Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (Georgian ბლიკა) - one of the republics Soviet Union. It existed from December 30, 1922 to April 9, 1991.
The Georgian SSR was formed in 1921. From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936, it was part of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
The Georgian SSR was located in the northwestern part of Transcaucasia, now the territory of Georgia. The neighboring republics were: the RSFSR in the north, the Azerbaijan SSR in the east and southeast, and the Armenian SSR in the south. The republic also had a section bordering Turkey.
The Georgian SSR included:
Abkhazian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Adjara Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, South Ossetian Autonomous Region
On November 15, 1990, it was renamed the “Georgian Republic,” which formally remained part of the USSR until its collapse in 1991.
In 1921, Georgia received the status of a Soviet republic. However, in December 1922 it was included in the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (TSFSR), which existed within the USSR from December 30, 1922 to 1936. After the collapse of the TSFSR, Georgia again became one of the union republics.
Georgians played a huge role among the leadership of the USSR. Among the most famous Georgian political figures are I.V. Stalin, L.P. Beria, Sergo Ordzhonikidze and many others.
In the 1970s, a dissident movement emerged in Georgia led by Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Merab Kostava.
After the start of Perestroika and Gamsakhurdia coming to power, a course towards a unitary state without autonomies was proclaimed. On April 9, 1991, the Supreme Council adopted the Act on the Restoration of State Independence of Georgia and recognized the Act of Independence of 1918 and the Constitution of Georgia of 1921 as valid.
First Republic 1917-1921
February 1917 - bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia. After October revolution In 1917, a coalition government of Transcaucasia (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia) was created in Tbilisi - the Transcaucasian Commissariat, which united the Georgian (Mensheviks), Armenian (Dashnaks) and Azerbaijani (Musavatists) bourgeois-nationalist parties. Before the new public education the question arose about recognition of the results Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, according to which Lenin’s Russia gave Turkey not only the territories conquered during the First World War, but also the districts of Kars, Ardagan and Batum. “Recognition of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty would mean that Transcaucasia as an independent republic would cease to exist and become a province of the Turkish Empire,” said I. G. Tsereteli, Chairman of the Transcaucasian Sejm. This position led to the breakdown of peace negotiations at the conference in Trabzon in March-April 1918. As a result of brief military operations, the Turks occupied Batumi, Ozurgeti, Akhaltsikhe and a number of other territories.
April 1918 - Transcaucasia was declared an “independent federal democratic republic,” but it quickly collapsed, and already on May 26, 1918, the Mensheviks, among whom were such outstanding figures as N. S. Chkheidze (since 1918 - Chairman of the Constituent Assembly of Georgia), I. G. Tsereteli, N.N. Zhordania (from July 24, 1918 - head of government) declared Georgia an “independent republic”.
May - June 1918 - according to the agreement between Germany (German representative - Werner von der Schulenburg) and the Menshevik government, German troops entered Georgia to defend against the Turks. On June 4, the Georgian government signs a peace treaty with Turkey, according to which a significant part of the country’s territory goes to Turkey (territories larger than under the terms of the Brest Peace Treaty).
December 1918 - after Germany's defeat in the war, German-Turkish troops are replaced by the British, who remain here until July 1920, guarding railway Batum - Baku. Georgian general G. Mazniev (Mazniashvili) occupied the Sukhumi district, Gagrinsky district, Adler, Sochi, Tuapse and Khadyzhensk. At the Paris (Versailles) Peace Conference in the spring of 1919, Georgia motivated its claims to Sochi and Adler as follows: “From an ethnographic point of view, the annexation to Georgia of the territory between the Makopse River and the Mzymta River, which [territory], by the way, belonged to it [Georgia] in the past [during the time of Queen Tamara], cannot cause objections. After the forced eviction from here in the 19th century. local Caucasian tribes, this region no longer has a specific ethnographic character.” In June 1919, Zhordania entered into an agreement with A.I. Denikin on a joint struggle against the Bolsheviks.
May 1920 - the Menshevik government concludes a peace treaty with the RSFSR.
February 1921 - The 11th Army of the RSFSR entered Georgia. Soviet-Georgian war.
March 4, 1921 - Soviet power was established in Abkhazia, the Abkhaz SSR was formed.
March 5, 1921 - Soviet power is established in Tskhinvali (Khussar Iriston).
March 16, 1921 - The RSFSR and Turkey sign an agreement under which Adjara and Batumi are recognized as part of Georgia, and 12 thousand sq. km. the territories of Georgia (most of Southwestern Georgia) are transferred to Turkey.
March 18, 1921 - the Menshevik government of Georgia was forced to leave Georgia.
July 16, 1921 - the Adjarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic is formed as part of Georgia.
December 16, 1921 - on the basis of the Union Treaty between the Georgian and Abkhaz SSR, the Abkhaz SSR becomes part of Georgia.
April 20, 1922 - The South Ossetian Autonomous Region was created as part of Georgia.
In 1922-1924, uprisings took place against Soviet power, demanding the restoration of state independence of Georgia.
Georgia as part of the USSR 1921-1991
March 12, 1922 - Georgia (together with Abkhazia), Armenia and Azerbaijan form a federal union. From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936, Georgia was part of the Transcaucasian Federation (TSFSR). Moreover, according to the constitution of the Abkhaz SSR, this republic is also part of the TSFSR (it is a subject), but through the Georgian SSR (since Abkhazia was in federal relations with Georgia).
December 30, 1922 - Georgia, as part of the Trans-SFSR, enters the USSR.
During the years of Soviet power, industrialization and collectivization were carried out in Georgia Agriculture. Entire new industries were created.
During the Great Patriotic War, several national Georgian divisions were formed on the territory of Georgia, participating in the battle for the Caucasus, in the battles for the liberation of the Taman Peninsula and Crimea. In total, about 700 thousand people from Georgia (a fifth of the republic’s population) took part in the war. 400 thousand of them died. In the summer of 1942, German troops reached the foothills of the Main Caucasus Range and tried to break into Abkhazia, but in the fall of 1942 they were driven back beyond the Main Caucasus Range.
In the period after the 20th Congress of the CPSU in Georgia, there was a rise, paradoxically, of both anti-Soviet and Stalinist sentiments. The peak point of this process was the mass riots in March 1956, which resulted in human casualties.
