From the series of forgotten notebooks - Vl.Nabokov, I.Bunin.
To Russia.
Get rid of me, I beg you!
The evening is terrible. The hum of life died down.
I'm helpless. I'm dying
From your blind surges.
The one who freely left his homeland,
Free to howl about her on the heights,
But now I've gone down into the valley
And now don’t you dare come closer.
Forever I'm ready to hide
And live without a name. I'm ready,
So that I don’t see eye to eye with you even in my dreams,
Give up all dreams;
Bleed yourself, cripple yourself,
Do not touch your favorite books,
Change to any adverb
All I have is my tongue.
But, oh Russia, through tears,
Through the grass of two non-adjacent graves,
Through the trembling spots of the birch,
Through everything that I lived from a young age,
Dear blind eyes
Don't look at me, have pity
Don't look in this coal pit,
Don't grope for my life!
For years and centuries have passed,
And for grief, for torment, for shame, -
It's late, it's late! - no one will answer,
And the soul will not forgive anyone.
1939 Paris.
To Russia.
My palm is a strict geographer
Painted: everything here is yours
Big and small roads
And the veins are rivers and streams.
Blind man, I stretch out my hands,
And I touch everything earthly
Through you, my country.
That's why I'm so happy.
And if it’s true that the other day,
I imagined in a dream,
What a careless hour, the last hour
He will find me in a foreign country,
Like on a sloping school desk,
You'll curl up like a map,
As soon as I let go of the edges,
And you will lie where I lie.
1928
Ivan Bunin.
And I dreamed that in autumn
and on a cold night I returned home.
I walked along a dark road alone
to a familiar estate, to his native village...
The frozen branches of the trees cracked
From the stormy wind on the old rampart...
The village was sleeping... And with fear, like a thief,
I entered a deserted, abandoned courtyard.
And my heart sank with pain,
When I looked around at the window!
The ceiling is hanging, the corners are collapsing,
Floors are creaking underfoot everywhere.
And it smells like stoves... Abandoned, forgotten,
It is forever forgotten, our dear home!
Why am I here? What's left in him?
And if it remains, what does it mean?
And I dreamed that I walked all night
Through the garden where the wind swirled and howled,
I was looking for the spruce planted by my father,
I was looking for those rooms where the family gathered,
Where mother rocked my cradle
And with tender sadness she caressed me, -
With insane melancholy I called someone,
And the naked garden hummed and groaned...
1893
Excerpt from "Desolation"
A sad long evening in October!
I loved late autumn in Russia.
I loved the crimson forest on the mountain,
The expanse of fields and the dusk are dull.
Loved the steel, gray Oka,
When she gets lost in a long ribbon
In the distance of wide and deserted meadows,
It made me feel Russian melancholy...
But the days go by, I'm tired of the bad weather -
And the heart longs for the shine of the day and happiness.
1903
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60. Word hyphenation rules
- from accent:
- from value:
Vowel selection; and or e.
- Double consonants are written:
64. Spelling of prefixes.
- the word "double-pulse", etc.
- in the pronoun about what,
- nothing to do with words.
| 1 type | ||||
masculine | feminine | neuter gender |
||
| units number | I.p. | cheerful, early | cheerful, early | fun, early |
| pl. number | cheerful, early | |||
| Type 2 | ||||
masculine | feminine | neuter gender |
||
| units number | I.p. | fox | fox | fox |
| pl. number | I.p. | fox | ||
| Type 3 | ||||
masculine | feminine | neuter gender |
||
| units number | I.p. | fathers, sisters fathers, sisters | father, sister | father's, sister's |
| pl. number | I.p. | fathers, sisters | ||
- in combination day-to-day,
a) written together:
Exception: tumbleweed;
b) written with a hyphen
b) written with a hyphen:
| I. p. R. p. D. p. V. p. etc. P. p | six | thirty |
71. Spelling verbs.
The II conjugation includes:
| units 1st person read, take 2nd person read, take The third person reads, takes plural | Want want wants We want | I'm running you're running let's run run are running | eat eat eating Let's eat eat eat | I'll create you will create will create Let's create let's create will create | give give it will give Let's give let's give |
1. b (soft sign) is written:
74. Spelling prepositions.
75. Spelling conjunctions.
1. Written together:
| Part of speech | apart |
|
| noun | ||
| adj. | ||
| number | ||
| pronoun | ||
| verb | ||
| gerundish | ||
| participle |
| having given communion | ||
| adverb |
Spelling particles NOT and NI
1. Unstressed vowel in the root.
To check an unstressed vowel in the root, you need to change the form of the word or select a word with the same root so that the stress falls on it.
G O ra – g O ry
B O rummaged - b O rushes
Not accepted And rimy – m And R
2. Alternation of vowels in the root.
In the roots gor - gar under the accent the letter A is written, without the accent - O (zag A r – zag O mature)
Fundamentally zar - zar, under stress, the vowel that is heard is written, without stress - A (z A roar, s A rnitsa, oz A yay, s O ryka)
Fundamentally clone - clan under stress, the vowel that is heard is written, without stress - O (skl O thread, cl A bow, bow O n, knuckle O thread)
In the roots kos - kas the letter A is written if there is a suffix A after the root, if there is no this suffix, then the letter O is written. (to A sanie, prikk O fell asleep)
In the roots lag - lie A is written before G, O is written before G (sentence A go, offer O live)
In the roots growing up - growing up before ST, Ш the letter A is written. If there is no ST, Ш the letter O is written (р A stet, por O c) Exceptions: Rostok, industry, Rostov, Rostislav.
In the roots Ber - bir, der - dir, mer - world, per - feast, ter- ter, shine - blist, zheg - zhig, stel - stil the letter A is written if after the root there is a suffix A. (collect - collect, lay - spread)
3.Vowels O - E (Ё) after sibilants and C in different parts of the word.
1.Fundamentally words after hissing words are written under stress with the letter E (Ё). (in related words and forms of this word the letter E is written without stress. (vecherka - evening, cheap - cheaper) Exceptions: seam, rustle, saddler, hood, gooseberry, glutton, thicket, major
It is necessary to distinguish:
A) noun – burn, arson, verbs – burn, set fire
B) in words of foreign language origin:
jockey, juggler, shock, highway, driver.
C) in proper names: Pechora, Pechorin, Shostakovich
2. After C, the letter o is written in the root under the stress. unstressed
The vowel after T must be checked with stress. (base, whole -
3.In endings, suffixes nouns and
adjectives after hissing and C, the letter O is written under stress, without stress - E (chest, hut, big, red, little jackdaw, fighter, crimson)
4 .At the end of adverbs, the letter O is written under stress, without
accent – E (hotly, ebulliently)
5 .The letter E is written under the accent
a) at the endings of verbs (we take care, bakes),
b) in the verbal suffix –yovyva (shade)
c) in the suffix –er of nouns (conductor, trainee)
d) in the suffixes -yonn, -yon of passive participles,
verbal adjectives, if they are formed from
verb with -it (completed - complete, stewed - stew)
d) in pronouns (about anything, nothing)
4. Vowels ы, and after ц in different parts of the word.
1. At the root of the word after C the letter I is written (number, circus) Exceptions:
gypsy, chicks, chick, chick, chick)
2.In words ending na – tion the letter I is written
(acacia, lecture, delegation)
3.In suffixes and endings the letter Y is written (birds, pages,
5. Voiced and voiceless consonants.
To check the spelling of paired consonants b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, zh-sh, you need to change the word so that after this consonant there is a vowel. (tooth - teeth, light - light)
6. Unpronounceable consonants at the root of a word. (combinations vstv, ndsk, stl, stn, etc.)
The word needs to be changed or a word with the same root must be chosen so that this consonant is heard clearly. (joyful - joy, whistle - whistle)
But: sn– wonderful – miracles.
7. Separating b and b
1. Before letters E, E, Yu, Ya
after consoles
to a consonant
(to go around, to separate)
1. Before the letters E, E, Yu, I, I
in roots, suffixes, endings.
(barrier, blizzard, fox, nightingale)
In difficult words
(three-tier, inter-tier)
IN foreign words:
adjutant, object, subject, etc. broth, battalion, signor, etc.
8. Soft sign after sizzling ones.
b is written
b is not written
1. Feminine in nouns
kind (night, rye)
1. In masculine nouns (knife, rook)
2. In all verb forms
(write, kindle, smile)
2. Plural in nouns. numbers
(lots of clouds, near puddles)
3. In adverbs ending in Zh, Sh, Ch (jump,
entirely) Exceptions: already married,
unbearable
3. In short adjectives (hot,
good, powerful)
4. In particles (only, huh, huh)
9. Vowels И –И after prefixes.
After consonant prefixes letter is written Y, if the word from which it is derived begins with the letter I (unprincipled - idea, summarize - result, play - game)
After consoles super-, sub-, trans-, inter- a letter is written AND ( inter-institutional, super-interesting, sub-inspector).
10. Continuous and hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives.
Together:
1. Formed from a subordinating phrase (ancient Greek - Ancient Greece, car repair - car repair)
2. Used as terms or expressions in bookish language (the above, the undersigned)
With a hyphen:
1.Denote the shade of color (light pink, red-brown)
2.Derived from a hyphenated noun (southwest - southwest)
3. Between the parts of the adjective you can insert the conjunction “and” (Russian-German - Russian and German, convex-concave - convex and concave).
4. Formed from a combination of a noun and an adjective, but with a rearrangement of these elements (literary-artistic - fiction)
5. Having the combination -ico (chemical-pharmaceutical) at the end of the first base.
Apart:
Phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective are written separately. An adverb acts as a member of a sentence, indicating the degree of the attribute expressed by the adjective (genuinely friendly, sharply hostile) or in what respect the attribute is considered (socially dangerous, i.e. dangerous to society). Adverbs in –ski in the meaning of “likening” (damn cunning).
11. Not with in different parts speech.
Together
Apart
Without NOT not used ( all parts of speech)
can't, hate, unseen
There is a contrast with the conjunction “A” or it is implied (noun, adjective, adverb of O, E)
not the truth, but a lie
Can be replaced with a synonym or an expression similar in meaning ( noun, adjective, adverb of o, e)
untrue - lie, unknown - stranger)
There are words “not at all”, “not at all”, “not at all”, “not at all”, etc.
