All familiar to the chest of the Soviet "soldier-liberator". In the presentation soviet people The Krasnoarmeys of the Great Patriotic War is the exhaust people in dirty stinsels, which Gurby run into the attack after the tanks, or tired senior men, smoking on bars of self-worker. After all, these personnel were mainly imprinted by military chainsamers. In the late 1980s, film director and post-Soviet historians put the "victim of repression" on the cart, were presented to the "three-line" without cartridges, sending the branches of the fascists to meet the armored schools - under the supervision of barrier detachments.Now I suggest see what was in reality. It can be responsibly to declare that our weapons did not dare to foreign ones at all, and it was more suitable for local use conditions. For example, a three-line rifle had large gaps and tolerances than foreign, but this "disadvantage" was a forced peculiarity - weapon lubricant, thick on the frost, did not take the weapon from the battle.
So, review.
N Agan - Revolver, developed by Belgian gunsmiths by Emil Brothers (1830-1902) and Leon (1833-1900) Naganov, which was in service and produced in a number of countries in late XIX. - Middle of the XX century. 
TK (Tula, Korovina) - the first Soviet serial self-loading pistol. In 1925, the Sports Society Dynamo ordered the Tula Armory, the development of a compact pistol under the cartridge 6.35 × 15 mm Brauning for sports and civil societ needs.
Work on the creation of a pistol took place in the design bureau of the Tula Armory Plant. In the fall of 1926, the constructor-gunsoye S. A. Korovin completed the development of a gun, which received the name of the Gun TK (Tula Korovin).
At the end of 1926, the Tzosis began the release of a pistol, next year the gun was approved for use, having received the official name "Tula, Korovina pistol, a sample of 1926."
The TC pistols came to the arms of the NKVD of the USSR, the Middle and Senior Command Makeup of the Red Army, civil servants and party workers.
Also, the TC was used as a gift or award weapon (for example, there are cases of awarding of Stakhanov). In the period from the fall, 1926 to 1935, several tens of thousands of "Corveni" were issued. In the period after the Great Patriotic War, TC pistols were kept for some time in savings kiss as a backup weapon for employees and collectors. 
Pistol arr. 1933. TT (Tula, Tokarev) - the first Army Self-Challenge Pistol of the USSR, developed in 1930 by the Soviet designer Fedor Vasilyevich Tokarev. The TT pistol was designed for the 1929 competition for a new army gun, declared to replace the Nagan revolver and several models of revolvers and foreign-made guns, which were in service with the Red Army by the mid-1920s. The German cartridge 7.63 × 25 mm Mauser was adopted as a regular cartridge, which was purchased in significant quantities for Mauser S-96 guns. 
Mosin rifle. 7.62-mm (3-linear) Sample rifle of 1891 (Mosina rifle, Trejlineta) - a shop rifle, adopted by the Russian Imperial Army in 1891.
It was actively used in the period from 1891 to the end of the Great Patriotic War, during this period it was repeatedly modernized.
The title of triple comes from the caliber of the rifle barrel, which is three Russian lines (the old length of length equal to one tenth inch, or 2.54 mm - respectively, three lines are 7.62 mm).
On the basis of the sample rifle of 1891 and its modifications, a number of samples of sports and hunting weaponslike a row and smooth-bore. 
Automatic simonov rifle. 7.62 mm Automatic Rifle System Simonova Sample 1936, ABC-36 - Soviet Automatic Rifle, developed by gunsmith Sergey Simonov.
It was originally developed as a self-loading rifle, but during the improvements, the automatic fire mode was added for use in an emergency situation. The first automatic rifle, developed in the USSR and adopted. 
With a toching rifle of Tokarev. 7,62-mm Self-loading rifles of the Tokareva system of the samples of 1938 and 1940 (SVT-38, SVT-40), as well as an automatic Tokareva rifle of the 1940 sample - modifications of the Soviet self-loading rifle developed by F. V. Tokarev.
SVT-38 was developed as a substitute for the automatic Rifle Simonov and February 26, 1939 adopted by the Red Army. The first SVT arr. 1938 was released on July 16, 1939. From October 1, 1939, the gross release began on Tula, and since 1940 - on the Izhevian arms factory. 
Self-loading Carabiner Simonov. 7.62 mm Self-loading Carabiner Simonov (abroad is also known as SCS-45) - Soviet self-loading carbine design of Sergey Simonov, adopted in 1949.
The first copies began to enter the existing parts at the beginning of 1945 - it was the only case of a cartridge 7.62 × 39 mm in World War II 
N expiration-machine Tokarev, or the original title-tank carbine - created in 1927 an experimental sample of automatic weapons for a modified revolving cartridge Nagana, the first of the machine guns developed in the USSR. It was not adopted for service, a small experienced party was released, it was limited to the Great Patriotic War. 
Провить - Machine gun of Degtyarev. 7.62 mm Pistols-machine guns of the samples 1934, 1934/38 and 1940 of the Degtyarev system - various modifications of the gun-machine gun, developed by the Soviet gunmaker Vasily the Degtyarev in the early 1930s. The first gun-machine gun adopted by the Red Army.
Degtyarev's pulp pistol was a fairly typical representative of the first generation of this type of weapon. Used in the Finnish campaign of 1939-40, as well as at the initial stage of the Great Patriotic War. 
Провитлений-шпатальная шпапана. 7.62 mm Pistol-machine-machine of 1941 Schpagin system (PPS) is a Soviet machine gun, developed in 1940 designer G. S. Schpagin and adopted by the Red Army on December 21, 1940. PPS was the main Pistol-Merchant Soviet armed Forces In the Great Patriotic War. 
After the end of the war, in the early 1950s, the PPS was removed from the arms of the Soviet Army and gradually replaced by the Kalashnikov machine gun, he continued to be somewhat longer in service with rear and auxiliary units, parts of the internal troops and railway troops. The armament of militarized security units consisted of at least the mid-1980s.
Also, in the post-war period, the PPS in significant quantities was supplied to the country friendly to the USSR, for a long time consisted of arms of various states, was used by irregular formations and during the twentieth century was used in armed conflicts around the world.
N expiration-machine of Sudeva. 7.62 mm Pistols-machine guns of the samples of 1942 and 1943 of the Sudarev system (PPS) - options for a gun-machine gun developed by the Soviet designer Alexei Sudaev in 1942. Used by Soviet troops during the Great Patriotic War.
Often, PPS is considered as the best gun-machine gun of the Second World War. 
Prawn "Maxim" sample in 1910. Maxim machine gun of the 1910 sample is a machine gun, a variant of the British Maxim Machine, the widely used Russian and soviet armies During the First World and World War II. The Maxim machine gun was used to defeat open group purposes and enemy fire facilities at a distance of 1000 m. 
Anti-aircraft option
- 7,62-mm quadructured machine gun "Maxim" on an anti-aircraft installation U-431
- 7,62-mm paired machine gun "Maxim" on an anti-aircraft installation U-432 
P. Maxa-Tokarev - Soviet manual machine gun of the design of F. V. Tokarev, created in 1924 on the basis of Maxim Machine. 
Dp. (Degtyarev infantry) - a manual machine gun, developed by V. A. Degtyarev. The first ten serial Motors of the DP were made at the Kovrovsky factory on November 12, 1927, then the 100 machine guns were transferred to military trials, according to which on December 21, 1927, the Machine was adopted by the Red Army. DP became one of the first samples of small arms created in the USSR. The machine gun is massively used as the main weapon of fire support for the infantry of the Rota link, up to the end of the Great Patriotic War. 
DT (Degtyareva Tank) - a tank machine gun, developed by V. A. Degtyarev in 1929. He entered the arms of the Red Army in 1929 under the designation "7.62 mm tank machine gun of the Degtyarev system. 1929 " (DT-29) 
DS-39 (7.62-mm Machine machine gun of the Degtyarev sample 1939). 
SG-43. 7,62-mm Machinery Gorryunova (SG-43) - Soviet machinery machine gun. A gunsmith P. M. Goryunov was developed with the participation of M. M. Goryunov and V. E. Voronkov at the Kovrov mechanical plant. Adopted on May 15, 1943. SG-43 began to enter the troops in the second half of 1943. 
DSHK and DSHKM - large-caliber machine guns under the cartridge 12.7 × 108 mm. The result of the modernization of the large-caliber machine gun DC (Degtyarev large-caliber). DSHK was adopted by the RKKKA in 1938 under the designation "12.7 mm large-caliber machine gun Degtyarev - Skapagin sample 1938"
In 1946 under the designation DSHKM (Degtyarev, Shpugin, large-caliber modernized,) The machine gun was adopted by the Soviet Army. 
PRD. Anti-tank single-charge rifle arr. 1941 Degtyarev's system, adopted on August 29, 1941. It was intended to combat medium and light tanks and armored vehicles at distances up to 500 m. Also from the gun could be fire on dotam / feeders and firepoints, covered armor, at distances up to 800 m and by airplanes at distances up to 500 m. 
PTRS. Anti-tank self-loading rifle arr. 1941 Simonov's system) - Soviet self-loading anti-tank rifle, adopted on August 29, 1941. It was intended for the fight against medium and light tanks and armored vehicles at distances up to 500 m. Also from the gun could be fire on dotam / feeders and firepoints, covered armor, at distances up to 800 m and by airplanes at distances up to 500 m. During the war Some of the guns were captured and used by the Germans. The guns received the name Panzerbüchse 784 (R) or PZB 784 (R). 
Granatomet Deaconov. The rifle grenade launcher of the Dyakonov system intended for lesion by fragmentation grenades of living, mostly closed, goals, inaccessible to weapons of the flooring.
Widely used in pre-conflict, during Soviet-Finnish war And at the initial stage of the Great Patriotic War. In 1939, a rifle grenade launcher of the Dyakonov system stood in the state of the rifle regiment in 1939. In the documents of that time it was called a handmade limit for throwing rifle grenades. 
125 mm ampuloma of the sample of 1941 - The only produced mass ampuloset model in the USSR. It was widely used with the variable success of the Red Army at the initial stage of the Great Patriotic War, it was often manufactured in semi-walled conditions.
As a projectile, a glass or tin ball filled with flammable liquid "COP" was most often used, but a smoke checker and even handicraft "propaganda shells" included in the nomenclature of the ammunition. With the help of idle rifle cartridge 12th caliber, the projectile shot at 250-500 meters, thereby being effective tool Against some fortifications and many types of armored vehicles, including tanks. However, difficulties in the application and maintenance led to the fact that in 1942, the ampuloset was removed from weapons. 
