Final social product (FSP)- part of the total social product, which in the form of finished products comes to the disposal of socialist society and is used for consumption by workers, restoration of means of production worn out during the year and for accumulation purposes. According to the natural and material composition, the CPC consists of consumer goods created by society during the year (see) and means of labor (see means of production).
The final social product also includes objects of labor created during the year (raw materials, semi-finished products, etc.), which in a given year were not included in current production consumption. They are used either as carryover stocks to ensure continuity of the production process, or go to reserves, insurance funds, or are exported outside the country. The final product of socialist enterprises is marketable products. The gross social product, unlike the final product, includes the entire mass of objects of labor produced and consumed during the year.
Therefore, the value of the gross social product differs from the value of the final product by the amount of objects of labor consumed during the year. The value of the final social product consists of the total costs of living and materialized labor, which form the newly created and transferred value. In its structure, the transferred cost of the final product includes the annual depreciation of the means of labor, which is expressed by the amount of depreciation, as well as the cost of consumed raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, etc. from inventories of previous years.
The transferred value of the gross product includes the value of consumed means of production, which are the result of previous years, as well as (in contrast to the final product) the value of means of production created and consumed in the current year, i.e., current consumption. For a socialist society it is important to know not only the movement of all total labor costs, the entire volume production activities, which is reflected in the gross social product, but also the real result of the past year. This result, along with national income, is expressed in the final social product.
At the XXV Congress of the CPSU it was especially emphasized that “managerial and, above all, planning activities should be aimed at final national economic results” (Materials of the XXV Congress of the CPSU, p. 59) (see Final results). Economic analysis of the gross and final social product, along with national income, provides the most full description socialist expanded reproduction (see Socialist reproduction), and the use of these categories in planning helps to increase the scientific nature of plans and identify growth reserves
Under the conditions of capitalist production, each individual capital functions independently of other individual capitals, which is due to the economic isolation characteristic of commodity production in general. At the same time, the social division of labor establishes interdependence between all individual capitals. Thus, social capital arises.
Social capital – it is the totality of all individual capitals in their intertwining and interrelation with each other.
The circulation of social capital consists of the entire set of turnovers of interconnected and interdependent individual capitals.
Social capital, like individual capitals, is in constant motion or reproduced.
Reproduction of social capital – This is the movement of social capital taking place both in the sphere of production and in the sphere of circulation.
As a result of the social production process, a total social product is created.
Total social product(SOP) - the totality of all material products produced in a society over a certain period of time (usually a year).
SOP in the conditions of commodity production, including capitalist production, it takes on a commodity form and therefore can be considered from two sides: in terms of natural material composition and in value.
According to natural composition SOP is a collection of the most diverse use values designed to meet industrial and personal needs. Due to various components SOP All spent means of production must be reimbursed (and with expanded reproduction their increase is ensured) and the personal needs of all social strata of the population must be satisfied. Thus, SOP in its natural material form it must consist of means of production and consumer goods.
By cost SOP breaks down into three parts: constant capital ( c), variable capital ( v) and surplus value ( m). First part represents price the entire set of means of production spent in the economy, transferred by the specific labor of the class of wage workers to the newly created social product. Second part represents equivalent cost total labor force. It is reproduced by the abstract labor of the class of wage workers in a given production process. The third part represents surplus value, which is also created by the abstract labor of the working class, but in excess of the equivalent value of the total labor power. Taken together, the second and third parts form newly created value (v+m ) or national income.
Reproduction of a social product, in addition to its production, also includes its implementation, which involves proportional distribution SOP between various sectors of the economy and its entry into productive and personal consumption. Meanwhile, under capitalism the problem of realizing the total social product, both in value and in physical form, is the main problem of the reproduction of social capital.
The problem of implementing SOP is that each part SOP according to the cost, it must find a replacement part in its natural and material form.
Simultaneously with reproduction SOP the system of capitalist production relations is being reproduced. Thus, the reproduction of social capital is “the reproduction (i.e. preservation and development) of both the capitalist class and the working class, and therefore also includes the reproduction of the capitalist character of the entire production process” (K. Marx).
SOP in terms of natural and material composition, it consists of items of productive consumption (machines, equipment, industrial premises, structures, raw materials, auxiliary materials, etc.) and items of personal or individual consumption of hired workers and capitalists (food, clothing, shoes, luxury goods and etc.). The difference in items of productive and personal consumption allows us to distinguish two divisions in social production (in the economy).
1st division of social production – This is a set of sectors of the economy in which items of productive consumption are produced, used to replace and increase the means of production used.
2nd division of social production- this is a set of sectors of the economy in which personal consumption items of workers and capitalists are produced.