In the 1970s, Eduard Shevardnadze gained great fame and popularity as the first secretary of the local party organization, who led a widely publicized campaign against corruption and abuse. However, the overall results of the campaign were disappointing, and Jumber Patiashvili, who replaced Shevardnadze as first secretary, stated upon taking office that the situation in this regard remained extremely difficult.
IN last years During the existence of the Soviet Union, both Georgian and Abkhaz nationalists were active in Georgia. Since April 1989, daily rallies were held in Tbilisi demanding the restoration of Georgian independence. On the morning of April 9, troops attacked the meeting and dispersed it. Now April 9th is celebrated as Public Holiday Georgia - Day of National Unity.
Independent Georgia (since 1991)
Already on October 28, 1990, the first multi-party parliamentary elections in the USSR were held in Georgia, in which national political organizations belonging to the Mrgvali Magida - Tavisupali Sakartvelo bloc (Round Table - Free Georgia; leader - former dissident Zviad Gamsakhurdia) won a convincing victory ). As a result of the elections, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia was formed, headed by Z. Gamsakhurdia. The creation of the Republic of Georgia was proclaimed, all previous state attributes of the Georgian SSR (Anthem, State Flag and Coat of Arms) were changed.
On April 9, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia adopted the “Act on the Restoration of State Independence of Georgia.” On May 26, 1991, presidential elections were held, in which Zviad Gamsakhurdia won.
Anthem (Stalinist version)
იდიდე მარად, ჩვენო სამშობლოვ, გმირთა კერა ხარ გაუქრობელი, ქვეყანას მიეც დიდი სტალინი ხალხთა მონობის დამამხობელი. შენი ოცნება ასრულდა, რისთვისაც სისხლი ღვარეო, აყვავდი, ტურფა ქვეყანავ ილხინე, ქართველთ მხარეო. დიდი ოქტომბრის შუქით ლენინმა შენ გაგინათა მთები ჭაღარა, სტალინის სიბრძნემ ძლევით შეგმოსა გადაგაქცია მზიურ ბაღნარად. მოძმე ერების ოჯახში დამკვიდრდი, გაიხარეო, აყვავდი, ტურფა ქვეყანავ ილხინე, ქართველთ მხარეო. აზრი, ხმალი და გამბედაობა, დღეს შენს დიდებას, ნათელ მომავალს სჭედს სტალინური წრთობის თაობა. საბჭოთა დროშა დაგნათის, მზესავით მოელვარეო, აყვავდი, ტურფა ქვეყანავ ილხინე, ქართველთ მხარეო.Anthem (Post-Stalin version)
იდიდე მარად, ჩემო სამშობლოვ, გმირთა კერა ხარ განახლებული, დიად პარტიის ნათელი აზრით ლენინის სიბრძნით ამაღლებული. შენი ოცნება ასრულდა, რისთვისაც სისხლი ღვარეო, მშრომელი კაცის მარჯვენით აყვავებულო მხარეო. დიდი ოქტომბრის დროშის სხივებმა შენ გაგინათეს მთები ჭაღარა, თავისუფლებამ და შემართებამ გადაგაქციეს მზიურ ბაღნარად. მოძმე ერების ოჯახში ამაღლდი, გაიხარეო, მეგობრობით და გმირობით გამარჯვებულო მხარეო. უხსოვარ დროდან ბრწყინავდა შენი აზრი, ხმალი და გამბედაობა, დღეს საქართველოს ნათელ მომავალს სჭედს ლენინური წრთობის თაობა. კომუნიზმის მზე დაგნათის, კაშკაშა, მოელვარეო, იდიდე მრავალჟამიერ, ჩემო სამშობლო მხარეო!Translation (Stalin's version)
Glory for centuries, my Fatherland, a renewed hearth of heroes, You gave the world the great Stalin, Destroyer of the slavery of peoples, Your dream came true, For which you shed your blood, Your beloved country flourishes, Prosper the Georgian region With the radiance of the Great October Lenin illuminated the gray mountains for you The power of Stalin's wisdom Turned you into a sunny one garden In the family of fraternal peoples Be strong and rejoice Flourish your beloved country Prosper the Georgian region Since time immemorial Your mind, your sword and your courage have shone. Today your glory and bright future are forged by the generation of Stalin's tempering. The Soviet flag shines like the sun, flourish, beloved country, prosper, Georgian landTranslation (Post-Stalin version)
Glory throughout the centuries, my Fatherland, the renewed hearth of heroes, you are exalted by the bright mind of the great party and the wisdom of Lenin. Your dream has come true, for which you shed your blood, the tireless hand of a worker has led you to blossom. The radiance of the banners of the Great October Revolution illuminated your gray peaks, Freedom, courage and valor turned you into a sunny land. In the fraternal family of peoples, you have reached unprecedented heights. Through friendship and the power of the people, you have won and are winning. Since time immemorial, Your mind, your sword and your courage have shone. Today, the bright future of Georgia is forged by a generation of Lenin's tempering. The sun of communism is shining ever brighter above you, Glory throughout the centuries, my Motherland, my native land!
On May 21, 1921, the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic concluded an agreement with the RSFSR on a military-economic union. The Constitution of the Georgian SSR was adopted by the First All-Georgian Congress of Soviets (February 25 - March 4, 1922); At the same time, the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets was elected, which created the government of Georgia. In July 1921, the Adjara Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed as part of Georgia (Adjara was annexed to Russia in 1878). The Abkhaz SSR became part of Georgia in December 1921 on the basis of “ union treaty" In April 1922, the South Ossetian Autonomous Region was created as part of Georgia.
On March 12, 1922, the GSSR became part of the Federal Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (FSSSR), which on December 13 was transformed into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (ZSFSR). As part of the latter, on December 30 of the same year, Georgia became part of the USSR. On December 12, 1936, the Georgian SSR became an independent union republic within the USSR. At this time, the first secretary of the Communist Party of Georgia was L.P. Beria (1931-1938). On his initiative and with the consent of I.V. Stalin, in 1931 the decision was implemented to downgrade the status of the Abkhaz SSR to an autonomous republic.