ROKS-3. (Ranger flamethrower Klyuev - Sergeyev) - Soviet infantry Range flamethrower of the Great Patriotic War. The first model of the ROX-1 Rocky Flamethrower was developed in the USSR in the early 1930s. At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in the composition of the rifle regiments of the Red Army, there were bloomed teams in the composition of two departments armed with 20 Rox-2 rack flamers. Based on the experience of using these flamers in the early 1942, the designer of the Research Institute of Chemical Engineering M.P. Sergeyev and Constructor of the Military Plant No. 846 V.N. Klyuev developed a more perfect Rocky Rocks-3 flamethrower, which was in service separate Rot and battalions of the Red Army's Range Flamers throughout the war. 
Bottles with a combustible mixture ("Molotov Cocktail").
At the beginning of the war, the State Defense Committee decided to use bottles with a combustible mixture in the fight against tanks. Already on July 7, 1941, GKO adopted a special decree "On anti-tank incendiary grenades (bottles)", which was obliged to organize the drug industry addict to organize from July 10, 1941. Equipment of liter glass bottles of fireproof by the recipe of 6 militant ammunition. And the head of the Department of Military Chemical Protection of the Red Army (later - the main military-chemical management) was prescribed from July 14 to begin "Supplying the military units with manual incendiary grenades."
Tens of liquor-vodka and beer factories throughout the USSR on the move turned into military enterprises. Moreover, the "Molotov cocktail" (by the name of the then Zas I.V. Stalina, according to the State Committee) was prepared directly on the old factory lines, where they poured the Troja, Portwine and the hip "Abrau-Durso" yesterday. From the first parties such bottles often did not even have time to contempt the "peaceful" alcoholic labels. In addition to liter bottles indicated in the legendary "Molotovsky" decree, "cocktail" were also made in beer and wine-cognac tanks with a volume of 0.5 and 0.7 liters.
The incendiary bottles of two types were adopted for armament of the Red Army: with a self-igniting liquid of the COP (a mixture of phosphorus and sulfur) and with combustible mixtures No. 1 and No. 3, representing a mixture of aviation gasoline, kerosene, ligroin, thickened by oils or a special curing powder 2, developed in 1939, under the leadership of A. P. Ionov, - in fact, it was a preamune of modern Nalalm. The abbreviation "COP" decodes in different ways: and the "Skykinskaya mixture" - by the name of the inventor N. V. Koshkin, and "Cognac Old", and "Kachugin-Solodovnik" - by the name of other inventors of liquid grenades.
A bottle of self-oscillating liquid of the COP, falling on the solid, was broken, the liquid was spilled and burning with a bright flame to 3 minutes, developing temperatures up to 1000 ° C. At the same time, being a sticky, she adhered to armor or flashed observation gaps, glasses, surveillance devices, blinded the smoke crew, smoking it from the tank and burning everything inside the tank. Finding on the body, a drop of burning liquid caused strong, difficult to burn burns.
Flashing mixtures No. 1 and No. 3 were burning up to 60 seconds with a temperature of up to 800 ° C and highlighting a lot of black smoke. As a cheaper option, bottles with gasoline were used, and thin glass tubes with a liquid of the COP were used as an incerent tool, which were attached to a bottle using pharmaceutical rubber bands. Sometimes ampoules before throwing inserted inside the bottles. 
B Rhonelet PZ-ZIF-20 (Protective shell, plant. Frunze). He is CH-38 of the type of pure (CH-1, steel bib). You can call the first mass Soviet body armor, although it was called a steel bib, which does not change his destination.
The body armor provided protection from the German gun-machine gun, pistols. Also, the body armor provided protection against the fragments of the garnet and min. The body armor was recommended to wear assault groups, communicating (during cable gasket and repair) and when performing other operations at the discretion of the commander.
It often comes across information that PZ-ZIF-20 is not a body armor SP-38 (CH-1), which is incorrect, since PZ-ZIF-20 was created for the 1938 documentation, and the industrial release was established in 1943. Second moment that by appearance have 100% similarity. Among the military search groups is called "Volkhovsky", "Leningrad", "five-pieceing".
Photo Reconstruction: 
Steel Bibs CH-42 
Soviet assault engineering and sperm guards brigade in steel bibs CH-42 and with machine guns of DP-27. 1st SHISBR. 1st Belorussian Front, summer 1944
Hand grenade rog-43
Manual fragment grenade ROG-43 (index 57-g-722) of remote operation is designed to defeat the living force of the enemy in offensive and defensive battle. The new grenade was developed in the first half of the Great Patriotic War at the factory. Kalinina and had the factory designation of the RGK-42. After adopting into arms in 1943, the grenade received the designation of ROG-43.
Manual smoke grenade RDG.
RDH device
Smoke grenades were used to provide a curtain of 8 - 10 m and used, mainly for the "blinding" of the enemy, located in shelters, to create a local curtains with the goal of masking crews emerging from armored vehicles, as well as to simulate combustion of matchmaking armored vehicles. Under favorable conditions, one grenade of the RDG created a cloud not viewed with a length of 25-30 m.
Burning grenades did not die in water, so they could be used when forceing water obstacles. Pomegranate could smoke from 1 to 1.5 minutes, forming, depending on the composition of the smoke mix, thick gray-black or white smoke.
RPG-6 grenade.
RPG-6 exploded instantly at the moment of strikes about a tough barrier, destroyed the armor, hit the crew of the armored goal, its weapons and equipment, could also ignore fuel and blow up ammunition. Military Testing RPG-6 grenade passed in September 1943. The target was used the trophy assault tool "Ferdinand", which had a frontal armor to 200 mm and booking the side up to 85 mm. The tests have shown that RPG-6 grenade when hitting the head part of the goal could be pierced by armor to 120 mm.
Manual anti-tank grenade arr. 1943 RPG-43
Manual anti-tank pomegranate of the 1941 sample RPG-41 of shock action
RPG-41 was intended to combat armored vehicles and light tanks with a thickness of up to 20 - 25 mm thick, and could also be used to combat dot and field-type shelters. RPG-41 could also be used to defeat medium and heavy tanks when in vulnerable places of the car (roof, caterpillars, driving part, etc.)
Chemical pomegranate of the 1917 sample
According to the "Team Rack Charter of the Red Army. Part 1. Weapon. Ruge and manual grenades ", published by the managing cases of drug addresses and the RVS of the USSR in 1927 at the disposal of the Red Army for armament of the troops in a positional battle remained a manual chemical grenade of the ORP. 1917 from the reserve, harvested in the years of the First World War.
Pomegranate VKG-40
In the Armsman of the Red Army in the 1920s and 1930s, Donok-charged "Grenatomet Deaconov", created at the end of the First World War and subsequently upgraded. 
The grenade launcher consisted of frozen, bumps and sight-quadrant and served to defeat the live strength by a fragmentary grenade. The limit of the Mortyarka had a caliber of 41 mm, three screw cuts, fastened hard in a cup that screwed down on the neck, she was put on the rifle trunk, fixing on a cut-out flock.
Hand grenade Rg-42
RG-42 sample 1942 with the cast of Uzrg. After the adoption of grenade was assigned the index of the RG-42 (hand grenade of 1942). The new focus of the urrg, used in the grenade, became united for the RG-42 and for F-1.
PG-42 grenade was used both at the occurrence and defense. In appearance, she resembled Grenatu RHD-33, only without handle. RG-42 with the fed of urtrg belonged to the type of fragmentation offensive remote grenade. She was intended to defeat the living force of the enemy.
Rifle anti-tank grenade VPS-41
WSGS-41 when used
The characteristic distinctive feature of the grrenade was the presence of a "tail" (shompol) inserted into the rifle barrel channel and an employee as a stabilizer. A shot of a pomegranate was made by idle cartridge.
Soviet hand grenade arr. 1914/30 With defensive case 
Soviet hand grenade arr. 1914/30. Refers to anti-tepical manual remote action grenades of double-type. This means that it is intended to defeat the personnel of the enemy by fragments of the case with its explosion. Remote action - means that the grenade will explode after a certain period, regardless of other conditions after the soldier will release it from the hands.
Dual type - means that the pomegranate can be used as an offensive, i.e. Shards grenades have a small mass and fly to a distance less than the possible cast range; Or as defensive, i.e. Shardings fly to a distance exceeding the cast range.
The double effect of garnets is achieved due to the garnet of the so-called "shirt" - a thick metal case, which provides a sharp mass when the fragments of greater mass flying to a greater distance.
Hand grenade RGD-33
Inside the housing is charged BB - up to 140 grams TNT. Between the charge of the explosive and the case is placed steel tape with a square notch to obtain fragments during an explosion, rolled into three-four layers. 
The grenade was equipped with a defensive cover used only when throwing grenades from a trench or shelter. In other cases, a defensive case was shot.
And of course, Pomegranate F-1
Initially, the F-1 grenade used the constructions of F.V. Koveshnikova, which was much more reliable and more convenient to apply French. The slowdown time was smelled by Koveshnikova 3.5-4.5 seconds.
In 1941, designers E.M. Vyland and A.A. The poor worked and handed over for weapons, the new more safer and more simple on the design was fed to manual grenade F-1.
In 1942, the new gas became one for hand grenades F-1 and RG-42, he received the name of Uzrg - "Unified washed to manual grenades."
* * *
After the above, it is not impossible to argue that only rusty three-year-olds were in the arms without cartridges.
About the chemical weapons of the Second World War, the conversation is separate and special ...
Many letters
Katyusha's female name entered the history of Russia and in world history as the name of one of the most terrible types of weapons of World War II.
At the same time, none of the types of weapons were surrounded by such a sequence of secrecy and disinformation ...
Pages Story
How many people of the commanders did not secrete the matchmaker "Katyusha", it already in a few weeks after the first combat application fell into the hands of Germans and ceased to be a secret. But the story of the creation of "Katyusha" for many years was kept "for seven seals" both due to ideological installations and due to the ambitions of the designers.
The question is the first - why was the reactive artillery applied only in 1941? After all, the powder rockets were used by the Chinese thousand years ago. In the first half of the XIX century, the rocket was quite widely used in the European armies (rockets V. Kongon, A. Zalyko, K. Konstantinova and others).
Starting rocket settings began the XIX century. V. Kongreva (a) and I. Kosinsky (b) 
Alas, the combat use of rockets was limited to their huge scattering. At first, long sixtes of wood or iron were used to stabilize them - "Tails". But these missiles were effective only to damage area purposes. So, for example, in 1854, the Anglo-French with rowing barkas was fired at Odessa rockets, and the Russians in the 50s and 1970s of the XIX century are Central Asian cities.
But with the introduction of rosy guns, the powder missiles become an anachronism, and between 1860-1880 they are removed from the weapons of all European armies (in Austria - in 1866, in England - in 1885, in Russia - in 1879). In 1914, only signal rockets remained in the armies and fleets of all countries. Nevertheless, Russian inventors constantly apply to the main artillery management (GAU) with combat missile projects. So, in September 1905, the Artillery Committee rejected the project of a fugasic rocket. The combat part of this rocket was styled by pyroxiline, and not black, but a smokeless powder was used as fuel. Moreover, well done from the GAU did not even try to work out a interesting project, but it was born from the threshold. It is curious that the projector was ... Ieromona Kirik.