Social production, with its division into two divisions, is a contradictory unity, manifested in the fact that both divisions cannot exist independently of each other. In order for the process of social reproduction to take place, an exchange between its two divisions is necessary.
The reproduction of social capital is a complex process that depends on many factors, which are almost impossible to identify and take into account in their entirety. Therefore, when constructing a theoretical model of the reproduction of social capital, the following prerequisites or initial conditions are accepted:
1. all enterprises simultaneously begin and complete the production cycle by the end of the year; the entire social product created during the year is stored in warehouses in the form of finished products intended for both personal and industrial consumption;
2. society consists of two classes - wage workers and capitalists, other social strata or groups are not taken into account;
3. foreign trade is not taken into account. This means that it is either absent or the value of exports is equal to the value of imports of goods;
4. prices of goods do not deviate from their value, i.e. all goods are sold at their cost;
5. the entire cost of fixed capital is completely transferred to the finished product within one year;
6. the rate of surplus value is 100% and does not change during the period of time under consideration (one year);
7. the organic structure of capital does not change during the period of time under review;
8. money performs exclusively the function of an intermediary in the exchange of goods and therefore monetary circulation does not active influence on the process of social reproduction.
The final product is part of the cost of gross output (goods and services) minus its production consumption. The final product is understood as products that go beyond a given link. The final product at the enterprise level is no different from commercial products. The final product of the agro-industrial complex includes products created in all areas of production and used for final consumption and export.
The final product is an indicator of the volume of social production during the year minus the consumed raw materials and supplies. The main elements that make up the value of the final product are: national income, depreciation charges and net exports (the difference between the value of annual exports and imports).
End products are goods and services that are purchased by consumers for final use rather than for resale or processing. The value of nominal GNP is equal to the value of the final product.
The final product of the agro-industrial complex represents the entire volume of products created over a certain period of time and supplied for personal or industrial consumption.
In its natural form, the final product consists of:
- - products Agriculture, directly supplied to the population;
- - consumer goods made from agricultural raw materials;
- - agricultural products and processed items;
- - products of industries of the first sphere of the agro-industrial complex.
The structure of the final product of the agro-industrial complex is defined as the percentage ratio of the cost of production of individual industries to the total amount of the product produced. Changes in the cost structure of the final product are associated with an increase or decrease in products, goods and services in specific sectors of the agro-industrial complex.
One of the main conditions for the dynamic development of the agro-industrial complex is proportionality and balance of all three areas. By the contribution to the cost of the final product of each area, one can judge the imbalances in the structure of the agro-industrial complex. In developed countries, the bulk of the value of the final product is created in the third area. It provides comprehensive waste-free processing of agricultural raw materials, their storage, packaging and packaging of finished products. Thus, in the USA, up to 80% of the retail value of a product is created in this area.
Currently poor development processing industries of the agro-industrial complex, the production infrastructure of the complex leads to huge losses of agricultural products. For example, the loss of harvested grain is 30%, potatoes and vegetables - 40-45%. The need for equipment for industries processing agricultural raw materials is met only by 55-60%. At the same time, the degree of equipment wear is 76%.
The result of production as the main sphere of the economy is total social product (SOP), which appears as the entire set of goods produced in society over a certain period.
When disclosing the specific content of the SOP, it should be borne in mind that this concept is not a statistical, but a macroeconomic category. This means that behind this category lies not a simple sum of goods produced, but a totality of goods as a result of social production, in which producers are connected with each other by the social division of labor; that each product included in the SOP has a specific purpose - it is intended for someone, it must reach him through the sphere of distribution and exchange. Accordingly, the concept of SOP hides a complex set of connections and relationships that arise in the process of its production, distribution, exchange and consumption. If we take the simple sum of goods produced in society, then it will appear in the form gross social product(GP). GP appears as a purely statistical concept.
Important Feature The SOP is that, being an aggregate indicator characterizing the state of the entire economy, it does not lose the properties of the individual goods of which it consists.
Like an individual product, SOP simultaneously appears in the form of a set of utilities (use values) and a set of values. In this regard, there are two forms of SOP: natural-material and cost. In its natural material form, SOP consists of sets of means of production and consumer goods.
IN means of production those that should replace the old means of production used in the production of this SOP are highlighted - means of labor and objects of labor. Instruments of labor form the depreciation fund of society, objects of labor form the fund for reimbursement of material costs. Together they form funds for compensation of means of production (FV) of the entire society, individual spheres of production, industries and enterprises.
The means of production remaining after the formation of these funds form the fund of production accumulation of society, through which production expands.
Consumables taking into account their natural composition, they are divided into items of current and long-term use, including capital ones. Items of current use and capital, created to replace similar used goods, form the consumption fund of society. The consumer goods remaining in the SOP form a fund of non-productive accumulation.
