Noun(Noun) is a part of speech that denotes, names an object, person or phenomenon and answers questions “ Who? or " What?».
Nouns combined with articles ( a, an or the) depending on the rules of their use. They help distinguish verbs or other parts of speech from nouns in words that have more than one meaning. Articles may also be absent; in this case, you can understand which part of speech the word belongs to from the word order in the sentence.
- I see a dog.- I see a dog.
- The dog is big.- This dog is big.
- Dogs are cute.- Dogs are cute.
- Let's count once again.(verb) - Let's count again.
- I have lost count.(noun) – I lost count.
Types of nouns by education
According to their structure and formation, nouns of the English language are divided into simple, derivatives And compound nouns. Also, all nouns are divided into common nouns And proper names.
Simple nouns(Simple Nouns) consist of a single root and have no suffixes or prefixes. These are often monosyllabic words (consisting of one syllable).
- man – man, person
- house - house
- star - star
- love - love
Derived nouns(Derivative Nouns) consist of a root with the addition of suffixes or prefixes.
- brother hood- Brotherhood
- engin eer- engineer
- actr ess– actress
- immortality– immortality
Compound nouns(Compound Nouns) are formed from two or more words or word roots. They can be formed using a combination of not only some nouns, but also other parts of speech (adjectives, verbs, prepositions).
Common nouns
Common nouns(Common Names) indicate common names of objects, matters, persons and concepts, their categories and groups.
- human - person
- feeling – feeling, feeling
- animal - animal
- love - love
- father - father
- bus - bus
Proper names
Proper names(Proper Names) are nouns that indicate unique, individual objects, persons, concepts. Proper names are always written with capital letters. Can be used with the definite article the or without it.
These include: personal names, geographical names, nationalities and languages, names of streets, squares, organizations and enterprises, magazines, names of celestial bodies, names of days of the week and months, names of holidays.
Personal names, pseudonyms, nicknames of people, names of animals.
- Peter Johnson - Peter Johnson (name)
- Dwayne The Rock - Dwayne the Rock (name and pseudonym)
- Iron Arny – Iron Arnie (pseudonym)
- Butch – Butch (dog name)
- Scarlett the cat – cat Scarlett (cat's nickname)
- Boo the rat - rat Boo (nickname of the rat)
Geographical names(mountains, deserts, rivers, oceans, countries, cities and others).
Nationalities and languages.
- English – English language
- Spanish - Spaniard
- the French - the French
Street names, squares, parks, bridges, buildings, hotels, museums, ships.
Names of organizations, institutions, firms, companies, newspapers, magazines.
- World Wildlife Fund – World Fund wildlife
- United Nations - United Nations Organization
- McDonald's - McDonald's
- The New York Times Magazine - New York Times magazine
- The Washington Post - Washington Post newspaper
Names of celestial bodies.
- the Sun – Sun (star)
- the Earth – Earth (planet)
- Mars - Mars
- Alpha Centauri – Alpha Centauri
Names of days of the week, months.
- Monday - Monday
- Sunday - Sunday
- August - August
- January – January
Names of holidays, significant events.
- Christmas - Christmas
- New Year – New Year
- Birthday - Birthday
- Mother's Day - Mother's Day
- Independence Day - Independence Day
Number of nouns
Countable nouns
Countable nouns(Countable Nouns) indicate animate And inanimate objects, as well as concepts that can be counted. These nouns have the form plural, which in most cases is formed by adding the ending -s, if this noun does not have an irregular plural form (Irregular plural nouns).
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Countable nouns are divided into specific(concrete) - real objects, living beings, and abstract(abstract) - abstractions, concepts, feelings.
Uncountable nouns
Uncountable nouns(Uncountable Nouns) cannot be counted and do not have a plural form. They are divided into abstract(abstract nouns) uncountable concepts and real(material nouns): names of materials, liquids, substances.
Sometimes uncountable nouns depending on their meaning can take the form plural. In the plural, they indicate different types of items, or the number of containers for them.
- Coffee makes me alive every morning.– Coffee revives me every morning (coffee as a liquid)
- Two coffees, please!- Two coffees, please! (2 cups of coffee)
- Iron is a type of metal.– Iron is a type of metal.