Only during the First World War, interest in missiles was revived. The main reasons for this three. First, slow-blooded powder were created, which made it possible to dramatically increase the flight speed and the shooting range. Accordingly, with an increase in flight speed, it became possible to effectively use the wing stabilizers and improve the part of the shooting.
The second reason: the need to create a powerful weapon for airplanes of the First World War - "flying feeds".
And finally, the most important reason - the rocket was best suited in the quality of the means of delivering chemical weapons. 
Chemical shell
On June 15, 1936, the head of the Chemical Department of the Red Army, I. Fishman, was submitted by the report of the director of the Miliatwerner 1 rank I. Kleenov and the head of the 1st Department of Milnager 2 rank K. Glukharev on preliminary tests of 132/82-mm rocket-chemical mines of Middle . This ammunition complemented 250/132-mm chemical mines of the neighbor, the tests of which were completed to May 1936.
M-13 reactive projectile.
The M-13 projectile consists of a head and housing. The head has a shell and combat charge. In front of the head fuses fuse. The case provides a flight of a rocket projectile and consists of a trim, combustion chambers, nozzles and stabiliz - atoms. In the front of the combustion chamber, two electric powder flames are found. On the outer surface of the combustion chamber of the combustion chamber, two screwed threads are placed on the threads of the pin guide, which serve to hold rocket equipment in the guide installations. 1 - Returning Ring of the Fuse, 2 - Explosion of GMZ, 3 - Detonator Checker, 4 - Bearing Charge, 5 - Head Piece, 6 - Ignition - Memorian, 7 - Camera Camera, 8 - Guide Pin, 9 - Powder Rocket Charge, 10 - Rocket part, 11 - grate grille, 12 - critical section nozzle, 13 - nozzle, 14 - stabilizer, 15 - check of a remote fuse, 16 - Remote fuse AGDT, 17 - igniter. 
Thus, "Rini graduated from all the preliminary development of the issue of creating a powerful means of chemical attack of near-action, expects a general conclusion on testing and guidance on the need for further work in this direction. For its part, Renia considers it necessary to now issue an experienced gross order for the manufacture of RCM-250 (300 pieces) and RCM-132 (300 pieces) in order to conduct polygon and military testing. Five PCM-250 PPCs remain from preliminary tests, of which three are at the Central Chemical Polygon (Art. Thrust) and three RCM-132 can be used for additional tests according to your instructions. "
Experimental installation M-8 on a tank 
According to the report on the main activity in 1936, samples 132-mm and 250 mm chemical reactive shells with a capacity of a combat part of 6 and 30 liters of boron were manufactured and tested. Tests conducted in the presence of the head of the National Science of the Red Army, gave satisfactory results and received a positive assessment. But the couple did nothing to introduce these shells in the Red Army and gave new tasks for shells with a greater range.
For the first time about the prototype "Katyusha" (BM-13), it was mentioned on January 3, 1939 in the letter of the defense industry of Mikhail Kaganovich Mikhail Kaganovich, the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Sovnarkom Lazar Kaganovich: "In October 1938, a car mechanized rocket Installation For the organization of a sudden chemical attack on the enemy, the factory tests shot on the Sofrin test artillery landfill and currently undergoes polygonal tests at the Central Military Chemical Polygon in the Thrust.
Experimental installation M-13 on the trailer 
Pay attention, customers of the future "Katyusha" - military chemists. The financing of work also conducted on the line of the Himonization and, finally, the combat parts of the rockets are exclusively chemical.
The 132-mm PCC-132 chemical shells were tested by shooting at the Pavlograd Artillery Polygon on August 1, 1938. The fire was conducted by single shells and series of 6 and 12 shells. The shooting duration of a series of complete ammunition did not exceed 4 seconds. During this time, the goal area reached 156 liters, which, in terms of the artillery caliber of 152 mm, it was equal to 63 artillery projectiles in the shooting of a volley 21 three-refinery battery or 1.3 artpol, provided that the fire was carried out unstable s. The tests focused on the fact that the metal consumption at 156 liters during shooting with reactive shells was 550 kg, while during the shooting of chemical 152-mm projectiles, the weight of the metal was 2370 kg, that is, 4.3 times more.
The test report said: "A car mechanized rocket installation for a chemical attack when testing has shown significant advantages over artillery systems. The three-tone machine installed a system capable of leading both single fire and a 24 shot series for 3 seconds. The speed of movement is the usual for a truck. The translation from the hiking in a combat position takes 3-4 minutes. Fire maintenance - from the driver's cabin or from shelter.
The first experimental installation M-13 on the car chassis 
BC of one PCC (jet-chemical projectile. - "NVO") accommodates 8 l s, and in the artillery shells of a similar caliber - only 2 liters. To create a dead zone on an area of \u200b\u200b12 hectares, one volley from three trucks is enough, which replaces 150 leads or 3 artpol. At a distance of 6 km, the area of \u200b\u200bcontamination of the Oblos is 6-8 hectares.
I note that the Germans are their plants volley fire Preparing also exclusively for the chemical war. So, in the late 1930s, the German engineer unfinished was designed by a 15-cm reactive projectile and a six-power tubular installation, which the Germans were called a six-solid mortar. Mortar tests were started in 1937. The system received the name "15-cm smoke mortar like" D ". In 1941, it was renamed 15 cm NB.W 41 (Nebelwerfer), that is, a 15-cm smoke mortar arr. 41. Naturally, their main appointment was not the formulation of chimneys, but the shooting by reactive shells stipped by poisoning substances. Interestingly, Soviet soldiers called 15 cm NB.W 41 "Vanyushami", by analogy with M-13, called Katyusha.
NB.W 41. 
The first start-up of the original Katyushi (Tikhomirov and Artemyev's design) took place in the USSR on March 3, 1928. The flight range of 22.7-kg rocket was 1300 m, and the Wang-Deren system was used as a start-up.
The caliber of our missile periods of the Great Patriotic War - 82 mm and 132 mm - was defined by nothing but the diameter of the powder checkers. Seven 24-mm powder checkers, tightly laid in the combustion chamber, give a diameter of 72 mm, the thickness of the chamber walls is 5 mm, hence the diameter (caliber) rocket is 82 mm. Seven thicker (40-mm) checkers give a caliber of 132 mm in the same way.
The most important issue in the design of jet shells was the method of stabilization. Soviet designers preferred the overtaking reactive shells and adhered to this principle until the end of the war.
In the 1930s, rockets were tested with an annular stabilizer, not leaving for the dimensions of the projectile. Such projectiles could shoot from tubular guides. But the tests showed that with the help of an annular stabilizer it is impossible to achieve a steady flight. 
Then 82-mm rockets were shot with a quarrel of four-blade plumage in 200, 180, 160, 140 and 120 mm. The results were completely defined - with a decrease in the sweep of the plumage, the flight stability and accuracy decreased. The plumage with a scope of more than 200 mm displaced the center of gravity of the projectile backwards, which also worsened the flight stability. Eliminating the plumage due to the reduction of the thickness of the stabilizer blades caused strong fluctuations in the blades up to their destruction.
Passenger guides were adopted as launched missiles. Experiments have shown that than they are longer, the higher the accuracy of the shells. The length of 5 m for PC-132 was the maximum due to restrictions on railway dimensions.
I note that the Germans stabilized their rockets until 1942 with a rotation exclusively. Turbojet rockets were also experienced in the USSR, but they did not go to mass production. As we often happen, the reason for failures in the tests was not explained not to the wretchedness of execution, but the irrationality of the concept. 
First volleys
We like it or not, but for the first time in the Great Patriotic War, the system of salvo fire applied the Germans on June 22, 1941 near Brest. "And the arrows showed 03.15, the" Fire! "Team sounded, and the devilish dance began. Went in the walker. Nine batteries of the 4th shelf of mortars special purpose Also contributed to hellish symphony. For half an hour, 2880 shells with a whistle were rushed over the Bug and fell into the city and fortress on the eastern bank of the river. Heavy 600-mm Mortira and 210mm guns of the 98th artillery regiment collapsed their vololates to strengthen the citadel and hit point targets - position soviet artillery. It seemed that the stone would not be left on the stone. "
So historian Paul Karel described the first use of 15-cm reactive mortars. In addition, the Germans in 1941 used heavy 28-cm fugasal and 32-cm incendiary turboctive shells. The shells were supercalibered and had one powder engine (the diameter of the motor part 140 mm).
28-cm Fougal mine with direct hit in the stone house it completely destroyed. Mina successfully destroyed field shelter. Live goals within a radius of several tens of meters were amazed by an explosive wave. The fragments of mines flew to 800 m. The headset contained 50 kg of liquid trotyl or ammatola 40/60. It is curious that 28 cm, and 32-cm German mines (rockets) transported and launched from the simplest wooden capping of the drawer type.
The first use of Katyush took place on July 14, 1941. The battery of Captain Ivan Andreevich Flory produced two volley from the seven launchers in the Orsha railway station. The appearance of Katyusha was a complete surprise for the manual of Abver and Wehrmacht. The main command of the Ground Forces of Germany on August 14 was notified by his troops: "Russians have an automatic multi-stra-snatch gun ... The shot is made by electricity. During the shot, smoke is formed ... when you capture such guns to communicate immediately. " Two weeks later a directive appeared, entitled "Russian gun, throwing rocket-shaped shells." It said: "... The troops comes to the use of the Russian new type of weapons shooting with reactive shells. From one installation within 3-5 seconds, a large number of shots can be produced ... Each appearance of these guns should be conveyed to the General Commander Chemical Troops at the Supreme Command, on the same day. " 
Where did the name "Katyusha" come from, is unknown. Curious version of Peter Hooks: "And at the front, and then, after the war, when I got acquainted with the archives, I talked with veterans, I read their speeches in the press, I met a variety of explanations for how the Terrible Weapon received a maiden name. Some people believed that the beginning was put on the letter "K", which Voronezh Cominterns put on their products. The troops went a legend, as if guards mortars named, named Lahi-partisani girls who destroyed a lot of Hitlerians. "
When the fighters and commanders were asked to call the GAU representative to call the "genuine" name of the combat installation, he advised: "Call the installation as an ordinary artillery gun. It is important for saving secrecy. "
Soon, Katyusha appeared the younger brother named "Luka". In May 1942, a group of officers of the Master Arms Department developed a M-30 projectile, in which a powerful supercalibane head, made in the form of an ellipsoid, with a maximum diameter of 300 mm was connected to the rocket engine from M-13.