In February 1937, at the extraordinary Eighth All-Georgian Congress of Soviets, a new constitution of the Georgian SSR was adopted, according to which the highest body state power The republic became a unicameral Supreme Council, elected for 4 years. In the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Georgian SSR was represented by 32 deputies, and the Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Adjarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the South Ossetian Autonomous Okrug, which were part of it, had independent representation in the Council of Nationalities: Abkhazia and Adjara - 11 deputies each, South Ossetia - 5 deputies. In general, the governing bodies of the Georgian SSR functioned according to the same scheme as in other Soviet republics.
During the Great Patriotic War, the territory of Georgia was not directly affected by hostilities. According to official statistics, almost 20% of its population fought at the front, more than half of them died. In 1944, about 100 thousand Meskhetian Turks were deported from southern Georgia to Central Asia. During the same period (or a little later) Greeks, Kurds, Hemshins, Laz and others were also deported. According to some reports, the total number of people deported from Georgia exceeded 200 thousand people.
The Georgian SSR was in a special position within the Soviet Union. This was caused by objective factors. Firstly, Joseph Stalin was born in Georgia. In addition, other Georgians, such as Grigory Ordzhonikidze and Lavrenty Beria, were part of the supreme power in the USSR. Political activity in the Georgian SSR has always been very high, and the cult of Stalin, for obvious reasons, was especially strong.
Special position
A favorable economic regime was created in the Georgian SSR. The Republic annually received substantial subsidies from the Union budget. The per capita consumption level in Georgia was 4 times higher than the same production indicator. In the RSFSR, the consumption rate was only 75% of the production level.
After Nikita Khrushchev's famous report on February 14, 1956, exposing the cult of personality, mass uprisings began in Tbilisi. Already on March 4, people began to gather at the monument to Stalin in the Georgian capital, the communist Parastishvili climbed onto the pedestal of the monument, drank wine from a bottle and, breaking it, said: “Let Stalin’s enemies die just like this bottle!”
Peaceful rallies took place for five days. On the night of March 10, wanting to send a telegram to Moscow, a crowd of thousands headed to the telegraph. Fire was opened on her. According to the Georgian Ministry of Internal Affairs, during the suppression of the unrest, 15 people were killed and 54 were wounded, 7 died in hospitals, 200 people were arrested.
Throughout the Union, the dismantling of monuments to Stalin began, only in Gori, in the homeland of the “leader of the peoples,” with the special permission of Khrushchev, the monument was left. He for a long time remained the most famous monument to Stalin, but it was also dismantled in our time, on the night of June 25, 2010. By order of Mikheil Saakashvili.
Guilt
Georgia cannot help but be associated with wines, and Georgians in the cultural field of the Soviet Union invariably acted as a toastmaster and a connoisseur of long, beautiful toasts. The Georgian SSR was one of the main and oldest wine-producing regions of the Soviet Union, and Georgian wines became an internationally recognized brand. It is known that at the Yalta Conference, Stalin treated Winston Churchill to Georgian Khvanchkara wine, after which the British minister became a devoted connoisseur of this brand.
Stalin himself loved the wines “Kindzmarauli”, “Khvanchkara” and “Majari”.
High-quality table and fortified wines were produced in Georgia. The production of grape wines was carried out by Samtrest enterprises, which included exemplary state farms: Tsinandali, Napareuli, Mukuzani, Kvareli in Kakheti and Vartsikhe in the western part of Georgia. The champagne wine factory produced Soviet champagne and grape wines. By the 1960s, 26 brands of wine were produced in Georgia: 12 dry table wines, 7 semi-sweet wines, 5 strong brands, 2 sweet dessert wines.
Tourism
Due to optimal climatic conditions The Georgian SSR was a real tourist mecca of the Soviet Union. For Soviet citizens, Georgian resorts replaced Turkey, Egypt, and other hot foreign countries. In the resort of Abkhazia, which was part of the Georgian SSR, there were the most fashionable resorts of the USSR, Pitsunda and Gagra.
During the Soviet era, Georgia was the best training base for Soviet alpine skiers. Also, Georgia in general and Svaneti in particular became the main mountaineering bases of the Soviet Union.
Mountain climbs and climbs to the peaks of the Caucasus Mountains were periodically held here. A great contribution to the development of Soviet mountaineering and rock climbing was made by Mikhail Vissarionovich Khergiani, 7-time champion of the USSR and Honored Master of Sports of the Soviet Union.
Georgian tea
In addition to wine, the Georgian SSR was famous for its tea. Its quality, according to William Pokhlebkin, was competitive (at the global level), although with reservations.
Despite the fact that attempts to establish and organize tea production have been made in Georgia since the middle of the 19th century, its quality left much to be desired, and the volume of plantations did not even reach 900 hectares.
In the early 1920s, young plantations were planted in Georgia, and active and fruitful breeding work began. In 1948, Ksenia Bakhtadze managed to develop artificial hybrid varieties of tea: “Gruzinsky No. 1” and “Gruzinsky No. 2”. For them she was awarded the Stalin Prize. Received later variety“Georgian selection No. 8” was able to withstand frosts down to -25. This variety became a real sensation.
IN Soviet time Georgian tea has become a brand known outside the Union. At the end of the 70s, it was already exported to Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Poland, East Germany, Hungary, Romania, Finland, Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, Iran, Syria, South Yemen and Mongolia.
Flowers, tangerines and the shadow economy
Soviet people did not understand much about the specifics of the ethnic diversity of the Caucasian peoples, so the image of a Georgian, a resourceful and wealthy businessman, was rather collective. However, in some ways he was correct.
Partially industrial production The Georgian SSR did not give much to the Soviet Union, but the Georgians provided Soviet citizens with everything they needed for holidays: citrus fruits, wine, tea, tobacco, mineral water.
The Georgian SSR, according to economist Kennan Eric Scott of the Washington Institute, supplied 95% of tea and 97% of tobacco to Soviet shelves. The lion's share of citrus fruits (95%) also went to the regions of the USSR from Georgia.
In his report at the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington, Eric Smith also noted that Georgians played a significant role in the formation of the shadow economy of the Soviet Union, shaping the market of the late USSR along the lines of “diaspora competition.”
The climate is transitional from subtropical to temperate. The Colchis lowland is characterized by a humid subtropical climate: January temperature 3-6°C, July temperature 22-23°C; precipitation is 1200-3000 mm per year. The climate of the Iverian Lowland is characterized by colder winters (January temperature - 2-1.5 ° C, July temperature 23-26 ° C), less precipitation (300-800 mm per year). The climate of the South Georgian Highlands is characterized by relative continentality and aridity, little snow and cold winters.
