Is the concept of "adaptation" (from Lat. Adaptation) used today in many fields of knowledge? biology, philosophy, sociology, social psychology, ethics, pedagogy, etc. In essence, the study of this problem is at the intersection of various branches of knowledge and is the most important, promising approach in the comprehensive study of man.
In the literature, adaptation is considered in the wide and narrow sense of the word.
In a broad, philosophical, aspect, adaptation is understood as "... any interaction between the individual and the environment in which their structures, functions and behavior are coordinated." In the works carried out in this aspect, adaptation is considered as a way of connecting the individual and the macrosociety, the change in a person's social position, the acquisition of a new social role, i.e. adaptation is related to socialization.
Adaptation in a narrow, socio-psychological, meaning is considered as the relationship of a person with a small group, most often - industrial or student. That is, the process of adaptation is understood as the process of a person's entry into a small group, assimilation by it of the established norms, relations, taking a certain place in the structure of relations between its members.
The peculiarities of the study of adaptation are that, firstly, the relationship between the individual and society is considered as mediated by small groups, of which the individual is a member, and secondly, the small group itself becomes one of the parties involved in the adaptation interaction, forming a new social environment - the sphere of the immediate environment to which the person adapts.
When studying adaptation, one of the most pressing issues is the question of the relationship between adaptation and socialization. The processes of socialization and social adaptation are closely interconnected, as they reflect a single process of interaction between the individual and society. Often, socialization is associated only with general development, and adaptation - with the adaptive processes of an already formed personality in the new conditions of communication and activity. The phenomenon of socialization is defined as a process and result of an individual's active reproduction of social experience, carried out in communication and activity. The concept of socialization is more related to social experience, development and formation of the individual under the influence of society, institutions and agents of socialization. In the process of socialization, the mechanisms of interaction between the individual and the environment are formed.
Thus, in the course of socialization, a person acts as an object that perceives, accepts, assimilates traditions, norms, roles created by society. Socialization, in turn, ensures the normal functioning of the individual in society.
In the course of socialization, the development, formation and formation of the personality are carried out, at the same time, the socialization of the personality is a necessary condition for the adaptation of the individual in society. Social adaptation is one of the main mechanisms of socialization, one of the ways of more complete socialization.
Social adaptation is:
The constant process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the new social environment;
The result of this process.
Social adaptation is an integrative indicator of a person's state, reflecting his ability to perform certain biosocial functions, namely:
· Adequate perception of the surrounding reality and one's own organism;
· An adequate system of relations and communication with others;
· The ability to work, study, to organize leisure and recreation;
· Variability (adaptability) of behavior in accordance with the role expectations of others.
In the course of social adaptation, not only the adaptation of the individual to new social conditions is carried out, but also the realization of his needs, interests and aspirations. The personality enters a new social environment, becomes its full member, asserts itself and develops its individuality. As a result of social adaptation, the social quality of communication, behavior and objective activity, adopted in society, is formed, thanks to which a person realizes his aspirations, needs, interests and can self-determine.
Social adaptation is the process of active adaptation of a person to a changed environment using various social means. The main method of social adaptation is the acceptance of the norms and values of the new social environment (group, collective, organization, region, which includes the individual), the forms of social interaction that have developed here (formal and informal ties, leadership style, family and neighborhood relations, etc.). ), as well as forms and methods of substantive activity (for example, methods of professional performance of work or family responsibilities).
A.G. Kovalev distinguishes between two forms of social adaptation: active, when an individual seeks to influence the environment in order to change it (including those norms, values, forms of interaction that he must master), and passive, when he does not strive for such influence and change. An indicator of successful social adaptation is the high social status of an individual in a given environment, as well as his satisfaction with this environment as a whole (for example, satisfaction with work and its conditions, remuneration, organization, etc.). An indicator of low social adaptation is the movement of an individual to another social environment (staff turnover, migration, etc.) or deviant behavior.
According to I. A. Georgieva, the development of mechanisms of social adaptation, its essence, is based on active human activity, the key point of which is the need to transform essential social reality. Therefore, the very process of forming the mechanisms of social adaptation of a person is inseparable from all types of transformations of individuals and takes place in three main phases: activity, communication, self-awareness, which characterize his social essence. ...
Social activity is a leading and specific mechanism in organizing human adaptation. Important are such components of it as communication, play, learning, labor, realizing full-fledged involvement, active adaptation of the individual to the social environment. The very mechanism of adaptation in the social activity of an individual has regular stages:
The need of the individual
Needs,
Motives for making a decision
Implementation and debriefing,
Social communication is the most important mechanism of human social adaptation, which directs and expands the range of assimilation of social values in contact with other individuals, social groups.
Social self-awareness of a person is a mechanism of social adaptation of a person, in which the formation and comprehension of his social belonging and role is carried out.
According to I.A.Georgieva, there are also such mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual as:
1. Cognitive, which includes all mental processes associated with cognition: sensations, perceptions, representations, memory, thinking, imagination, etc.
2. Emotional, including various moral feelings and emotional states: anxiety, concern, sympathy, condemnation, anxiety, etc.
3. Practical (behavioral), offering a certain directional human activity in social practice. In general, all these mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual make up a complete unity.
The basis of the social adaptation of a person is active or passive adaptation, interaction with the existing social environment, as well as the ability to change and qualitatively transform a person's very personality.
The process of social adaptation is of a concrete historical nature, which influences the personality in different ways or pushes it towards a certain choice of mechanisms of action in a given context of time.
Studies by G. D. Volkov and N. B. Okonskaya show that the process of social adaptation must be considered at three levels:
1. Society (macroenvironment) - this level allows you to highlight the process of social adaptation of the individual in the context of the socio-economic, political and spiritual development of society.
2. Social group (microenvironment) - the study of this process will help to isolate the reasons, the discrepancy between the interests of the individual and the social group (work collective, family, etc.).
3. Individual (intrapersonal adaptation) - the desire to achieve harmony, balance of the internal position and its self-esteem from the position of other individuals.
Analysis of the literature showed that there is no unified classification of social adaptation. This is due to the fact that a person is part of a wide system of professional, business, interpersonal, social relations that allow him to adapt in a given society. The social adaptation system includes different types of adaptive processes:
Industrial and professional adaptation;
Household (solves various aspects in the formation of certain skills, attitudes, habits aimed at routines, traditions, existing relationships between people in a team, in a group outside of connection with the sphere of production activity);
Leisure (involves the formation of attitudes, the ability to satisfy aesthetic experiences, the desire to maintain health, physical improvement);
Political and Economic;
Adapting to forms public conscience(science, religion, art, morality and others);
To nature, etc.
According to GD Volkov, NB Okonskaya all types of adaptation are interconnected, but the dominant one here is social. Full social adaptation of a person includes:
Management,
Economic,
Pedagogical,
Psychological,
Professional,
Production adaptation.
Let us consider in more detail the listed types of social adaptation.
Managerial (organizational) adaptation... Without management, it is impossible to provide a person with favorable conditions (at work, in everyday life), create the prerequisites for the development of his social role, influence him, and ensure activities that meet the interests of society and the individual.
Economic adaptation? it is the most complicated process of assimilation of new socio-economic norms and principles of economic relations of individuals and subjects. For the technology of social work, the so-called "social block" is important here, including adaptation to the real social reality of the size of unemployment benefits, the level of wages, pensions and benefits. They must meet not only the physiological, but also the socio-cultural needs of a person.
Pedagogical adaptation? it is an adaptation to the system of education, training and upbringing, which form the system of value orientations of the individual.
Psychological adaptation... In psychology, adaptation is considered as the process of adaptation of the sense organs to the peculiarities of the stimuli acting on them in order to better perceive them and protect the receptors from excessive load.
Professional adaptation? it is the adaptation of an individual to a new type of professional activity, a new social environment, working conditions and the characteristics of a particular specialty.
Production adaptation? labor activity, initiative, competence and independence, professional qualities are being improved.
Thus, social adaptation implies ways of adaptation, regulation, harmonization of the individual's interaction with the environment. In the process of social adaptation, a person acts as an active subject who adapts in the environment in accordance with his needs, interests, aspirations and actively self-determines. There are mechanisms of social adaptation of a person, the formation process of which is inseparable from all types of transformations of individuals, such as: activity, communication and self-awareness. In essence, the mechanisms of social adaptation are active human activity, the key point of which is the need to transform essential social reality.
In this section of the course work, the types and structure of social adaptation are considered. Making a conclusion, we can say that there is no single classification of the structure of social adaptation. The absence of a unified classification of types of social adaptation is explained by the fact that a person is a person who is part of a wide system of professional, business, interpersonal, social relations that allow him to adapt in a given society.
Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus
Educational Institution Brest State University named after A.S. Pushkin
Socio-pedagogical faculty
Department of Social and Medical Disciplines
Course work
Topic: Adaptation as a process and result of an individual's adaptation to the environment
Introduction
The relevance of the course work. For a long time, the problem of human adaptation has been among the fundamental in many areas of scientific knowledge. Adaptation is one of the very real ways to preserve human vitality, not only in today's rapidly changing world, but also in the future.