Installation M-30 "Luka" 
After successful polygon tests, on June 8, 1942, the State Defense Committee (GKO) issued a decision on the adoption of M-30 and the beginning of its mass production. In Stalin's times, all important problems were solved quickly, and by July 10, 1942 the first 20 Guards mortar divisions M-30 were created. Each of them had a three-bedtime composition, the battery numbered 32 quadresants of the samer starting installations. Divisional volley, respectively, was 384 projectiles.
The first combat use of M-30 took place in the 61st Army of the Western Front in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Bellev. In the afternoon of June 5, in the position of the Germans in the Annino and the Upper Dolz, two regimental volley were collapsed with a thunder-like roar. Both villages were erased from the face of the earth, after which the infantry ranked them without loss.
The power of the "Luka" shells (M-30 and its modifications M-31) made a big impression on both the enemy and our soldiers. About the "Luke" on the front went many different assumptions and fudge. One of the legends was that the combat part of the rocket is styled by some special, especially powerful, explosive, capable of burning everything in the rupture area. In fact, conventional explosives were used in warheads. The exceptional effect of the "Luka" shells was achieved at the expense of a volley firing. With a simultaneous or almost simultaneous explosion of the whole group of shells, the law of addition of pulses from shock waves.
Installation M-30 "Luka" on the chassis of the studekera 
M-30 shells had a fugasic, chemical and incendiary warheads. However, a fundamental warhead was mainly applied. For the characteristic shape of the head part M-30, the front-line was called it "Luka Mudishchev" (hero of the same name of the poem of Barkov). Naturally, this is a nickname, in contrast to the "Katyusha" concentrated, the official press preferred not to mention. Luka, like the German 28-cm and 30-cm projectiles, launched from a wooden closure box, in which he was delivered from the plant. Four, and later eight such boxes put on a special frame, resulting in the simplest launcher.
It is necessary to say that after the war, the journalistic and writing brotherhood to the place and not to the place remembered Katyusha, but I chose to forget it a much more terrible brother "Luka". In 1970-1980, at the first mention of "Luke", veterans asked me with surprise: "You know where you know? You did not fought. "
Anti-tank myth
Katyusha was first-class weapons. As often happens, the commander's fathers wished it to become a universal weapon, including the anti-tank agent.
The order is an order, and the headquarters suffered victory relations. If you believe the secret publication "Field reactive artillery in the Great Patriotic War" (Moscow, 1955), then 95 enemy tanks were destroyed in the Kursk arc in two days in the three episodes of Katyushami! Whether it is true, then it would be necessary to disband the anti-tank artillery and replace it with the installations of the salvo flame.
In something on the huge numbers of the knocked tanks influenced the fact that for each baked tank, the calculation of the combat vehicle received 2000 rubles, of which 500 rubles. - Commander, 500 rubles. - Petrifier, the rest is the rest.
Alas, because of the huge scattering of shooting on tanks is ineffective. Here I take into my hands a boring brochure "Footage Tables by reactive projectiles M-13" of the edition of 1942. It follows from it that with the range of shooting 3000 M, the deviation by range was 257 m, and the side - 51 m. For smaller distances, the deviation for the range was not given at all, since the dispersion of the shells was not given in the calculation. It is easy to imagine the likelihood of a reactive projectile in the tank at such a distance. If theoretically imagine that the combat machine somehow managed to shoot in the tank in the focus, then there was only 70 m / s, which is clearly not enough to punch the armor "Tiger" or "Panthers".
Here, there is no wonder the year of the publication of firing tables. According to the TC-13 firing tables of the same reactive projectile M-13, the average deviation for the range in 1944 is 105 m, and in 1957 - 135 m, and the side, respectively, 200 and 300 m. Obviously, rather than the 1957 table, In which the dispersion increased by almost 1.5 times, so that in the 1944 tables, there are errors in the calculations or, most likely, deliberate falsification to raise the combat spirit of the personnel.
There is no dispute if the M-13 projectile falls into the medium or light tank, then it will be disabled. The frontal armor "Tiger" N-13 projectile is not in a state. But in order to be guaranteed to get into a single tank with a distance of the same 3 thousand m, it is necessary to release from 300 to 900 M-13 shells due to their huge dispersion, in the smaller distances it will be necessary more Rocket.
But another example, told by a veteran Dmitry Lozoa. In the course of Umansky-Botoshanskaya offensive operation On March 15, 1944, two "Sherman" from the 45th mechanized brigade of the 5th mechanical corpus stuck in the mud. A landing with tanks jumped and retreated. German soldiers have profasted stuck tanks, "stuck with mud viewing gaps, shrewd by chernozem the aqueous holes in the tower, completely blinding the crew. They knocked in the hatches, tried to open them with bayonets of rifles. And all the mountaineers: "Rus, Caput! Squeeze! " But here we left two combat machines BM-13. "Katyusha" with the front wheels quickly descended into the cuvette and gave a volley by direct vendor. Bright fiery arrows with hiss and whistle rushed into a hollow. After a moment, the dazzling flame piled around. When the smoke from the explosions of rockets was dissipated, the tanks stood unharmed, only the hulls and towers were covered with a thick smoking ...
By correcting the damage to the caterpillars, throwing the burnt vents, "Emch" went to Mogilev-Podolsky. " So, in two "Shermans", thirty-two 132-mm M-13 projectile were released, and they ... only the tarpaulin burned down. 
War statistics
The first installations for shooting M-13 had the BM-13-16 index and mounted on the chassis of the VIS-6 car chassis. On the same chassis, the 82-mm start-up installation of BM-8-36 was mounted. CIS-6 cars were only a few hundred, and in early 1942 they have stopped them.
The launching plants of M-8 and M-13 rockets in 1941-1942 were mounted on anything. So, the six M-8 guide shells were installed on the machines from the Maxim machine gun, 12 M-8 guides - on a motorcycle, sleigh and aerials (M-8 and M-13), T-40 and T-60 tanks, armored railway platforms (BM-8-48, BM-8-72, BM-13-16), river and marine boats, etc. But mainly launchers in 1942-1944 were mounted on vehicles obtained on Land Lesu: "Austin", "Dodge", "Ford Marmon", "Bedford", etc. 
For 5 years of war out of 3374 used chassis combat machines on the ZIS-6 accounts for 372 (11%), on the "studebacker" - 1845 (54.7%), for the remaining 17 chassis types (except for "Willis" with mining launchers) - 1157 (34.3%). Finally, it was decided to standardize combat vehicles based on the car "Studeskecker". In April 1943, this system was adopted under the index of BM-13N (normalized). In March 1944, a self-propelled launcher for M-13 on the chassis "Studebecker" BM-31-12 is accepted. 
But in the postwar years about the "studebeckers" ordered to forget, although the fighting vehicles on his chassis were in service until the beginning of the 1960s. In the secret instructions "Studeskecker" was called "Machine of increased passability". On numerous pedestals ascended "Katyushi" -Mutants on the ZIS-5 chassis or post-war cars, which are persistently issued for genuine combat relics, but the genuine BM-13-16 on the ZIS-6 chassis has been preserved only in Artillery Museum in St. Petersburg.
As already mentioned, the Germans in 1941 captured several launchers and hundreds of shells of 132-mm M-13 and 82-mm M-8. The veschit command believed that their turboctive shells and tubular launchers with revolving guides are better than Soviet shells with wing stabilization. But the SS was engaged in M-8 and M-13 and ordered the firm of Skoda to copy them. 
In 1942, on the basis of the 82-mm Soviet projectile M-8 in Zbroevka, reactive shells of 8 cm r.SprGR were created. In fact, it was a new projectile, and not a copy of M-8, although the externally, the German shell was very similar to M-8. 
In contrast to the Soviet projectile, the stabilizer feathers were delivered at an angle of 1.5 degrees to the longitudinal axis. Due to this, the rotation of the projectile in flight took place. The speed of rotation was many times less than the turbojet projectile, and did not play any role in the stabilization of the projectile, but it eliminated the eccentricity of the thrust of the single-layer rocket engine. But the eccentricity, that is, the engine's thrust vector displacement due to uneven burning of gunpowder in the checkers, and was the main cause of the low adversity of Soviet missiles of M-8 and M-13.
German installation for firing prototypes of Soviet missiles 
On the basis of Soviet M-13, the company "Skoda" created a number of 15-cm rockets with spoosil wings for the SS and Luftwaffe, but they were produced by small series. Our troops captured several samples of the German 8-cm shells, and our designers on their base made their own samples. M-13 and M-31 rockets with orthylopuscant plumage were adopted by the Red Army in 1944, they were assigned special ballistic indices - TS-46 and TS-47.
R.Sprgr 
Apotheosis of combat use "Katyusha" and "Luke" became the assault of Berlin. In total, more than 44 thousand guns and mortars were attracted to participation in the Berlin operation, as well as 1785 M-30 and M-31 launchers, 1620 combat artillery combat vending machines (219 divisions). In the battles for Berlin, part of the jet artillery used a rich experience gained by them in battles for Poznan, who was to shoot a straight flooring of single shells M-31, M-20 and even M-13. 
At first glance, such a way of maintaining fire may seem primitive, but it turned out to be very significant. Shooting with single reactive projectiles during battles in such a huge city like Berlin, found the wider application.
For the maintenance of such fire in the Guards mortar parts, assault groups of approximately the following composition were created: the officer is the commander of the group, electrical engineering, 25 sergeants and soldiers for the M-31 and 8-10 assault group - for the M-13 assault group. 
On the tensions of fighting and firing challenges made by reactive artillery in battles for Berlin, one can judge by the number of reactive shells spent in these battles. In the strip of the onset of the 3rd shock army, it was spent: M-13 - 6270 shells; shells M-31 - 3674; shells M-20 - 600; Shells M-8 - 1878. 
From this number, assault groups of reactive artillery were spent: I-8 - 1638 projectiles; shells M-13 - 3353; shells M-20 - 191; Shells M-31 - 479.
By these groups in Berlin, 120 buildings were destroyed, which were strong foci of opponent resistance, three 75-mm guns were broken, dozens of firepoints were depressed, over 1000 soldiers and opponent officers were killed.
So, our glorious "Katyusha" and her unfairly offended brother "Luka" became weapon of victory in the full sense of the word!
The information used in writing this material is in principle well-known. But maybe at least someone knows something for himself new 
Any beginner, or an experienced search engine, knows how often the cartridges or sleeves come across, the Second World War. But besides the sleeves, or cartridges, there are even more dangerous finds. It is about this that we will talk about the safety techniques on a kope.
For my 3 years of search activity, I dug, more hundreds of shells of various calibers. Starting from ordinary cartridges, finishing 250 mm airbabs. In my hands we visited, grenades F1 with rolled rings that did not explode mortar mines, etc. My limbs are still due to the fact that I know how to behave with them.