Produced consumer goods and means of production, directed to the accumulation fund, act as a net product of society - this is what society produced in addition to what was created earlier in previous periods.
According to the cost structure, SOP is divided into the totality of old and new, or newly created in society, value. Old cost is that part of the cost of the SOP that was transferred to it from the means of production used in its production. Since it is equal to the cost of depreciation of these assets, its accounting makes it possible to determine the quantitative parameters of the fund for compensation of means of production on a societal scale. The new value is the cost of the SOP without taking into account the old value, that is, it is the cost of the pure product created in society. Taking into account the new value allows us to determine the quantitative value of the increase in social wealth.
The measure of value is money. That is why this value can be determined by summing up the prices of the mass of goods that are part of the net product. If, for example, in country A the net product consists of 10 thousand machines, 2 million suits and 3 million tons of bread, in country B the same goods, but in a different ratio - 1 thousand machines, 5 million suits and 6 million tons of bread , then by multiplying these goods by their prices, we can compare where the net product is greater. Let's say machines cost 50 thousand rubles, suits cost 5 thousand rubles. piece, bread – 10 rub. kg. Let's do some simple calculations. In country A: 10 thousand x 50 thousand rubles. + 2 million x 5 thousand + 2000 thousand x 10 rub. = 40.5 billion rubles, in country B: 1 thousand x 50 thousand rubles. + 5 million x 5 thousand rubles. + 6,000 thousand kg. x 5 rub. = 85.05 billion rubles.
Taking into account the division of the net product of society into the consumption fund and the society's accumulation fund (AF), we can imagine the cost structure of the SOP:
SOP = cost of FV + cost of FP + cost of FN.
Since the accumulation fund arises with the expanded reproduction of SOP, then with simple reproduction SOP will be equal to PV + FP.
The cost structure of the SOP appears as the sum of the old value (c) and the value of the necessary (v) and surplus (m) products of society. But at the macro level it is quite difficult to separate m from v. However, in theory, dividing value by c + v + m is acceptable and often necessary for macroeconomic analysis of reproductive processes.
When determining the cost of an SOP, duplicate billing inevitably occurs. This can be seen if we conditionally imagine that SOP is produced in three industries in the form of the sum c + v + m, and the products of the first industry are used to produce the products of the second, which, in turn, is used to manufacture the products of the third industry:
1st branch: 10c + 100v+m = 110
2nd branch: 110c + 10c + 100v+m = 220
3rd branch: 220s + 10s + 100v+m = 330.
In our example, SOP appears as the sum of products produced in three industries: 110 + 220 + 330 = 660. It can be seen that the cost of products of the first industry is taken into account in the cost of SOP three times, the cost of products of the second industry twice, and only the third industry once. It turns out that the cost of SOP consists of the cost of the intermediate (110 + 220) and the final product - the product of the last, “closing” industry (330). It is obvious that if our SOP were carried out not in three, but in more industries, then its size was large.
That is why, for assessing the final results of production activities in a particular country, the final social product (FSP), which is that part of the FSP that is cleared of re-counting, is more suitable.
Due to its natural composition, COP consists of final products that do not require further processing and are ready for final consumption. As for raw materials, semi-finished products, components, etc., they are part of the intermediate product.
In terms of cost, the CPC, as can be seen from our example, consists of a depreciation fund and the net product of society, which together form added value, or value added by processing. In our example, the first industry is the mining industry, which does not use the raw materials necessary for production and thereby creates only added value (10c + 100v+m). The second industry purchases material from the first and processes it, adding to its cost the cost of equipment wear and tear and a new cost (10c + 100v+m). The third industry purchases semi-finished products from the second industry for 220 and in the process of producing the final product adds a cost of 10c + 100v+m.
The SOP that actually exists in any economy is considered to be of little use as an indicator of economic development in a market economy, since its size can be determined on the basis of statistical reporting of enterprises, which is not accepted in countries with market economy. Here the role of the main indicator of condition and development national economy gross national product is advanced.
total social product
a macroeconomic indicator measured in monetary terms and characterizing the entire gross product created by enterprises during a given year.
Total social product
totality material goods(means of production and consumer goods) created in all sectors of material production during a certain period (usually a year). This category reflects the complex production and economic relationships that develop in the process of material production and the development of the social division of labor. S. o. item in the conditions of each social formation has a special socio-economic essence. Under capitalism, it is the property of capitalists, is produced through increased exploitation of wage workers and is distributed in order to enrich the owners of capital. Under socialism S. o. item is a public property and represents national and cooperative-collective farm property; part of it is created in the personal subsidiary plots of collective farmers, workers and employees and constitutes their personal property. The entire S. o. under socialist conditions, it serves the goals of ever more fully satisfying the rapidly growing needs of society and the all-round development of the working people. S. o. p. increased in 1974 compared to 1913 by 52.5 times, compared to 1940 by 10.4 and from 1965 by ≈ 1.8 times.
