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The notebook... this integral part of school life accompanied our childhood, the childhood of our parents - and, probably, will not soon become a thing of the past. It seems like notebooks have always existed! But did they ever appear... how and where did this happen?
The word “notebook” itself will help answer this question... what associations does it evoke? Let's remember similar words: “tetralogy” is a work consisting of four parts (for example, R. Wagner’s tetralogy “The Ring of the Nibelung”, which includes four operas), “tetralogy of Fallot” is a severe heart defect, including four disorders... In other words, the name “notebook” " comes from the word "four"... what is the meaning behind it?
There are several possible explanations for this. One of them is that in the libraries of medieval universities, books - for the convenience of students - were divided into four parts (really convenient: you don’t have to wait for someone to hand over the whole book - you can still work with part of it, in the absence of printing this was irreplaceable), and these parts were called quarters - notebooks...
But it is more likely to assume that the concept of “notebook” is still ancient, and precisely in its familiar meaning.
Perhaps it came to us from Ancient Greece, where students (though not only them) wrote with sharpened sticks on wax-coated tablets. But how much can you write on one tablet? On the other hand, fastening many boards together at once is also not very convenient - it will be an impressive bunch... The best option turned out to be four boards - a notebook! Such student notebooks have survived to our times - and they show us how and what was taught in ancient schools. So, in one such notebook, a very relevant saying was rewritten four times: “Be diligent, boy, so that you don’t get torn out!”
But there is another version of the origin of both the notebook itself and the word “notebook”. Let's remember what was the “favorite” material for writing in Ancient world? Of course, papyrus! After all, waxed tablets were convenient for student exercises, current notes “for memory” - in a word, for something short and not particularly valuable, which can then be immediately erased, but for large and valuable texts, something long-lasting and lightweight was needed. In this regard, papyrus was an ideal option.
But it also had its shortcomings. The fact is that papyrus cannot be folded - it will break, it can only be rolled into a scroll. You can easily imagine what it’s like to find the right place in a scroll (sometimes a very long one) if you remember the recent past: how we suffered in finding the right place on video and audio cassettes! And to top it all off, the Egyptians prohibited the export of papyrus from their territory.
But, as you know, if there is a need, there will always be a replacement. And she was found - after the campaigns of Alexander the Great. In the Greek city of Pergamum in Asia Minor, they adopted and improved the technology of tanning hides from the Persians. This is how writing material appeared, which is called - after the name of the city - parchment. It turned out to be even better than papyrus: it did not darken or break over time.
At first, scrolls similar to papyrus were made from parchment - so to speak, “by inertia”. But this was inconvenient: the scroll had to be long and narrow, a lot of parchment was wasted - and this is not a cheap material! Finally, an optimal solution was found: a sheet of parchment was folded into four - this was called a “notebook” - and several such notebooks were sewn together, and this was already similar to what we call a notebook now.
Thus, the appearance of the notebook is directly related to the invention of parchment. Centuries had to pass before parchment was replaced by paper as a writing material - and notebooks became paper.
But how does a huge tree turn into a beautiful notebook, book or stack of white sheets? Let's figure this out together.
How paper is made
Paper is produced in paper mills. Logs are brought from the forest to the factory. The most commonly used are pine, spruce, birch, as well as eucalyptus, poplar, and chestnut.
On a special platform, the bark is stripped from the logs and crushed into chips. The fragments are then transported on a conveyor belt to a pulp mill, where they are boiled in a special solution. The result is cellulose, the main raw material for paper production.
Interesting! One tree produces 2857 notebooks of 12 pages. It takes 60 years to grow a mature tree. That is why it is important to use textbooks and notebooks carefully, because all of these are cut down trees.
The most economical way to obtain wood pulp is mechanical. The wood processing plant grinds the timber into crumbs and mixes it with water. This is how low-quality paper is made - for example, for newspapers.
But for the production of high-quality paper - for magazines, books and brochures - they use chemical method. Using sieves, the fragments are sorted by size. Next, the chopped wood with the addition of acid is boiled in special machines.
The cellulose then passes through filters and is washed to remove impurities. At this stage, waste paper can be added to the raw material, but it must first be cleared of ink.