The rivers of Georgia belong to the Black Sea and Caspian basins. The main ones are Kypa and Rioni. The rivers are not navigable, but are of great hydroelectric importance. Georgia is not rich in lakes, but in some areas there is a group of lakes of tectonic, volcanic, sea, river, glacial, landslide, karst and other origin. The largest lakes by area are Paravani (37 km 2), Kartsakhi (26.3 km 2) and Paliastomi (18.2 km 2). Forests occupy 36.7% of the area. Mountain forests are represented by a mixture of broad-leaved species (oak, hornbeam, chestnut, beech, etc.). Fir and spruce are common in the upper mountain belt, and pine is common in some high mountain valleys. Alpine meadows extend from the upper border of the forest to an altitude of 2800-3500 m. The steppes have a wide range in the Iberian depression and on the lava plateaus of the South Georgian Highlands.
Geological structure. On the territory of Georgia there are fragments of the main geotectonic units of the Caucasus: the Hercynian-Alpine folded system of the Greater Caucasus in the north, the Transcaucasian middle massif in the central part and the arcuate meganticlinorium of the Lesser Caucasus in the south, including different-aged and heterogeneous geological-structural elements (see Caucasus). In the Georgian part of the Greater Caucasus, there is an inherited Baikal-Hercynian geoanticline of the main ridge with large outcrops of ancient granite-metamorphic basement and a geosyncline of the southern slope, divided into smaller structural and formational zones. Small intrusions of Bathonian and Granitoids are associated with the intermittent process of tectonomagmatic development of the Greater Caucasus in the Alpine stage. The geosynclinal development of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, which began in the Hercynian cycle, continued in the Early Alpine (Cimmerian), as a result of which thick (5-7 km) argillite and sandy-graywacke strata of the Lias, in places also of the Middle Jurassic, metamorphosed to the slate facies, accumulated. During the Bajocian, the trough of the geosynclinal trough moved southward relative to the centerline of the shale geosyncline.
In western Georgia, a thick (up to 3 km) strata formed in the Bajocian, composed of augite and diabase porphyrites, spilites, tuffs, known as the porphyrite suite. The area of its distribution in the geosyncline of the southern slope is the upper structural floor, identified as the Gagra-Java structural-formational subzone. In the Bajocian, the peripheral part of the Transcaucasian middle massif, the Okrib-Sachkhere subzone, was also involved in the subsidence. At the contact of the geosyncline of the Greater Caucasus with the Transcaucasian middle massif and on the massif itself in isolated lagoon-deltaic basins in the Bathonian age, the coal-bearing strata of the Bzyb, Tkvarcheli, Magan, Gelati, Tkibul and Shaorskoe coal deposits were formed. In the Late Jurassic, in places there was precipitation of relatively thin variegated molasse or the formation of reefogenic limestones, and from the Early Cretaceous a quasi-platform regime was established. An exception is the Mestia-Tianet flysch zone on the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, bounded by deep faults and superimposed under acute angle to the Early Middle Jurassic trough. Within its boundaries, rhythmic flyschoid carbonate and terrigenous sediments accumulated from the Late Jurassic to the Eocene inclusive. In the Oligocene, thrusts of the folded system of the Greater Caucasus began on the Transcaucasian middle massif, which within the territory of Georgia is traditionally called the Georgian block.
The Transcaucasian middle massif is dissected by deep faults, which determine its mosaic structure. The most uplifted part of the Georgian block is the Dzirul crystalline massif, where an ancient granite-metamorphic core protrudes to the surface. In the subplatform structures of the Meso-Cenozoic, an important role belongs to depressions composed of manganese-bearing sand-silicite formation of the Oligocene. To the east and west of the Dzirula uplift zone there are the Kura and Colchis intermountain depressions, composed of Neogene-Quaternary.
Intermountain depressions are complicated by brachymorphic folding of Paleogene (sometimes Upper Cretaceous) deposits, which are associated with oil and gas bearing structures of the Colchis, Gurian, Kartli, Pritbilis and Kakheti regions. The southern part of the Transcaucasian middle massif experienced regeneration of the geosynclinal regime in the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The Cretaceous and Paleogene troughs include the Adzhar-Trialeti, Bolnisi (Bolnisi-Kirovabad) and Sakir (Sakir-Lori) structural-formational zones, belonging to the meganticlinorium of the Lesser Caucasus. A relatively stable tectonic block is identified as the Artvino-Bolnisi block; within its boundaries there are horst-shaped protrusions of the ancient foundation - the Khramsky and Loksky massifs.
The Adzhar-Trialeti folded zone stretches in a latitudinal direction from the Black Sea to the right bank of the Iori River, where it plunges under molasse. The foundation of the zone has not been opened; The oldest carbonate and volcanic-terrigenous formations within its boundaries belong to the Aptian. The most intense subsidence, accompanied by underwater volcanism, occurred in the Middle Eocene.
For the metallogeny of Georgia, the process of late Alpine tectono-magmatic activation of the areas of completed folding of the Greater Caucasus and the Georgian block is important. Its beginning should be considered the formation of barite and barite-polymetallic mineralization, widespread in the Gagra-Dzhava and Okrib-Sachkhera zones, epigenetic in relation to the ore-hosting porphyritic formation of the Bajoc. The next stages of activation are associated with the Kvaisskaya near-fault lead-zinc zone, the rare metal-arsenic belt of Racha and Svaneti, and the en echelon mercury belts of Abkhazia, Svaneti, Racha and South Ossetia.
Hydrogeology. According to the geological, structural and hydrodynamic conditions within the territory of Georgia, five areas are distinguished: fractured waters of the crystalline substrate of the Greater Caucasus; fissure and fissure-karst waters of the folded zone of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus; artesian basins of the Georgian block; fissure and fissure-karst waters of the Adzhar-Trialeti folded zone; fissure waters of the Artvino-Bolnisi block. Within the crystalline substrate of the Greater Caucasus, nitrogen ultra-fresh calcium bicarbonate or calcium-sodium and carbon dioxide, ferruginous slightly brackish sodium-calcium hydrocarbonate, and less commonly hydrocarbonate chloride sodium-calcium waters are developed. In the artesian basins of the Georgian block, nitrogen and methane waters of different types are developed. chemical composition and mineralization (up to 400 g/l) depending on the degree of hydrogeological exposure of the structures. This area is divided by the Dzirula crystalline massif into the West Georgian and East Georgian artesian basins. Other hydrogeological regions of Georgia are characterized by the manifestation of young volcanism. In the zone of intense water exchange, fresh, nitrogen, and calcium bicarbonate waters are developed. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen-methane hydrocarbonate, soda and hydrochloric-alkaline mineral, thermal and industrial waters are widely represented.