(adjective, adverb in O, E)
Not at all interesting, not at all beautiful
There are no dependent words and no opposition with the conjunction “A”
(participle)
unstuck, untold
There are dependent words or opposition with the conjunction “A” (participle)
not said in time
With verbs, gerunds
(didn't find it without searching)
With adverbs not in –O, E (not in a comradely way)
With negative and indefinite adverbs and pronouns (no one, several, nowhere)
With negative pronouns, if there is a preposition (not with anyone, not with anyone)
12. One and two letters N in suffixes.
Parts of speech
Nouns
Living room, toiler, herbalist
At the junction of morphemes
Fifty dollars, window sill
Adjectives
In the suffixes -in, -an, -yan
Gus in oh, leather en th
Excl.: tin, wood, glass
1) in adjectives formed using the suffix -n- from nouns with a stem in N (fog n y)
2) in adjectives formed from nouns using the suffixes -onn, -enn (arts enne oh, aviation he N y)
Except: windy
Participles and verbal adjectives
1) in short passive participles (error corrected en A)
2) in full participles and verbal adjectives formed from imperfect verbs (crash enй – there is no prefix and dependent word)
Excl.: slow, desired, sacred, unexpected, unprecedented, unheard, unexpected)
1) if the word has a prefix other than non- (dried)
2) if they include dependent words (sown through a sieve)
3) if the word has the suffix –ova, -eva (otsink ovaNN y)
4) if the word is formed from a perfective verb (lich yonn y - deprive)
There are as many Ns written in adverbs as in the adjectives from which they are derived
(tuma NN o – tuma NN oh, excited NN o – vzvolnova NN y)
23. Letters E, I in case endings of nouns.
1. nouns have 1st declension in the dative and prepositional cases (in the grass - 1 cl., pp., on the road - 1 cl., d.p.)
1. nouns have 1st declension in the genitive case (at the river - 1st cl., R.p)
2. nouns have 2 declensions in the prepositional case (in the house - 2 cl., pp.)
2. nouns have 3 declensions (in mother, in the night)
3. for nouns with –i, -ie, -iya, -mya in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases
(attach to the stirrup (on -ya)), pick from the acacia (on - iya))
24. Conjugation of verbs, spelling of personal endings of verbs.
Put the verb in the indefinite form (what to do? what to do?)
II conjugation I conjugation
na –it na –et, -at, -ut, -yt, -ti, -ch
except: shave, lay (1 reference) except:
drive, hold, hear, breathe
endure, twist, offend, depend,
hate, see, look (2 questions)
the letter is written at the end And the letter E is written at the end
beautiful it– beautiful it count et – count ot, rut it– Mr. at(excl.)
when finding an indefinite form, take a verb of the same type (decorate - decorate)
Spelling of prefixes.
1. The letters Z-S at the end of the consoles.
In the prefixes voz-vos, bez-bes, from -is, niz -nis, once - races, through - thre before sonorous a letter is written with consonants Z, before deaf consonants - letter WITH.
(Ra h give - ra With bite, babe h sonorous - be With cordial)
There is no prefix Z: knock down, cut down, run away
There is no prefix in the words here, building, health.
In the prefix once (ras) - roz (ros) the letter A is written without emphasis, under the accent - the letter O. (to fall apart - sledges, scatter - scattering)
2. Prefixes pre-, pr-
1. It is possible to replace the prefix very, very much.
(Very big – very big)
1.Spatial proximity
(about) – school, seaside
2.Approaching, joining,
addition (to arrive, to screw,
join)
2.Close to the value of “re”
(transform, block)
3.Incomplete action (open slightly)
4. Bringing the action to completion
(come up with)
Spelling suffixes
1. Suffixes –EK, -IK of nouns
To write the suffix correctly, you need to decline the word (put it in the genitive case form). If a vowel is dropped, then the suffix -EK is written, if it is not dropped, then the suffix -IK must be written (lock - lock, finger - finger)
2. Suffixes of verbs -ova (-eva), -yva (iva)
If in the present or future tense the verb ends in -yva, -ivayu, then you need to write the suffixes -yva, -iva.
If it ends in -yu, -yu, then you need to write the suffixes -ova, -eva.
(conversations ova l, conversations ova th - conversations wow, story yva l – story I feel)
3. Suffixes of participles –ush, -yush, -ashch, -yash.
If the participle is formed from a verb of the 1st conjugation, then you need to write the suffixes -ush, -yush.
If the participle is formed from a verb of 2 conjugations, then you need to write the suffixes –ash, -yash.
(piercing – to prick (1 reference), dyeing – to paint (2 references))
4. Participle suffixes –EM, -OM, -IM
If the participle is formed from a verb of 1 conjugation, then we write the suffix -EM, -OM, if from a verb of 2 conjugations, then the suffix -IM
(visible – see (2 spr.), burnt – burn (1 spr.))
5. The letters O, A at the end of adverbs with prefixes –IZ, -DO, -S
If adverbs are formed from adjectives that do not have these prefixes, then we write the letter A.
If adverbs are formed from adjectives that contain these prefixes, then we write the letter O.
(before dry – dry, before urgently - before urgent)
On dull , V left (no prefixes –iz, -to, -s)
6. Suffixes –K-, -SK- of adjectives.
The suffix -K- is written:
1) in adjectives that have a short form (number To y – kolok, elm To y – mating)
2) in adjectives formed from some nouns with a stem in k, ch, c (German To y – German, weaver To yi – weaver)
In other cases the suffix –SK- (French) is written sk y - French h)
7. Suffixes –CHIK-, -SHCHIK-
After the letters d - t, z - s, zh, the letter Ch is written. In other cases, the letter sch is written. (bound Tchick, stone box- No letters d, t, h, s, g)
8. Vowels before -N, -NN in suffixes of participles, before the suffix of the past tense verb -L-.
If a participle or verbal adjective is formed from a verb ending in –at, -yat, then it is written before Н,НН letter A, Z(weigh A nnny – hung at).
If a participle or verbal adjective is formed from verbs that do not end in -at, -yat, then the letter E is written before N, NN
(roll up e ny - zasoch it, crush e ny – red it).
Hyphen between parts of words.
Hyphenated spelling of adverbs.
Adverbs are written with a hyphen between parts of the word, which include:
1) the prefix po- and the suffixes -oom, -em, -i (in a new way, in a comradely way)
2) the prefix v-, vo- and the suffixes –ы, -и (secondly, thirdly)
3) prefix somehow (somehow)
4) suffixes -to, -or, -ni (kolda, somewhere)
5) complex adverbs that contain the same roots (little by little)
Indefinite pronouns with the prefix ko- and the suffixes that-or-, nibo are written with a hyphen (someone, some)
Compound words with half are written with a hyphen if the second root begins with L, with a capital letter, with a vowel. In other cases, gender in complex words is written together. (half a moon, half a watermelon, half a Volga, half a house)
Interjections, formed by repetition of basics (ooh-ooh)
Particles are joined to other words through a hyphen. (come on, take it)
Merged and separate writing homonymous independent and function words.
Prepositions with other words are written separately. (on the river, on me, by five)
Derivative prepositions, formed on the basis of adverbs, are written together (to go towards the delegates).
Continuously derived prepositions are written: in view of (= for a reason), like (= like), about (= about), instead of, like, as a result of (due to)
Talk about exams, but put money into the account (noun)
Derivative prepositions are written separately during, in continuation of, according to
reason, for purposes, from the outside).
Unions also, too, so that are written together. They should be distinguished from combinations in the same way, the same as that. In these combinations, the particles could be omitted or rearranged to another place.
Mother studied at the institute. My father also studied there.
The same word, but not to say it that way.
Morphology(parts of speech).
Grammatical features of independent parts of speech.
Part of speech
Gram. meaning
Question to the beginning form
Constant signs
Variable signs
Syntactic.
role in the sentence
Noun
Inanimate-inanimate, own or vernacular, gender, declension
Case, number
Subject,
Addition
Adjective
Which? Whose?
Qualitative, relative possessive; full - short, degrees of comparison
Gender, number, case
Definition, predicate
(short adj.)
Numeral
Quantity, order when counting
How many? Which?
Simple-composite, quantitative, ordinal, collective
Case, number, gender (for ordinal ones)
As part of any member of a sentence, definition (ordinal)
Pronoun
The meaning of the part of speech instead of which it is used
Who? What? Which? How many? Which?
Rank, person (for personal)
Case (for some), number, gender
Any member of the sentence
Action, state
What to do? what to do?
Aspect, transitivity, conjugation, reflexivity
Mood, tense, number, person or gender
Personal forms – predicate, n.f. – any member of the sentence
Participle
Item attribute by action
What do you do? What did he do? and etc.
Active or passive, time, aspect
Case, number, gender, full or short
Definition
Participle
Additional action
Doing what? What did you do?
Type, return
circumstance
Sign of action or other sign
How? Where? Where? When? For what? and etc.
Degrees of comparison
circumstance
Classes of adjectives.
Signs
Quality
1. Answer the questions Which? Which? Which?
2. denote various qualities of objects: color, internal qualities of a person, state of mind, age, size of the object; qualities perceived by the senses, etc.
3. may have diminutive suffixes –ist, -ovat, - -enk, etc.
4. can have a short form and degrees of comparison
5. complex adjectives and adjectives are formed. With prefix not-
6. combined with adverbs very, extremely, etc.
More pleasant
Too light light – light
difficult
Relative
1.answer the questions which? Which? Which?
2. indicate the material from which the item is made; time, place, purpose of the item, etc.
3. have the suffixes –an, -yan, - sk-, -ov-,
4. do not have a short form, do not form degrees of comparison
5. do not go well with adverbs, too much.
Wood
Possessives
Whose? Whose? Whose? Whose?
2. denote belonging to a person or animal
3. have the suffixes –ov, -ev, -in, -yn, -iy
Fox, fathers, wolf
Pronoun categories.
Pronouns
1st person: I, we
2nd person: you, you
3rd person: he, she, it, they
Returnable
Possessives
Mine, yours, ours, yours, yours
Interrogative-relative
Who, what, which, which, whose, which, how many
Undefined
Someone, something, some, several, some, something, etc.
Negative
Nobody, nothing, none, no one's, not at all, no one, nothing
Index fingers
That, this, such, such, such, so much
Definitive
Himself, most, every, all, every, any, different, other
Digits of numerals.
By conception
By structure
quantitative
Ordinal
composite
Gathering
Twenty five
One third,
Third, thirty-fifth
Fourteen, thirty
Five hundred, one hundred thousandth
One hundred and seventy-three, three point eight
Verb mood and tense.
Indicative
Conditional
Imperative
Denotes an action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen
Denotes an action that is possible under some condition (would read, would read)
Denotes an action to which the speaker encourages someone to perform (advises, asks, orders)
Present tense
Past tense
Future
What is he doing?
What did you do?
What did you do?
What will it do? (future complex)
What will he do? (future simple)
I read, I told
will read
Formation of participles
From the present tense verb stem
From the stem of the infinitive
Present participles
Past participles
Valid
Passive
Valid
passive
Bole yushch th
Scream asch th
Ozarya eat th
Storage them th
Jump Vsh th
Carried w th
Pulling out enne th
Uvencha NN th
washouts T th
Formation of gerunds
Imperfect participles
Perfect participles
Suffixes -а, -я
Suffixes
Lying down - lying down A
We are sitting - sitting I
Think - think V, I think lice
Get carried away - carried away shi s
Classification of adverbs by meaning.
Adverb category
Questions answered by adverbs
Mode of action and degree
How?
Fast, fun, new, frequent, great
Measures and degrees
How many? How many times?
In what degree?
To what extent? How much?
A little, a little, a little, five times, too, completely, completely, twice
Far, nearby, around, from within, from afar, everywhere
How long?
Since when?
How long?
Now, soon, long ago, now, on the eve, during the day, at night, in summer, early
For what reason?
In the heat of the moment, blindly, involuntarily
For what?