The next step is adding adhesives and resins. The first ones repel moisture, the second ones prevent the spreading of ink, which is often water-based. It is thanks to these processes that what is written in your notebook does not smudge and is easy to read. Printing paper does not require such sizing, because printing inks are not water-based.
But that's not all. Then pigments and dyes are added to the paper raw material. For example, the white color of paper is obtained by adding kaolin.
After that paper pulp enters the paper machine onto a conveyor belt. Here, with the help of tiny porous holes and pressing with various rollers, moisture is removed from the paper and a continuous roll of tape is formed.
At the “wet pressing” stage, the paper is finally dried, dehydrated and compacted. The result is a smooth white tape wound onto a huge roll. The paper is ready! Can be sent to book factories. There paper web cut to create books and notebooks.
You can learn all the intricacies of paper production from the video.
How are books made?
So, after the author writes the text and the editor of the publishing house approves it, the proofreading process. The work is checked for errors. Ideally, the proofreading team reads the text several times. After this, illustrations are selected for the book.
Then it begins layout. Using a special computer program, the layout designer selects the book format, margin size, types and sizes of fonts, and determines the location of illustrations and text.
The next stage is called color separation. Did you know that to print a fashion magazine cover you only need four colors: blue, pink, yellow and black? Therefore, now the designer must divide all illustrations into four components.
The most important stage is book printing. Paint with rollers on printing machine It is rolled out to a thin layer, fed onto a printing plate, which rotates and applies the image to a continuous roll of paper.
Interesting! Printing house workers can print several thousand sheets in one shift.
It is difficult to imagine any book without a cover. Therefore, the next stage is creating the “face” of the future book. If the cover is ready, it is placed on the book block and trimmed. If a hard cover is being made, the book is trimmed before the cover is glued on.
That's all - the book is ready to delight the eyes of admiring buyers, all that remains is to pack it. You can see with your own eyes how books are made in the next video.
What were books and paper made of in ancient times?
Once upon a time there were no books in the form in which you see them on store windows or in libraries today. And all because people did not know how to make them. Instead of paper, humanity used cave walls, stones, dishes, tree bark…
Years passed and people came up with the idea of making records on wet clay. However, such books were too heavy, inconvenient and short-lived.
After some time, the heavy clay cloth was replaced calf or goat books skins are light and practical. Since the first such book was created in the ancient city of Pergamum, the “paper” made from animal skin was called parchment.
However, such material was too expensive, because to create one book, it was necessary to slaughter many calves. So people kept looking for cheaper and easier ways to create books. And they succeeded.
Along the rivers of Africa there grows a tall marsh plant - papyrus. People did not immediately realize its amazing properties. At first, the plant was used in the construction of houses. But one day a man was repairing his house. I cut the stem, took out the fibrous center and put it in the sun. Imagine the man’s surprise when he noticed that the fibers had turned into dry narrow ribbons. And when he saw that papyrus also absorbs paint well, he realized: you can write on papyrus! This is how books made from papyrus appeared.
But who and when invented paper as we see it now? Researchers assure: the palm belongs to the Chinese. They came up with the idea of producing paper from young bamboo shoots.
Interesting! ...And before that time, the Chinese wrote on silk or bamboo tablets. The Chinese jealously guarded the mystery of silk production. However, silk was very expensive, which means-inaccessible to the majority of the population, and bamboo- too heavy. Only 30 hieroglyphs were placed on one board. Information has been preserved: in order to transport some works, the Chinese needed a whole cart.
Chinese chronicles report that invented paper in 105 AD. e. Tsai Lun.
“Everyone highly appreciates the work of Tsai Lung: he invented paper, and his glory lives on to this day...”- says the chronicle.
The 4th century was a turning point in the history of paper making. After the technology of its production was improved, paper replaced bamboo planks forever. New experiments have proven that paper can be produced from cheap plant materials: tree bark, reed, bamboo. The Chinese were especially happy about the latter: bamboo is a dime a dozen in their country.
No matter how hard the Chinese tried to keep the secret of paper production, they failed. In 751, during the fight against the Arabs, several Chinese craftsmen were captured. From them Arabs They learned the secret of creating a mysterious product and for five centuries they profitably sold it to Europe.