- All my irons are broken. I have to buy a new one.- All my irons are broken. I need to buy a new one.
Collective nouns
Collective nouns(Collective Nouns) indicate groups, collections of animate and inanimate objects. Often collective nouns refer specifically to groups of people and animals.
- family - family
- class - class
- crowd - crowd
- set - set
Depending on the context, collective nouns can be used in sentences as either singular or plural nouns.
Singular indicates that a group of objects or persons act as one. Plural indicates that members, participants of a certain group, meeting act separately from each other.
- Every week this class has a math test.– Every week this class writes a math test (all students in the class together)
- After every test the class start to chat with each other or do their hometasks.– After each test, the class starts talking to each other or doing homework. (class students act separately)
- The committee adopts this decision with a solid vote.– The committee unanimously makes this decision.
- It is hard to adopt any decision because the committee constantly argues about something.– It is difficult to make any decision, since the committee members are constantly arguing about something.
Gender of nouns
Gender of nouns indicates whether a noun is male or female. In English, it is not always possible to determine gender by the ending of a word, as in Russian. Moreover, only nouns that refer to animate objects of people may differ by gender (male and female). All other nouns belong to the neutral gender ( it).
He, She
Among animate objects there are masculine(masculine gender), feminine(feminine gender) and common gender(common gender).
TO masculine also include inanimate nouns, which in culture are associated with masculinity, strength, power, influence, etc. Despite the fact that these nouns inanimate and are generally denoted by the pronoun it, in literature and in speech they are often personified and animated, so in a certain context they can express the masculine gender.
- sun – sun
- time - time
- death - death
- summer - summer
- The the sun was so scorching that it seemed he wanted to burn everything.– The sun was so scorching that it seemed like it wanted to burn everything.
- Time is cruel. He never waits.- Time is cruel. It never waits.
On feminine nouns are sometimes indicated by special suffixes (- ine, -ess), which are added to the root of the word. Part of a word can also be replaced with the corresponding feminine gender.
- actor → actor ess
- hero → hero ine
- land lord → landlady
- man servant → maid servant
TO feminine refer to inanimate objects and concepts (denoted by the pronoun it), which are animated by the speaker and are associated in culture with the feminine, beauty, grace, and kindness.
- moon - moon
- earth – earth
- spring - spring
- charity - charity
- When spring comes, she brings new life.– When spring comes, it brings new life.
- The Earth is our mother so we must take care of her.– The earth is our mother, so we must take care of it.
Sometimes feminine acquire nouns denoting a car, ship, boat or country. The feminine gender is used to emphasize that the speaker is familiar with the subject.
- This is mine car. She is the best for me.- This is my car. She is the best for me.
- Germany is cool. She cares for her residents.- Germany is great. It (the country) takes care of its inhabitants.
TO common family These are nouns of animate objects that are gender neutral, that is, they can be either masculine or feminine depending on the context. Often these are names of professions, type of activity.
- a baby – baby, baby, child
- a doctor - doctor
- a teacher – teacher, teacher
- friend - friend, girlfriend
- We have a new teacher Her name is Mariam Johnson.- We have a new teacher. Her name is Mariam Johnson. (female teacher)
- Our teacher is strict. He always scolds us.– Our teacher is strict. He always scolds us. (male teacher)
It
All inanimate objects, concepts, phenomena, as well as animals and collective nouns refer to neutral neuter(neutral gender). The pronoun corresponds to them it.
Nouns, pointing to animals, may differ by gender (male and female), if it is necessary to emphasize the gender of the animal. In this case pronouns can be used he or she instead of it, or special names for these animals.
- I bought a rat yesterday. I called her Boo.– I bought a rat yesterday. I named her Boo
- My dog is pretty old. He is 15 years old.– My dog is quite old. He is 15 years old.
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Legal entities are created, among other things, in order to separate the property liability of the founder of the individual or legal entity (i.e., so that for debts, for example, the founder’s own property does not pass to third parties). The scope of rights for legal entities and individual entrepreneurs is different. They may or may not coincide.