For what purpose?
On purpose, out of spite, intentionally
Special group make up pronominal adverbs:
Demonstrative adverbs – here, there, there, from there, then
Indefinite adverbs – somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere
Negative adverbs – nowhere, never, nowhere, nowhere
Interrogative relative adverbs - where, where, when, why, why.
Lilac blooms (when?) in the spring. (adverb)
Behind the spring(when? Why?) summer will come. (noun)
Adverbs with prefixes must be distinguished from consonant combinations of nouns, adjectives and pronouns with prepositions.
At first it was difficult. (when? – circumstance – adverb)
At first year (noun with a preposition, because there is a dependent word).
Got sick That's why and didn't come. (adverb, why?)
That's why The bridge is closed to traffic. (adj., over a bridge (which one?) – definition)
In the distance blue sand spinning. (in what? Where?)
In the distance The shepherd played annoyingly. (adverb, where?)
State category words - indicate the state of nature, environment, living beings, humans (damp, cloudy, offensive, funny, joyful). They are used in one-part impersonal sentences and are predicates.
Formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs .
Parts of speech
comparative
Superlative
Composite
Composite
Adjective
More strong
Less strict
Strict
strongest
total (all)..
most…
least…
Deepest, highest quality
Stronger, sooner, less often
More strongly
Less strict
Strictly
total (all)..
most…
least…
deepest of all
best quality
To distinguish the comparative degree of an adjective from the comparative degree of an adverb, you need to look at which word in the sentence the form of the comparative degree depends on. If it depends on a noun, then it is comparative adjective (in a sentence it is a predicate) – person thinner, Class friendlier.
If it depends on the verb, then this is an adverb (in a sentence it is a circumstance) - cut thinner, sing more friendly.
Functional parts of speech.
Pretext – serves to connect words in phrases and sentences. They can be simple and compound, derivative and non-derivative.
non-derivatives
Derivatives from
noun
Participles
In, to, with, at, about, on, at, for, from, through, etc.
Along, opposite, in front, according to, around
As a result, like, in continuation, during, in relation to, in contrast to, towards, in view of, in conclusion, over, in connection with, due to
Thankfully, after, in spite of, in spite of, based on
Union – serves to connect homogeneous members and parts of a complex sentence. There are simple and compound, coordinating and subordinating.
Places of conjunctions by meaning.
Essays
Subordinates
1. Connecting (both this and that): and, yes, also, also, not only...but also, both...and
1. Explanatory: what, as if to
2. Adverse (not this, but this): but, ah, yes, but, however
2. Circumstantial:
Time: when, only, while, barely , as soon as, after, before, just
Target: in order to, in order to, in order to, for the sake of
Comparison: as, as if, as if, exactly
Cause: because, since, because, for
Condition: if (if), if
Consequence: So
Concession: even though, despite the fact that, let, let
3. Dividing (either this or that): or, either, neither...nor, then...that, either...either, not that...not that
Particle - conveys shades of meaning and serves to form some forms of independent words. By meaning there are formative and semantic. By category – simple, complex, compound.
(even, precisely, after all, just, hardly, as if not, etc.)
Particle discharges by meaning and function.
Semantic (express different meanings)
Form-building
(form word forms)
1. Denial: no, neither
1. form of the conditional mood of the verb: would, b
2. Statement: yes, yes, exactly, of course, yeah, yeah, definitely
2. form of the imperative mood of the verb: let, let, yes, come on, let's
3. Strengthening: even, even, already, and, really, well, still, after all, well
3. comparative form and superlatives adj.: more, less, most
4. Question: is it really, really, what, what, how, how, what if
Exclamation: what the, how, well
Doubt: hardly, hardly, maybe
7. Clarification: exactly, exactly, exactly, directly, slightly, just, at least, at least, almost
8. Selection, limitation: only, only, only, almost, exclusively
9. Direction: here, and here, there, and there, this
10. Relaxation of the requirement: -ka
Distinguishing particles He and Ni
Particle NOT
NI particle
Not – meaning of negation
Misha Not went to the skating rink.
Not Misha went to the skating rink, and Yura.
Ni is a negative particle with an intensifying value:
A) increasing denial
In the sky Not was neither one lumen.
No neither wind, neither sun, neither noise.
In the sky neither clouds.
Two particles NOT – the meaning of the statement
Not Can Not talk about this trip. - I have to tell you.
B) strengthening the statement
Where neither I look around, thick rye everywhere. (I'll look everywhere)
The words may be: where neither, who nor, whatever and etc.
Interjection - does not refer to either independent or service units speech. Interjections are used to express:
Feelings, emotions (fear, joy, doubt, surprise, sadness, delight, sadness, etc.): oh, well, bravo, my God, wow, God be with you.
Speech etiquette (greetings, farewells, wishes, thanks, requests, etc.): thank you, thank you, goodbye, farewell, forgive me, please, all the best, hello.
Commands, orders, requests: na, fas, shh, hello, bye-bye, stop, chick-chick.
Syntax.
Collocation – several words related in meaning and grammatically.
According to the main word, phrases can be nominal (the main word is an adjective, a noun, a pronoun), verbal (the main word is a verb, participle, gerund), adverbial (the main word is an adverb).
Types of connections between words in phrases (by dependent word).
Coordination
Control
Adjacency
The dependent word is used in the same gender, number and case (adj., participle, pronoun = adj., ordinal number)
The dependent word is placed in the case required by the main word (noun, pronoun = noun)
The dependent word is related to the main word only in meaning
(adverb, gerund)
Prepositional
(with preposition)
Unprepositional (without preposition)
To an experienced teacher
Grew up by the road
Land development
Work with passion
Types of offers.
Types of offers
By the nature of the expressed attitude to reality
Affirmative(affirm the connection between the subject of speech and what is said about it).
Negative(the connection between the subject of speech and what is said is denied).
The long evening in October is sad. (I. Bunin)
No, I don't value rebellious pleasure. (A. Pushkin)
By the number of grammatical bases
Simple (consist of one grammatical stem)
Complex (consist of two or more grammatical stems)
A clear breeze rushes along the narrow street. (N. Rubtsov)
Dawn bids farewell to the earth, steam falls at the bottom of the valley. (A. Fet)
By the nature of the grammatical basis
Two-piece(the grammatical basis consists of a subject and a predicate)
One-piece(the grammatical basis consists of either only the subject or only the predicate)
I loved late autumn in Russia. (I. Bunin)
It's already quite dawn. (K. Fedin)
By the presence of minor members
Common(includes a grammatical basis and minor members of the sentence)
Undistributed(have only grammatical basis)
Two drops splashed onto the glass. (A. Fet)
The lake was white. (I. Bunin)
According to the conditions of the context and speech situation
Full(all necessary members of the sentence are present)
Incomplete(one or more sentence members are missing)
The whole city lay in darkness. (A. Fadeev)
Everything obeys me, but I obey nothing. (A. Pushkin)
Types of predicate.
Simple verb expressed in one verb form
Composite
Verbal auxiliary can, desire, want, begin, continue, finish or short adj. Glad, ready, able, must, intends+ infinitive
Nominal
Linking verb to be, to become, to do, to appear, to become, to seem, to be called+ nominal part: noun, adj., numeral, place, short adverb, adverb
In childhood, the rains were replaced by a rainbow. (S. Marshak)
The monkey decided to work. (I. Krylov)
The gold of the cross became white. (S. Marshak)
Secondary members of the sentence.
Definition
(which? which? Which? Which? Whose? Whose? Whose? Whose?) is emphasized by a wavy line
Addition
(who? What? To whom? What? Whom? What? By whom? What? About whom? About what?) is underlined with a dotted line
Circumstance
(where? When? Where? From where? Why? Why? How?)
underlined by a dotted line with a dot
Agreed
(adjective, participle, pronoun = adj., ordinal)
Direct (vin. case without preposition)
Mode of action (how? In what way?)
Inconsistent
(noun)
Indirect (indirect cases or vin. case with preposition)
Places (where? Where? From?)
Time (when? Since when? Until when? How long?)
Reasons (why? For what reason?)
Measures and degrees (To what extent? To what extent?)
Goals (why? For what purpose?)
Conditions (under what condition?)
Concessions (in spite of what?)
Types of one-part sentences and ways of expressing the main member of the sentence.
Personalized
Verbal
Nominative sentence (the main member of the sentence is the subject, the noun in the I.p.)
Midnight. Haze and wind.
Definitely personal(verb 1st, 2nd person, singular, plural; indicative, behavioral)
I'm going. Are you going for a walk? Come with me.
Vaguely personal(verb 3rd person, plural, present, everyday tense; plural, past tense)
Vita was given a player.
Impersonal(impersonal verb, personal verb in the meaning of impersonal, infinitive, words of the state category, short participle, word No)
It's getting dark. It's cold outside.
Generalized-personal(verb 2 persons, singular; 3 persons plural present or future; 2 persons led moods)
Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.
Types of definitions.
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Characterize an object on one side (you can put the conjunction I between them)
They characterize an object from different sides, for example, by color and size (big red ball), you cannot put the conjunction I between them)
Depend on one word and answer the same question
They explain each other, that is, one of the definitions depends on the phrase that includes the noun being defined. and another definition (red ball Which? big)
Interconnected coordinating connection, i.e. do not depend on each other
Deprived of enumerative intonation
Pronounced with enumerative intonation
Isolated members of a sentence.
I. Separate definitions .
Any definitions in the form of a phrase (adverbial phrase, adjectival phrase) or individual words are separated by commas on one side or on both sides (within a sentence), if:
Refers to a personal pronoun
Exhausted, dirty, wet, we reached the shore.
They come after the noun they define.
Forest, finally shaking off the remnants of the night darkness, stood up in all his majesty. (B. Polevoy)
Before a qualifying noun, if they express a reason.
Driven by spring rays, the snow had already flowed from the surrounding mountains in muddy streams into the flooded meadows. (A. Pushkin)
II. Dedicated Applications .
Attachments in a letter are separated by a comma or two commas within a sentence if:
They refer to the personal pronoun
Us, doctors, this truly boundless patience is amazing. (N. Ostrovsky)
Common applications that come after the qualified noun.
A pineapple,a wonderful gift of tropical nature , looks like a large cedar cone weighing two to three kilograms.
Clauses appearing before a qualified noun if it has a causal meaning.
Native sailor, Voropaev first saw the sea as an adult. (P. Pavlenko)
III Special circumstances.
1. Circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles are always separated in writing by commas.
Suddenly she ran past me, humming something else.
The waves are rushing thundering and sparkling, alien stars look from above.
2. Circumstances expressed by a noun with a preposition despiteIn houses,despite the early hour , the lamps were on.
Note:
are not isolated
Participles with the meaning of an adverb. Yazykov covered his face with his palm and satwithout moving . (not moving = motionless)
Stable combinations and phraseological units, which include gerunds. He workedtirelessly .
IV. Separate clarifying members of the sentence.
To clarify detached member suggestions, you can pose an additional question Where exactly? How exactly? Who exactly? When exactly?