Oddly enough, but Europeans were the last of the civilized peoples to learn how to make paper - somewhere in the 11th-12th centuries. The Spaniards were the first to borrow paper production technology, then the Italians, Germans, English... It’s interesting that for a long time paper was made not only from soaked tree fibers, but also from rags and other rags.
The first industrial paper production machine was invented in France in 1798.
On the territoryand Ukrainian lands Paper production began in the 13th century in Galich. However, documented information about Ukrainian paper “factories” has been preserved since the 16th century. Researchers of the history of the Ukrainian paper industry have found materials about 200 “factories” that operated on the territory of Ukraine from the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century, which indicates the high cultural level of the then population.
Radomysl Castle in Radomysl, ZhitomirShchyna is the first paper mill in Central Ukraine, built in 1612.
Now paper surrounds us everywhere, conquering more and more new areas of application every year. That is why it is so important to remember that it is made from trees - forest resources that are catastrophically decreasing every year on the planet.
Treat books with care, use paper sparingly, recycle waste paper, plant trees - the least that everyone can do to preserve forests. And one inventive boy, in order to preserve forest plantations, even refused to write an essay. =)
Theme: “What is it made from?”
Target: Introduce the natural materials from which various objects are made; to form basic ideas about some production processes, starting with the extraction of raw materials in nature and ending with the receipt of the finished product; bring up careful attitude to natural resources.
Planned results: Metasubject
Regulatory: be able toformulate learning task;understand the learning task of the lesson and strive to complete it; formulate conclusions from the studied material; answer final questions; realizecontrol and correction;evaluate results of your activities in the lesson.Cognitive: classify objects by the nature of the material, show different production chains in color;read textbook text; according to textbook drawingstrace production chains, model them,make up story based on pictures, give other examples of the use of natural materials for the production of products.Communicative: participate inpair and group work. Agree with each other, accept the interlocutor’s position, show respect for other people’s opinions.
Subject: y know which ones natural materials people use to make products; learn to create simple production chains
Personal: treat things with care; understand the need to respect nature; respect people's work.
Educational materials: Textbook by A.A. Pleshakov “ The world”, workbook No. 1, computer, multimedia projector, screen, various objects made of clay, metal, wood, wool; cards - models. Ustudents: traffic lights, colored pencils (markers), glue,
1. Organizing time, emotional mood. (slide1)
The cheerful bell rang
Is everyone ready? All is ready?
We are not resting now,
We are starting to work.
Look at each other. Mentally wish each other a good mood for the entire school day. Look at me. I also wish you today that you are attentive, active, and resourceful. and most importantly, hardworking.
Let the words be the motto of the lesson
“You know it yourself, tell someone else!”
Guys, to get started, let's plan our actions. What do we always do at the beginning of the lesson?repeat
In any lesson we learn something, we learn something, which means
Knowledge will not be durable, so you need it...secure
And also any work is required...check and evaluate
Well, now let's get to work. I hope everything works out for you.
2. Checking homework.
What section are we studying? (Life of the city and village)
( ( Industry, trade, transport, construction, agriculture)
A) Individual tasks using cards. (4 children receive tasks)
- Emphasize industrial products with one line, agricultural products with two.
1. Tomato, book, carrot, telephone, table lamp, potato, tractor, radish, onion, chair, iron, slippers.
2. Watermelon, cherry, chair, T-shirt, grapes, boots, coat, rocket, plum, school desk, pumpkin, cabbage, airplane, garlic, cucumber.
B) Game “True or False”.
Let's play a game“True or false” (working with traffic light cards: if true, green, if not, red)
Is it true that economics is economic activity of people? (Yes)
Is it true that trade gives us bread, milk, and meat? (No)
Is it true that paper money was first used in China? (Yes)
Is it true that money is not made from wood these days? (Yes)
Is it true that clothes, shoes, furniture are produced in trade? (No)
Is it true that a painter, mason, plasterer, and crane operator work in construction? (Yes)
Is it true that we can purchase products and things from agriculture? (No)
Is it true that in order for us to drink a glass of milk in the morning, only agriculture and trade are working? (no, transport, industry)
Is it true that transport and industry specialists participate in the construction of a house along with the builders? (Yes)
Is it true that all sectors of the economy are connected to each other? (Yes)
Can a modern economy operate without money? (No)
C) Mini-project “How did money appear?”