For example, the Charter or the Memorandum of Association of a legal entity. It (they) should be used. A legal entity is an inanimate person who assumes rights and obligations, participates in legal proceedings, etc. through governing bodies or representatives.
If we're talking about about governing bodies: if their functions are performed by people (animate), then either he/she or they and who instead of which, although which is also acceptable. It depends on what you want to emphasize: the collective decisions of the people who make up the Board or depersonalize the Board of Directors to the point of inanimate, etc.
Agreements and parties to the Agreement.
Have you ever been confused by Sellers/Buyers and then they throughout the entire agreement... (This just emphasizes that the legal entity is a collective, for example, a joint-stock company).
The owner of the property in Agreements, for example, purchase and sale, is not the person who acts on behalf of the legal entity without a power of attorney (in the Russian Federation, by force of law, the General Director and other persons determined by law), or the founders of the legal entity or other persons by proxy, but the legal entity itself , i.e. inanimate face. Therefore, it or they are appropriate. Emphasizing that, for example, equipment purchased by a legal entity through its manager does not become the property of the individual, but still the legal entity. Although the lawyer’s understanding of the contract, for me, maybe. and for others, if there he/she has no effect on the company, it is much worse when the patent becomes not a patent, but a certificate, and the State Registration Bulletin without transliteration is simply the Official Gazette translated into English, and STC - supplemental type certificate - a certificate on additional types of activities (for aviation contracts...), and not with an additional type certificate, as it should be, and this contract turns into this one, etc. etc.
Other agreements: they are always based on the design of the purchase and sale agreement, so even if this is a different type of agreement, the services are provided to you by the legal entity, i.e. an inanimate person, and not the director, who entered into this agreement. Although I emphasize once again - he/she will not affect the understanding of the essence of the contract, but only the knowledge of the subject by the translator.
See below the speaker's comment in English. language (this is from Kudoz):
It or she/he buyer/seller: referred to as “it” or “he”? it (or possibly "they")
Explanation:
Definitely not "he" - that would never be right if the party is an organization of some sort.
Some people treat a government, company, etc. as being an inanimate entity and so use "it"; others treat it as a group of people, and so use "they"; personally, I think the latter solution sometimes sounds slightly more natural - or at least, leads to fewer odd-sounding phrases!
But if we think of each of these as "a party to the contract", then the use of the singular seems OK - just imagine if you went through your text and replaced each occurrence of the pronouns with "the 1st Party" or "the 2nd Party".
On balance, I think it really has to be "it": "The Company agrees to pay damages; it will however endeavor to minimize these at all times."
It is impossible to imagine learning English without learning the names of animals. After familiarizing yourself with a minimum of vocabulary and the simplest grammatical structures, you need to move on to short texts in which the presence of animals as characters is highly desirable. When we teach animals in English for children, the traditional set includes approximately equal numbers of domestic and wild fauna. It is better to start memorizing with one-syllable words, gradually moving to two- and three-syllable names.
Animal names in English
At the very beginning of training, it is acceptable for animals in English to be learned with pronunciation in Russian, that is, with Russian transcription. It is strongly recommended that, in parallel with memorizing words, you learn English transcription signs, without knowledge of which it will be impossible to work with any dictionary.
Domestic animals
Cat - Cat
Cow - Cow
Dog - Dog
Duck - Duck
Donkey - Donkey
Goat - Goat
Goose - Goose (goose)
Hamster - Hamster (hamste)
Chicken - Hen
Horse - Horse (hos)
Mouse - Mouse (mouse)
Pig - Pig (pig)
Rabbit - Rabbit
Sheep - Sheep (thorn) [ʃ I:p]
Having gone to the section animals in English with a translation into Russian, it is very important to explain to the child that the British not only call animals “not our way,” but also hear most of the sounds they make differently from us. For example, an English dog barks "bow-bow" or "woof-woof", the chicken clucks "cluck-cluck", the mouse squeaks "squeak-squeak" and the sheep bleats "baa-baa".
It's helpful to introduce these sounds with sentences like these:
- The pig on the farm goes “oink-oink”.
- The horse on the field goes “neigh-neigh”.
- The cow on the meadow says “moo-moo”.