The inclusion of adaptation in the range of important problems is determined both by the real requirements of life and by the logic of the development of scientific knowledge. Modern social science, actively and on a large-scale involved in solving urgent problems for society, is faced with the need to comprehend changes in human behavior. Disclosure of adaptation mechanisms provides a key to understanding new forms of human relations with society, nature and with oneself, to predicting the dynamics of behavior.
Today it is rather difficult to understand the essence of adaptation, to see its uniqueness among other ways of human existence. Difficulties arise, first of all, due to the lack of general guidelines for describing and explaining adaptation processes.
The predominant orientation towards the signs of the environment has led to the emergence of social, professional, climatic, school, university, etc. adaptation. Orientation to the level of human organization - to socio-psychological, mental, psychophysiological, physiological adaptation. Consideration of a number of conceptual provisions, as well as a long experience in studying the possibilities of human life in different environmental conditions, convinces us that a sufficiently reliable reference point for explaining adaptation processes is contained in a person's personality. In all its complex organization of properties and qualities, in all the diversity of its interaction with the surrounding reality, in its correlation with a specific historical period in the development of society, there is the main internal regulator of adaptation in changing social, cultural, subject-technological and natural conditions.
Target course work is to study the behavior of the individual as a subject of adaptation when interacting with the environment.
Object - the process of adaptation of the individual.
Thing − changing environment.
In accordance with the purpose of the course work, the following were solved tasks :
1. To generalize the idea of adaptation as a unique form of human interaction with a changing environment.
2. Expand the content of the concept of "environment".
3. To identify the strategy of social adaptation, ensuring viability in the changing conditions of existence.
1. Social adaptation as a mechanism of personality socialization
The concept of "adaptation" (from Lat. Adaptation) is currently used in many fields of knowledge - biology, philosophy, sociology, social psychology, ethics, pedagogy, etc. In essence, the study of this problem is at the junction of various branches of knowledge and is the most important, promising approach in the complex study of man.
In the literature, adaptation is considered in the wide and narrow sense of the word.
In a broad, philosophical, aspect, adaptation is understood as "... any interaction between the individual and the environment in which their structures, functions and behavior are coordinated." In the works carried out in this aspect, adaptation is considered as a way of connecting the individual and the macrosociety, the change in a person's social position, the acquisition of a new social role, i.e. adaptation is related to socialization.
Adaptation in a narrow, socio-psychological, meaning is considered as the relationship of a person with a small group, most often - industrial or student. That is, the process of adaptation is understood as the process of a person's entry into a small group, assimilation by it of the established norms, relations, taking a certain place in the structure of relations between its members.
The peculiarities of the study of adaptation are that, firstly, the relationship between the individual and society is considered as mediated by small groups, of which the individual is a member, and secondly, the small group itself becomes one of the parties involved in the adaptation interaction, forming a new social environment - the sphere of the immediate environment to which the person adapts.
When studying adaptation, one of the most pressing issues is the question of the relationship between adaptation and socialization. The processes of socialization and social adaptation are closely interconnected, as they reflect a single process of interaction between the individual and society. Often, socialization is associated only with general development, and adaptation - with the adaptive processes of an already formed personality in the new conditions of communication and activity. The phenomenon of socialization is defined as a process and result of an individual's active reproduction of social experience, carried out in communication and activity. The concept of socialization is more related to social experience, development and formation of the individual under the influence of society, institutions and agents of socialization. In the process of socialization, the mechanisms of interaction between the individual and the environment are formed.
Thus, in the course of socialization, a person acts as an object that perceives, accepts, assimilates traditions, norms, roles created by society. Socialization, in turn, ensures the normal functioning of the individual in society.
In the course of socialization, the development, formation and formation of the personality are carried out, at the same time, the socialization of the personality is a necessary condition for the adaptation of the individual in society. Social adaptation is one of the main mechanisms of socialization, one of the ways of more complete socialization.
Social adaptation is:
The constant process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the new social environment;
The result of this process.
Social adaptation is an integrative indicator of a person's state, reflecting his ability to perform certain biosocial functions, namely:
· Adequate perception of the surrounding reality and one's own organism;
· An adequate system of relations and communication with others;
· The ability to work, study, to organize leisure and recreation;
· Variability (adaptability) of behavior in accordance with the role expectations of others.
In the course of social adaptation, not only the adaptation of the individual to new social conditions is carried out, but also the realization of his needs, interests and aspirations. The personality enters a new social environment, becomes its full member, asserts itself and develops its individuality. As a result of social adaptation, the social quality of communication, behavior and objective activity, adopted in society, is formed, thanks to which a person realizes his aspirations, needs, interests and can self-determine.
Social adaptation is the process of active adaptation of a person to a changed environment with the help of various social means. The main method of social adaptation is the acceptance of the norms and values of the new social environment (group, collective, organization, region, which includes the individual), the forms of social interaction that have developed here (formal and informal ties, leadership style, family and neighborhood relations, etc.). ), as well as forms and methods of substantive activity (for example, methods of professional performance of work or family responsibilities).
A.G. Kovalev distinguishes between two forms of social adaptation: active, when an individual seeks to influence the environment in order to change it (including those norms, values, forms of interaction that he must master), and passive, when he does not strive for such influence and change. An indicator of successful social adaptation is the high social status of an individual in a given environment, as well as his satisfaction with this environment as a whole (for example, satisfaction with work and its conditions, remuneration, organization, etc.). An indicator of low social adaptation is the movement of an individual to another social environment (staff turnover, migration, etc.) or deviant behavior.
According to I. A. Georgieva, the development of mechanisms of social adaptation, its essence, is based on active human activity, the key point of which is the need to transform essential social reality. Therefore, the very process of forming the mechanisms of social adaptation of a person is inseparable from all types of transformations of individuals and takes place in three main phases: activity, communication, self-awareness, which characterize his social essence. ...
Social activity is a leading and specific mechanism in organizing human adaptation. Such components of it are important as communication, play, learning, work, realizing full-fledged involvement, active adaptation of the individual to the social environment. The very mechanism of adaptation in the social activity of an individual has regular stages:
The need of the individual
Needs,
Motives for making a decision
Implementation and debriefing,
Social communication is the most important mechanism of human social adaptation, which directs and expands the range of assimilation of social values in contact with other individuals, social groups.
Social self-awareness of a person is a mechanism of social adaptation of a person, in which the formation and comprehension of his social belonging and role is carried out.
According to I.A.Georgieva, there are also such mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual as:
1. Cognitive, which includes all mental processes associated with cognition: sensations, perceptions, representations, memory, thinking, imagination, etc.
2. Emotional, including various moral feelings and emotional states: anxiety, concern, sympathy, condemnation, anxiety, etc.
3. Practical (behavioral), offering a certain directional human activity in social practice. In general, all these mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual make up a complete unity.
The basis of the social adaptation of a person is active or passive adaptation, interaction with the existing social environment, as well as the ability to change and qualitatively transform a person's very personality.
The process of social adaptation is of a concrete historical nature, which influences the personality in different ways or pushes it towards a certain choice of mechanisms of action in a given context of time.
Studies by G. D. Volkov and N. B. Okonskaya show that the process of social adaptation must be considered at three levels:
1. Society (macroenvironment) - this level allows you to highlight the process of social adaptation of the individual in the context of the socio-economic, political and spiritual development of society.
2. Social group (microenvironment) - the study of this process will help to isolate the reasons, the discrepancy between the interests of the individual and the social group (work collective, family, etc.).
3. Individual (intrapersonal adaptation) - the desire to achieve harmony, balance of the internal position and its self-esteem from the position of other individuals.
Analysis of the literature showed that there is no unified classification of social adaptation. This is due to the fact that a person is part of a wide system of professional, business, interpersonal, social relations that allow him to adapt in a given society. The social adaptation system includes different types of adaptive processes:
Industrial and professional adaptation;
Household (solves various aspects in the formation of certain skills, attitudes, habits aimed at routines, traditions, existing relationships between people in a team, in a group outside of connection with the sphere of production activity);
Leisure (involves the formation of attitudes, the ability to satisfy aesthetic experiences, the desire to maintain health, physical improvement);
Political and Economic;
Adaptation to forms of social consciousness (science, religion, art, morality and others);
To nature, etc.
According to GD Volkov, NB Okonskaya all types of adaptation are interconnected, but the dominant one here is social. Full social adaptation of a person includes:
- managerial,
- economic,
- pedagogical,
- psychological,
- professional,
- production adaptation.
Let us consider in more detail the listed types of social adaptation.
Managerial (organizational) adaptation... Without management, it is impossible to provide a person with favorable conditions (at work, in everyday life), create the prerequisites for the development of his social role, influence him, and ensure activities that meet the interests of society and the individual.
Economic adaptation- this is the most complicated process of assimilation of new socio-economic norms and principles of economic relations of individuals, subjects. For the technology of social work, the so-called "social block" is important here, including adaptation to the real social reality of the size of unemployment benefits, the level of wages, pensions and benefits. They must meet not only the physiological, but also the socio-cultural needs of a person.