The seismicity of the territory of Georgia is due to the presence of seismically active deep structures, among which interzonal, intrazonal and transzonal structures are distinguished. The sources of most earthquakes in Georgia lie at a depth of 10-25 km, only in rare cases reaching a depth of 30-35 km. Against a general 7-point seismic background, three 8-point zones were identified: Javakheti (focus depth 8-19 km), Gegechkor-Chkhalta (Megrelian-Abkhaz; 2-20 km) and Kazbegi-Lagodekhi (14-25 km). The most active seismic areas and areas of possible strong earthquakes are located on the Javakheti Highlands and on the southern slope of the main Caucasus ridge. According to long-term observations, the shortest period of magnitude 8 earthquakes is 100 years within the epicentral zone of the Javakheti Plateau, and magnitude 7 earthquakes are 300 years within the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus and the central part of the Main Caucasus Range.
Oil. The main oil areas of Georgia are confined to the intermountain troughs of the middle massif (Colchis and South Kakheti oil and gas regions) and the marginal troughs of the Adjara-Trialeti folded zone (Guri and Pritbilis regions). Industrial oil content is associated with sediments from the Upper Cretaceous to the Pliocene. The Pritbilisi oil and gas region is represented by the Samgori-Patardzeuli, Norio, Satskhenisi, Teleti, and Samgori South Dome fields. Oil deposits in the Norio and Satskhenisi fields are strata, domed, tectonically screened, with a dissolved gas regime. The collector is granular. The depth of productive horizons is 350-1500 m. The Samgori-Patardzeuli, Teleti and Samgori Southern Dome deposits are confined to Middle Eocene deposits. The reservoir is porous-fractured. Oil deposits are massive and floating. The depth of the productive horizon is 2800, 420-1260 and 2400 m, respectively. Oil density is in the region of 820-885 kg/m 3, sulfur content is 0.2-0.3%. In the South Kakheti oil and gas region there are the Taribana, Patara-Shiraki and Mirzaani fields, confined to the deposits of the Shirak formation (Maeotispont). Oil deposits are strata, domed, tectonically shielded and lithologically limited. The depth of productive horizons is 300-2600 m. The reservoir is porous. Oil density is 850-885 kg/m3, sulfur content is 0.2 and 0.35%. The Supsa and Shromisubani-Tskaltsminda deposits are located in the Guria region. Oil content is confined to the deposits of the Lower Sarmatian and Maeotian. Oil deposits are strata, domed, tectonically shielded and lithologically limited, the reservoir is porous. The depth of productive horizons is 300-3500 m. Oil density is 915-930 kg/m 3, sulfur content is 0.4-0.7%. In the Colchis oil and gas region, one oil field is known - Eastern Chaladidi. The deposit is massive, confined to Upper Cretaceous deposits. The collector is cracked. The depth of the productive formation is 2200 m. Oil density is 885 kg/m 3, sulfur content is 0.5%.
Coal associated with the Bathonian epicontinental coal-bearing strata, an intermittent strip stretching along the periphery of the geosynclinal-folded system of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus and also developed in the Okrib-Sachkhere block of the Georgian block. The Tkvarcheli deposit is of industrial importance within the geosyncline, and on the block - confined to isolated coal accumulation basins. Between them, in the mentioned strip, the non-industrial Maganskoye and Gelatskoye deposits are known, and to the north-west of Tkvarchelskoye there is the Bzybskoye deposit. The main reserves of hard coal are concentrated in the Tkibuli-Shaorskoye deposit (310 million tons, 1983). The thickness of the flat-lying coal strata is about 60 m, the angle of incidence is 10-45°; in the western part of the deposit (Tkibulskaya) it is exposed on the surface, and in the eastern (Shaorskaya) part it is covered by deposits of the Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous and is exposed at depths of 800-1200 m. In the central part of the section of the coal strata there lies a complex “Tolstoy” layer, subdivided into thinner working layers and layers that are difficult to correlate between individual areas. The thickness of the working seams is up to 6-7 m, sometimes 12 m. The coals are mainly clarenic, gas, do not coke on their own, but when mixed with Tkvarcheli coals they produce metallurgical coke. The Tkvarcheli coking coal deposit is almost exhausted (explored reserves in 1983 are about 20 million tons). The coal-bearing strata lies on the Bajocian porphyritic suite in the form of 6 isolated areas; up to 9 coal seams are distinguished, of which the most coal-saturated is the lower seam 1. Its thickness ranges from 2-3 to 12 m; maximum depth 500 m, angle of incidence 5-70°. Forecast resources for Tkvarcheli deposit insignificant.
Thermal waters. Georgia is rich in manifestations of various thermal waters. On the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus (Svaneti and Kazbego-Mtatusheti regions) the total flow rate of thermal waters is about 17 l/s, t 23-37°C, salinity 0.3-0.6 g/l. 13 of the most important groups (out of 40) of thermal and self-flowing wells are associated with the Georgian block and are confined to Paleogene deposits. In the fields of Gagra, Zugdidi, Okhurei, Samtredia, Sukhumi, Ujarma, Tskaltubobit, the flow rate of individual wells reaches 2700 m 3 /s, t at outflow 20-130 ° C and salinity 0.5-13.6 g/l. In the fields of the Adzhar-Trialeti folded zone of Abastumani, Aspindza, Zekari, Sulori, Udabno, the flow rate of individual wells reaches 1400 m 3 /day, t 36-48 ° C and mineralization 0.15-1.12 g/l. At the deposits of the Artvino-Bolnisi block - Akhalkalaki, Vardzia, Nakalakevi, Tmogvi, the total flow rate is 12.1 l / s, t 20-46 ° C, mineralization 10-12 g / l. The total flow rate of all thermal water sources in Georgia is 1300 l/s, and the forecast resources are 8100 l/s, which corresponds to 2 million tons of standard fuel.