Children notice that native speakers hear some animals in a very unique way, and, for example, the mooing of a cow or the meowing of a cat is reproduced approximately equally by our speech apparatus.
It is also useful to compose dialogues with approximately the following content:
- - What does the cat on the roof say?
- It says “miaow”.
Or a little more complicated:
- - Does the duck in the pool say “oink-oink”?
- No, it isn't. The duck says “quack-quack”.
Wild animals
Bear - Bear (bee)
Crocodile - Crocodile (crocodile)
Deer - Deer
Elephant - Elephant
Giraffe - Giraffe (giraffe)
Fox - Fox (fox)
Koala - Koala (kouale)
Leopard - Leopard (laped)
Monkey - Monkey (monkey)
Ostrich - Ostrich [ɔstritʃ]
Panda - Panda (panda)
Snake - Snake (snake)
Turtle - Tortoise (totes)
Keith - Whale
Zebra - Zebra (zebra)
He, she or it?
When learning the names of wild animals, there is no particular need to reproduce sounds, perhaps with the exception of snakes (hiss). It should be noted that in everyday situations and in real life pronouns he And she are not used in relation to animals. In most cases, you need to use a pronoun it, which is used when referring to inanimate objects. For example:
This is a crocodile. It is green long and fierce.
In fairy tales and some stories, animals are personified and “rewarded” with the pronouns he or she. Also in English there is one very interesting feature: when you are told about any animal that has a nickname or name (in fairy tales), it is “introduced” as follows:
John, the Cat
Gray, the Horse
Martin, the Bear.
Smart as a monkey
Just like in the Russian language, animals from the British or Americans are endowed with qualities that are inherent in some people. In some cases, these comparisons coincide with ours, when they say about a person that he has the strength and endurance of a horse. For example:
Dick was strong as a horse and he could easily make fifteen kilometers on foot.
On the other hand, when we teach animals in English to children, they need to be taught that we and native English speakers have differences in mentality, and therefore we perceive many realities of life differently. In the field of the animal world, this is especially pronounced in relation to wolves and monkeys. Yes, in some fairy tales we treat the wolf with disdain, but we will never compare a man with a wolf in the following way:
"He's stupid as a wolf", and English-speaking people do this: "Brian's as stupid as a wolf".
Even more curious is the attitude of the British towards monkeys. If we say that a person is as smart as a monkey, most likely he will take this as an insult, but among native speakers this is literally the highest praise:
“Tracy has finished her school with honors - she’s as clever as a monkey”.
As a rule, such transfers of human characters onto animals can be found in fables in literature. The characters there are usually various animals. Reading fables in English is one of the ways to expand your vocabulary; there you will find many names of animals, words that describe character and behavior. At the end of each fable there is usually a moral stated. From these final sentences, which characterize different life situations, you can take a lot of useful things to enrich your speech.
On the educational site, in addition to short funny stories, interesting stories and fairy tales, English fables are also used to learn English. On our website, a user with any initial level of knowledge will find suitable educational material for himself.
Source: The original article appeared in the New York Times, authored by Philip Corbitt, who is the standard editor responsible for updating the newspaper's style guide. A standard editor is a specialist who responds to internal and external requests about errors and shortcomings in publications' articles.
Most of the requests I receive as the person in charge of the New York Times text guides concern the mechanics of language. Do you capitalize the word after a colon? Should the verb in this case be written in the subjunctive mood?
From time to time, such aspects also acquire a political context. Just remember the discussions around tolerant headlines about transgender people or the issues of politically charged distortions in names in other countries. "Times Insider" (The New York Times' insider's publication will tell you how we make news, record shows and write analytics. Follow our work on Twitter. Want to let us know your opinion? Write at e-mail.
One question that came in last week was almost philosophical in nature. How should the word be used with the noun “cow” (cow, - ed.) “who” or “which”? My answer as an editor of style guides—not a philosopher: It depends.
This interesting question came from Princeton philosopher Peter Singer, who is known as the intellectual leader of the animal protection movement. He added to the question the statement that he himself uses “who” in his own texts in relation to animals to emphasize that they have a personality.