S. o. It is created in numerous interacting branches of material production, interconnected by the deepening social division of labor. Under capitalism, these connections and their development represent a spontaneously operating reproductive mechanism. In a socialist society they are deliberately planned and regulated.
S. o. item is measured both by its physical volume and by the value. Physical volume is practically measured by the sum of products produced per year at constant prices, which makes it possible to see the dynamics of the economic system. n. This amount of products is determined by their cost. In practice, this is carried out at current prices and shows the structure of the economic system. etc., the changes occurring in it.
S. o. And. appears in two forms: gross social product and final social product. Gross social product is the entire sum of products created by the primary links of the social division of labor (enterprises and associations), entering through economic turnover into production and non-production consumption. This amount contains the so-called. re-counting: products and materials produced by some enterprises are then used by others and are included in the cost of their products. Repeated counting increases with the development of the social division of labor and shows a change in the structure of social production. The gross social product, cleared of repeated counting, acts as the final social product and more fully characterizes the dynamics of social production.
The socialist system ensures high rates of social growth. n. From 1951 to 74, the average annual growth rate of industrial output in the USSR was 9.7%, and in the USA ≈ 4.4%, and in agricultural output ≈ 3.8 and 1.9%, respectively.
At the cost of S. o. p. is divided into two parts: transferred value (wear and tear of means of labor and consumption of objects of labor) and newly created value, or the national income of society. The first of them replaces the means of production spent in the production process, the second contains the value of the necessary and surplus product and is used for the needs of accumulation and consumption. In a capitalist society, there is an antagonism between the necessary and surplus parts of newly created value, expressing the relationship of exploitation of wage labor by capital; under socialism this antagonism is eliminated and the necessary and surplus product are used in the interests of all working people. Structure of S. o. item in value changes under the influence of scientific and technological progress and other factors.
According to the economic purpose of S. o. Items are divided into means of production and consumer goods. This is the division of S. o. It also reflects certain aspects of the production relations of society. Under capitalism, the means of production are appropriated by the capitalist class and used to intensify the exploitation of wage workers. Consumer goods also leave production as the property of capitalists; In this case, workers receive consumer goods through exchange within the limits of the value of their labor power and the needs of capital for the reproduction of hired labor. In a socialist society, both of these parts of the social system. items are in the public domain. The means of production are constantly returned to the production process and increase state and cooperative-collective farm property. Consumer goods enter the personal and joint consumption of working people in cities and villages and are used to improve their well-being. In the course of social reproduction between the two parts of the social system. etc. a certain ratio develops. In conditions of technical progress, the production of means of production should grow faster than the production of consumer goods.
In the USSR, both the production of means of production and the production of consumer goods are increasing at a high rate. At the same time, their growth rates are converging, which reflects a turn in the structure of social production towards more fully satisfying the needs of workers and raising the standard of living of the people. Moreover, in social production as a whole, rapid growth rates in the production of means of production are maintained as the basis for the technical re-equipment of the national economy, increasing the production of consumer goods and improving the lives of the people, strengthening the country’s defense. The most progressive branches of heavy industry, which determine technical progress throughout the entire socialist national economy, are developing especially rapidly.
Theory of S. o. item was developed by K. Marx and received comprehensive development in the works of V. I. Lenin. Economic category S. o. p. occupies an important place in the theory of socialist reproduction; it is the starting point for studying the dynamics and structure, proportions of social production.
Lit.: Marx K., Capital, vol. 2, Marx K. and Engels., Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 24, p. 413≈15, 441≈46, 481, 486, 490≈91; Lenin V.I., Regarding the so-called question of markets, Complete. collection cit., 5th ed., vol. 1, p. 72, 80≈81,100; his, On the characteristics of economic romanticism, ibid., vol. 2, g. 1, ╖ 4√5; him, Development of capitalism in Russia, ibid., vol. 3, ch. 1, ╖ 5≈9; him, More on the question of the theory of implementation, ibid., vol. 4, p. 72≈76; Materials of the XXIV Congress of the CPSU, M., 1971; Materials of the XXV Congress of the CPSU, M., 1976; State five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR for 1971≈1975, M., 1972, p. 72≈82; Kronrod Ya. A., Social product and its structure under socialism, M., 1958; Plyshevsky B.P., Yaremenko Yu.V., Patterns of movement of the social product and national income, M., 1963, ch. 1; Koryagin A., Scientific and technological revolution and proportions of socialist reproduction, M., 1971, chap. 2.