D) E. Lentitskaya’s story about her parents’ profession.
What sector of the economy does this profession belong to?
What sectors of the economy are there in our area? ( Agriculture, transport, trade.)
Can we tell. What is the most important profession?
Well done for learning so much about economics.
3. Self-determination for activity
Guys, I brought these items to class.
What question arises in your mind when you see these objects? (What are they made of?)
So the topic of our lesson is “What is it made of?”
Read the topic of the lesson in the textbook. p. 108.
Which learning objectives let's set it before ourselves?
Use the phrase: “I think that...
Let's read in the textbook what Ant says about this.
4. Joint discovery of knowledge. Study of new material.
What seemed difficult and incomprehensible? (Production chains)
Production chain - the order in which an item is made.(Board )
What materials are these items made of? (Clay, metal, wool, wood)
Guys, what do these items have in common? (Made by human hands)
Since ancient times, people have had to adapt to living conditions in different environments. The tools, dwellings and household items created by people, clothing, and jewelry were made from the materials that were available in that area.
- The most ancient are stone tools. Ancient people first used fragments of stones, branches and tree limbs. Scientists believe that the very first tool made by ancient man was a hand ax carved from stone.
Nowadays, from birth, a person enters the world of things. We are already so accustomed to this that we don’t think about how and from what the objects around us are made.
Assignment on p. 108 from the textbook (Peer check)
Work in groups. Assignment p.109.
From clay - 1 group
Wool - 2 group
Made of metal - group 4
Made of wood-3 group
The class gets acquainted with the production of products according to plan and designs a poster:
1.Study the information in the textbook.
2.Look at the pictures.
3. The procedure for making items.
4.Draw the production chain using models.
5.Prepare a poster.
Work together and the result will be successful.
5. PHYSICAL MINUTE.
We played in the profession -
In an instant we became pilots!
We flew on the plane
And suddenly they became drivers!
The steering wheel is now in our hands -
Second class goes fast
And now we're at a construction site
We lay the bricks evenly.
One brick and two and three -
We are building a house, look!
It's game over
It's time for us to go back to our desks.
6. Group performance.
The groups have done some research and will now tell you how the items are made. Before the performance, children ask riddles.
If you meet me on the road,
Your feet will get stuck,
And make a bowl or vase-
You will need it right away. (Clay)
Well done every year
Adds around the ring. (Tree)
Thick grasses entwined,
The meadows are curled up,
And I myself am all curly,
Even a curl of a horn. (Sheep, ram)
I go into the water red, but I come out black. (Metal)
Speech plan.
Item name.
What is it needed for?
What is it made of?
How is it made?
7.Primary consolidation.
Questions in the textbook p.111.
8. Independent work with mutual verification according to the sample.
(work in pairs)
Workbook p.79-71
Exercise 1.
Show different production chains with arrows of different colors.
Task2.
Write down what people can turn these materials into.
(Grain, mill, bread. Iron ore, plant, scissors, etc.)
"5" - no errors.
"4" - 1 error
"3" -2 errors. (Check work on multimedia )
And besides clay, wood, metal, what materials can various objects be made from? (Plastic, rubber, glass, etc.)
What should people pay attention to when mining in nature? various materials for making all kinds of products?
1) Extract no more materials than are required.
2) Spend sparingly.
3) Plant new trees.
4) Restore land at the site of quarries.
9. Inclusion in the knowledge system.
A person needs different things.
Where does he get the material for their manufacture? (In nature)
What people should pay attention to. By extracting various materials from nature?
Read in the textbook on p. 111 (in bold)
What production chains did you learn about?
Task 3. Workbook p. 71 No. 3.
1, 2 chains for the weak
For the strong (Come up with source material)
8. Lesson summary.
Check how attentive you were during the lesson.
So, a person needs a variety of products. Where does he get the material to make them?(In nature .)