Pedagogical adaptation- This is an adaptation to the system of education, training and upbringing, which form the system of value orientations of the individual.
Psychological adaptation... In psychology, adaptation is considered as the process of adaptation of the sense organs to the peculiarities of the stimuli acting on them in order to better perceive them and protect the receptors from excessive load.
Professional adaptation- This is the adaptation of an individual to a new type of professional activity, a new social environment, working conditions and the characteristics of a particular specialty.
Production adaptation- labor activity, initiative, competence and independence, professional qualities are being improved.
Thus, social adaptation implies ways of adaptation, regulation, harmonization of the individual's interaction with the environment. In the process of social adaptation, a person acts as an active subject who adapts in the environment in accordance with his needs, interests, aspirations and actively self-determines. There are mechanisms of social adaptation of a person, the formation process of which is inseparable from all types of transformations of individuals, such as: activity, communication and self-awareness. In essence, the mechanisms of social adaptation are active human activity, the key point of which is the need to transform essential social reality.
In this section of the course work, the types and structure of social adaptation are considered. Making a conclusion, we can say that there is no single classification of the structure of social adaptation. The absence of a unified classification of types of social adaptation is explained by the fact that a person is a person who is part of a wide system of professional, business, interpersonal, social relations that allow him to adapt in a given society.
2. The influence of the social environment on the process of socialization of the individual
Considering adaptation as a process and result of an individual's adaptation to the environment, it is necessary to note the concept of "environment".
The environment is:
The sphere of habitation and activity of mankind;
The natural world around a person and the material world created by him.
The social environment as a factor in the formation and development of personality has always been recognized. For centuries, teachers, social workers and psychologists in the process of development of science, culture, society have studied the mutual influence and interaction of the environment and humans. KD Ushinsky believed that a person is formed under the influence of the whole complex of influences associated with the environment.
The ideas of the 19th Russian democrats V. G. Belinsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov and others are imbued with a deep faith in man, in his development and improvement. Belinsky's statement is known that nature creates a person, but develops and forms his society.
The problem of the environment was widely developed in the second half of the 20s - 30s. N. K. Krupskaya, A. V. Lunacharsky, S. T. Shatsky emphasized that it is necessary to study all the factors that shape the individual: both organized and spontaneous. The environment and its influence on humans have been studied both theoretically and in the form of specific studies of the material, housing, everyday and cultural conditions of human life. There was a relationship between economic and social status family and educational level, the specific features of people's life and the impact on their development were identified. Attempts have been made to make certain changes in the human environment. The study of the environment was carried out from a class position, as evidenced by the terms: proletarian, worker-peasant, socialized, intellectual and other environment.
Since the nature of the influence of the environment depended on quality, the researchers of those years, developing an ideal model of its use, saw the environment as healthy, moral, expedient, rationally organized, etc. It was proposed that such an environment should nourish ideals, create good dominants, develop activity, creativity, independence, develop skills of reasonable disciplined behavior, etc.
From the above, IA Karpyuk and MB Chernov define the concept of "social environment".
The social environment is a part of the environment consisting of interacting individuals, groups, institutions, cultures, and so on.
The social environment is an objectively social reality, which is a combination of material, political, ideological, socio-psychological factors of direct interaction with a person in the course of her life and practical activity.
The main structural components of the social environment are:
Social living conditions of people;
Social actions of people;
Relationships between people in the process of activity and communication;
Social community.
The natural social environment surrounding a person is an external factor in his development. In the process of socialization of the personality, the transformation of the biological individual into a social subject takes place. This is a continuous, multifaceted process that continues throughout a person's life. It proceeds most intensively in childhood and adolescence, when all the basic value orientations are laid, social norms and attitudes are assimilated, and the motivation of social behavior is formed.
The process of socialization of an individual occurs in interaction with a huge number of various conditions, more or less actively influencing their development. These conditions acting on a person are usually called factors. In fact, not all of them have even been identified, and far from all of the known ones have been studied. Knowledge is very uneven about the factors that have been studied: quite a lot is known about some, little is known about others, and very little about the third. More or less studied conditions or factors of the social environment can be conditionally combined into four groups:
1. Megafactors (mega - very large, universal) - space, planet, world, which in one way or another through other groups of factors affect the socialization of all inhabitants of the Earth.
2. Macro factors (macro - large) - a country, ethnic group, society, state, which affect the socialization of everyone living in certain countries.
3. Mesofactors (meso - middle, intermediate) - conditions of socialization large groups people identified: by locality and type of settlement in which they live (region, village, city, settlement); by belonging to the audience of certain mass communication networks (radio, television, etc.); by belonging to one or another subculture.
4. Micro-factors - factors that directly affect specific people who interact with them - family and home, neighborhood, peer groups, educational organizations, various public, state, religious, private and counter-social organizations, microsociium. ...
Socialization of a person is carried out by a wide range of universal means, the content of which is specific to a particular society, this or that social stratum, or a particular age of the person being socialized. These include:
Feeding and caring for an infant;
Formed household and hygienic skills;
The products of material culture surrounding a person;
Elements of spiritual culture (from lullabies and fairy tales to sculptures);
Methods of encouragement and punishment in the family, in peer groups, in educational and other socializing organizations;
Consistent introduction of a person to numerous types and types of relationships in the main spheres of his life - communication, play, cognition, subject-practical and spiritual-practical activities, sports, as well as in the family, professional, social, religious spheres.
While developing, the individual seeks and finds the environment that is most comfortable for him, so he can "migrate" from one environment to another.
According to I. A. Karpyuk and M. B. Chernovaya, a person's attitude to the external social conditions of his life in society has the character of interaction. A person not only depends on the social environment, but also by his active actions modifies, and at the same time develops himself.
The social environment acts as a macroenvironment (in the broad sense), i.e. the socio-economic system as a whole, and the microenvironment (in the narrow sense) - the immediate social environment.
The social environment is, on the one hand, one of the most important factors that accelerates or inhibits the process of self-realization of an individual, on the other hand, a necessary condition for the successful development of this process. The attitude of the environment to a person is determined by how well his behavior meets the expectations of the environment. A person's behavior is largely determined by the position he occupies in society. An individual in a society can simultaneously occupy several positions. Each position presents a person with certain requirements, that is, rights and obligations, and is called social status. Statuses can be congenital and acquired. Status is determined by a person's behavior in society. This behavior is called a social role. In the process of formation and development of the personality, positive and negative social roles can be mastered. Mastering the personality of role behavior, providing him with the successful involvement of social relations. This process of adaptation to the conditions of the social environment is called social adaptation.
Thus, the social environment has a great influence on the socialization of the individual through social factors. It can also be noted that a person not only depends on the social environment, but also modifies and develops himself with his active actions. And the way to harmonize the individual with the environment is the strategy of social adaptation.
3. Strategy of social adaptation
The concept of "strategy" in a general sense can be defined as a guiding, organizing way of conducting actions, behavior, designed to achieve not random, momentary, but significant, defining goals.
Social adaptation strategy as a way of harmonizing the individual with the environment, a way of bringing his needs, interests, attitudes, value orientations and requirements of the environment into compliance should be considered in the context of life goals and life path person. In this regard, it is necessary to consider such a range of concepts as "lifestyle", "life story", "picture of life", "life plan", "life path", "life strategy", "lifestyle", "life scenario" ...
MA Gulina notes that the social analysis of the way of life is designed to reveal the mechanisms of self-regulation of the subject, associated with his attitude to the conditions of life and activity, with his needs and life orientations, as well as with his attitude to social norms.
K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya identifies the basic principles of studying personality in the process of life, formulated by S.L. Rubinstein and B.G. Ananiev:
the principle of historicism, where the inclusion of a personality in historical time allows us to consider biography as its personal history;
genetic approach, making it possible to identify different grounds for determining the stages, stages of its development in life;
communication principle development and life movement of the individual with her work, communication and knowledge.
The principle of historicism was based on the idea of S. Buhler, who proposed to draw an analogy between the process of a person's life and the process of history, and declared the life of a person to be an individual history. She called the individual, or personal, life in its dynamics the life path of the individual and singled out a number of aspects of life in order to trace them in dynamics:
The sequence of external events as the objective logic of life;
The logic of internal events - a change of experiences, values - the evolution of a person's inner world;
The results of human activity.
S. Buhler believed that the driving force of personality was the striving for self-fulfillment and creativity. As K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya emphasized, the understanding of the life path of S. Buhler contained the main thing: the life of a particular person is not accidental, but natural, it lends itself not only to description, but also to explanation.
B. G. Ananiev believed that the subjective picture of the life path in the self-consciousness of a person is always built according to individual and social development, commensurate in biographical and historical dates.
A. A. Kronik presents a subjective picture of the path of life as an image, the temporal dimensions of which are commensurate with the scale of human life as a whole, an image in which not only the past of a person is captured - the history of his formation, not only the present - life situation and current activity, but also the future - plans, dreams, hopes. The subjective picture of the life path is a mental image that reflects the socially determined spatio-temporal characteristics of the life path (past, present and future), its stages, events and their interconnections. This image performs the functions of long-term regulation and coordination of the life path of an individual with the life of others, primarily people who are significant to her.