Immediately let's talk about the cartridge. The cartridge is the most common and common find, come apart everywhere, on any field, farm, forest, etc. Operated or not a shooting cartridge is safe, until you throw it into the fire. Then he will work in any case. Therefore, this should not be done.
Next, more dangerous finds, which are also very often located and are raised by our colleagues search engines. These are grenades of RGD-33, F1, M-39, M-24 and more rare varieties. Of course with such things, it is necessary more accurate. If the check or sang grenades are whole, then you can easily take it in your hands and drown in the nearest lake. If, from the grenade was hidden a check and she did not work, which happens very often. And you accidentally stumbled upon a shovel on such a find, it is better to get around it and call the Ministry of Emergency Situations. But, as a rule, they ignore your challenge, and they will not say in such places to walk.
Mortar mines are very often come across the fighting places. They are less dangerous than grenades, but with such a find you need to be more careful, especially if a min not worked.
Up Mina, it is her dangerous place. There is an explosion when Mina shot from a mortar, she flew out of the trunk, she flew the fuse down, and hitting the land that the fourth was triggered. But if Mina fell into a swamp or very mild land, it could not work. Therefore, if you found something similar to this projectile in Earth, be careful with the top of the min.
Of course you can transport it and convey to the nearest reservoir to drown. But you need to be careful. And no, no, do not drop and do not beat the shovel on it.
And of course, more large shells, these are fragmentation of fuhaasny shells that are better not to touch due to their size and volume of affected area. If you can determine the copper rouse, it is shooting or not. If he is not shooter, then it can be attributed to the river and drown, and if he arrived and for some reason he did not work. Then it is better not to touch and do not move.
The photo shows a 125 mm caliber projectile:
In general, shells are not so dangerous as everyone is told about them. Observing the elementary safety technique, and the short rules that you met in this article, you will protect yourself from dangerous finds, and you can safely engage in excavations without fear of undermining.
And by the way, do not forget about the law of Art. 263 CK "illegal storage of ammunition and weapons", and even a small cartridge can be attributed.
Universal Rifle System Low Ballistrics for Melee Infantry Divisions of the Red Army
The available information about the red army ampulos is extremely scarce and are mainly based on a couple of paragraphs from memoirs of one of the defenders of Leningrad, the design of the design in the application of ampulosets, as well as some conclusions and community speculations of modern search engines. Meanwhile, in the Museum of the Metal Plant "Spark" named after I.I. Kartukukova for a long time dead cargo lay amazing quality of the species series of front-line years. Text documents for it are obviously buried in the depths of the archive of the economy (or scientific and technical documentation) and are still waiting for their researchers. So when working on the publication had to generalize only the well-known data and analyze references and images.
The existing concept of "ampulos" in relation to the combat system developed in the USSR on the eve of the Great Patriotic War, does not disclose all the possibilities and tactical advantages of this weapon. Moreover, all available information relate only to, so to speak, to the late period of serial ampulosity. In fact, this "tube on the machine" was capable of throwing not only ampoules from tin or bottle glass, but also more serious ammunition. And the creators of this simple and unpretentious weapons, the production of which was possible almost "on the knee", no doubt, worthy of much more respect.
Simplest Mortira
In the flame retardant arms system ground Forces The red army ampulosis occupied an intermediate position between the knapsal or machine flamets, shooting for insignificant distances with a jet of liquid fire and field artillery (hard and reactive), episodically used on the full firing range of incendiary shells with solid incendaneous mixtures of the type of military termit of brand 6. According to the developers (and not the requirements of the customer), ampuloset mainly (so in the document) was intended to combat tanks, armored tram, armored vehicles and reinforced enemy firepoints by shooting on them any ammunition of a suitable caliber.
An experienced 125-mm ampuloset during the factory testing of 1940
The view that ampuloset is a purely Leningrad invention is obviously based on the fact that this type of weapons was made in a blockade Leningrad, and one of its samples is exhibited in the exposition of the State Memorial Museum of Defense and the Blocade of Leningrad. However, ampulosa (as, however, infantry flamets are developed) in the pre-war years in Moscow in the experienced design department of the factory No. 145 named after see Kirov (Chief Designer of the Plant - I.I. Kartukov), which is carried out in the jurisdiction of the drug addict of the USSR. The names of the constructors of ampulosets, unfortunately, are unknown to me.
Transportation of an experienced 125 mm ampulose in summer when changing the firing position.
It was documented that the ampoule ampoules ampoules ampoules passed polygon and military tests in 1941 and was adopted by the Red Army. The description of the design of the ampuloset, given on the Internet, is borrowed from the manual and only in general terms corresponds to the pre-war protrotal samples: "Ampulos consists of a barrel with a chamber, shutter-valve, shooting devices, aiming devices and a fautlete with a fork." In the version of the serial ampuloset, supplemented by us, was a steel alluated pipe made of mannesmanovsky rolled steel with an inner diameter of 127 mm, or a rolled out of the height 2-mm iron, muffled in the venaceous part. The barrel of the staffing ampuloset was freely relied in pinches on the eyes in the fork of the wheel (summer) or ski (winter) machine. There were no mechanisms of horizontal or vertical tip.
At an experienced 125-mm ampuloset of a rifle type shutter in the chamber of the chamber of the 12th caliber of the 12th caliber hunting rifle with a folder sleeve and a 15-gram black gunpowder. The descent of the shooting mechanism occurred when pressed with a large finger of his left hand on the trigger arm (forward or down, different options), located near the handles similar to those used on the machine guns and welded to the executable part of the ampuloset.
125 mm ampuloset on combat position.
A serial ampulose shooting mechanism has been simplified through the manufacture of many parts of the stamping, and the trigger lever is transferred under the thumb of the right hand. Moreover, the handles in mass production were replaced with steel pipes, curved like a ram horns, constructively combining them with a piston shutter. That is, now for charging, the shutter was rotated by both handles until it stopped to the left and relied on the tray. The entire state part with the knobs on the slits in the tray drove into the extreme rear position, fully removing the shooting sleeve of the 12th caliber cartridge.
The aiming adaptations of the ampuloset consisted of flying and the folding rack of the sight. The latter was calculated for firing for four fixed distances (obviously from 50 to 100 m) designated by holes. A vertical slot between them allowed to shoot at intermediate range.
The photos show that on the experimental version of the ampuloset used a roughly made wheelbarrow cooked from steel pipes and corner profiles. It would be more correct to be considered a laboratory bench. At the Machine ampuloset, proposed for service, all the details were more carefully finished and supplied with all the attributes necessary for operation in troops: handles, coulters, straps, brackets, etc. However, the wheels (rollers) and the experienced, and on serial samples were envisaged monolithic wooden , upholstered with a metal strip using a metal sleeve as a sliding bearing in the axial hole.
In St. Petersburg, Volgograd and Arkhangelsk museums there are late options for the factory-proof ampuloset on a simplified lightly underfalse allowing machine with a support from two pipes, or at all without a machine. Trenogs made of steel rods, wooden decks or oak crosses as an arms to ampulosets adapted already in wartime.
The leadership is mentioned that the ampulosa of ampuloset ampulosa was 10 ampoules and 12 omitted cartridges. On the machine of the pre-production version of the ampuloset, the developers offered to install in the transport position two easiest graded tin box with a container of eight ampoules each. Two dozen cartridges one of the fighters obviously endured in a standard hunting cartridge. At combat position, the boxes with the buzzer quickly shot and placed in shelter.
On the trunk of the pre-selected version of the ampuloset, two welded antabats for carrying it on the belt over the shoulder were envisaged. Serial samples were deprived of all sorts of "architectural excesses", and the barrel was transferred on his shoulder. Many observe the presence of a metal lattice of the divider inside the trunk, in its executed part. There was no test on an experienced sample. Obviously, the lattice was needed to prevent the batter and felt-felt clutch of idling on a glass ampule. In addition, it limited the movement of the ampoule to the treasury part of the barrel until it stops, since the ampulose serial 125 mm in this place was a chamber. Factory data and 125 mm ampuloset characteristics are somewhat different from those given in descriptions and guidelines for use.
Drawing of the serial 125 mm ampuloset proposed in mass production in 1940
Gap 125 mm ampoule, curved self-oscillating liquid COP, in the target area.
The warehouse of finished products manufacturing the production of ampulosets at the plant №455 NKAP in 1942
Incendiary ampoules
As indicated in the documents, the main ampulosal ampoules ampoules were AZH-2 AZ-2 caliber 125 mm, equipped with a self-ignorant type of condensed kerosene of the COP brand. The first tin spherical ampoules enrolled in mass production in 1936 in the late 1930s. Their improvement was also engaged in the OKO of the 145th plant (in evacuation it is the OKB-NKAL plant No. 455). In the factory documents, they were called aviation liquid AH-2 ampoules. But still the right
willy call the ampoules tin, since they planned to gradually replace the glass ampoules AK-1 gradually consisting of the early 1930s. like chemical surfactants.
There were constantly complaints to glass ampumes that they were, de, fragile, and crashing ahead of time, able to poison their contents and crew of the aircraft, and ground staff. Meanwhile, mutually exclusive requirements were presented to the glass of ampoules - the strength in circulation and fragility when applied. The first, naturally, prevained, and some of them, with a wall thickness of 10 mm, even with a bombing from a height of 1000 m (depending on the density of the soil) they gave a very large percentage of risen-Sia. Theoretically solve the problem of their tiny thin-walled counterparts. As the tests later showed, the hopes of aviators were also not fully justified.
This feature probably manifested itself when shooting from an ampuloset, especially on the rancing trajectories for a small range. Note, the recommended type of targets of 125 mm ampuloset also completely comprise objects with durable walls. In the 1930s. Aviation tin ampoules were made by stamping two thin brass hemispheres with a thickness of 0.35 mm. Apparently, since 1937 (with the beginning of a tough economy of non-ferrous metals in the production of ammunition), their translation began with a white tin thickness of 0.2-0.3 mm.
The configuration of parts for the production of tin ampoules varied greatly. In 1936, at the 145th plant, the design of officer-kokoreva was proposed for the manufacture of AJ 2 of four spherical segments with two options for the edges of the parts of the parts. In 1937, in production, even as-2 of the hemisphere with a filling neck and a second hemisphere from four spherical segments were made in production.
In early 1941, in connection with the expected translation of the economy for a special period, the technologies of production of AJ 2 from the black tin (fine rolled 0.5 mm of decapated iron were tested. From mid-19941, these technologies had to be fully taking advantage. Black tin during stamping was not so plastic as white or brass, and a deep hood became complicated by production, therefore, paragraph 2 with the beginning of the war was allowed to make out of 3-4 parts (spherical segments or belts, as well as their different combinations with hemispheres).