1. Circumstances of place and time: Left,at the dam , the axes were knocking.
2. Definitions: It was dominated by brown,almost red , the color of the soil and the unbearably blue hue of the sea.
3 . Isolated clarifying members of a sentence can be joined using conjunctionsthat is, or, as well as words especially, even, mainly, in particular, for example .
He's pretty good even with some special pronunciation , spoke Russian .
Additions with prepositions except, apart from, instead of, excluding, apart from, along with, over, etc..
Everyone has , with the exception of the commissioner, things were going well.
Introductory words and sentences.
Groups of introductory words by meaning
Varying degrees of confidence:
a) a high degree of confidence (of course, of course, indisputably, undoubtedly, really, etc.)
b) lesser degree of confidence (seems, probably, obviously, perhaps, perhaps)
Mountain air, without any doubts, has a beneficial effect on human health.
Seems, your story made a lot of noise there.
Different feelings (fortunately, to general joy, unfortunately, to surprise)
Fortunately, our horses were not exhausted.
Source of the message (according to someone, according to someone, according to someone)
According to the doctor, the patient will be discharged from the hospital in a week.
The order of thoughts and their connection (firstly, secondly, finally, therefore, means, so, vice versa, for example, etc.)
Firstly, you need to learn the rule.
So, one desire for benefit made me publish this excerpt. (M. Lermontov)
Notes on ways to formulate thoughts (in one word, in other words, better to say, etc.)
In a word, this man had a desire to create a case for himself. (A. Chekhov)
Introductory words and sentences should be distinguished from other members of the sentence (introductory words are not part of the sentence, they are not grammatically related to other words, they can be removed from the sentence).
Printing pages:
COLLECTION
RULES
IN RUSSIAN
58. Principles of Russian spelling, spelling
SPELLING - a system of spelling rules. Main sections of spelling:
- writing morphemes in different parts of speech,
- continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of words,
- use of uppercase and lowercase letters,
- hyphenation.
Principles of Russian spelling. The leading principle of Russian orthography is the morphological principle, the essence of which is that morphemes common to related words retain a single outline in writing, and in speech they can change depending on phonetic conditions. This principle applies to all morphemes: roots, prefixes, suffixes and endings.
Also, based on the morphological principle, a uniform spelling of words related to a certain grammatical form. For example, ь (soft sign) is a formal sign of the infinitive.
The second principle of Russian orthography is phonetic spelling, i.e. words are written the same way they are heard. An example would be the spelling of prefixes with з-с (mediocre - restless) or a change in the root of the initial and ы after prefixes ending in a consonant (to play).
There is also a differentiating spelling (cf.: burn (noun) - burn (verb)) and a traditional spelling (the letter and after the letters zh, sh, ts - live, sew).
Spelling is a case of choice where 1, 2 or more different spellings are possible. It is also a spelling that follows the rules of spelling.
A spelling rule is a rule for spelling the Russian language, which spelling should be chosen depending on language conditions.
59. Consumption uppercase and lowercase letters.
uppercase letter | lowercase letter |
| - Written at the beginning of a sentence, paragraph, text (I want to go for a walk. When I do my homework, I will go outside.) - Written at the beginning of direct speech (She said: “Please come in.”) | - It is written in the middle and at the end of the word (mother, Russia). - It is written in the middle of a sentence if the word does not represent a proper name or some kind of name (He arrived late at night). |
| Written with a capital letter | Written with a lowercase letter |
Names of institutions and organizations, incl. international ( The State Duma, United Nations), | - names of ranks, ranks (Lieutenant Popov), - words comrade, citizen mister, mister, etc. (Mr. Brown, citizen Petrov) |
60. Word hyphenation rules
- Words are transferred syllable by syllable (ma-ma, ba-ra-ban),
- You cannot separate a consonant from the following vowel (ge-ro"y),
- You cannot leave a part of a syllable on a line or move part of a syllable (push-tyak, pus-tyak - correct; pust-yak (incorrect),
- You cannot leave or transfer one vowel on a line, even if it represents a whole syllable (ana-to-miya - correct; a-na-to-mi-ya - incorrect),
- You cannot separate ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign) from the previous consonant (detour, less),
- The letter does not break away from the previous vowel (district),
- When combining several consonants, transfer options are possible (sister, sister, sister); in such cases, such a transfer is preferable in which the morphemes are not parsed (pod-zhat).
61. Spelling vowels in the root.
If the root vowel is in a weak (unstressed) position, then in writing the problem of choosing which letter to write arises.
- If you can find a related word or change the word so that this vowel is stressed, then such a vowel is called verifiable. For example, pillars - one hundred foreheads; to reconcile (friends) - mi"r.
- If an unstressed vowel cannot be verified by stress, then such vowels are called unverifiable, and the spelling of words with such vowels must be memorized or checked in a spelling dictionary (potato, elixir).
- The Russian language has a number of roots with alternating vowels. As a rule, the vowel that is heard is written under stress; The choice of a letter in an unstressed position depends on certain conditions:
- from accent:
Gar-gor: with an accent it is written a (zaga"r, razga"r), without an accent - o (tanned, burn), exceptions: vy"garki, i"zgar, smoldering;
Zar-zor: without stress it is written a (zarnitsa, illuminate), under stress - what is heard (zarka, zareva), exception: zareva;
Klan-clone: without emphasis it is written about (bow, bow), with emphasis - what is heard (bow, bow);
Creation - creation: without emphasis it is written about (create, creation), with emphasis - what is heard (creativity, creature), exception: at "creation;
- from subsequent letters or combinations of letters:
Kaskos: if the root is followed by a consonant n, then it is written o (touch, touch), in other cases it is written a (tangential, touch);
Lag-lozh: before g it is written a (adjective, adjective), before w it is written o (application, offer), exceptions: po "log;
Rast- (-rasch-) - grew: before st and sch it is written a (grow", nasar"shchivag), before s it is written o (za"rosl, grown up), exceptions: o"brass", rostok"k, you "rostok, usurers" k. Rosto"v;
Skak-skoch: before k it is written a (jump), before h it is written o (jump “jump”), exceptions: jump “k, jump”;
- From the presence or absence of the suffix -a- after the root:
Ver-vir-, -der-dir, -mer- world, -per- pir, -ter- tier, -blest- blest, -zheg-zhig, -steel- became, -reads: before the suffix -a- it is written and (collect, light, lay), in other cases it is written e (bleat, light), exceptions; combine, combination;
Roots with alternation a (ya) - im (in): before the suffix -a- it is written im (in) (jam, clamp), in other cases it is written a(ya) (jam, clamp) ;
- from value:
Mak-mok: -mak- is used in the meaning of “immerse in liquid, make wet” (dipping bread in milk), -mok - in the meaning of “passing liquid” (shoes get wet);
Equal: -ravt- is used in the meaning of “equal, identical, on par” (to become equal), -rovn - in the meaning of “even, straight, smooth” (level, level);
- -float-float-float: o is written only in the words swimmer"ts and plavchi"ha, y - only in the word quicksand, in all other cases it is written I (lavu"honor, float"k).
62. Spelling of vowels after sibilants and C.
- After the hissing consonants zh, ch, sh, shch, the vowels a, u, i are written, and the vowels i, yu, y (thicket, bold) are never written. This rule does not apply to words of foreign origin (parachute) and complex abbreviated words in which any combination of letters is possible (Interjury Bureau).
- Under stress after sibilants it is written in, if you can find related words or another form of this word where e is written (yellow - yellowness); if this condition is not met, then o (clink glasses, rustle) is written.
- It is necessary to distinguish the noun burn and its related words from the past tense verb burn and its related words.
- A fluent vowel sound under stress after a hissing sound is indicated by the letter o (sheath - nozho "n).
Spelling vowels after c.
- At the root, after c, u are written (civilization, mat); exceptions: gypsies, on tiptoes, tsyts, chicks are their cognate words.
- The letters i, yu are written after ts only in proper names of non-Russian origin (Zurich).
- Under stress after c it is written o (tso "kot").
Vowel selection; and or e.
- In foreign words it is usually written e (adequate); exceptions: mayor, peer, sir and their derivatives.
- If the root begins with the letter e, then it is preserved even after prefixes or a cut with the first part of a compound word (save, three-story).
- After the vowel it is written e (requiem), after the other vowels - e (maestro).
The letter is written at the beginning of foreign words (yod, yoga).
63. Spelling of consonants in the root.
- In order to check dubious voiced and voiceless consonants, you need to choose a form or related word so that these consonants are in a strong position (before a vowel or sonorant (l, m, i, r)) sound: fairy tale - say.
- If a dubious consonant cannot be verified, then its spelling must be remembered or found out in a spelling dictionary. ;
- Double consonants are written:
- at the junction of morphemes: prefix and root (tell), root and suffix (long),
- at the junction of two parts of compound words (maternity hospital),
- in words that need to be remembered or identified in a spelling dictionary (reins, yeast, burning, buzzing, juniper and words with the same root; words of foreign language origin (for example, group, class) and derivatives from them (group, class). - In order to check the spelling of words with unpronounceable consonants, having a combination of letters branches, zdn, ndsk, ntsk, stl, stn, etc. it is necessary to choose a word with the same root or change the form of the word so that after the first or second consonant there is a vowel (sad - sad, whistle - whistle); exceptions: shine (although “shine”), ladder (although “ladder”), splash (although “splash”), flask (although “glass”).
64. Spelling of prefixes.
- The spelling of some prefixes must be remembered; they do not change under any circumstances (convey, carry, enter, etc.). The same prefixes include the prefix s-, which is voiced before voiced consonants in speech, but does not change in writing (to run away, to do).
- In prefixes on e-s (without- - bes-, voz (vz) - - vos- (vs-), iz- - is-, niz- - nis-, raz- (ros-) - races (ros- ), through- (through-) - worm- (cross-)) is written z before eaon-, kimi consonants or vowels (anhydrous, flare up), and before voiceless consonants it is written s (boundless, rise).
- It is particularly difficult to write the prefixes pre- - pri-. Basically, their difference is based on their lexical meaning.
The prefix is used to mean:
- high degree of quality (it can be replaced with the words “very”, “very”): exaggerated (= “very enlarged”), preinteresting (= “very interesting”);
- “through”, “in a different way” (this meaning is close to the meaning of the prefix pere-): transgress (= “to step over).
The prefix is used to mean:
- spatial proximity (suburban, border);
- approaching, joining (to approach, to sail);
- incomplete action (cover, pause);
- bringing the action to the end (nail, tap);
- performing an action in someone else's interests (hide).
In some words, the prefixes pre- and pre- are not emphasized and the spelling of such words must be remembered: abide (meaning “to be in some place or state”), despise (meaning “hate”), neglect, president (the word foreign language origin); device, order, charity (meaning “care”), etc.
4. If the prefix ends with a consonant, and the root begins with the vowel and, then instead of and it is written ы (pre-June, play); exceptions:
- compound words (pedagogical institute), -collect,
- prefixes inter- and super- (inter-institute, super-interesting),
- the word "double-pulse", etc.
- foreign language prefixes dez-, counter-, post-, super-, trans-, pan- (counterplay, subindex).