S. L. Rubinshtein, analyzing the works of S. Buhler, perceived and developed the idea of the life path and came to the conclusion that the life path cannot be understood only as the sum of life events, individual actions, products of creativity. It needs to be presented as something more integral. To reveal the integrity, continuity of the life path, S. L. Rubinshtein proposed not only to single out its individual stages, but also to find out how each stage prepares and affects the next. While playing an important role in the path of life, these stages do not predetermine it with fatal inevitability.
One of the most important and interesting thoughts of S. L. Rubinstein, according to K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, is the idea of turning stages in a person's life, which are determined by the personality. S. L. Rubinstein affirms the idea of personality activity, its "active essence", the ability to make choices, make decisions that affect their own life path. S. L. Rubinstein introduces the concept of personality as the subject of life. The manifestations of this subject consist in how activities are carried out, communication, what lines of behavior are developed based on desires and real possibilities.
K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya identifies three structures of the life path: life position, life line and the meaning of life. Life position, which consists in the self-determination of a person, is formed by her activity and is realized in time as a life line. The meaning of life valueally determines the position in life and the line of life. Particular importance is attached to the concept of "life position", which is defined as "the potential for personality development", "a way of realizing life" on the basis of personal values. This is the main determinant of all life manifestations of personality.
KA Abulkhanova-Slavskaya defines the concept of "life perspective" in the context of the concept of the life path of an individual as the potential, capabilities of a person, objectively emerging in the present, which should also be manifested in the future. Following S. L. Rubinstein, K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya stresses that a person is the subject of life, and the individual character of his life is manifested in the fact that the personality acts as its organizer. The individuality of life consists in the ability of the individual to organize it according to his plan, in accordance with his inclinations and aspirations, which are reflected in the concept of "lifestyle".
As a criterion the right choice life path of a person KA Abulkhanova-Slavskaya puts forward the main criterion - satisfaction or dissatisfaction with life.
The ability of a person to foresee, organize, direct the events of his life or, on the contrary, to obey the course of life events allows us to talk about the existence of various ways of organizing life. These ways are seen as abilities different types individuals spontaneously or consciously build their life strategies. The very concept of life strategy KA Abulkhanova-Slavskaya defines as a constant alignment of the characteristics of her personality and the way of her life, the construction of her life based on her individual capabilities. The strategy of life consists in ways of changing, transforming the conditions, situations of life in accordance with the values of the individual, in the ability to combine their individual characteristics, their status and age capabilities, their own claims with the requirements of society and those around them. In this case, a person as a subject of life integrates his characteristics as a subject of activity, a subject of communication and a subject of cognition and correlates his capabilities with the set life goals and objectives.
Thus, the strategy of life is a strategy for the self-realization of an individual in life by correlating life requirements with personal activity, its values and the way of self-affirmation.
The strategy of social adaptation is an individual way of adaptation of a person to society and its requirements, for which the experience of early childhood experiences, unconscious decisions made in accordance with the subjective scheme of perception of situations and a conscious choice of behavior made in accordance with goals, aspirations, needs, are decisive. personal value system.
The strategies of social adaptation are individual and unique for each individual, however, it is possible to single out some traits and features that are common, characteristic of a number of strategies, and thus highlight the types of strategies of social adaptation.
The variety of types and methods of social adaptation can be considered both from the point of view of the types of orientation of activity in the adaptation process (and then it is set by the leading motives of the personality), and from the point of view of specific types and methods of adaptation, which are set, on the one hand, by the hierarchy of values and goals, depending on the general orientation, and on the other - psychological and psychophysiological personality traits.
In the classification of A.R. Lazursky, three levels of relations are distinguished. At the first level, the personality is entirely dependent on the environment. The environment, external conditions suppress a person, thus insufficient adaptation occurs. At the second level, adaptation takes place for the benefit of oneself and society. People who are on the third level of relationships - a creative attitude to the environment, are able not only to successfully adapt to the environment, but also to influence it, changing and transforming the environment in accordance with their own needs and desires.
Thus, A.R. Lazursky foresaw the possibility of the direction of the transformative effect as a result of the social adaptation of the individual both to the change and restructuring of the personal structure (the first and second levels), and to the outside.
Similar ideas are expressed by J. Piaget, according to whom the optimal combination of two aspects of social adaptation can be considered a condition for successful adaptation: accommodation as the assimilation of the rules of the environment and assimilation as a transformation of the environment.
N.N. Miloslavova characterizes the types of adaptation in connection with the level of personality matching external conditions, "Growing into the environment", not including the process of transformation, the impact of the personality on the environment:
balancing - establishing a balance between the environment and the individual, who show mutual tolerance for the value system and stereotypes of each other;
pseudo-adaptation - a combination of external adaptability to the situation with a negative attitude towards its norms and requirements;
equating - recognition and acceptance of the basic value systems of the new situation, mutual concessions;
assimilation - psychological reorientation of the individual, transformation of previous views, orientations, attitudes in accordance with the new situation.
An individual can consistently go through all these stages, gradually "growing" into the social environment from the stage of equilibration to the stage of assimilation, or he can stop at one of them. The degree of involvement in the adaptation process depends on a number of factors: on the degree of "tightness" of the personality, on the nature of the situation, on the individual's attitude to it and on the life experience of the adapting person.
Differences in the way of individual life presuppose the construction of various strategies, the leading parameter of which K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya considers activity as an internal criterion of a personality in the implementation of her life program. As a basis for describing various personality strategies, K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya proposes the distribution of initiative and responsibility as an individual way of realizing activity. A person, in whose structure responsibility prevails, always strives to create the necessary conditions for himself, to foresee in advance what is needed to achieve the goal, to prepare for overcoming difficulties and failures. Depending on the level of aspiration and orientation, people with developed responsibility can show different ways of self-expression.
So, a person of the executive type has a low activity of self-expression, is unsure of his abilities, needs the support of others, is situational, subordinate to external control, conditions, orders, advice. He is afraid of changes, surprises, seeks to fix and keep what has been achieved (example: Novoseltsev Anatoly Efremovich - the hero of the film "Office Romance").
Another type of personality, with high responsibility, gets satisfaction from the fulfilled duty, expresses himself through its fulfillment, his life can be planned out to the smallest detail. The daily, rhythmic fulfillment of the planned range of duties brings him a sense of satisfaction at the end of the day. In the life of such people, there are no distant prospects, they do not expect anything for themselves, they are always ready to fulfill other people's requirements. An example of this type of personality would be main character from the film "The Diamond Arm" Gorbunov Semyon Semyonovich.
People with a different kind of life responsibility may have friends and acquaintances. But due to the feeling “one on one” with life, they exclude both any orientation towards support and help from other people, and the possibility of taking responsibility for others, since, in their opinion, this increases their dependence and binds freedom of expression. The responsibility of such people is realized in a variety of roles, for example: Borshchev Afanasy Nikolaevich from the film "Afonya".
A person with a developed initiative is in a state of constant search, strives for something new, not being satisfied with the ready, given. Such a person is guided mainly only by what is desirable, interesting, “fired up” with ideas, willingly takes any risk, but when faced with a new one, different from the imaginary, from the plans and designs created by him. He cannot clearly identify the goals and means, outline the stages in the implementation of plans, separate the achievable from the unattainable. For an initiative person, most often, it is not the results that are important, but the search process itself, its novelty, the breadth of prospects. This position subjectively creates a variety of life, its problematic nature and fascination.
NN Miloslavova distinguishes different types of initiative people, depending on their inclination to take responsibility. Some of them prefer to share their projects, proposals, ideas with those around them, to intensively involve people in the circle of their creative searches, to take responsibility for their scientific and personal fate. These people are characterized by a harmonious combination of initiative and responsibility. Other people's initiative may be limited by good intentions, and plans are not implemented. The integrity or partialness of their activity depends on the nature of their claims and the degree of connection with responsibility.
A person, whose initiative is a life position, constantly goes to search for new conditions, to actively change life, expands the circle of life activities, affairs, communication. He always builds a personal perspective, not only ponders something new, but also builds multi-stage plans, the realism and validity of which depend on the degree of responsibility, the level of personality development.
For people who combine initiative and responsibility, the desire for novelty and the willingness to face the uncertainty associated with risk are balanced. They are constantly expanding their semantic and living space, but they can confidently distribute it into necessary and sufficient, real and desirable. Responsibility for such a person implies not only the organization of activities, but also the ability not to live situationally, but to maintain autonomy and the ability to take initiative.
E.K. Zavyalova distinguishes between individual adaptation strategies in connection with the search activity directed by a person to improve the system of interaction with the environment and himself. Passive strategy is most typical for people in a state of social or emotional shock, and manifests itself in a person's desire to preserve himself, first of all, as a biological unit, leave the past way of life unchanged, use the well-established and previously effective stereotypes of interaction with the environment and oneself. The core of the passive adaptation strategy is negative emotional experiences: anxiety, frustration, a sense of loss, insurmountable obstacles; the past seems beautiful regardless of reality, the present is perceived dramatically, outside help is expected; more frequent aggressive reactions towards others and towards oneself; the person is afraid to take responsibility for making risky decisions.
