In Europe, the term caliber Artillery. appeared in 1546 when Georg Gartman From Nuremberg developed a device that was called the Gatmanic scale. It was a prismatic quadruple line. For one line, units of measurement (inches) were deposited, on three others - actual dimensions (depending on the weight in pounds) of iron, lead and stone nuclei, respectively.

  Examples (approximately):

  • 1 line - a lead nucleus mark weighing 1 pound - correlated with 1.5 inches;
  • 2 The face - the iron nucleus mark weighing 1 pound - correlates with 2.5 inches;
  • 3 The face - the stone kernel mark weighing 1 pound - correlates with 3 inches.

  Thus, knowing the size or weight of the projectile, it was possible to easily complete, and most importantly, making ammunition. Such a system existed in the world about three hundred years.

  In Russia to Peter I, unified standards did not exist. The guns previously occurring in the army were characterized by each separately by the weight of the projectile, in Russian national units. In Dopererovsk, the guns are mentioned from 1/8 of the hryvnia to Pond. At the beginning of the XVIII century, on behalf of Peter I, the Feldshmeister General Count Bruce based on the Gatman scale developed a domestic caliber system. It shared guns along the artillery weight of the projectile (cast-iron core). The unit of measurement served an artillery pound - a cast-iron ball with a diameter of 2 inches and weighing 115 spools (about 490 grams). At the same time, it did not matter what types of shells shoot an instrument - a carriage, bombs, or something else. Only the theoretical artillery weight, which could shoot an instrument at its size. Tables have also been developed, correlating artillery weight (caliber) with the diameter of the barrel channel. The artillery officers were charged with the duty to operate both calibers and diameters. In the "Maritime Charter" (St. Petersburg, 1720), in the head of the seventh "about an artillery officer, or a conspeve", in paragraph 2, it is written: "It should be lacy with the kernels, whether their diameters are apparent with canvas and arrange them on the ship on their own places. " This system was introduced by the royal decree in the city and lasted more than one and a half century.

  • 3-pound gun, gun Calibrom 3 pound - official names;
  • artillery weight 3 pound - the main characteristic of the gun;
  • size 2.8 inches - the diameter of the barrel channel, the auxiliary characteristics of the gun.

  In practice, it was a small gun, which shouted with cores weighing about 1.5 kg and having a caliber (in our understanding) about 71 mm.

  Kozlovsky David Evstafyevich in his book gives the translation of the Russian artillery weight

  For bombs, a special tool - bombard, or morrtira. Her tactical and technical characteristicsThe combat missions and calibration system allow us to talk about a special form of artillery. In practice, small bombards were often shot by ordinary cores, and then one and the same tool had different calibers - a total of 12 pounds and a special at 10 pounds.

  The introduction of calibers, among other things, has become a good material incentive for soldiers and officers. Thus, in the "Maritime Charter", published in St. Petersburg in 1720, in the chapter "On awarding" sums of premium payments for taken from the enemy of the cannons:

  • 30-pound - 300 rubles,
  • 24-pound - 250 rubles,
  • 18-pound - 210 rubles,
  • 12-pound - 170 rubles,
  • 8-pound - 130 rubles,
  • 6-pound - 90 rubles,
  • 4 or 3-pound - 50 rubles,
  • 2-pound or lower - 15 rubles.

  In the second half of the XIX century, with the introduction of rifle artillery, the scale was adjusted due to changes in the characteristics of the projectile, but the principle remained the same.