Iron ores do not form large deposits in Georgia. In the Bolnisi ore region of southern Georgia, the Poladaur group of hematite deposits, represented by lens-shaped and sheet-like bodies, occurring in the volcanic-sedimentary strata of the Upper Cretaceous, was periodically semi-artisanally mined. Iron content in ores is 30-60%; total reserves are about 20 million tons. In some ore bodies (Balidara) there is an increased copper content (up to 3-5%). The Dzamskoe skarn-magnetite deposit has been explored in the Adzhar-Trialeti zone, associated with the Paleogene gabbrodiorite intrusion. The iron content in solid ores is 45-60%, in disseminated ores - 20-45%. Reserves are 16.7 million tons with an average iron content of 32%. A strip of magnetite sands stretches along the Black Sea coast of Georgia. In the southern section of Chorokhi-Supsa, 50 km long, the total iron reserves are estimated at 150 million tons, with a magnetic fraction content of 2-3% in the sands.
Manganese ores
confined mainly to the sandy-silicite sequence of the Oligocene; non-industrial mineralization is also known in the Upper Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic formations. The unique Chiatura deposit is dissected by the Kvirila River and its tributaries into separate highlands. The manganese sequence is characterized by a calm, gentle bedding (from 2-3 to 10-12°), composed series ore layers interspersed with interlayers of opoka-like siliceous rocks. The total thickness of the manganese horizon is 0.5-10 m. The maximum depth of the manganese layer is 120-150 m. There are several types of ores: oxide with an average manganese content of 25%, carbonate - 17.3% and oxidized - 20.4%. Their relative amount in the total balance reserves of the field is 35%, 46% and 18%, respectively. The Kvirilskaya Depression, a closed manganese-bearing structure located southwest of the Chiatura deposit, has been previously explored. The manganese-bearing horizon, which lies at a depth of 500-700 m, has a discontinuous structure, and therefore the ore field is divided into sections of Rodinauli, Cholaburi, Rokiti, etc. Ores are similar to oresChiatura field, the average manganese content in oxide ores is about 30%, in carbonate ores - 15-19%. Forecast resources are about 50 million tons.
Copper ores concentrated mainly in the Bolnisi ore region, where complex copper-barite-polymetallic deposits are located: Madneuli, Tsitelsopeli, Kvemo-Bolnisi, Tamarisi, etc. They are confined to the Upper Cretaceous volcanic-sedimentary strata; ore bodies have the form of metasomatic deposits of solid and veinlet-disseminated ores, less often stocks and pillars. Vertical zoning is characteristic in the lower horizons of the deposits: sulfur and copper pyrite ores are developed, giving way higher to copper-zinc, polymetallic and barite ores. Main minerals: pyrite, barite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena. Average copper content in industrial types ore 1-1.5%; in some areas - up to 2-4%. The Madneuli field is being developed. Vein copper-polymetallic deposits associated with pre-Upper Eocene intrusions of syenite-diorites are widespread in the Adzhar-Trialeti zone. The explored Merissky ore cluster contains up to 50 steeply dipping quartz-sulfide veins. There are several vein fields covering an area of about 180 km2. The copper content in the veins is on average 1.5-2%. On the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus in the Jurassic black shale strata, copper-pyrrhotite and pyrite-polymetallic mineralization is widespread. Exploration of ore fields (Adangeiskoye, Artanskoye, Akhalsopelskoye, etc.) with very uneven, sometimes high copper contents is underway.
Mercury ore deposits and numerous occurrences of cinnabar mineralization are located along the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus. The most significant are the Achaean and Avadhar deposits in Abkhazia, represented by a hydrothermally altered zone confined to sandstones and shales of the Upper Liassic. The metal content in the first deposit is 0.4-9.1%, in the second - 0.27-0.41%. The Ertsoi cinnabar deposit has been discovered in South Ossetia.
Antimony ore deposits located along the southern slope of the Main Range of the Greater Caucasus. The Zopkhitskoe deposit in Upper Racha, represented by numerous quartzantimonite veins associated with Liassic shales and granitoids, is of industrial importance. The metal content in the ore is 7-17%.
Lead-zinc ores are present in the types of pyrite and vein copper-polymetallic ores noted above, and also have independent significance in individual deposits of lead-zinc and polymetallic formations. The Kvaisskoe deposit is confined to the Late Alpine fault zone, traced along a strike of up to 8 km and a dip of over 1 km. The rocks of the Bajocian porphyritic suite and the Upper Jurassic limestones contain columnar bodies of lead-zinc ores. In the Verkhnee Kvaisi and Nadarbazi areas, the zinc content in the ores averages 5.7-7.8%, lead 1.9-2.6%. The Valkhokh and Varakhkom ore-bearing structures have also been explored. Pb:Zn ratio = 0.4.
And. Industrial deposits of barite are known in the Gagra-Java zone of the Greater Caucasus and the Bolnisi ore region of the Artvino-Bolnisi block. There are two types of deposits in the Gagra-Java zone - vein deposits confined to the Bajocian porphyritic suite (Kutais group, Chordskoe, Khaishskoe, Pitsikvarskoe, etc.), and sheet-like deposits in the Upper Jurassic limestones (Apshrinskoe). The ore reserves of the Chord deposit are 2.4 million tons. The deposit is represented by a series of parallel and conjugate veins, lenses and other bodies. The thickness of the veins is 0.2-4 m, in swells up to 10-15 m. The angle of incidence is 15-80°. The barite content in the ore, depending on the degree of calcitization, is 30-95%. The Apshrinskoe deposit is confined to dolomitized and baritized limestones of the Lusitanian stage and is a metasomatic sheet-like deposit. The thickness of the mineralized zone is 17-40 m. The BaSO 4 content in the ore is 45%. Ore reserves are 8.4 million tons. In the Bolnisi region, barite mineralization accompanies copper-lead-zinc mineralization; At the Madneuli deposit, barite is extracted as a by-product. Ore reserves are about 1 million tons, the barite content in the ore is 32-53%. Calcite , as a rule, accompanies barite in almost all deposits. The Bajiori hydrothermal vein deposit of calcite, confined to the Bajocian porphyrite formation and represented by numerous veins with a thickness of 0.15 to 1 m, is of industrial importance. Ore reserves are 2.6 million tons, the calcite content in the ore is 52%.