The passive adaptation strategy is determined by a number of personal characteristics and, in turn, forms a certain type of personality, the dominant position in the structure of which is occupied by over-caution, pedantry, rigidity, preference for the regulation of any creative activity and freedom of decisions, orientation towards making a collectively developed decision, craving for depersonalization, unconditional acceptance of social norms, responsible performance of habitual duties.
In the event of the emergence of new forms of human interaction with nature, society, an active adaptation strategy is implemented by itself - a strategy centered on the intrapersonal and external social restructuring performed by the person himself, on changing the previous way of life, on overcoming difficulties and the destruction of unsatisfying relationships. At the same time, a person is guided by his own internal reserves, is ready and able to take responsibility for his actions and decisions. An active adaptation strategy is based on a realistic attitude to life, the ability to see not only the negative, but also the positive aspects of reality; a person perceives obstacles as surmountable. His behavior and activities are characterized by purposefulness and organization; active, overcoming behavior is accompanied by mainly positive emotional experiences. An active strategy, centered on overcoming, as well as a passive one, forms a certain psychological portrait of a person: social orientation of actions and decisions, social confidence and self-confidence, high personal responsibility, independence, communication skills, a high level of aspirations and a high self-evaluation, emotional stability.
Comparing the considered approaches, it is possible, in general, to define the strategy of social adaptation as the predominant way for the subject to build his relations with the outside world, other people and himself in solving life problems and achieving life goals.
When evaluating this strategy, it is necessary to consider the scope of subjective relationships of the individual:
a) attitude towards oneself, assessment of one's success, self-acceptance;
b) interest in others and communication with them, attitude towards the environment and people in general, acceptance of other people, an idea of their personality assessment, position in communication (dominance or statement) and in conflict situations;
c) a position in relation to the world as a whole, which can manifest itself in a preference for certain experiences, reflected in the level of the personality's claims, its way of assigning responsibility and attitude towards the future (openness to the future or fear of the future, closure in the present).
Concluding the above, within the framework of the psychoanalytic direction, social adaptation is interpreted as a homeostatic balance of the individual with the requirements of the external environment (environment). Socialization of the personality is determined by the repression of the drive and the switching of energy to objects sanctioned by society (3. Freud), as well as as a result of the individual's desire to compensate and overcompensate for his inferiority (A. Adler).
Within the framework of the humanistic direction of research on social adaptation, a provision is put forward on the optimal interaction of the individual and the environment. The main criterion for adaptability here is the degree of integration of the individual and the environment. The goal of adaptation is to achieve positive spiritual health and the correspondence of the values of the individual to the values of the society. At the same time, the adaptation process is not a process of balance between the organism and the environment.
Social adaptation implies ways of adapting, regulating, harmonizing the interaction of the individual with the environment. In the process of social adaptation, a person acts as an active subject who adapts to the environment in accordance with his needs, interests, aspirations and actively self-determines. The process of social adaptation involves the manifestation of various combinations of techniques and methods, strategies of social adaptation.
In general, the strategy of social adaptation is a universal and individual principle, a way of social adaptation of a person to life in his environment, taking into account the direction of his aspirations, goals set by him and ways to achieve them.
Thus, we have identified the types of social adaptation strategies that are individual and unique for each person. Comparing the considered types, it is possible, on the whole, to define the strategy of social adaptation as the predominant way for the subject to build his relations with the outside world, other people and himself in solving life problems and achieving life goals.
Conclusion
The purpose of this course work was to analyze the behavior of an individual as a subject of adaptation when interacting with the environment.
We have summarized the concept of adaptation as a unique form of human interaction with a changing environment. Social adaptation implies ways of adapting, regulating, harmonizing the interaction of an individual with the environment only when a person acts as an active subject who adapts in the environment in accordance with his needs, interests, aspirations and actively self-identifies.
We identified a strategy of social adaptation that ensures viability in the changing conditions of existence. The strategy of social adaptation will be a universal and individual principle, a method of social adaptation of a person to life in his environment, taking into account the direction of his aspirations, goals set by him and ways to achieve them.
In connection with the above, it becomes obvious that without studies of social adaptation, consideration of any problem of social inconsistency will be incomplete, and the analysis of the described aspects of the adaptation process seems to be an integral part of a person.
Thus, the problem of adaptation is an important area of scientific research, located at the junction of various branches of knowledge, which are becoming increasingly important in modern conditions. In this regard, the adaptation concept can be considered as one of the promising approaches to the comprehensive study of a person.
List of used literature
1. Albuhanova-Slavskaya, K. A. Strategy of life / K. A. Albuhanova-Slavskaya - M .: Mysl, 1991. - 301 p.
2. Volkov, GD Adaptation and its levels / GD Volkov, NB Okonskaya. - Perm, 1975 .-- 246 p.
3. Vygotsky, L. S. Problems of age / L. S. Vygotsky - sobr. op. 4 t .: - M., 1984 .-- 4 t.
4. Georgieva, IA Socio-psychological factors of personality adaptation in the team: author. dis. Cand. psychol. sciences. / I. A. Georgieva - L., 1985 .-- 167 p.
5. Gulina, M. A. Psychology of social work / M. A. Gulina, O. N. Aleksandrova, O. N. Bogolyubova, N. L. Vasilyeva et al. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002. –382 p.
6. Zavyalova, E. K. Bulletin of the Baltic pedagogical academy/ E. K. Zavyalova - SPb., 2001 - 28 p.
7. Karpyuk, IA Educational system of the school: Handbook. and general education teachers. shk. / I. A. Karpyuk, M. B. Chernova. - Minsk: Universitetskoe, 2002 .-- 167 p.
8. Kovalev, A. G. Psychology of personality. / A.G. Kovalev - M .: Mysl, 1973 .-- 341 p.
9. Kronik, A. A. Starring: You, We, He, You, I: Psychology mean. att. / A. A. Kronik, E. A. Kronik - M: Thought, 1989 - 204 p.
10. Miloslavova, IA Concept and structure of social adaptation: author. dis. Cand. philosopher. sciences. / I. A. Miloslavova - L., 1974 .-- 295 p.
11. Mudrik, A. V. Social pedagogy: Textbook. for stud. ped. universities / Ed. V. A. Slastenin. - 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Publishing center "academy", 2000. - 200p.
12. Psychological Dictionary / Ed. V.P. Zinchenko, V.G. Meshcheryakova. –2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M: Pedagogika-Press, 1997 .-- 440 p.
13. Rubinstein, S. L. Fundamentals of General Psychology / S. L. Rubinstein - SPb .: Peter, 2000. - 720 p.
14. Rubinstein, MM Essay on educational psychology in connection with general pedagogy / M. M. Rubinstein - M., 1913.
15. Khokhlova, AP Interpersonal perception as one of the psychological mechanisms of adaptation of a person in a group // Problems of communicative and cognitive activity of a person / AP Khokhlova - Ulyanovsk, 1981. - 368 p.
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Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus
Educational Institution Brest State University named after A.S. Pushkin
Socio-pedagogical faculty
Department of Social and Medical Disciplines
Course work
Topic: Adaptation as a process and result of an individual's adaptation to the environment
Vconducting
The relevance of the course work. For a long time, the problem of human adaptation has been among the fundamental in many areas of scientific knowledge. Adaptation is one of the very real ways to preserve human vitality, not only in today's rapidly changing world, but also in the future.
The inclusion of adaptation in the range of important problems is determined both by the real requirements of life and by the logic of the development of scientific knowledge. Modern social science, actively and on a large-scale involved in solving urgent problems for society, is faced with the need to comprehend changes in human behavior. Disclosure of adaptation mechanisms provides a key to understanding new forms of human relations with society, nature and with oneself, to predicting the dynamics of behavior.
Today it is rather difficult to understand the essence of adaptation, to see its uniqueness among other ways of human existence. Difficulties arise, first of all, due to the lack of general guidelines for describing and explaining adaptation processes.
The predominant orientation towards the signs of the environment has led to the emergence of social, professional, climatic, school, university, etc. adaptation. Orientation to the level of human organization? to socio-psychological, mental, psychophysiological, physiological adaptation. Consideration of a number of conceptual provisions, as well as a long experience in studying the possibilities of human life in different environmental conditions, convinces us that a sufficiently reliable reference point for explaining adaptation processes is contained in a person's personality. In all its complex organization of properties and qualities, in all the diversity of its interaction with the surrounding reality, in its correlation with a specific historical period in the development of society, there is the main internal regulator of adaptation in changing social, cultural, subject-technological and natural conditions.
Target course work is to study the behavior of the individual as a subject of adaptation when interacting with the environment.
An object? the process of adaptation of the individual.
Thing? changing environment.