He said he was pleasantly surprised to find the same usage in an Associated Press headline about a cow rescued in Queens: “Cow Who Escaped New York Slaughterhouse Finds Sanctuary.” – ed.). Professor Singer wanted to find out what the New York Times' "that" or "who" policy was for cows?
We do use “who” with animals in some cases, but the choice does not depend on the reasons that Mr. Singer uses in his materials. We apply personal pronouns “he”, “she”, “who” (as a consequence - ed.) only to those animals that have been given a name or when their gender has been specified. Simply put, we do not completely abandon “it”, “that” and “which”. Here's a line from The New York Times' reporting guide:
animals. Apply “it” to an animal rather than “he” or “she” if the animal’s gender is not mentioned or its personal name is not given: “The dog was lost, it howled.” Adelaide, who was lost, howled. The bull tossed his horns" (The dog was lost, she whined. Adelaide, who was lost, whined. The bull put his horns forward - ed.).
Professor Singer's use of "who" relates to his views on animal welfare. In our style guides, we are not trying to promote any particular viewpoint or agenda; our goal is to follow usage that is widely accepted among our readers. It's typical for English speakers, as far as I know, to reserve "he", "she" and "who" for animals with which they feel a personal emotional connection. In other cases, it is normal to say “it”, “that” and “which” in relation to animals.
In the case of the Queens cow, our editors might be faced with two conflicting approaches to assessing the event. “Freddy,” as the lucky cow that escaped was called, was named “who” in the title, but “that” was left in the first sentence of the article itself.
We exchanged by email with Peter Singer, he wrote, in particular, that the norm is gradually changing before our eyes. If you use the word “who” in a Google search, you will find a huge number of uses of this word in relation to farm animals, including deer and ants.
The Queens case raises another question of a very different kind, which Professor Singer and some of our other readers have noted. Was it the cow that escaped? It may seem strange, but in the English language, despite the ubiquity of livestock, there is no single name for a bull and a cow, which would make it possible not to specify the gender.
The most accurate meaning of the word "cow" is, of course, a female. Freddy, like most slaughter cattle, was most likely a castrated male, although young bulls and also females are sent to slaughter. However, many dictionaries allow, as a generally accepted norm, the use of the word “cow” as a term that can be used to generalize both cows and bulls in . It follows that it's safe to yell "away, cow" if she's charging at you in Queens, even if you don't have time to analyze her gender.
Translated by Valentin Rakhmanov.
Subject “Animals”- one of the first ones encountered when learning English. Today we will look at the names of domestic animals, wild animals, groups of animals (such as a flock) in English, and also learn how animals “speak” in English. All words are given with transcription and translation.
Pet names in English
| domestic animals | Pets | |
| cow | cow | |
| bull | bull | |
| horse | horse | |
| stallion | [ˈstæljən] | stallion |
| mare | mare | |
| goat | goat | |
| he goat | goat | |
| sheep | [ʃiːp] | sheep |
| ram | ram | |
| donkey | [ˈdɒŋki] | donkey |
| mule | mule | |
| pig | pig | |
| cat | cat | |
| dog | dog | |
| calf | calf | |
| lamb | lamb | |
| foal | foal | |
| piglet | [ˈpɪglət] | pig |
| kitten | [ˈkɪtn] | kitty |
| puppy | [ˈpʌpi] | puppy |
| mouse | mouse | |
| rat | rat | |
| chinchilla | [ʧɪnˈʧɪlə] | chinchilla |
| hamster | [ˈhæmstə] | hamster |
| guinea pig (cavy) | [ˈgɪni pɪg] [ˈkeɪvi] | guinea pig |
Note:
- words mouse – mice, not mice.
- Word sheep in the plural too sheep(the shapes are the same).