65. Spelling of separators b and b Spelling of separator b (hard sign).
1. The separating ъ (hard sign) is written before the vowels e, e, yu, i:
- after a prefix ending in a consonant: entrance, detour;
- in words of foreign language origin after prefixes ending in a consonant (ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, per-, trans-) or after the compound particle pan- : adjutant, trans-European;
- in compound words, the first part of which is the numerals two-, three-, four-: two-tier, three-story;
2. This rule does not apply to complex abbreviated words: children.
Spelling of the separator ь (soft sign).
The separating ь (soft sign) is written:
- inside the word before the vowels e, e, yu, i: peasant, blizzard;
- in some words of foreign origin before the letter o: medallion, champignon.
Spelling of vowels after sibilants and ts in suffixes and endings.
1. In the endings and suffixes of nouns, adjectives and suffixes of adverbs, under stress after hissing and c, o is written, without stress - e (knife "m, big" go, book "n", kontsom"m, okol'tso"vy-vat; BUT ekila "jewel, p"look for, ry"zhego, merchants, okoltseva".
2. After hissing words, ё is written under stress:
- at the endings of verbs (neighing, lying),
- in the suffix of the verb -yovyva- (to uproot),
- in the noun suffix -ёr- (trainee),
- in the suffix of verbal nouns -yovk- (uprooting),
- with the suffix of passive participles -yon(n)- (struck, harnessed),
- in the suffix of verbal adjectives (zhzheny) and in words derived from these adjectives (zhzhenka),
- in the pronoun about what,
- nothing to do with words.
66. Spelling of nouns.
Spelling of endings in nouns:
- in masculine and neuter nouns, in which a vowel is written before the case ending and, in an unstressed position in P.p. the ending is written -i; For feminine nouns, this rule applies to D.l. and P.p.; I.p. police, genius, blade R.p. police, genius, blade D.p. police, genius, blade V.p. police, genius, blade, etc. police, genius, blade P.p. about the police, about the genius, about the blade
- in neuter nouns in -ye in P.p. without stress it is written e, and under stress - i: about happiness, in oblivion;
- in nouns ending in -ni with a preceding consonant or and in Rod.p. plural ь (soft sign) is not written at the end: bedroom - bedrooms; exceptions: young ladies, villages, hawthorns, kitchens.
- in nouns ending in -ov, -ev, -ev, yn, in, denoting Russian surnames, in Tv.p. The singular ending is written -im, and in nouns na-ov, -in, denoting foreign surnames. -end: Ivanov, but Darwin.
- nouns in -ov, -ev, -ii, yn, -ovo, -ino, yno, denoting the names of settlements, have in the like. ending -th: near Lvov, beyond Khotkov;
- if a noun with the suffix -ish- is masculine or neuter, then the ending is written -e, if feminine - -a: swamp - swamp, but hand - ruchsha;
- animate nouns with suffixes - ushk-, -yushk-, -im-, -ishk- masculine and feminine nouns with the same suffixes in I.l. have the ending -a: dolyushka, grandfather; inanimate masculine nouns and neuter nouns with these suffixes have the ending -o: bread, little house;
- in neuter nouns after the suffix -a- the letter o is written: chisel, and in animate masculine and neuter nouns - a: crammed.
Spelling of noun suffixes:
1. If the suffix -ik- (-chik-) is written in a noun, then it is also preserved in indirect cases, and if the suffix -ek- (-chek-) is written, then in indirect cases e alternates with a zero sound (cf.: piece - piece, finger - finger);
2. In masculine nouns the suffix -ets- is written, in feminine nouns - the suffix -its-, and in neuter nouns the suffix is written -ets- if the stress falls on the ending and -its- if the stress falls on the syllable before the suffix ( cf.: handsome man (m.b.) - beauty (f.b.) - letter" (m.b.) - dress;
3. The diminutive suffix -ink-is written in nouns formed from feminine nouns ending in -ina (scratch - scratch, straw - straw); BUT in words denoting female persons (for example, refugee, Frenchwoman) the combination -eik- is written (there is no diminutive meaning);
4. The combination -enk- is also written in words formed from nouns ending in -na or -nya, and not having ь (soft sign) at the end of the word in the genitive plural (cherry - cherries - cherry);
note: if nouns with -na, -nya have a plural ending in ь (soft sign) in the genitive case, then the combination is written -enk- (kitchen - kitchens - kitchenette);
5. In the affectionate suffixes -oniye- (written after hard consonants) and -enk- (written after soft consonants, less often - after hard ones) after n is written ь (soft sign) (for example, kisonka, Nadenka),
note: in modern Russian the suffixes -ynye-, -other-, -ank- do not exist; words with such suffixes are found only in works of art up to the 19th century inclusive and in folklore (for example, lolosynka, Nadinka; cf. modern polosonka, Nadenka ), Exceptions: good girl, bunny, bayinki (suffix -others-);
6. The suffix -yshk is written in neuter nouns (sun-sun, feather-feather); the suffix -ushk- is written in masculine and feminine nouns (neighbor - neighbor, head - little head); the suffix -yushk-is written in nouns of all genders, formed from the nouns pine with a soft consonant (field - pole, uncle - uncle); some masculine nouns are formed using the suffixes -yshek-, eshek-, ush- (wedges, pegs, pellets, pimples, sparrows; pebble, edge; the words sparrow, pebble are used in folk, colloquial speech);
7. With nouns denoting people by the type of their activity, the suffix -chik- is written before the consonants d, t, a, s, zh (translator, librarian, defector, etc.), and in all other cases the suffix -schik- is written. (compositor, layout designer);
note 1: in some words of foreign origin the suffix -schik- (flute maker, asphalt worker) is written after t.
note 2: ь (soft sign) is written before the suffix -schik- only after the consonant l (roofer),
note 3: if the stem ends with the consonants k, ts, ch, then before the suffix -chik- they are replaced with the consonant t (distribution - distributor);
8. In many female middle name is heard [ishna], but is written -ichna (Ilyinichna, Fominichna).
67. Spelling adjectives. Spelling the endings of adjectives.
declension of qualitative and relative adjectives; declination possessive adjectives with a stem on j (for example, fox, bearish); declension of possessive adjectives with suffixes -in-, (-y-), -ov- (-ev-): Lisitsyn, mamin.
In the plural, the endings of all genders are the same.
| 1 type | ||||
masculine | feminine | neuter gender |
||
| units number | I.p. | cheerful, early | cheerful, early | fun, early |
| pl. number | cheerful, early | |||
| Type 2 | ||||
masculine | feminine | neuter gender |
||
| units number | I.p. | fox | fox | fox |
| pl. number | I.p. | fox | ||
| Type 3 | ||||
masculine | feminine | neuter gender |
||
| units number | I.p. | fathers, sisters fathers, sisters | father, sister | father's, sister's |
| pl. number | I.p. | fathers, sisters | ||
Note: the accusative case of adjectives in the masculine singular is the same as the genitive case if the adjective refers to an animate noun or pronoun, and with the nominative case if the adjective depends on an inanimate noun or pronoun.
- Russian male surnames starting with -ov (-ev), -in (-yn) in the instrumental case of the singular have the ending -ym (like short adjectives): Pushkin - Pushkin.
- Geographical names ending in -ov, -ev, -yno, -ino, -yn, -in, -ovo, -evo, in the instrumental case of the singular have the ending -om: under the city of Pushkin.
- The adjectives zagorodny, mzhduzhdus-ny, podaorodny, suburban have endings -й (-я, -ов) in the nominative singular case, and the adjective non-resident-endings - “и (-я, -ов).
- Adjectives ending in -yny in their short form have the ending -“n (slim - slender), with the exception of: worthy - worthy;
- It is possible to have two spellings and pronunciations of the adjective endless (-yaya, -ee) - endless (-aya, -ov).
Spelling of suffixes imvn adjectives:
1. Under stress the suffix -iv- is written, without stress - the suffix -ev- (cf.: beautiful - combative), Exceptions: merciful, yuro marvelous;
2. With the suffixes -chiv-, -liv- it is always written and (ugly, arrogant);
3. The suffixes -ovat-, -ov-, -ovit- are written after hard consonants, and after soft consonants, after sibilants and c, the suffixes -evat-, -ev-, -vvit- are written (cf., greenish, business - glossy , bluish);
4. In adjectives ending in -chy, formed from nouns ending in -shka, a is written before h under stress, without stress - e (cf. frog: frog "chiy - frog" shechy);
5. Before the suffix -or- the letter u is written if the sound it denotes belongs to the same morpheme (for example, board - plank); if in the generating stem the letters ad, s, st, w appear before the suffix -k-, then they are preserved in the new word, and k alternates with h (freckle - freckled);
6. If the base ends with ts, and the suffix begins with h, then ts alternates with t (tile - tiled);
7. Spelling of the suffix -sk-:
- if the stem ends in d or t, then before the suffix -sk- they are preserved (flesh - carnal, cattle - bestial);
- if the stem ends in k, ch, c, then after them the suffix -sk- is simplified and becomes simply -k-, and k and ch change to c (fisherman - fisherman, weaver),
note: in some adjectives the alternation of k, ch with c does not occur (Tajik - Tajik, Uglich - Uglich):
- if the stem of a word of foreign origin ends in sk, then before the suffix -sk- k is omitted and the combination sec is obtained (San Francisco - San Francisco),
Exceptions: Basque, Oscan;
- if the stem ends in s, then it is omitted and only the letter combination sk is written (Welsh-Welsh),
- if the stem ends in se, then one with is omitted, since in the Russian language there cannot be a combination of trbx identical consonant letters (Odessa - Odessky);
- if the stem ends in -н or -рь, then before the suffix -к-ь (the soft sign is omitted),
Exceptions: ь (soft sign) is written
- in adjectives formed from the names of months (July - July),
- in adjectives formed from some foreign words geographical names(Taiwanese)
- in combination day-to-day,
8. Before the suffix -and- final the consonants k, c turn into h, and x - into sch (boredom - boring, turmoil - hectic);
Spelling n and nn in adjective suffixes:
| 1. In adjectives formed with the suffix -in: swan; 2. In adjectives formed with the help of suffixes -an- (-yan-): leather, silver), Exceptions: wooden, glass, tin. 3. 8 short adjectives, if the full adjectives from which they are formed have -n- (slender - slender). | 1. In adjectives formed using the suffix -enn: straw, 2. In adjectives formed using the suffix -ONN: organizational, 3. In adjectives formed with the suffix -n- from the stem on n: sleepy, long. 4. In short adjectives, if the full adjectives from which they are formed have -in- (long - long). |
Note 1: N is written in adjectives: spicy, crimson, red, drunk, ruddy, young, green, windy, pork.
Note 2: It is written windy, but windless.
Note 3. It is necessary to distinguish between the adjectives oily (for oil, on oil) and oily (stained, soaked in oil); compare: oil stain - oily hands.
Note 4. It is necessary to distinguish between the adjectives windy (day, person), windy (pump) and windy (chicken pox).
68. Spelling difficult words.
1. Compound words can be formed using two simple stems connected by a connecting vowel o (written after the stem on a hard consonant) or e (written after the stem on a soft consonant, hissing or c): whirlpool, birdcatcher.