Below: Experienced Azh-2 ampoules with additional fuses. Photo 1942
Soldering of seams of products from black tin in the presence of special fluxes was also also fairly expensive pleasure, and the method of welding thin steel sheets with a solid seam of academician E.O. Paton introduced in the production of ammunition only a year later. Therefore, in 1941, the parts of the Cases of AH-2 began to connect with the help of the edges or blending the seam flush with the contour of the sphere. By the way, before the birth of ampulosets, the filling necks of metal ampoules soldered outside (for use in aviation it was not so fundamental), but since 1940 the neck began to be attached inside. This made it possible to avoid the diversity of ammunition for use in aviation and ground forces.
Starting ampoules Azh-2x, the so-called "Russian Napalm" - condensed Kerosin KS - developed in 1938 A.P. Ions in one of the metropolitan Research Institute with the assistance of Chemikov V.V. Zemskova, L.F. She-Velkin and A.V. Yasnitskaya. In 1939, he completed the development of technology industrial production Powdered thickener op-2. How the incendiary mixture acquired the properties instantly self-igniting in air, while it remains unknown. It is not confident that the trivial addition of white phosphorus granules into a thick incered mixture on the basis of petroleum products here would guarantee their self-ignition. In general, no matter how it was, in the spring of 1941, the factory and polygon tests of 125-mm ampuloset Azh-2x were normally triggered without fuses and intermediate ignitions.
According to the initial design, the AJ-2 were designed to infection with terrain aircraft with persistent poisoning substances, as well as lesions of the living force with persistent and unstable poisoning substances, later (when using them with liquid fires) - for the ignition and smoke tanks, ships and firepoints. Meanwhile, the use of combat chemicals in ampoules on the enemy was not excluded using them from ampulomos. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the incendiary appointment of the ammunition was supplemented by smoking the live strength from the field fortroom.
In 1943, for the guaranteed response of AZh 2s or AJ 2 in bombing from any height and at any carrier speed, the AMPUIL developers supplemented their constructs with fuses from thermosetting plastic (resistant to acid base of poisoning substances). According to the development of developers, such modified ammunition has been affected by living force already as fragmentation-chemical.
Environmental fuses (universal shock action explosion) were reflected in the discharge of everywhere, i.e. They worked even when the ampoules fall sideways. Structurally, they were similar to the ADSH applied at aviation flue checkers, but it was no longer possible to shoot such ampoules from ampulosity: from overloading an unrestraining type fuse could work directly in the trunk. In the military period and for incendiary ampoules in the Air Force, the housings with fuses or with plugs instead of them were sometimes used.
In 1943-1944 Tests of ampoules of AZh-2s or new, designed for long-term storage in a curb state. For this, their hull inside was covered with bakelite resin. Thus, the resistance of the metal case to mechanical exposure increased even more, and fuses were installed on such ammunition.
Today, at the places of the past fights, "diggers" can come across conditional form only ampoules AK-1 or AU-125 (AK-2 or AU-260 - extremely rare exotic) from glass. Thin-walled tin ampoules almost all thinned. Do not try to discharge glass ampoules, if you can see that inside - liquid. White or yellowish turbid - this is the COP, by no means losing its properties to self-grade in the air, even after 60 years. Transparent or translucent with yellow large sediment crystals are owls or new. In the glass container, their combat properties can also be maintained quite a long time.
Ampulosets in battle
On the eve of the war, the divisions of the Ranger flamethos (flamethrower teams) were organizationally included in the rifle regiments. However, due to the difficulties of use in defense (an extremely small distance of flamethrough and the demasking signs of the ROX-2 Rocky flamethrower), they were disbanded. Instead, in November 1941, teams and companies were created, armed with ampulos and rifle mortars for throwing on tanks and other targets of metal and glass ampoules and bottles with an incendiary mixture. But, according to the official version, the ampulosa also had significant disadvantages, and at the end of 1942 they were removed from weapons.
The rejection of the breeding and bottle mortira was not mentioned. Probably, they have not possess no shortcomings of ampulosets. Moreover, in the other units of the rifle regiments of the Red Army, a bottle of the COP, the tanks were traveled solely manually. The bottlenets of the same flame retardant teams, obviously, opened a terrible military secret: how to use the sighting bar of the Mosinian rifle for aiming firing with a bottle to a given distance defined on the eye. As I understand, the rest of the most illiterate infantrymen teach this "wisdom case" was simply no time. Therefore, they themselves adapted to the slice of the rifle trunk of the sleeve from the three-lines and the "overhanpage" themselves were traced to the sighting bottle.
When meeting with a solid barrier, the AMPUIL Case Azh-2x was broken, as a rule, on the sutures, the incendiary mixture splashed and flammped into air to form a thick white
smoke. The combustion temperature of the mixture reached 800 ° C, which when hitting clothes and open areas of the body delivered the enemy a lot of trouble. No less unpleasant was the meeting of the sticky COP with armored vehicles - ranging from changing the physicochemical properties of a metal with a local heating to such a temperature and ending with an indispensable fire in the motor-but-road separation department of carburetor (and diesel) tanks. It was impossible to consider the burning COP from armor - only the cessation of air access was required. However, the presence of a self-proposal additive in the COP did not exclude spontaneous ignition of the mixture again.
We give a few excerpts from the combat reports of the times of the Great Patriotic Winter, published by Winternet: "We also applied ampulos. From an obliquely installed tube mounted on a sleigh, a single cartridge shot pushed a glass ampoule with a combustible mixture. She flew along a steep path at a distance of up to 300-350 m. Sharing when falling, Ampoule created a small, but stable fire bardy, amazing the lively enemy's strength and setting up his blockbindings. A consolidated ampulenet company under the command of Senior Lieutenant Starkov, as part of which was 17 calculations, for the first two hours released 1620 ampoules. " "The ampuloseters came here. Acting under the cover of the infantry, they set fire to the enemy tank, two guns and several firepoints. "
By the way, intense shooting with smoky powder cartridges inevitably created a thick layer of Nagar on the walls of the barrel. So after a quarter of an hour of such a cannonade, the ampuloseters would certainly find that the ampoule in the barrel is already rolling with increasingly difficulty. Theoretically, in front of this, Nagar, on the contrary, would somewhat improving the volume of ampoules in the trunk, increasing the range of firing them. However, the usual range of the range on the bar is a sight, for sure, "floated." About the junctions and other tools and fixtures for cleaning the shafts of ampulosets, probably stated in such description ...
But quite an objective opinion of our contemporaries: "The calculation of the ampuloset was three people. Charged produced two people: the first calculation number was inserted from the treasury the chibs cartridge, the second was inserted into the barrel with the muzzle of the ampoule itself. " "Ampulosets were very simple and cheap" flame motors ", they were armed with special ampulosal platoons. The combat charter of the infantry of 1942 mentions an ampuloma as a regular firing agent of infantry. In battle, ampuloset often served as a core group of fighters of tanks. The use of it in defense as a whole justified itself, the attempts of use in the occurrence led to great loss of calculations due to the low shooting range. True, they were not without success were used by assault groups in urban battles - in particular, in Stalingrad. "
There are memories of veterans. The essence of one of them is reduced to the fact that in early December 1941 on the Western Front in one of the battalions of the 30th army of Major General D.D. Lelyushenko delivered 20 ampulosses. The designer of this weapon came here, as well as the commander himself, who decided to personally test the new technique. In response to the comments of the designer for charging Ampuloset Lelyushenko grumbled, which hurts all the cunning and long, and the German tank will not wait ... At the first shot, the ampoule crashed in the barrel of the ampuloset, and the entire installation burned down. Lebryushenko already with the metal in his voice demanded the second ampuloset. It all happened. The general "stood", by going to the abnormative vocabulary, banned the fighters to use the weapon so unsafe for calculations and crushed the remaining ampulosets.
Using ARS-203 for refueling ampoules AJ-2 combat chemical extensions. The leaning fighter pumped out an excess liquid, standing near the tripod sets the plugs on the refill, AJ-2. Photo 1938
Quite likely story, although not very pleasant in general context. As if an ampules and did not pass factory and polygon tests ... Why could this happen? As version: Winter 1941 - it was mentioned all the eyewitnesses) was very frosty, and the glass ampoule became more fragile. Here, unfortunately, the dear veteran did not specify, from which material there were those ampoules. The difference in thick-walled glass temperatures (local heating) can also be affected (local heating), burned when the flames of the powder of a chibane charge. Obviously, in a strong frost, it was necessary to shoot only metal ampoules. But "in the hearts", the general could easily take a ride on ampos!
Mailing station ARS-203. Photo 1938
Fire cocktail front-line spill
This is only at first glance the scheme of using an ampulose in the troops seems to be primitive simple. For example, the calculation of the ampulose on the combat position shot the wearable ammunition and traded the second ammunition ... which is easier - take and shoot. Won, Senior Lieutenant Starkov's two-hour consumption of the division exceeded one and a half thousand Ampoules! But in fact, when organizing the supply of troops incended ampurs, it was necessary to solve the problem of transportation over long distances from the depth rear plants far unsafe in circulation of incendiary ammunition.
The tests of the ampoules in the pre-war period showed that these ammunition in the final cutting form withstand transportation at no further than 200 km along the roads of peacetime in compliance with all rules and with the full exception of "road adventures". In wartime, everything complicated significantly. But here, beyond doubt, the experience of Soviet aviators was useful, where the ampoules were equipped with airfields. Before the mechanization of the process, the fill of the ampoules, taking into account the rejection and cleaner, the plug of the fitting required 2 people per 100 pieces.
In 1938, for the Air Force of the Republic of Red Army at the 145th plant, the NKAP was developed and later adopted by the towed aircraft filling station ARS-203, made on a uniaxial semi-trailer. A year later, self-propelled ARS-204 was also applied for service, but it was focused on servicing tight airborns, and we will not consider it. The Arsa was mainly intended for bottling combat chemicals in ammunition and isolated tanks, but to work with the finished self-flameless incendiary mixture were simply indispensable.
In theory, in the rear of each rifle regiment, a small division on the equipment of ampoules with a mixture of the COP should have operated. No doubt, it has an ARS-203 station. But the COP was also not carried by barrels from the factories, but they prepared on the spot. To do this, in the front-line zone, any oil refineries (gasoline, kerosene, solar) and tables compiled by A.P. Ion, add different amounts of thickener into them. As a result, despite the difference in the source components, the COP was obtained. Further, it was obviously pumped into the ARS-203 reservoir, which was added the component of the self-ignition of fire-grades.
However, the option of adding a component directly into ampoules is not excluded, and then the fluid is bottled in them. In this case, ARS-203, in general, and was not so necessary. And the removal aluminum mug could serve as a dispenser. But such an algorithm requires a self-igniting component for some outdoor inert (for example, wet white phosphorus).