In accordance with the purpose of the course work, the following were solved tasks:
1. To generalize the idea of adaptation as a unique form of human interaction with a changing environment.
2. Expand the content of the concept of "environment".
3. To identify the strategy of social adaptation, ensuring viability in the changing conditions of existence.
1. WITHsocial adaptation as a mechanism of personality socialization
Is the concept of "adaptation" (from Lat. Adaptation) used today in many fields of knowledge? biology, philosophy, sociology, social psychology, ethics, pedagogy, etc. In essence, the study of this problem is at the intersection of various branches of knowledge and is the most important, promising approach in the comprehensive study of man.
In the literature, adaptation is considered in the wide and narrow sense of the word.
In a broad, philosophical, aspect, adaptation is understood as "... any interaction between the individual and the environment in which their structures, functions and behavior are coordinated." In the works carried out in this aspect, adaptation is considered as a way of connecting the individual and the macrosociety, the change in a person's social position, the acquisition of a new social role, i.e. adaptation is related to socialization.
Adaptation in a narrow, socio-psychological, meaning is considered as the relationship of a person with a small group, most often - industrial or student. That is, the process of adaptation is understood as the process of a person's entry into a small group, assimilation by it of the established norms, relations, taking a certain place in the structure of relations between its members.
The peculiarities of the study of adaptation are that, firstly, the relationship between the individual and society is considered as mediated by small groups, of which the individual is a member, and secondly, the small group itself becomes one of the parties involved in the adaptation interaction, forming a new social environment - the sphere of the immediate environment to which the person adapts.
When studying adaptation, one of the most pressing issues is the question of the relationship between adaptation and socialization. The processes of socialization and social adaptation are closely interconnected, as they reflect a single process of interaction between the individual and society. Often, socialization is associated only with general development, and adaptation - with the adaptive processes of an already formed personality in the new conditions of communication and activity. The phenomenon of socialization is defined as a process and result of an individual's active reproduction of social experience, carried out in communication and activity. The concept of socialization is more related to social experience, development and formation of the individual under the influence of society, institutions and agents of socialization. In the process of socialization, the mechanisms of interaction between the individual and the environment are formed.
Thus, in the course of socialization, a person acts as an object that perceives, accepts, assimilates traditions, norms, roles created by society. Socialization, in turn, ensures the normal functioning of the individual in society.
In the course of socialization, the development, formation and formation of the personality are carried out, at the same time, the socialization of the personality is a necessary condition for the adaptation of the individual in society. Social adaptation is one of the main mechanisms of socialization, one of the ways of more complete socialization.
Social adaptation is:
The constant process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the new social environment;
The result of this process.
Social adaptation is an integrative indicator of a person's state, reflecting his ability to perform certain biosocial functions, namely:
· Adequate perception of the surrounding reality and one's own organism;
· An adequate system of relations and communication with others;
· The ability to work, study, to organize leisure and recreation;
· Variability (adaptability) of behavior in accordance with the role expectations of others.
In the course of social adaptation, not only the adaptation of the individual to new social conditions is carried out, but also the realization of his needs, interests and aspirations. The personality enters a new social environment, becomes its full member, asserts itself and develops its individuality. As a result of social adaptation, the social quality of communication, behavior and objective activity, adopted in society, is formed, thanks to which a person realizes his aspirations, needs, interests and can self-determine.
Social adaptation is the process of active adaptation of a person to a changed environment using various social means. The main method of social adaptation is the acceptance of the norms and values of the new social environment (group, collective, organization, region, which includes the individual), the forms of social interaction that have developed here (formal and informal ties, leadership style, family and neighborhood relations, etc.). ), as well as forms and methods of substantive activity (for example, methods of professional performance of work or family responsibilities).
A.G. Kovalev distinguishes between two forms of social adaptation: active, when an individual seeks to influence the environment in order to change it (including those norms, values, forms of interaction that he must master), and passive, when he does not strive for such influence and change. An indicator of successful social adaptation is the high social status of an individual in a given environment, as well as his satisfaction with this environment as a whole (for example, satisfaction with work and its conditions, remuneration, organization, etc.). An indicator of low social adaptation is the movement of an individual to another social environment (staff turnover, migration, etc.) or deviant behavior.
According to I. A. Georgieva, the development of mechanisms of social adaptation, its essence, is based on active human activity, the key point of which is the need to transform essential social reality. Therefore, the very process of forming the mechanisms of social adaptation of a person is inseparable from all types of transformations of individuals and takes place in three main phases: activity, communication, self-awareness, which characterize his social essence. ...
Social activity is a leading and specific mechanism in organizing human adaptation. Important are such components of it as communication, play, learning, labor, realizing full-fledged involvement, active adaptation of the individual to the social environment. The very mechanism of adaptation in the social activity of an individual has regular stages:
The need of the individual
Needs,
Motives for making a decision
Implementation and debriefing,
Social communication is the most important mechanism of human social adaptation, which directs and expands the range of assimilation of social values in contact with other individuals, social groups.
Social self-awareness of a person is a mechanism of social adaptation of a person, in which the formation and comprehension of his social belonging and role is carried out.
According to I.A.Georgieva, there are also such mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual as:
1. Cognitive, which includes all mental processes associated with cognition: sensations, perceptions, representations, memory, thinking, imagination, etc.
2. Emotional, including various moral feelings and emotional states: anxiety, concern, sympathy, condemnation, anxiety, etc.
3. Practical (behavioral), offering a certain directional human activity in social practice. In general, all these mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual make up a complete unity.
The basis of the social adaptation of a person is active or passive adaptation, interaction with the existing social environment, as well as the ability to change and qualitatively transform a person's very personality.
The process of social adaptation is of a concrete historical nature, which influences the personality in different ways or pushes it towards a certain choice of mechanisms of action in a given context of time.
Studies by G. D. Volkov and N. B. Okonskaya show that the process of social adaptation must be considered at three levels:
1. Society (macroenvironment) - this level allows you to highlight the process of social adaptation of the individual in the context of the socio-economic, political and spiritual development of society.
2. Social group (microenvironment) - the study of this process will help to isolate the reasons, the discrepancy between the interests of the individual and the social group (work collective, family, etc.).
3. Individual (intrapersonal adaptation) - the desire to achieve harmony, balance of the internal position and its self-esteem from the position of other individuals.
Analysis of the literature showed that there is no unified classification of social adaptation. This is due to the fact that a person is part of a wide system of professional, business, interpersonal, social relations that allow him to adapt in a given society. The social adaptation system includes different types of adaptive processes:
Industrial and professional adaptation;
Household (solves various aspects in the formation of certain skills, attitudes, habits aimed at routines, traditions, existing relationships between people in a team, in a group outside of connection with the sphere of production activity);
Leisure (involves the formation of attitudes, the ability to satisfy aesthetic experiences, the desire to maintain health, physical improvement);
Political and Economic;
Adaptation to forms of social consciousness (science, religion, art, morality and others);
To nature, etc.
According to GD Volkov, NB Okonskaya all types of adaptation are interconnected, but the dominant one here is social. Full social adaptation of a person includes:
Management,
Economic,
Pedagogical,
Psychological,
Professional,
Production adaptation.
Let us consider in more detail the listed types of social adaptation.
Managerial (organizational) adaptation... Without management, it is impossible to provide a person with favorable conditions (at work, in everyday life), create the prerequisites for the development of his social role, influence him, and ensure activities that meet the interests of society and the individual.
Economic adaptation? it is the most complicated process of assimilation of new socio-economic norms and principles of economic relations of individuals and subjects. For the technology of social work, the so-called "social block" is important here, including adaptation to the real social reality of the size of unemployment benefits, the level of wages, pensions and benefits. They must meet not only the physiological, but also the socio-cultural needs of a person.
Pedagogical adaptation? it is an adaptation to the system of education, training and upbringing, which form the system of value orientations of the individual.
Psychological adaptation... In psychology, adaptation is considered as the process of adaptation of the sense organs to the peculiarities of the stimuli acting on them in order to better perceive them and protect the receptors from excessive load.
Professional adaptation? it is the adaptation of an individual to a new type of professional activity, a new social environment, working conditions and the characteristics of a particular specialty.
Production adaptation? labor activity, initiative, competence and independence, professional qualities are being improved.
Thus, social adaptation implies ways of adaptation, regulation, harmonization of the individual's interaction with the environment. In the process of social adaptation, a person acts as an active subject who adapts in the environment in accordance with his needs, interests, aspirations and actively self-determines. There are mechanisms of social adaptation of a person, the formation process of which is inseparable from all types of transformations of individuals, such as: activity, communication and self-awareness. In essence, the mechanisms of social adaptation are active human activity, the key point of which is the need to transform essential social reality.
In this section of the course work, the types and structure of social adaptation are considered. Making a conclusion, we can say that there is no single classification of the structure of social adaptation. The absence of a unified classification of types of social adaptation is explained by the fact that a person is a person who is part of a wide system of professional, business, interpersonal, social relations that allow him to adapt in a given society.
2 . Vthe impact of the social environment on the process of socialization of the individual
Considering adaptation as a process and result of an individual's adaptation to the environment, it is necessary to note the concept of "environment".
The environment is:
The sphere of habitation and activity of mankind;
The natural world around a person and the material world created by him.