2. Spelling complex words without a connecting vowel:
- it is necessary to distinguish between complex words formed with the help of a connecting vowel (locomotive) and without it (psychasthenia;
- numerals in the genitive case are part of compound words without a connecting vowel (three-story, two-year);
- prefixes of foreign language origin are written together with the root: anti-, archn-, hyper-, inter-, infra-, counter-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-, ultra-, extra-Anti-national, ultra-important, counterattack);
- words in -fication are not complex; this combination of letters is preceded by and (gasification).
3. Spelling of compound nouns:
a) written together:
- compound nouns with the first part: auto-, agro-, aero-, bicycle-, helio-, geo-, hydro-, zoo-, io-, cinema-, stereo-, radio-, macro-, etc. (cinema, stereo system, radio station);
- compound nouns with the first part of the verb ending in and (deriver, daredevil),
Exception: tumbleweed;
- all compound words (Sberbank, Baltic Fleet).
b) written with a hyphen
- complex nouns without a connecting vowel, denoting scientific, technical and socio-political terms and names (stop crane, prime minister);
- names of intermediate cardinal directions (southeast, northwest);
- complex owls, denoting names of plants containing a verb in personal form or a conjunction (coltsfoot, love-not-love);
- words with foreign language elements: chief-, untv-, life-, staff-, vice-, ex- (vice-president, non-commissioned officer).
4. Spelling of complex adjectives: a) written together:
- adjectives formed from complex nouns written together (stereosystem - stereosystem);
- compound adjectives formed from phrases where one word is subordinate to another ( Railway- railway);
- complex adjectives representing scientific and technical terms or belonging to bookish styles of speech (highly paid, thick-skinned, above);
- complex adjectives, the first part of which cannot be used in speech as an independent word;
b) written with a hyphen:
- adjectives formed from compound nouns written with a hyphen (southeast-southeast);
- complex adjectives formed from a combination of proper names (jack-londonovskiy, petr-petrovichev);
- complex adjectives formed from combinations of words with equal members connected by a coordinating connection (convex-concave);
- compound adjectives denoting shades of colors (pale pink, blue-brown);\
- compound adjectives denoting geographical or administrative names and having the first part of the words west-, south-, -ogo-, north-, north-, east- (East European Plain).
69. Spelling of numerals.
- Complex numerals are written together (thirty);
- Compound and fractional numbers are written separately (forty-five, three-sevenths);
- Ordinal numbers that end in -thousandth, -millionth, -billionth are written together (thirty-thousandth);
- The numerals five-nineteen and twenty, thirty are written with ь (soft sign) at the end, and the numerals fifty - eighty, five hundred - nine hundred ь (soft sign) are written in the middle of the word between two stems;
- There are two forms: zero and zero. The second is used in terminological meaning in indirect cases, in stable expressions both forms occur.
- The numeral gender is written as part of a compound word
- through a hyphen if the second part of the word begins with a vowel or with l (half a liter, half a watermelon), or if it is a proper noun (half Russia);
- together, if the second part of a complex word begins with a consonant letter (except l): half a kilogram;
- separately if it has an independent meaning and is separated from the noun by the definition: half a teaspoon.
Note: the numeral semi- in compound words is always written together: half-breed, half-naked.
Spelling of numeral endings.
1. Declension of cardinal numbers:
The numeral one is declined in the same way as a singular adjective:
The numerals two, three, four have special case endings:
The numerals five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten and the numerals ten and two are declined in the same way as third declension nouns:
| I. p. R. p. D. p. V. p. etc. P. p | six | thirty |
The numerals forty, ninety, one hundred have a special declension (the accusative case coincides with the nominative case, in other cases - the ending -a):
In quantitative compound numerals, each word is declined:
The numerals one and a half, one and a half, one and a half have a special declension:
3. Collective numbers are declined in the same way as plural adjectives:
4. Declension of ordinal numbers:
Ordinal numbers are declined in the same way as adjectives of the first type:
For composite ordinal numbers, only the the last word:
70. Spelling pronouns.
1. Spelling of negative pronouns:
- under stress it is written not, and without stress - neither, (cf., kikto" - not "who, not at all" - not "how much);
- if negative pronouns do not have 48 prepositions, then they are written together, and if there are, then in three words (cf.: someone - no one, nothing - for nothing),
- combinations of none other than, nothing else, have the meaning of opposition and are written separately, and combinations of none other, nothing else have this meaning of opposition and therefore are written together (cf. This can be resolved by none other than the school principal. - no one else could do it better.).
2. Spelling of indefinite pronouns:
- indefinite pronouns containing the particles some-, some-, -that, -or-, - are written with a hyphen (someone, something, anyone),
- if a preposition follows a particle, then the pronoun is written in three words (some with someone, some because of someone).
71. Spelling verbs.
Spelling verb endings.
1. Depending on the personal endings, verbs are divided into two large groups: for verbs of I and II conjugations.
The II conjugation includes:
- verbs in -it (except for the verbs shave, lay, build, which belong to the first conjugation),
- 7 verbs in -et (twist, see, depend, hate, offend, watch, endure),
- 4 verbs ending in -at (to melt, breathe, hold, hear).
Personal endings of verbs in the present or future past tense:
2. There are several differently conjugated verbs that do not belong to either of the two conjugations: want, run, eat, create, give.
| units 1st person read, take 2nd person read, take The third person reads, takes plural | Want want wants We want | I'm running you're running let's run run are running | eat eat eating Let's eat eat eat | I'll create you will create will create Let's create let's create will create | give give it will give Let's give let's give |
3. If a verb with the prefix obez- (obes-) is transitive, then it is conjugated according to the II conjugation, and if intransitive, then according to the I conjugation (for example, compare the conjugation of the verbs to weaken (someone) and to weaken (yourself).
4. In verbs of the first conjugation in the form of the future tense the ending is written -“ those, and in the form of the imperative mood - the ending - ite (cf.: You will send this letter tomorrow. - Send this document urgently.)
b (soft sign) in verb forms.
1. b (soft sign) is written:
- in the infinitive (to write, to wish, to want, to wash),
- in the endings of the 2nd person singular of the present or simple future tense (choose, wash, do, wash),
- in the imperative mood (correct, hide), BUT lie down, lie down,
- in a reflexive particle that comes after a vowel (bent, turned, come back);
2. b (soft sign) is not written:
- in the form of the 3rd person singular present or simple future tense (washes, does).
Spelling verb suffixes
1. If in the 1st person of the present or simple future tense the verb ends in -yu(-yu), then the suffixes -ova-, -eva- are written in the infinitive and in the past tense (manage - manage, was in charge, war - fight, fought );
if in the 1st person of the present or simple future tense the verb ends in -yu, -ivayu, then the suffixes -ыва-, -iva- (I impose - impose, imposed) are written in the infinitive and in the past tense.
2. Verbs ending in -five, -vayu have the same vowel before the suffix -va- as in the infinitive without this suffix (extend - prolong).
Exception: if the adjective begins with a vowel, then the preposition in is written separately (openly),
- if the nouns from which the adverbs are derived are not used independently in the modern Russian language (locked up, to pieces),
- adverbs with spatial meaning, formed from nouns such as distance, height, beginning, etc. (away, first)
note: if a sentence contains an explanation for a noun, then such words are no longer adverbs, but combinations of a noun with a preposition and are written separately (from the beginning of the book),
- if it is impossible to put a definition between the prefix-preposition and the noun from which the adverb is formed, but if this can be done, then these words are a combination of a noun with a preposition and are written separately (cf.: to exhaust completely - to come to the horse corridor):
4. Adverbs are written with a hyphen:
- if they are formed using the prefix po- from full adjectives or adverbs ending in -oma, -em, -ni, ii (in my opinion, no-old, in Russian, in a cat’s way),
- if they are formed using the prefix v-(vo-) from ordinal numbers (firstly, secondly, thirdly),
- if they are formed by repeating the same adverb or by adding synonymous words (barely, quietly);
5. Adverb combinations are written separately:
- if they consist of nouns with a preposition between them (with gas to the eye, shoulder to captivity),
- if they are combinations with prepositions without, before, on, with, etc. (without holding back, on the run, right away),
- if the noun as part of this combination has retained some meaning of the case form (abroad, in good faith),
- if the adjective from which the adverb is formed begins with a vowel, then the preposition in is written separately (openly).
74. Spelling prepositions.
The spelling of prepositions must be memorized or checked in a spelling dictionary. Sometimes, to correctly spell a word, it is very important to determine whether it is a preposition or not.
- Complex prepositions iechza, from under, due to, etc. are written with a hyphen. (due to illness, due to steel);
- The following prepositions are written together: in view of, instead of, like, over, as a result of (due to absence, like a hole), BUT include in a consequence;
- Prepositions such as in form, in connection, etc. are written separately.
- The prepositions in continuation, during, as a result have an e at the end (during the lesson), BUT during the river.
75. Spelling conjunctions.
1. Written together:
- union so that (He asked me to come early.); it is necessary to distinguish between the conjunction so and the combination of the pronoun and the particle that (Whatever you say, I don’t believe you);
note: remember! through thick and thin,
- conjunctions too and are also written together (Are you also/will you also go to the concert?); it is also necessary to distinguish between conjunctions, also with combinations of a pronoun with a particle (the same) and an adverb with a particle (also): if the particle can be omitted or placed in another place in the sentence, then these combinations are written separately (You brought the same), and me too.);
- particles of something, something, or, -ka, -de, -s, -tka, -tko, -so (yes, someone, give it, he is, enough),
Spelling particles NOT with different parts of speech
| Part of speech | apart |
|
| noun | 1. if without is not used (ignorant, adversity), 2. if you can find a synonym without not (untruth - lie, foe - friend), | 1. if there is or is implied opposition; not a friend, but an enemy), 2. in an interrogative, it is assumed with a logical emphasis on negation (Your father put you here, didn’t he? |
| adj. | 1. if the base is not used (careless, nondescript). 2. if you can find a synonym without (not small - big, gvmslody - old), 3. if there is a contrast with the conjunction but (the river is not yaubok, but cold), 4. with short adjectives, if the full adjectives from which they are formed are written in a non-continuous form, low - low) | 1. if there is or is implied opposition with the conjunction a (not big, small), 2. with relative adjectives (the sky here is southern), 3. with short adjectives, if the full adjectives from which they are formed are not written separately (the book is not interesting, but boring) |
| number | with indefinite and negative pronouns without prepositions (several, no one, something) | always written separately (not three, not seventh) |
| pronoun | with other categories of pronouns (not in my class, not on our floor) | |
| verb | if without it is not used (to hate, to be perplexed) note: verbs like nedomostat are written together, since they include a single prefix nedo-, | with all other verbs (not to know, to cry |
| gerundish | if without not not used (hating, perplexed) note: gerunds formed from verbs with a prefix are not written together, just like verbs (overlooked) | with all other participles (not knowing, for crying) |
| participle |
| having given communion | if full participles do not have dependent words with them (unattended student) | 1 . if full participles have dependent words (a student who did not arrive on time), 2. with short participles (test papers not verified) if there is or is supposed to be opposition (not finished, but just started work) |
| adverb | 1 . if without is not used (ridiculously, carelessly), 2. adverbs ending in -o, -e, if you can find a synonym for white not (not stupid - smart) | 1. adverbs ending in -o, -e, if there is or implies opposition (not funny, but sad), 2, adverbs ending in -o, -e, if they have explanatory words not at all, not at all, far from not at all (not funny at all). 3. if the adverb is written with a hyphen (not in Russian) |
Spelling particles NOT and NI
Quite often it happens that you need to find some rule for the Russian language. But finding what you want in a textbook turns out to be not such an easy task. I hope this page will help you find the Russian language rule you need much faster. For now, only the rules of the 1st grade of the school are posted here, but over time the rest of the rules of the Russian language will be added. Happy learning!