ARS-203 was specially designed to mechanize the process of equipment of ampoules AH-2 to work volume in the field. On it, from a large tank, the liquid was first poured simultaneously at eight measurements, and then filled eight ampoules at once. Thus, in an hour, it was possible to equip 300-350 ampoules, and after two hours of such a work, the 700-liter reservoir of the station was devastated, and it was re-filled with a liquid of the COP. Accelerate the process of filling the ampoules was impossible: all flows of liquids passed natural way, without boost capacity. The filling cycle of eight ampoules was 17-22 s, and 610 liters in the working capacity of the station using the Garda pump were pumped for 7.5-9 minutes.
PRS station is ready for refueling four ampoules AJ-2. Pedal is pressed, and the process went! The refueling of the incendiary mixtures allowed to do without a gas mask. Photo 1942
Obviously, the experience of operating ARS-203 in the ground forces turned out to be unexpected: the performance of a station oriented the needs of the Air Force was recognized as redundant, as, however, its dimensions, the mass and necessity of towing a separate car. The infantry was needed something smaller, and in 1942 in the OKB-NCAP of the 455th plant "Kartukovtsy" developed a field strain station of PR. In its design, the measurements were abolished, and the level of filling of opaque ampoules was monitored using a glass sig-extremely simplified version of the National tube. For use in field conditions. The capacity of the worker
the zervoar was 107 liters, and the mass of the entire station did not exceed 95 kg. PRS was designed in a "civilized" version of the workplace on the folding table and in the extremely simplified, with the installation of the working capacity "on the hemp". The capacity of the station was limited to 240 ampoules of AH-2 per hour. Unfortunately, when polygon tests were completed, an ampulos in the Red Army was already removed from weapons.
Russian Reusable "Faustpatron"?
However, a 125-mm unconditional ampuloma to the incendiary weapons will not be completely correct. After all, no one allows themselves to be considered with the flamethroughs the trunks of the artisystem or the RSZO "Katyusha", which came with an incendiary ammunition. By analogy with the use of aviation ampoules, expand the arsenal ampuloset ampuloset designers of the 145th plant offered through the use of the modified Soviet anti-tank air bombs of PTAB-2.5 cumulative action created at the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War.
In the book E. Pyrhev and S. Reznichenko "Bombarding Arms of Aviation of Russia 1912-1945" In the Ptab section it is said that small air bombs of cumulative action in the USSR were developed only in GSKB-47, CKB-22 and in SKB-35. From December 1942 to April 1943, it was possible to design, test and worked on the full program of 1.5-kg of a pen of cumulative action. However, at the 145th factory I.I. Kartukukova took this problem much earlier, in 1941 their 2.5-kg ammunition was called aviation fuzno-armor-sized mini AFBM-125 caliber 125 mm.
Externally, such a ptab has strongly resembled FUGASIA AVIABILIES Colonel Gronov of small calibers of the First World War. Since the cylindrical plumage wings were welded to the aircraft ammunition housing, for the use of mine in the infantry of a simple replacement of her plumage could not be dispensed. The new plumage of mortar type on the airbabs was installed with an additional threaded charge in a capsule. The ammunition was shifted as before, the 12th caliber idle rifle carton. Thus, in relation to the AMPU-Lometh, the system was obtained in a certain stepper FBM. 125 Without an additional actively reactive. Contact Fuse Fuse.
For quite a long time, designers had to work on improving the reliability of the attachment of the Mina contacting fuse on the trajectory.
Mina BFM-125 without an additional fuse of the contact fuse.
Meanwhile, the problem in mentioned above the episode of 1941 with the commander of the 30th Army D.D. Llyushenko could also arise when shooting from ampulosets of fugas-armor-lifting mines FBM-125 early models. It indirectly indicates the grumbling of Llyushenko: "It hurts all the cunning and long, the German tank will not wait", because in the usual ampuloma impulsion of the ampoule and charging of the cartridge of special wisdoms did not require. In the case of the use of FBM-125 before the shooting at the ammunition, it was necessary to unscrew the safety key, opening the access of fire to the powder pressing of the safety mechanism holding the inertial drummer of the contact fuse in the posterior position. For this, all such ammunition was supplied with a cardboard crib with the inscription "Up before the shooting" tied to the key.
The cumulative gauge in the front of the mini was hemispherical, and its thin-walled steel lining rather formed a given configuration when pouring explosives, rather than played the role of the shock nucleus when the martyr's combat charge is cumulative. The documents indicated that FBM-125 during shooting from regular ampulosets is intended for the conclusion of tanks, armored train, armored vehicles, vehicles, as well as to destroy the fortified firepoints (merotovypr.).
Armorized 80 mm thick, confidently punched by mine FBM-125 on polygon tests.
The nature of the outlet of the same punched armor spit.
Polygona tests of ammunition passed in 1941. The launch of mines in experimental production became their result. The military tests of FBM-125 successfully completed in 1942. The developers offered to equip such mines such and combat chemicals of an irritant (chloroacetophenone or adamsite) if necessary, but before that it did not reach this. In parallel with the FBM-125 in the OKB-NCAP of the 455th plant developed and armor-piano-fu-gasna mine BFM-125. Unfortunately, it is not mentioned about its combat properties in factory reference.
Cover the infantry of smoke
In 1941, polygon tests were developed at the factory No. 145. CM. Kirov Aviation Chimney Adsh. It was intended for the setting of vertical masking (blinding of the enemy) and poisonous flue (sinking and exhausting the fighting forces of the enemy) curtains when dropping checkers from an airplane. On the ADSH aircraft were loaded into amply-bomb cassettes, pre-removing fuses forks. Punched shackles with a volley when opening the sash of one of the cassette sections. Amploy-bombing cassettes were also developed at the 145th plant for fighters, attack aircraft, distant and neighbor bombers.
A checked contact of the contact action has already been made with an annoyless mechanism, which ensured its triggering when the ammunition falls on the ground in any position. From the triggering during a random drop, the checker was protected by the spring of the explosharity, which did not allow the drummer to smoke the capsule-igniter with insufficient overloads (when dropped from a height of up to 4 m per concrete).
Perhaps it is no coincidence that this ammunition also turned out to be fulfilled in a caliber of 125 mm, which, according to the development of developers, allowed the use of ADSH and from regular ampulosets. By the way, when the ampulose is shot from an ampulose, the ampumepas received overload much more than when falling from 4 m, which means that the checker began to smoke already in flight.
Back in the pre-war years, it was scientifically proven that it was much more effective in covering their troops, if it was in the attack on a firepoint, and not their infantry. Thus, an ampulose would be a very necessary thing when before the attack it was necessary to throw several checkers for a couple of hundred meters to dzoto or dota. Unfortunately, it is not known whether ampulosters were applied on fronts in such an option ...
When shooting heavy checkers adds from 125 mm ampuloset aimicious devices It could be used only with amendments. However, the high accuracy of the shooting was not required: one ADSH created a rough cloud with a length of up to 100 m. And since to adapt to hell
an additional wanted charge was impossible, for firing at the limiting distance, it was necessary to use a cool trajectory at angle of elevation close to 45 °.
Regimental campaigning amateur
The plot for this section of the article about the ampuloset was also borrowed on the Internet. Its essence consisted that one day he was depicted, having come to the saperes to the battalion, asked who could make a campaign mortar mine? Pavel Yakovlevich Ivanov called. He found the tools on the site of a destroyed forge, the ammunition housing made from chocks, adapting a small powder charge to break it in the air, washed from the bik-form cord, and the stabilizer is from tin cans. However, a wooden mine for a mortar was light and sank slowly, without punching the capsule.
Ivanov reduced her diameter so that the air from the stem came out freely, and the capsule stopped falling on the battle. In general, the craftsman did not sleep for days, but on the third day Mina flew and exploded. Leaflets spinned over enemy trenches. Later, for firing wooden mines, he adapted ampuloset. And in order not to cause a response fire on its trenches, I carried it on a neutral strip or to the side. Result: German soldiers somehow switched to our side by a group, drunk, in broad daylight.
This story is also quite believable. From the primary means to make aghythmin in the metal case in the field is rather difficult, and from wood - quite bye. In addition, such an ammunition, for common sense, and must be non-leave. Otherwise, what is the agitation here! But the factory campaign mines and the arsnaryads were in metal corps. To a greater extent, to flew further and in order not to break the ballistics. However, before that, the constructors of the ampuloset and the head did not occur to enrich the arsenal of his kids here such a kind of ammunition ...
nozzle, with piston shutter. Shooting mechanisms are similar in the systems of both calibers.
In armament of the machine mortar "ampuloset" did not come. According to the classification of the ARTSYUSTEM, the samples of both calibers can be attributed to the rigid-type mortars. Theoretically, recoil for the shooting of fugas-armor-piercing mines should not increase compared with throwing ampoules. The mass of the FBM was more than that of AJ-2x, but less than the hell. And the charge charge is the same. However, despite the fact that the "Ampulos" mortars were shot at the more housing trajectories, rather than classic mortars and bombers, the first were still where the "mortgage" guards mortars "Katyusha".
conclusions
So, the reason for the removal of ampulomas with the armament of the Red Army's land forces at the end of 1942 officially served their insecurity in circulation and application. And in vain: ahead of our army was not only an offensive, but also numerous battles in settlements. It was there that would be fully useful
100-mm Machine anti-tank mortar in the process of charging.
By the way, the safety of the use of a planny flamethrower in the offensive battle is also very doubtful. Nevertheless, they were returned to the "commission" and used until the end of the war. There are front-line memories of a sniper, where he argues that the enemy flamethrower is always visible from afar (a number of demasking signs), so it is better to focus it at the chest level. Then the body of a powerful rifle cartridge pierces the body, and a reservoir with a fireman with short distances. That is, the flamethrower and flamethrower "recovery is not subject to".
Exactly in the same situation could be the calculation of the ampuloset when bullets or fragments in the incendiary ampoules. Glass ampoules generally might beat each other with a shock wave from close rupture. And in general, the whole war is very risky ... And thanks to the "exhaustion of Llyushenko generals" and there are such early conclusions about low quality and combat inefficiency of individual weapons samples. Remember, for example, the pre-launch of designers of the RSZO Katyusha designers, mortar weapons, machine guns, tank T-34, etc. Our weapons tanks in the overwhelming majority were not amateur in their field of knowledge and not less generals sought to bring the victory. And their Makali, like kittens. The generals are also easy to understand - they needed reliable samples of weapons and with "fool protection".
And then, somehow illogically looks like the warm memories of infantrymen about the effectiveness of bottles with an incendiary mixture of the COP against tanks against a very cool attitude towards ampulosets. Both are a weapon of one order. Is that the ampoule was smoothly twice as powerful, and it could be rejected once 10 times. It's not entirely clear here, why did the claims "in the infantry" there were more: to the ampulose itself or to his ampos?