The social environment as a factor in the formation and development of personality has always been recognized. Teachers, social workers and psychologists for centuries in the process of development of science, culture, society have studied the mutual influence and interaction of the environment and humans 14. KD Ushinsky believed that a person is formed under the influence of the whole complex of influences associated with the environment.
The ideas of the 19th Russian democrats V. G. Belinsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov and others are imbued with a deep faith in man, in his development and improvement. Belinsky's statement is known that nature creates a person, but develops and forms his society.
The problem of the environment was widely developed in the second half of the 20s - 30s. N. K. Krupskaya, A. V. Lunacharsky, S. T. Shatsky emphasized that it is necessary to study all the factors that shape the individual: both organized and spontaneous. The environment and its influence on humans have been studied both theoretically and in the form of specific studies of the material, housing, everyday and cultural conditions of human life. The relationship between the economic and social status of the family and the level of education was traced, the specific features of people's life and the impact on their development were revealed. Attempts have been made to make certain changes in the human environment. The study of the environment was carried out from a class position, as evidenced by the terms: proletarian, worker-peasant, socialized, intellectual and other environment.
Since the nature of the influence of the environment depended on quality, the researchers of those years, developing an ideal model of its use, saw the environment as healthy, moral, expedient, rationally organized, etc. It was proposed that such an environment should nourish ideals, create good dominants, develop activity, creativity, independence, develop skills of reasonable disciplined behavior, etc.
From the above, IA Karpyuk and MB Chernov define the concept of "social environment".
The social environment is a part of the environment consisting of interacting individuals, groups, institutions, cultures, and so on.
The social environment is an objectively social reality, which is a combination of material, political, ideological, socio-psychological factors of direct interaction with a person in the course of her life and practical activity.
The main structural components of the social environment are:
Social living conditions of people;
Social actions of people;
Relationships between people in the process of activity and communication;
Social community.
The natural social environment surrounding a person is an external factor in his development. In the process of socialization of the personality, the transformation of the biological individual into a social subject takes place. This is a continuous, multifaceted process that continues throughout a person's life. It proceeds most intensively in childhood and adolescence, when all the basic value orientations are laid, social norms and attitudes are assimilated, and the motivation of social behavior is formed.
The process of socialization of an individual occurs in interaction with a huge number of various conditions, more or less actively influencing their development. These conditions acting on a person are usually called factors. In fact, not all of them have even been identified, and far from all of the known ones have been studied. Knowledge is very uneven about the factors that have been studied: quite a lot is known about some, little is known about others, and very little about the third. More or less studied conditions or factors of the social environment can be conditionally combined into four groups:
1. Megafactors (mega - very large, universal) - space, planet, world, which in one way or another through other groups of factors affect the socialization of all inhabitants of the Earth.
2. Macro factors (macro - large) - a country, ethnic group, society, state, which affect the socialization of everyone living in certain countries.
3. Mesofactors (meso - medium, intermediate) - the conditions for the socialization of large groups of people, distinguished: by locality and type of settlement in which they live (region, village, city, town); by belonging to the audience of certain mass communication networks (radio, television, etc.); by belonging to one or another subculture.
4. Micro-factors - factors that directly affect specific people who interact with them - family and home, neighborhood, peer groups, educational organizations, various public, state, religious, private and counter-social organizations, microsociium. ...
Socialization of a person is carried out by a wide range of universal means, the content of which is specific to a particular society, this or that social stratum, or a particular age of the person being socialized. These include:
Feeding and caring for an infant;
Formed household and hygienic skills;
The products of material culture surrounding a person;
Elements of spiritual culture (from lullabies and fairy tales to sculptures);
Methods of encouragement and punishment in the family, in peer groups, in educational and other socializing organizations;
Consistent introduction of a person to numerous types and types of relationships in the main spheres of his life - communication, play, cognition, subject-practical and spiritual-practical activities, sports, as well as in the family, professional, social, religious spheres.
While developing, the individual seeks and finds the environment that is most comfortable for him, so he can "migrate" from one environment to another.
According to I. A. Karpyuk and M. B. Chernovaya, a person's attitude to the external social conditions of his life in society has the character of interaction. A person not only depends on the social environment, but also by his active actions modifies, and at the same time develops himself.
The social environment acts as a macroenvironment (in the broad sense), i.e. the socio-economic system as a whole, and the microenvironment (in the narrow sense) - the immediate social environment.
The social environment is, on the one hand, one of the most important factors that accelerates or inhibits the process of self-realization of an individual, on the other hand, a necessary condition for the successful development of this process. The attitude of the environment to a person is determined by how well his behavior meets the expectations of the environment. A person's behavior is largely determined by the position he occupies in society. An individual in a society can simultaneously occupy several positions. Each position presents a person with certain requirements, that is, rights and obligations, and is called social status. Statuses can be congenital and acquired. Status is determined by a person's behavior in society. This behavior is called a social role. In the process of formation and development of the personality, positive and negative social roles can be mastered. Mastering the personality of role behavior, providing him with the successful involvement of social relations. This process of adaptation to the conditions of the social environment is called social adaptation.
Thus, the social environment has a great influence on the socialization of the individual through social factors. It can also be noted that a person not only depends on the social environment, but also modifies and develops himself with his active actions. And the way to harmonize the individual with the environment is the strategy of social adaptation.
3. WITHsocial adaptation strategy
The concept of "strategy" in a general sense can be defined as a guiding, organizing way of conducting actions, behavior, designed to achieve not random, momentary, but significant, defining goals.
Social adaptation strategy as a way of harmonizing an individual with the environment, a way of bringing his needs, interests, attitudes, value orientations and requirements of the environment into conformity should be considered in the context of the life goals and life path of a person. In this regard, it is necessary to consider such a range of concepts as "lifestyle", "life story", "picture of life", "life plan", "life path", "life strategy", "lifestyle", "life scenario" ...
MA Gulina notes that the social analysis of the way of life is designed to reveal the mechanisms of self-regulation of the subject, associated with his attitude to the conditions of life and activity, with his needs and life orientations, as well as with his attitude to social norms.
K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya identifies the basic principles of studying personality in the process of life, formulated by S.L. Rubinstein and B.G. Ananiev:
* the principle of historicism, where the inclusion of a personality in historical time allows us to consider biography as its personal history;
* genetic approach, making it possible to identify different grounds for determining the stages, stages of its development in life;
* communication principle development and life movement of the individual with her work, communication and knowledge.
The principle of historicism was based on the idea of S. Buhler, who proposed to draw an analogy between the process of a person's life and the process of history, and declared the life of a person to be an individual history. She called the individual, or personal, life in its dynamics the life path of the individual and singled out a number of aspects of life in order to trace them in dynamics:
* sequence of external events as the objective logic of life;
* the logic of internal events - a change of experiences, values - the evolution of a person's inner world;
* the results of human activity.
S. Buhler believed that the driving force of personality was the striving for self-fulfillment and creativity. As K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya emphasized, the understanding of the life path of S. Buhler contained the main thing: the life of a particular person is not accidental, but natural, it lends itself not only to description, but also to explanation.
B. G. Ananiev believed that the subjective picture of the life path in the self-consciousness of a person is always built according to individual and social development, commensurate in biographical and historical dates.
A. A. Kronik presents a subjective picture of the life path as an image, the temporal dimensions of which are commensurate with the scale of human life as a whole, an image in which not only the past of an individual is captured - the history of his formation, not only the present - the life situation and current activity, but and the future - plans, dreams, hopes. The subjective picture of the life path is a mental image that reflects the socially determined spatio-temporal characteristics of the life path (past, present and future), its stages, events and their interconnections. This image performs the functions of long-term regulation and coordination of the life path of an individual with the life of others, primarily people who are significant to her.
S. L. Rubinshtein, analyzing the works of S. Buhler, perceived and developed the idea of the life path and came to the conclusion that the life path cannot be understood only as the sum of life events, individual actions, products of creativity. It needs to be presented as something more integral. To reveal the integrity, continuity of the life path, S. L. Rubinshtein proposed not only to single out its individual stages, but also to find out how each stage prepares and affects the next. While playing an important role in the path of life, these stages do not predetermine it with fatal inevitability.
One of the most important and interesting thoughts of S. L. Rubinstein, according to K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, is the idea of turning stages in a person's life, which are determined by the personality. S. L. Rubinstein affirms the idea of personality activity, its "active essence", the ability to make choices, make decisions that affect their own life path. S. L. Rubinstein introduces the concept of personality as the subject of life. The manifestations of this subject consist in how activities are carried out, communication, what lines of behavior are developed based on desires and real possibilities.
K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya identifies three structures of the life path: life position, life line and the meaning of life. Life position, which consists in the self-determination of a person, is formed by her activity and is realized in time as a life line. The meaning of life valueally determines the position in life and the line of life. Particular importance is attached to the concept of "life position", which is defined as "the potential for personality development", "a way of realizing life" on the basis of personal values. This is the main determinant of all life manifestations of personality.