To make a hat and scarf you need - (wool )
Paper is made from (tree )
To make ceramic dishes you need (clay )
Pots and spoons are made from (metal )
What should people pay attention to when extracting various materials from nature? (Make no more of them than required, use them sparingly, plant new trees)
By extracting various materials, people change nature and harm it. The quarry left after clay mining can turn into a ravine on the surface of the earth. A deforested forest is the destroyed home of many plants and animals. Natural resources are not eternal, they need to be protected.
What can the unreasonable, wasteful use of natural resources lead to? (There will be no forest, no animals and plants, no humans. Our planet will become a lifeless desert.)
We need to remember that the knowledge and work of many people are invested in every thing, so we need to treat things with care.
We took a trip to the Land of Masters.
What question was answered in class? (What is what made of?) - Who now knows what dishes, clothes, comfortable things, books can be made from?
What do you think, today in class we learned about all the natural materials from which we can make items of clothing and dishes? (NO)
What objects in the classroom are made from natural materials?
9. HOMEWORK.
Your homework will be:
Find out what other natural materials there are and what is made from them?In the next lesson, tell your classmates about this. (Optional)
-Find out what materials were used to make your toy.
Workbook p. 71 No. 4. For the strong
10.Reflection
I know that …
I learned …
I am satisfied…
My notes
NATURAL SCIENCE 1st CLASS
QUESTION TO NATURE
LESSON 58 What is paper made from?
Subject. What is paper made from?
Purpose: to give students an idea of paper production; open the mind; to cultivate a caring attitude towards natural resources and respect for working people.
DURING THE CLASSES
I . Organizing time
II . Communicating the topic and purpose of the lesson
Guess the riddles.
He is silent, but he will teach a hundred fools.
White field, black seed He who sows it understands it.
Give the answer to these riddles. (Book)
What is the book made of?
Today in the lesson you will learn what a person makes paper from.
III . Perception and awareness of new material
1. Teacher's story
Paper is produced in a paper mill. Pine and spruce logs are brought from the forest to the factory. Special machines strip the bark from them and crush them into chips. The pieces are then boiled in a special liquid. Paper is made from boiled wood using paper machines and wound into huge rolls. The rolls are sent to book factories. Here they are cut into sheets and used to make books and notebooks.
What other materials are used to make paper?
Find out how people made paper in ancient times.
2. Physical education minute
IV . Generalization and systematization of acquired knowledge
1. Did you know that...?
Paper was invented in China. The Chinese made it from soaked plant fibers. Paper came to Europe between 1000 and 1100 years. It turned out that it can be made from wood, rags and even... from old paper - waste paper. It turned out that the paper could be used twice!
To make 1 ton of paper you need 5.6 m3 of wood. If we consider that the average volume of one log (tree) is 0.33 m3, then 17 trees are required to produce 1 ton of paper.
And from 1 ton of paper you can make about 30 thousand ordinary student notebooks.
2. Drawing up a diagram
Make the correct chain, wood paper notebook wood
(wood----- wood---- - paper------ notebook)
How do you get a notebook from a tree?
There are different types of paper. Where are they used? (Demonstration of a collection of different types of paper.)
What is paper used for?
Is it easy to get the paper?
How should we treat our notebooks and textbooks, since all these are cut down trees? And to grow an adult tree, it takes at least 60 years.
Furniture, dishes, and toys are also made from wood. (Show)
3. Conversation
A person needs different products: dishes, clothes, books and other things.
Where does a person get the material to make them?
Nature is rich and diverse. She generously shares her gifts with people. Man receives from nature various plants, fish, birds, animals, raw materials for the manufacture of materials and objects.
What should people pay attention to when extracting different materials from nature? (Mine no more of them than necessary, spend them sparingly, plant new trees, restore land in place of the quarry, use recycling raw materials.)
V. Lesson summary
What question was answered in class?
Who now knows what books and notebooks can be made from?
What do you think, today in class we learned about all the natural materials from which we can make items of clothing and dishes?
Books will help you with this. (Introduction to the exhibition of books.)
Lesson 58 Appendix
Solving logical problems “What is “extra”? Why?"
Maple leaf, oak leaf, birch leaf, sheet of paper. . Cabinet, table, fork, book.
Car, scissors, knife, pencil.
Pencil, book, notepad, notebook.