Outdoor suspended indecuted container ABK-P-500 for the volunteer use of airbabes of small calibers from high-speed and dive bombers. In the foreground - AZH-2KS ampoules of four spherical segments with sealed from the inside edges.
One of the options for manual (nerangea) flamethrough development of designers of the plant №145 NCAP on the tests of 1942. On such a distance from this "aerosol can, it is except for the kabanchikov.
At the same time, the same "very dangerous" Azh-2x ampoules in the Soviet assault aviation lasted in armament, at a minimum, until the end of 1944 - the beginning of 1945 (in any case, the assault airport M.P. Odintova applied them already in German Territories on tank columns that accumulated in the forests). And this is on the attack aircraft! With unarround bombmers! When all the infantry of the enemy appears from the Earth from Earth from Earth! The pilots perfectly surrendered to themselves, which will be with only one crazy bullet in a cassette with ampoules, but, nevertheless, flew. By the way, a timid mention on the Internet, that in aviation ampoules was used when shooting from such aircraft ampulosets, absolutely no correspond to reality.
By the end of the 1930s, almost all participants in the coming world war have formed general directions in the development of small arms. The range and accuracy of the lesion was reduced, which was compensated for greater density of fire. As a result, it is the beginning of mass rearming of parts by automatic small arms - machine guns, machine guns, assault rifles.
The firing accuracy began to go to the background, while the soldiers, the chain, began to train shooting from the course. With advent airborne troops There was a need to create special lightweight arms.
A maneuverable war also affected the machine guns: they became much easier and mobile. New varieties of small arms appeared (which was dictated, first of all, the need to combat tanks) - rifle grenades, anti-tank rifles and RPGs with cumulative grenades.
Lifeline weapons of the USSR of the Second World War
The Rifle Division of the Red Army on the eve of the Great Patriotic War was very formidable - about 14.5 thousand people. The main type of rifle armament was rifles and carbines - 10420 pieces. The share of machine guns was insignificant - 1204. Machine, manual and anti-aircraft guns were 166, 392 and 33 units, respectively.
The division had its artillery from 144 guns and 66 mortars. Fire power complemented 16 tanks, 13 armored vehicles and a solid park of auxiliary automotive equipment.
Rifles and carbines
The main rifle weapons of the infantry parts of the USSR of the first period of war was unconditionally glorified three-year-old - 7.62 mm Rifle S. I. Mosina of the sample 1891. Upgraded in 1930. Its merits are well known - durability, reliability, unpretentiousness in service combined with good ballistic qualities, in particular, with sighting distance - 2 km. 
The three-year one is the perfect weapon for newly designed soldiers, and the simplicity of the design created tremendous opportunities for its mass production. But like any weapon, the three-year one had shortcomings. Constantly stuck bayonet in combination with a long barrel (1670 mm) created inconvenience when moving, especially in wooded terrain. Serious complaints caused the shutter handle when recharging.
On its base was created sniper rifle and a series of carbines of the sample of 1938 and 1944. Fate firsted a three-year long century (the last three-year one was released in 1965), participation in many wars and astronomical "circulation" in 37 million copies.
Sniper with a mosine rifle (with optical sight of the 1931 Operation)
Aiming range SVT-40 - up to 1 km. SVT-40 honored with honor at the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. She appreciated our opponents. Historical fact: Capturing the rich trophies at the beginning of the war, among which there were a lot of SVT-40, the German army ... took it into service, and Finns created their rifle on the basis of SVT-40 - Tarako.
The creative development of ideas implemented in SVT-40 has become an automatic rifle AVT-40. From its predecessor, she was distinguished by the ability to automatically shoot with a pace of up to 25 shots per minute. The lack of aut-40 - low firing, a strong demasking flame and a loud sound at the time of the shot. In the future, as the mass arrival in the troops of the automatic weapon, it was removed from weapons.
Pistol machine guns
Great Patriotic War I became the time of the final transition from the rifles to the automatic weapon. The Red Army began to fight, having a small amount of PPD-40 - a gun of machine guns of an outstanding Soviet designer Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev. At that time, the PPD-40 was not inferior to his domestic and foreign analogues. 
Calked for a pistol cartridge feces. 7.62 x 25 mm, PPD-40 had an impressive ammunition of 71 cartridges placed in a drum type store. Having a weight of about 4 kg, it provided a shooting at a speed of 800 shots per minute with an efficient range of up to 200 meters. However, after a few months after the start of the war, he was replaced by the legendary PPS-40 Cal. 7.62 x 25 mm.
Before the creator of the PPS-40 - designer, George Semenovich, Shpagin was the task of developing extremely easy to operate, reliable, technological, cheap in production mass weapons. 
From its predecessor - PPD-40, PPS inherited a drum shop at 71 patron. A little later, a simpler and reliable sector horn store was developed for 35 ammunition. The mass of curved machines (both variants) was 5.3 and 4.15 kg respectively. PPS-40 rapidity reached 900 shots per minute with a sight distance of up to 300 meters and with the ability to conduct a single shooting.
For the development of PPS-40 there were enough lessons. It easily disassembled 5 parts made by the method of stamping and welded technology, so that during the war years the Soviet defense was released about 5.5 million automata.
In the summer of 1942, the young designer Alexei Sudarev presented his brainchild - a 6,62 mm caliber machine gun. He was very distinguished from his "senior fellow" PPD and PPS-40 rational layout, higher technological and ease of making parts by arc welding. 
PPS-42 was 3.5 kg easier and demanded three times less time to manufacture. However, despite quite obvious advantages mass weapons He never became, leaving the PPS-40 championship palm tree.
By the beginning of the war, the manual submachine DP-27 (Degtyarev infantry, cal 7.62mm) stood in service with the Red Army for almost 15 years, having the status of the main manual machine gun Infantry parts. Its automation operated by the energy of powder gases. The gas regulator reliably protected the mechanism from pollution and high temperatures.
DP-27 could only lead an automatic fire, but even a newcomer was enough for several days in order to master the shooting short queues of 3-5 shots. The ammunition of 47 ammunition was located in the disk store bullet to the center in one row. The store itself was attached from above the trunks. The mass of a non-accidenting machine gun was 8.5 kg. The equipped store increased it for almost 3 kg.
It was powerful weapons With a sight distance of 1.5 km and combat speeds up to 150 shots per minute. In a combat position, the machine gun relied on the bumps. At the end of the trunk, a plane sensor was injured, significantly reducing his demasking effect. DP-27 was served by the shooter and his assistant. In total, about 800 thousand machine guns were released.
Lifeline Wehrmacht of World War II
The main strategy of the German army is an offensive or blitzkrieg (Blitzkrieg - a lightning war). The decisive role in it was allocated to large tank compounds, carrying out profound enemy defense breakthroughs in cooperation with artillery and aviation.
Tank parts managed powerful fortifications, destroying management centers and rear communications, without which the enemy quickly lost efficiency. The defeat was completed motorized parts of the ground forces.
Rifle armament of the infantry division of the Wehrmacht
The staff of the German Infantry Division of the 1940 Sample assumed the presence of 12609 rifles and carbines, 312 machine guns (machine guns), manual and machine guns - respectively 425 and 110 pieces, 90 anti-tank guns and 3,600 pistols.Rifle Wehrmacht's arms generally complied with high wartime requirements. It was reliable, trouble-free, simple, convenient in production and maintenance, which contributed to its serial release.
Rifles, carbines, automata
Mauser 98K.
Mauser 98K is an improved version of Mauser 98 rifle, developed at the end of the XIX century by Paul and Wilhelm Mausers, the founders of the world-famous weapon company. Equipment to them by the German army began in 1935. 
Mauser 98K.
Weapon equipped with five 7.92 mm ropes. The prepared soldier could actively shoot 15 times within a minute to a distance of 1.5 km. Mauser 98K was very compact. Its main characteristics: Mass, length, length of barrel - 4.1 kg x 1250 x 740 mm. Numerous conflicts with its participation, longevity and truly transcendent "circulation" speak of the indisputable advantages of the rifles - more than 15 million units.
Automatic MP-40 "Schmisser"
Perhaps the most famous small arms of the Wehrmacht of the Second World War was the famous MR-40 machine gun, the modification of its predecessor - MR-36 created by Heinrich Volmer. However, the will of the fate is more famous under the name "Schmisser", obtained, thanks to the stamp at the store - "Patent Schmeisser". The stigma simply meant that in addition to the city of Folmer, Hugo Schmisser participated in the creation of MR-40, but only as a shop creator. 
Automatic MP-40 "Schmisser"
Initially, MR-40 was intended for armament of the command composition of infantry parts, but later it was transferred to the disposal of tankers, drivers of armored vehicles, parachuts-paratroopers and fighters of special units.
However, for the infantry parts of MR-40 was absolutely not suitable, since there was a weapon of extremely melee. In the fierce battle in open locality, there was a weapon with a range of shooting from 70 to 150 meters meant for a German soldier to be practically unarmed in front of his opponent, armed Mosina and Tokarev rifles with a shooting range from 400 to 800 meters.
Storm rifle STG-44
Assault rifle STG-44 (STURMGEWEHR) Cal. 7.92mm - another legend of the Third Reich. This is certainly an outstanding creation of Hugo Schmisser - a prototype of many post-war assault rifles and automata, including the famous AK-47. 
STG-44 could conduct a single and automatic fire. Her weight with a full store was 5.22 kg. In the sighting distance - 800 meters - Sturmheverber did not inferrect its main competitors. There were three versions of the store - at 15, 20 and 30 shots with a pace of up to 500 shots per minute. The option of using a rifle with a bait grenade launcher and an infrared sight is considered.
It was not without flaws. The assault rifle was heavier Mauser-98K for a whole kilogram. Her wooden butt could not stand the hand-to-hand combat and just broke. The flame breaking out of the trunk squeezed the place of finding the arrow, and the long store and the aimed devices were forced to highly raise her head in the lying position.
MG-42 Caliber 7.92 mm is quite true called one of the best machine guns of the Second World War. It was designed in Grossfus by Werner Shorter and Kurt Horoon. Those who experienced his firepower were very frank. Our soldiers called him a "lawn mile, and the allies - the" Circular saw of Hitler ".
Depending on the type of shutter, the machine gun was targeted at a speed of up to 1500 V / min for a distance of up to 1 km. The bippet was carried out using a machine-gun tape by 50 - 250 ammunition. The uniqueness of the MG-42 was supplemented with a relatively small number of parts - 200 and the high manufacturability of their production using the method of stamping and point welding.
The barrel spinned from the shooting was replaced by a spare in a few seconds with a special clamp. In total, about 450 thousand machine guns were released. Unique technical developments embodied in MG-42 were borrowed by gunsmiths of many countries of the world when creating their machine guns.