Rules of the Russian language 1st grade
01.
The words in a sentence are related in meaning. To make a sentence out of words, the words need to be changed.
02.
The first word in a sentence is written with a capital letter. At the end of a sentence there is a question mark, period or exclamation mark.
03.
Sentences consist of main and secondary members of the sentence. The main members of the sentence form the basis of the sentence.
04.
Pronunciation is the way we speak and pronounce a word. Spelling is how we should write a word.
05.
Sounds in the pronunciation of which only the voice is heard (without noise), and air passes freely in the mouth, are called vowels. A vowel sound forms a syllable. There are six vowel sounds: [a], [o], [u], [s], [i], [e]. There are 10 letters denoting vowel sounds: a, o, u, y, i, e, e, e, yu, i.
06.
There is only one vowel sound in a syllable. There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowel sounds: o-sy - [o-sy].
07.
Sounds, during the pronunciation of which air meets a barrier in the mouth (lips, teeth, tongue) and only noise is heard - [s] or voice and noise - [z], are called consonants. Consonant sounds are designated by letters: b, v, g, d, zh, z, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, c, ch, sh, sch.
08.
Hyphenation. You can transfer words from one line to another only by syllables: morning-ro, cash-sa, magazine-nal. One letter cannot be left on a line or moved to a new line. Translate it like this: radio, ogo-rod. When transferred, the letters -й- and -ь- cannot be separated from the letters in front of them. Translate it like this: tea-nick, build-ka, boy, porch.
09.
One syllable in a word is pronounced more strongly than others. Such a syllable is called stressed. The remaining syllables are called unstressed. The accent mark is placed above the letter that denotes the stressed vowel sound. The accent mark is not placed if the word has one syllable or contains the letter -е-.
10.
Spelling is the writing of words according to certain rules.
11.
First names, patronymics and surnames of people, animal names are written with a capital letter. These are all proper names. The names of streets, villages, towns and rivers are proper names. They are written with a capital letter.
12.
There are 33 letters in the Russian alphabet. Each has its own place and name. What are they called correctly:
Aa (a), Bb (be), Vv (ve), Gg (ge), Dd (de), Ee (e), Eyo (e), Zh (zhe), Zz (ze), Ii (i), Yy(th), Kk(ka), Ll(el), Mm(em), Nn(en), Oo(o), Pp(pe), Rr(er), Ss(es), Tt(te), Uu(u), Ff(ef), Xx(ha), Tsts(tse), Chh(che), Shsh(sha), Shchshch(sha), ъ(hard sign), Yы(s), ь(soft sign ), Ee(e), Yuyu(yu), Yaya(ya).
13.
The letter -ь- (soft sign) does not indicate a sound. A soft sign shows that the consonant sound in front of it is pronounced softly: coal - ugol[l". The softness of consonant sounds is also indicated in writing by the letters e, e, i, yu, i, b (soft sign), but only if if they come after them: [l"]ev.
14.
The letters e, e, yu, i at the beginning of a word or after a vowel sound designate two sounds: e - [y"e], ё - [y"o], yu - [y"u], i - [y"a] .
15.
We write letter combinations live And shi with the letter - i. This needs to be remembered.
16.
We write letter combinations cha And now with the letter - a, chu And I feel with the letter - y. This also needs to be remembered.
17.
In letter combinations chk, chn, schn the soft sign is not written.
18.
Consonant sounds are voiced and unvoiced. Voiced ones are pronounced with voice and noise, unvoiced ones - with noise. Voiced and voiceless consonants form pairs:
voiced[b], [c], [d], [d], [g], [h],
deaf[p], [f], [k], [t], [w], [s],
There is
unpaired voiced[r], [l], [m], [n],
unpaired deaf[ts], [h], [sch], [x].
19.
At the end of words, paired sounds are pronounced dull. To correctly identify paired consonant sounds at the end of a word, they need to be checked. To do this, you need to change the word so that after the consonant sound there is a vowel: table b- table[ would]
20.
Our speech consists of sentences. Sentences are made up of words. Words in our language are divided into groups, or parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, verbs, prepositions and other parts of speech.
21.
Words can name people and animals, things, natural phenomena, actions and qualities. You can ask them a question WHO? or WHAT? In grammar, such words are called nouns. A noun is a part of speech.
22.
Words that denote characteristics of objects are adjectives. An adjective is a part of speech.
23.
Words that denote the actions of objects are verbs. A verb is a part of speech.
24.
Words ON, IN, FROM, ABOUT, BY, FROM, TO, U, BEHIND, ABOUT, UNDER, ABOVE, WITH- prepositions. Prepositions are used to connect words in a sentence. Prepositions are written separately from other words. A preposition is a part of speech.
With rare exceptions, Russian is one of the least favorite subjects in school. Difficult tests, a lot of homework and endless rules... Unfortunately, today's lessons do not help schoolchildren become more literate and, most importantly, do not develop their speech at all. What's the matter?
Russian as a foreign language
Let's imagine ourselves in the place of a child. From birth he hears his native language and begins to speak it almost from the age of two. By the age of seven, future first-graders speak generally no worse than adults.
In first grade, the main task is to teach the child to write and read. How does the school deal with this?
It is during the first school year that a child masters and understands the important essence of our language: we say one thing and write another. Anyone who has already learned to read not syllable by syllable realizes that the word “milk” is read as “malako” and agrees with this.
Meanwhile, studying the Russian (native!) language in our school is reminiscent of studying a foreign language - the child is constantly given phonetic transcription, although he himself knows perfectly well how the words sound.
If a child is already reading, then he undoubtedly understands the difference between sounds and letters, since the process of reading, in fact, consists of translating letters into sounds. Transcription only interferes with the student, confuses him, not allowing him to remember the only thing correct view, “image” of the word.
So children already in the first and second grades do a phonetic analysis of the word “path” once or twice, determining the softness of the consonants, the number of letters and sounds. For what? To safely forget about it in high school, remembering only before the State Exam and the Unified State Exam.
There is an opinion (and it is supported by textbooks) that it is thanks to the active study of phonetics in primary school children begin to write correctly. Alas, this is completely inconsistent with the observations of any parent - children now are no more (and perhaps less) literate than the previous several generations, who studied phonetics in grades 5-6 and no longer than one term.
Scary grammar
According to textbooks and workbooks, students learn literacy simply by applying and remembering rules or (if there are no rules) vocabulary words.
By the way, try to remember at least one rule (except for “zhi, shi write with the letter i”).
Case names? Endings of first declension nouns in the genitive case? And in general, what are first declension nouns? What about first conjugation verbs? Do you remember? Now think about what rules you regularly apply when writing?
Let us remember the rule for spelling vowels after sibilants in a suffix:
Under stress in suffixes of nouns and adjectives not formed from verbs, it is written O (girl, little gal), and without stress - E (song).
When a class "goes through" this topic, students do many exercises, most of which simply ask them to fill in the missing letter. In fact, the tasks themselves suggest where the rule is to be applied, just like dictations on a given topic. Once a section is “passed,” the exercises can be forgotten almost until the final exam.
Now let’s try to imagine ourselves in the place of a schoolchild who has learned a lot of rules, and now he just needs to write correctly (in general, we are all in this place anyway). There are no hints in the form of brackets or ellipses. To apply a rule, you must first generally understand the need for its application. How to do this? Let’s say a person writes the word “girl” and... what? There are three options:
the spelling of the word is not in doubt;
the spelling of a word is doubtful for some reason (why?);
a person checks every word in general, so he immediately identifies the root, suffix, selects a rule and corrects the error.
Do you think the latter option is common?
The fact is that in fact there are two options: either a person writes and does not notice the mistake, or notices it because he does not like the “look” of the word.
Many people call the second option “innate literacy,” although in fact it is not so much innate as acquired. Good visual memory and a love of reading help to remember the “images” of words, and, accordingly, write correctly.
Already in the first grade, schoolchildren are required to learn quite a lot of “dictionary” words, the spelling of which does not follow the rules. How are they taught? Yes, they simply rewrite each one 10-20 times in a notebook. And after that they write correctly.
This is where the dog is buried. In order to correctly write most words in Russian, it is not at all necessary to learn and apply the rules. It’s enough just to read and write more - rewrite texts from books and textbooks. Texts without gaps or ellipses, so that all important letters of the word are visible. Then that very “innate literacy” will be formed, which is so envied by those who are forced to constantly look into the dictionary.
By the way, in this regard, you can remember how they teach in our school foreign languages. In both English and French, no one crams the rules (and in any case, their number is simply not comparable with the number of rules in the Russian language), but they simply remember the type of word and its sound.
It turns out that many rules do not help to write correctly, they only organize the base of the language and create its “logic”.
Most people write competently, without applying rules or using them sometimes, and in this case they are often presented not in the form of rules, but in the form of convenient associations (for example, what is he doing? - bathing; what to do? - swimming).
By the way, despite such a simple rule, many people in this case still write the soft sign incorrectly... Why would that be? After all, they taught this at school!
Speech development? No, we haven't!
It is interesting that many Russian linguists, teachers and language historians of the 19th century put in first place not grammar, but the development of speech! The ability to read thoughtfully, understand and present what was read, and mastery of live speech a hundred and fifty years ago was considered a much more important skill than competent writing.
For example, Fedor Ivanovich Buslaev, a linguist and language historian who laid the foundation for the scientific study of Russian folk literature, wrote:
“All grammatical teaching must be based on reading the writer. The main goal is for children to clearly understand what they read and to be able to express themselves correctly verbally and in writing.”
Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky, scientist and teacher, believed that studying the Russian language has three goals: speech development, conscious mastery of treasures native language and grammar acquisition. Please note that grammar comes third!
Vladimir Petrovich Sheremetevsky, a teacher of the Russian language and methodologist, wrote that the subject of teaching the native language is the living word. And he again put students’ mastery of live speech in first place.
But at the beginning of the twentieth century, the scientific and linguistic orientation became stronger in the methods of teaching the Russian language, although attention was paid to the development of all aspects of oral and written speech: pronunciation culture, work on vocabulary and phraseology, and the development of coherent speech skills.