Arsenic ores. In the zone of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, arsenopyrite and realgar-orpiment vein deposits of the hydrothermal type are widespread. The Lukhumskoye deposit in Upper Racha and the Tsanskoye deposit in Lower Svaneti are of industrial importance. The first is represented by rich realgar-orpiment ore, as well as relatively poor ore in the form of individual nests, interlayers and inclusions in the side rocks (shales and limestones of the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous). 5 ore bodies were identified, the metal content in the ore ranged from 3.6 to 13.3%. The ores of the Tsanskoe deposit are quartz arsenopyrite-containing in metamorphosed shales, arsenic content from 3.32 to 29%.
Among the common deposits, the Bakurianskoye (Tsikhisdzhvarskoye) deposit is exploited, represented by massifs of acid-resistant andesites with a thickness of up to 30 m. Explored reserves are 5 million m 3 (1983). The explored reserves of the still undeveloped Kazbegi and Kobi deposits of acid-resistant andesite are 5 and 5.8 million tons.
Bentonite clays. Georgia occupies a leading place in the world in terms of resources of high-quality bentonite clays. The main reserves are concentrated in the Gumbra and Askana hydrothermal-sedimentary deposits, confined to Cenomanian-Turonian volcanic rocks (Gumbra) and trachytic tuffs of the Upper Eocene (Askana). Bentonites of both deposits are products of alteration of glassy volcanic rocks. The explored reserves of the Gumbra deposit are 6.5 million tons, the Askanskoye - 10.6 million tons. The Gumbra deposit is represented by a sheet-like deposit among arkose-quartz sandstones and dolomitized Cretaceous limestones. The thickness of the deposit is up to 5 m, the angle of incidence is 5-12°. At the Askanskoye field, the sheet-like deposit has a thickness of 30-260 m, a dip angle of 75-80°.
The Kisatib deposit of high-quality diatomite is located in the Akhaltsikhe region. It belongs to the hydrothermal-sedimentary type and is confined to the tops of the Neogene volcanogenic Goderdz-Kisatib formation. Mineral deposit
Nonmetallic industrial raw materials are represented by dolomites, dolomitized and fluxed limestones, refractory clays, and quartz-feldspathic sands. The Abanoiskoye and Tkvarchelskoye deposits of dolomite rocks are confined to the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous deposits of the Georgian block and the Gagra-Java zone. The dolomite and dolomitized limestone mined at these deposits belongs to classes I and II. Reserves for 1983 - 3.6 million tons (Abanoiskoye field) and 83.2 million tons (Tkvarchelskoye field). The yield of class I and II dolomites is 75 and 15%, respectively. The Tsiteli-Tskaro deposit of fluxing limestone is the base for the Rustavi Metallurgical Plant, and the Chishur deposit is for the Zestafoni Ferroalloy Plant. Reserves for 1983 are 50 and 6 million m 3, respectively.
There are many known deposits and occurrences of agate, obsidian, turquoise, amethyst, jasper, jet, garnet, topaz, petrified wood and other precious, semi-precious and ornamental stones. The Shurdoy and Pamadzh agate deposits (Akhaltsikhe group) and the Koyundag obsidian deposit are of industrial importance. Agate-bearing deposits (andesite base
In 1921-1936 it was officially called Socialist Soviet Republic of Georgia. It was formed on February 25, 1921. From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936, it was part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. The only ruling party is the Communist Party of Georgia.
The Georgian SSR included:
- Abkhaz ASSR (in the period from March 31, 1921 to February 19, 1931 was called the Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia and was located with the Georgian SSR in contractual relations, enjoying greater autonomy compared to the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic)
- Adjara ASSR (until December 5, 1936 - Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic of Adjaristan)
On November 14, 1990, the Supreme Council of the Georgian SSR announced a transition period until the restoration of independence and, in connection with this, renamed the republic Republic of Georgia. On March 31, 1991, a referendum was held on the restoration of state independence of Georgia and, following its results, on April 9, 1991, the Supreme Council of Georgia, headed by Zviad Gamsakhurdia, declared independence from the USSR. However, before the collapse of the USSR, Georgia (like other republics, with the exception of the Baltic ones) was not recognized by the international community as independent state and formally continued to remain part of the Soviet Union until December 26, 1991.
History of the Georgian SSR
Background
On May 7, 1920, the Georgian Republic entered into an agreement with the RSFSR, according to which it was supposed to sever all ties with the Russian counter-revolution, withdraw foreign military units from Georgia, and legalize Bolshevik organizations, but did not fulfill a single obligation. The Bolsheviks were forced to remain in a semi-legal position.
On the night of February 12, 1921, in the Borchali and Akhalkalaki districts of Georgia, local communists rebelled. The Bolsheviks occupied Gori, Dusheti and the entire Borchalinsky district. On February 16, 1921, in Shulaveri, the Revolutionary Committee of Georgia, headed by Chairman F.I. Makharadze, A.A. Gegechkori, V.E. Kvirkvelia and others, proclaimed the “Georgian Soviet Republic” and asked for military assistance to the government of the RSFSR. On February 25, 1921, units of the Red Army entered Tbilisi, abandoned the day before by Entente troops and units of the Georgian militia. The fugitives hastily liberate Batumi, captured by Turkish troops, and are evacuated by sea to France.
On March 2, 1922, the first constitution of the Georgian SSR was adopted.
On March 4, 1921, the Military Council of one of the divisions of the Red Army of the RSFSR established Soviet power in Sukhumi, and the independent Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia was formed.
On March 5, troops of the Red Army of the RSFSR established Soviet power in Tskhinvali.
On March 16, 1921, in Moscow, the RSFSR and Turkey signed an agreement under which Turkey renounced Batumi and the northern part of Adjara. According to the agreement, Adjara is recognized as part of the Georgian SSR. After 2 days - on March 18, the Menshevik government of Georgia was expelled from Batumi (Adjara).
Georgia as part of the TSFSR
Georgians played a huge role among the leadership of the USSR. Among the most famous Georgian political figures are I.V. Stalin, L.P. Beria, G.K. Ordzhonikidze and others.