Wild animals in English
| wild animal | wild animal | |
| wolf | wolf | |
| fox | fox | |
| bear | bear | |
| tiger | [ˈtaɪgə] | tiger |
| lion | [ˈlaɪən] | a lion |
| elephant | [ˈɛlɪfənt] | elephant |
| ape (monkey) | [ˈmʌŋki] | monkey |
| camel | [ˈkæməl] | camel |
| rabbit | [ˈræbɪt] | rabbit |
| hare | hare | |
| antelope | [ˈæntɪləʊp] | antelope |
| badger | [ˈbæʤə] | badger |
| squirrel | [ˈskwɪrəl] | squirrel |
| beaver | [ˈbiːvə] | beaver |
| zebra | [ˈziːbrə] | zebra |
| kangaroo | [ˌkæŋgəˈruː] | kangaroo |
| crocodile | [ˈkrɒkədaɪl] | crocodile |
| rhino (rhinoceros) | [ˈraɪnəʊ] | rhinoceros |
| deer | deer | |
| lynx | lynx | |
| seal | seal | |
| tortoise (turtle) | [ˈtɔːtəs] [ˈtɜːtl] | turtle |
| cheetah | [ˈʧiːtə] | cheetah |
| hyena | hyena | |
| raccoon | raccoon | |
| giraffe | [ʤɪˈrɑːf] | giraffe |
| hedgehog | [ˈhɛʤhɒg] | hedgehog |
| leopard | [ˈlɛpəd] | leopard |
| panther | [ˈpænθə] | panther |
| elk (moose) | [ɛlk] () | elk |
| anteater | [ˈæntˌiːtə] | ant-eater |
| opossum (possum) | [əˈpɒsəm] ([ˈpɒsəm]) | opossum |
| puma (cougar) | [ˈpjuːmə] ([ˈkuːgə]) | cougar |
| wolverine | [ˈwʊlvəriːn] | wolverine |
| dinosaur | [ˈdaɪnəʊsɔː ] | dinosaur |
Note: word deer in the plural too deer the shapes are the same.
Groups of animals in English
In addition to the names of individual animals, there are names of groups of animals. In Russian we say a flock of sheep, a flock of wolves, but not a herd of wolves and a flock of sheep. Here is what groups of animals are called in English with a rough translation (rough because the exact one depends on the context):
| Group name | Transcription | Approximate translation |
|---|---|---|
| colony (of ants, rabbits) | [ˈkɒləni] | the colony |
| swarm (of bees, flies, butterflies) | Roy | |
| flock (of birds, geese) | flock | |
| herd (of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats) | herd | |
| pack (of dogs, wolves) | flock, pack | |
| school (of fish) | flock, school | |
| pride (of lions) | pride, pack | |
| nest (of snakes) | nest | |
| litter (of puppies, kittens) | [ˈlɪtə] | brood, offspring, litter |
As you can see, some words are similar to Russian, some are very different: we also say “ant colony”, but we don’t say “rabbit colony”. What amused me most was that a group of kittens, puppies and other youngsters is called litter - literally, scattered things, garbage, disorder.
What do animals say in English? Song for children
Another one interesting topic, concerning animals is how their “speech” is conveyed in English. For example, we say that a bird chirps “tweet-tweet” and a pig grunts “oink-oink”, but an Englishman will say that the bird chirps “tweet-tweet” and the pig grunts “oink, oink”.
Here we need to highlight two groups of words:
- Onomatopoeias like “quack-quack”, “oink-oink”.
- Verbs that name the process of “speech” itself, for example: quack, grunt.
Onomatopoeia is well demonstrated in this nursery rhyme:
And here is a list of some, let's say, verbs of speech. In brackets are the names of animals and birds to which these actions may relate.
Now let’s look at what animals these “verbs of speech” refer to:
- growl– bears, tigers, lions
- squeak– rodents (mice, chinchillas, etc.), rabbits
- scream- monkey
- roar– lions, bears
- cluck- Chicken
- moo– cows
- chirp– crickets, cicadas
- bleat– goats, sheep
- bark- dogs
- howl– dogs, wolves
- quack– ducks
- hiss– snakes
- tweet- birds
- meow, purr– cats
I will give examples with some verbs:
Can you hear the dogs barking? Go, check the backyard. - Do you hear, dogs? bark? Go check out the backyard.
Whose cat is meowing ouside for like an hour? – Whose cat is this for about an hour? meows on the street?
The mouse sqeaked and hide under the pillow. - Mouse squeaked and hid under the pillow.
My neighbor's dog howls like a wolf every night. – My neighbor’s dog howls like a wolf every night.
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