But by the end of the twentieth century, despite all sorts of new techniques (and perhaps thanks to them), the Russian language as a subject was practically emasculated to pure grammar. Of course, in modern textbooks there are exercises for speech development, but there are few of them, and children and teachers do not pay much attention to them. And not before! There are so many rules to learn, so many analyzes to do, that writing an essay or presentation seems like a trivial task that does not require attention. It is not surprising that the skills of coherent speech (at least!) and coherent writing, the ability to correctly formulate thoughts are very poorly developed. But any fifth grader will do syntactic and morphological analysis in a couple of minutes.
But why, exactly, do we learn our language? Certainly not for the sake of impressing the audience at a conference with the syntactical analysis of a sentence.
Word will correct our grammatical mistakes, but, alas, it will not help with the ability to coherently express thoughts orally and in writing.
Meanwhile, children are drowning in a heap of rules and regulations, not even suspecting that the ability to speak, read and understand is much more important than declination and conjugation. It’s a pity that in the Russian language, endless study of the rules does not at all guarantee literacy; moreover, it instills an aversion to native language lessons (try finding a schoolchild who loves “Russian”).
Complete tasks A and B
A) Place the accents in
words.
Freer, more talkative,
painted, organize, provision, collector, association, leisure,
second-hand books, cooking, explosive, strengthening.
B) Write down all the word combinations
from an excerpt from the poem “Desolation” by I. Bunin.
Coordination:
Control:
Connection: .
Sad
long evening in October!
I loved
I'm in late autumn in Russia
I loved
crimson forest on the mountain
Space
fields and dusk.
Already a hot ball of the sun,
The earth has wandered from its head
and peaceful evening fire
Volnea marina swallowed up.
A sad long evening in October!
I loved late autumn in Russia.
I loved the bogryan forest on the mountain,
The expanse of fields and the dusk are dull.
there are modest ones in the fields of my homeland
Sisters and brothers of overseas flowers:
The fragrant spring has enlarged them
In the greenery of May forests and meadows.
Write down from the text 1) three types of phrases (coordination control adjacency) 2) three types of predicate (nominal compound, verbal simple compound)
Pyotr Ershov is the author of the excellent Russian fairy tale “The Little Humpbacked Horse.”
He was born in a Siberian village and early began to wander with his father around the taiga region. Travel left the boy with an undying love for native land, to the taiga with its forests, swamps, and numerous rivers.
On long evenings at post stations and in villages on the Ob, Ershov listened to fairy tales and countless stories of coachmen and postmen. The boy saw experienced people leading caravans beyond Baikal to the eastern lands.
The long winter evenings were good, when people gathered in the house and talked about the mysterious “Chinas,” about the mountains supporting the sky, about strange peoples. The intricate speech flowed slowly, one fairy tale was replaced by another.
These tales were remembered by the impressionable boy, deposited in his memory, and then were wonderfully embodied in the scenes of “The Little Humpbacked Horse.”
“The Little Humpbacked Horse” is a work that immortalized the name of its author. The advantages of a fairy tale are in realistic pictures, in an interesting plot, in beautiful light verse, in figurative language
1) Type of speech
2) How many semantic parts.
4) Text style
5) Write down participles, verb forms and gerunds
WHAT ARE VERB FORMS?
The Russian forest is especially beautiful and sad
The Russian forest is especially beautiful and sad in the early autumn days. On gold
Against the background of yellowed foliage, bright spots of painted maples stand out,
aspen Slowly circling in the air, light yellowed leaves fall from the birches.
Thin silver threads of sticky web are stretched from tree to tree. Quiet
V autumn forest. Fallen dry leaves rustle underfoot. It's turning red here and there
cap of late boletus. The hazel grouse will whistle subtly, they will call high in
cranes flying in a flock in the sky.
Still green, dropping ripe acorns, an old hanging tree stands on the edge of the forest.
solid oak But the tops of the birches have already become bare. Against a dark background of solid spruce
In the forest, the bright colors of the maples and aspens are clearly visible. Already flown around, floating on
light yellowed willow leaves in the water. Good in the autumn flowery forest, long
I don’t want to leave it, say goodbye to the golden autumn days
1) Type of speech
2) How many semantic parts.
3) Title each semantic part
4) Text style
5) Write down participles, verb forms and gerunds
A long evening in October is sad...
I. Bunin
I. A. Bunin is the heir to the best poetic traditions of the “golden age” of Russian literature. Reading his poems, dating back to the years when A. Blok, V. Mayakovsky, A. Akhmatova, V. Khlebnikov, N. Gumilyov were already known and popular, it seems that their voices never reached his ears. If we compare art with a crystal tower, then at the beginning of our century Ivan Bunin remained almost its only inhabitant.
The poet voiced the beautiful landscapes and distances that opened up to him with his sad, autumnal intonation.
Let's remember the final scene of Chekhov's “The Cherry Orchard”: the old Firs, forgotten by everyone, and the sound from the sky, the sound of a broken string. Bunin's poems, almost every poem of his, is meaningful and intonation - a sad and farewell sound. It seems that Bunin found the only true breathing opportunity to preserve the cold purity and melancholy of the estate images, still lifes and landscapes.
Let us note that the poetics of the estate has several key signs, without which it loses its content. Definitely a must
be a house - a white, decaying manor, a neglected garden with a pond or river, a linden or birch alley, a bench and a forest in the distance beyond the field, where, perhaps, a railway stretches along its edge.
That's all? And these images are enough for poetry to grow on them? There were more than enough of them for the entire Chekhov dramaturgy. And Ivan Bunin’s poetic muse grew on them:
The silent silence torments me.
The nests of the native are languishing in desolation.
I grew up here. But he looks out the window
A dead garden. Decay hangs over the house...
Whatever Bunin’s lyrical hero does and wherever he is, whatever landscapes he observes, he is almost always in the house, and every landscape is a view from a window or a walk:
Clouds like ghosts of ruins
We got up at dawn from across the valleys.
The warm evening is dark and sad,
I'm all alone in a dark house.
The poet's inner world, his experiences, which constitute the true content of his soul, gave rise to a strange phenomenon: Russian intellectual poetry, smart and quiet, poetry-conversation, poetry-memory.
I woke up suddenly for no reason.
I dreamed about something sad, and suddenly
I woke up. Through the bare aspens
A foggy moon circle looked out the window.
However, in addition to estate signs, Bunin's poetry has another very important meaningful symbol - autumn. It often appears in his poems not independently, but as a background, like a theatrical backdrop, but it is so tangible and prominent, so perfect that it acquires an independent sound, like a kind of farewell image. It appears in the poet’s early poems and does not leave him until the end of his life, for even there, in exile, this Russian autumn gilds his lines:
And someone's fortress, forgiveness
And consolation: everything will pass!
And golden reflections
Palaces in the azure gloss of waters.
This is a quote from the poem “Venice”, written in 1922, but here are a few lines from the dying poem, 1952, “Night”:
Ice night, mistral
(it hasn't died down yet).
I see shine and distance through the windows
Mountains, naked hills.
Golden motionless set
I went to bed.
There is no one in the sublunary
Only me and God.
Lived great life, full of creative quests, several times long historical eras, but the eighty-year-old man, crowned with Nobel laurels, illuminated by world glory, remains faithful to that sad sound from heaven, to those modest signs of an irrevocably past time. He definitely knew the secret of eternal youth. Both in prose and poetry he is always the same: a modest, educated, brilliant young man. Otherwise, how can we explain the intimate precision of his poems?
...And I dreamed that sometimes in the autumn
I returned home on a cold night.
These lines were written in 1893. They are almost sixty years removed from “Night,” but who would dare to say that the youth that this old man was has disappeared. On the contrary, the old man remained a young man - a brilliant young poet.
Hence this continuity of Chekhov's images, this constancy of poetic preferences, which are so easily explained.
These old estates, small-scale life, nature, alleys and forgiving autumns - in a word, all of Bunin's aesthetics - are signs of the “golden age”, which for I. A. Bunin is not in the future, but in the past. In what was. This is precisely where the aching sadness in the music of images comes from. "I'm not here! - explains the poet. - I am there. Always there where":
Leaves are falling in. garden,
Couple spinning after couple...
Lonely I wander
Along the leaves in the old alley,
There is new love in the heart,
And I want to answer
Songs to the heart and again
Carefree happiness to meet.
October is already real autumn. It is famous for unexpected weather changes. But the beginning of the month is often called golden autumn, and this is no coincidence. The trees seem to put on their outfits, reminiscent of a festive ball. They are especially beautiful when the sun is shining in the blue sky. We tried to select the same beautiful quotes and statuses about October as he himself.
In October, I feel like my insides are being chewed by wild animals.
Gabriel Garcia Marquez
October - swift, so juicy, so fragrant in its golden-scarlet radiance, with early white frosts, with the bright transformation of leaves - this is a completely different, magical time, the last daring, jubilant splash in the face of the approaching cold.
Joan Harris
October is a person over 40. He understands a lot about how all the gears of Life turn, realizes the transience of time and appreciates every moment so much that he paints it with the brightest colors of which the soul is capable. Tomorrow frost may strike, an icy wind may blow, which will force you to part with what has covered your defenseless, naked essence for so long. What's inside will be visible to everyone. And no attempts to hide, paint over, paint on will help correct the picture of Life that it puts on the human body, starting with the first cry of a newborn.
Ekaterina Sivanova
In October, when the leaves have already turned yellow, withered, and drooped, there are blue-eyed days; throw your head back on such a day so as not to see the ground - and you can believe: there is still joy, there is still summer.
Evgeny Zamyatin
Ah, this rebellious and sad month. Look how the foliage glowed from meeting him. In October the world is on fire...
Ray Bradbury
The nights were already long, heavy, like insomnia. The dawn slowed down more and more, it kept getting delayed and reluctantly seeped into the unwashed windows...
Konstantin Paustovsky
There is no need to be afraid of October, October is beautiful, perhaps more beautiful than all the months of the year, even May. May torments with hope, with promises that never come true, October promises nothing, does not give even a shadow of hope, it is all within itself. And behind it - darkness, cold, slush, sleet, huge night, the end. But how beautiful it is now! What gold! What copper! And how wonderful is the greenery of the spruce trees in the forest and the vines above the river! And how green is the grass that is not at all wilted. And above everything there is a clear blue sky.
Yuri Nagibin
October is the tenth month of the year. It is a harbinger of the end of the warm season and the anticipation of the first snow. There will be no sunglasses, T-shirts or shorts for a long time yet. Down jackets, hats, and mittens are waiting for us. Umbrellas are also waiting for us - this month likes to play out in earnest with rain. But maybe quotes about October will help you warm up a little.
October - the season of rains and self-pity is open!
October. Cold. Windy. Slush. The weather is perfect for hot tea, jam, melodramas and fascinating books.
October is the triumph of the last beauty of nature falling asleep.
It was October, there was no date on that day!
Damp October is breathing through my window. Autumn, let me go...
October is the evening of the year!
I'm like October... not warmed by hearts...
October is a month that is full of colors.
On a warm October morning, I will write my story on fallen leaves, and then sail away on a soggy paper boat to a new life.
Autumn freshness captivates with its October.
October is not synonymous with withering, because summer flowers come to life again in its colors.
My October, save my soul... I will not disturb the peace...
I'm so glad I live in a world where there is October.