On February 19, 1931, the Abkhaz SSR as part of the Georgian SSR was transformed into an autonomous republic of Georgia.
On March 15, 1935, for the outstanding successes achieved by the working people of the republic in the field of agriculture and industry, the Georgian SSR was awarded the Order of Lenin.
Georgia within the USSR
In November 1951, state security authorities launched a Mingrelian case directed against Lavrentiy Beria.
In March 1956, mass rallies and demonstrations took place in Tbilisi, caused by N. S. Khrushchev’s speech at the 20th Congress of the CPSU with a report exposing I. V. Stalin. There were casualties during the suppression of protests.
In December 1965, for the great successes achieved by workers in the development of the national economy and cultural construction, the Georgian SSR was awarded the second Order of Lenin.
It is noted that in Soviet times the standard of living in Georgia was significantly higher than the all-Union one, in particular due to the fact that, being weakly industrialized, it received high incomes thanks to artificially raised selling prices for agricultural products. In one of his interviews, Eduard Shevardnadze called Georgia “an oasis within the USSR.” Professor Soviet history at Tbilisi University, Lasha Bakradze noted (2013) that many Georgian citizens remember the Soviet era as a time of stability and prosperity.
In the 1970s, a dissident movement led by Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Merab Kostava emerged in Soviet Georgia.
On April 14, 1978, mass demonstrations took place in Tbilisi to protest against the deprivation of the Georgian language as a state language.
Declaration of independence of Georgia
On the night of April 9, 1989, a rally of thousands under national liberation slogans in the center of Tbilisi was brutally dispersed by troops, resulting in the death of 21 people. From this moment on, anti-Soviet and nationalist sentiments sharply increased in Georgia. In the summer of the same year, clashes began between Georgians living in Sukhumi and Abkhaz separatists, at the end of November from outside [ ] provoked the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict.
On March 9, 1990, the Supreme Council of the Republic adopted a resolution “On guarantees for the protection of the state sovereignty of Georgia” in which it declared that the entry of Soviet Russian troops into Georgia in February 1921 and the occupation of its entire territory was “from a legal point of view, military intervention (intervention) and occupation with the aim of overthrowing the existing political system" (the Georgian Democratic Republic), "and from a political point of view, actual annexation. Condemning “the occupation and actual annexation of Georgia by Soviet Russia as an international crime,” the Supreme Court announced that it seeks to annul the consequences of the violation of the Treaty of May 7, 1920 year for Georgia and to the restoration of the rights of Georgia recognized by Soviet Russia by this treaty. It was also announced that negotiations had begun on the restoration of an independent Georgian state, since the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR, according to the deputies, “was illegal in relation to Georgia.”
On October 28, elections to the Supreme Soviet of the Georgian SSR are held, in which the nationalist bloc of Zviad Gamsakhurdia wins.
On November 14, 1990, a session of the Supreme Council of the Georgian SSR took place, where Zviad Gamsakhurdia was elected chairman of the Supreme Council. By the decision of this session, a transition period was declared until the restoration of Georgia’s independence (which only the Congress of People’s Deputies of the USSR could do) and in connection with this, the republic changed its name to “ Republic of Georgia"(which did not correspond to Article 71 of the USSR Constitution). The flag and coat of arms of the Georgian Democratic Republic were adopted as state ones. Gamsakhurdia proclaimed a course towards a unitary state without autonomies.
On March 17, 1991, it was prohibited to hold the USSR Referendum “On the Preservation of the USSR” in the Republic of Georgia (Georgian SSR). However, it was held in the building of the regional party committee of the South Ossetian Autonomous Region, in accordance with the Constitution of the USSR.
On March 31, 1991, in the Republic of Georgia (Georgian SSR), a referendum on restoring the independence of Georgia was held, not provided for by the USSR law of April 3, 1990 “On the procedure for resolving issues related to the secession of a union republic from the USSR” on the restoration of the independence of Georgia on the basis of the Act of Independence of May 26 1918. The majority of voters voted in favor.
On April 9, 1991, based on the results of the referendum, the Supreme Council of the Georgian SSR adopted an act restoring the state sovereignty of Georgia as the legal successor of the Georgian Democratic Republic. The act of restoration of independence declared the legal force of the Georgian Constitution democratic republic from 1921. However, after the collapse of the USSR, Georgia was recognized by UN members as a former Soviet republic.
Economy of the Georgian SSR
The economy of the Georgian SSR was part of the economy of the USSR. The currency in the Georgian SSR was the Soviet ruble.
In 1928, 183 thousand workers and employees worked in the Georgian SSR. Until 1970, this value increased to 1 million 490 thousand people, of which 385 thousand people were employed in industry. Thus, the working population has increased more than 8 times. The economy of the Georgian SSR focused on industry and agriculture.
The republic's industry was based on rich mineral and hydropower resources and agricultural products. Georgia provided 99% of the tea and 95% of the citrus fruits of the USSR. Products were produced by electric locomotive, machine tool and aircraft factories in Tbilisi, metallurgical and chemical plants in the city. Rustavi. The Zemo-Avchala hydroelectric power station, Enguri hydroelectric power station, Rioni hydroelectric power station, Sukhumi hydroelectric power station, Chitakhev hydroelectric power station, Tkvarcheli and Tbilisi thermal power stations were built. The republic produced up to half of the world's production of manganese, which was mined at the Chiatura manganese deposit.
Population of the Georgian SSR
Leadership of the Georgian SSR
Science of the Georgian SSR
Main article: Science of the Georgian SSR
The main scientific institution of the Georgian SSR was the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, formed in 1941 on the basis of the Georgian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences and a number of research institutions that previously existed at Tbilisi State University.
Culture of the Georgian SSR
Main article: Culture of the Georgian SSR
Cinematography was actively developing in the Georgian SSR. Of the most famous actors we can mention Vakhtang Kikabidze, Sergo Zakariadze, Veriko Andzhaparidze and many others. Georgian directors are also famous, for example, Georgiy Danelia, Otar Ioseliani, Tengiz Abuladze and others.
In the Georgian SSR, republican newspapers were published: “Komunisti” (in Georgian), “Zarya Vostoka” (in Russian), “Council of Kurchustany” (in Azerbaijani), “Sovetakan Vrastan” (in Armenian), Koxә d Madinxә (in Assyrian).