KA Abulkhanova-Slavskaya defines the concept of "life perspective" in the context of the concept of the life path of an individual as the potential, capabilities of a person, objectively emerging in the present, which should also be manifested in the future. Following S. L. Rubinstein, K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya stresses that a person is the subject of life, and the individual character of his life is manifested in the fact that the personality acts as its organizer. The individuality of life consists in the ability of the individual to organize it according to his plan, in accordance with his inclinations and aspirations, which are reflected in the concept of "lifestyle".
As a criterion for the correct choice of a person's life path, KA Abulkhanova-Slavskaya puts forward the main criterion - satisfaction or dissatisfaction with life.
The ability of a person to foresee, organize, direct the events of his life or, on the contrary, to obey the course of life events allows us to talk about the existence of various ways of organizing life. These methods are considered as the ability of different types of individuals to build their life strategies spontaneously or consciously. The very concept of life strategy KA Abulkhanova-Slavskaya defines as a constant alignment of the characteristics of her personality and the way of her life, the construction of her life based on her individual capabilities. The strategy of life consists in ways of changing, transforming the conditions, situations of life in accordance with the values of the individual, in the ability to combine their individual characteristics, their status and age capabilities, their own claims with the requirements of society and those around them. In this case, a person as a subject of life integrates his characteristics as a subject of activity, a subject of communication and a subject of cognition and correlates his capabilities with the set life goals and objectives.
Thus, the strategy of life is a strategy for the self-realization of an individual in life by correlating life requirements with personal activity, its values and the way of self-affirmation.
The strategy of social adaptation is an individual way of adaptation of a person to society and its requirements, for which the experience of early childhood experiences, unconscious decisions made in accordance with the subjective scheme of perception of situations and a conscious choice of behavior made in accordance with goals, aspirations, needs, are decisive. personal value system.
The strategies of social adaptation are individual and unique for each individual, however, it is possible to single out some traits and features that are common, characteristic of a number of strategies, and thus highlight the types of strategies of social adaptation.
The variety of types and methods of social adaptation can be considered both from the point of view of the types of orientation of activity in the adaptation process (and then it is set by the leading motives of the personality), and from the point of view of specific types and methods of adaptation, which are set, on the one hand, by the hierarchy of values and goals, depending on the general orientation, and on the other - psychological and psychophysiological personality traits.
In the classification of A.R. Lazursky, three levels of relations are distinguished. At the first level, the personality is entirely dependent on the environment. The environment, external conditions suppress a person, thus insufficient adaptation occurs. At the second level, adaptation takes place for the benefit of oneself and society. People who are on the third level of relationships - a creative attitude to the environment, are able not only to successfully adapt to the environment, but also to influence it, changing and transforming the environment in accordance with their own needs and desires.
Thus, A.R. Lazursky foresaw the possibility of the direction of the transformative effect as a result of the social adaptation of the individual both to the change and restructuring of the personal structure (the first and second levels), and to the outside.
Similar ideas are expressed by J. Piaget, according to whom the optimal combination of two aspects of social adaptation can be considered a condition for successful adaptation: accommodation as the assimilation of the rules of the environment and assimilation as a transformation of the environment.
N.N. Miloslavova characterizes the types of adaptation in connection with the level of personality compliance with external conditions, "growing into the environment", not including the process of transformation, the impact of the personality on the environment:
* balancing - establishing a balance between the environment and the individual, who show mutual tolerance for the value system and stereotypes of each other;
* pseudo-adaptation - a combination of external adaptability to the situation with a negative attitude towards its norms and requirements;
* atravnivanie - recognition and acceptance of the basic value systems of the new situation, mutual concessions;
* assimilation - psychological reorientation of the individual, transformation of previous views, orientations, attitudes in accordance with the new situation.
An individual can consistently go through all these stages, gradually "growing" into the social environment from the stage of equilibration to the stage of assimilation, or he can stop at one of them. The degree of involvement in the adaptation process depends on a number of factors: on the degree of "tightness" of the personality, on the nature of the situation, on the individual's attitude to it and on the life experience of the adapting person.
Differences in the way of individual life presuppose the construction of various strategies, the leading parameter of which K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya considers activity as an internal criterion of a personality in the implementation of her life program. As a basis for describing various personality strategies, K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya proposes the distribution of initiative and responsibility as an individual way of realizing activity. A person, in whose structure responsibility prevails, always strives to create the necessary conditions for himself, to foresee in advance what is needed to achieve the goal, to prepare for overcoming difficulties and failures. Depending on the level of aspiration and orientation, people with developed responsibility can show different ways of self-expression.
So, a person of the executive type has a low activity of self-expression, is unsure of his abilities, needs the support of others, is situational, subordinate to external control, conditions, orders, advice. He is afraid of changes, surprises, seeks to fix and keep what has been achieved (example: Novoseltsev Anatoly Efremovich - the hero of the film "Office Romance").
Another type of personality, with high responsibility, gets satisfaction from the fulfilled duty, expresses himself through its fulfillment, his life can be planned out to the smallest detail. The daily, rhythmic fulfillment of the planned range of duties brings him a sense of satisfaction at the end of the day. In the life of such people, there are no distant prospects, they do not expect anything for themselves, they are always ready to fulfill other people's requirements. An example of this type of personality can be the main character from the movie "The Diamond Arm" Gorbunov Semyon Semyonovich.
People with a different kind of life responsibility may have friends and acquaintances. But due to the feeling “one on one” with life, they exclude both any orientation towards support and help from other people, and the possibility of taking responsibility for others, since, in their opinion, this increases their dependence and binds freedom of expression. The responsibility of such people is realized in a variety of roles, for example: Borshchev Afanasy Nikolaevich from the film "Afonya".
A person with a developed initiative is in a state of constant search, strives for something new, not being satisfied with the ready, given. Such a person is guided mainly only by what is desirable, interesting, “fired up” with ideas, willingly takes any risk, but when faced with a new one, different from the imaginary, from the plans and designs created by him. He cannot clearly identify the goals and means, outline the stages in the implementation of plans, separate the achievable from the unattainable. For an initiative person, most often, it is not the results that are important, but the search process itself, its novelty, the breadth of prospects. This position subjectively creates a variety of life, its problematic nature and fascination.
NN Miloslavova distinguishes different types of initiative people, depending on their inclination to take responsibility. Some of them prefer to share their projects, proposals, ideas with those around them, to intensively involve people in the circle of their creative searches, to take responsibility for their scientific and personal fate. These people are characterized by a harmonious combination of initiative and responsibility. Other people's initiative may be limited by good intentions, and plans are not implemented. The integrity or partialness of their activity depends on the nature of their claims and the degree of connection with responsibility.
A person, whose initiative is a life position, constantly goes to search for new conditions, to actively change life, expands the circle of life activities, affairs, communication. He always builds a personal perspective, not only ponders something new, but also builds multi-stage plans, the realism and validity of which depend on the degree of responsibility, the level of personality development.
For people who combine initiative and responsibility, the desire for novelty and the willingness to face the uncertainty associated with risk are balanced. They are constantly expanding their semantic and living space, but they can confidently distribute it into necessary and sufficient, real and desirable. Responsibility for such a person implies not only the organization of activities, but also the ability not to live situationally, but to maintain autonomy and the ability to take initiative.
E.K. Zavyalova distinguishes between individual adaptation strategies in connection with the search activity directed by a person to improve the system of interaction with the environment and himself. Passive strategy is most typical for people in a state of social or emotional shock, and manifests itself in a person's desire to preserve himself, first of all, as a biological unit, leave the past way of life unchanged, use the well-established and previously effective stereotypes of interaction with the environment and oneself. The core of the passive adaptation strategy is negative emotional experiences: anxiety, frustration, a sense of loss, insurmountable obstacles; the past seems beautiful regardless of reality, the present is perceived dramatically, outside help is expected; more frequent aggressive reactions towards others and towards oneself; the person is afraid to take responsibility for making risky decisions.
The passive adaptation strategy is determined by a number of personal characteristics and, in turn, forms a certain type of personality, the dominant position in the structure of which is occupied by over-caution, pedantry, rigidity, preference for the regulation of any creative activity and freedom of decisions, orientation towards making a collectively developed decision, craving for depersonalization, unconditional acceptance of social norms, responsible performance of habitual duties.
In the event of the emergence of new forms of human interaction with nature, society, an active adaptation strategy is implemented by itself - a strategy centered on the intrapersonal and external social restructuring performed by the person himself, on changing the previous way of life, on overcoming difficulties and the destruction of unsatisfying relationships. At the same time, a person is guided by his own internal reserves, is ready and able to take responsibility for his actions and decisions. An active adaptation strategy is based on a realistic attitude to life, the ability to see not only the negative, but also the positive aspects of reality; a person perceives obstacles as surmountable. His behavior and activities are characterized by purposefulness and organization; active, overcoming behavior is accompanied by mainly positive emotional experiences. An active strategy, centered on overcoming, as well as a passive one, forms a certain psychological portrait of a person: social orientation of actions and decisions, social confidence and self-confidence, high personal responsibility, independence, communication skills, a high level of aspirations and high self-esteem, emotional stability.
Comparing the considered approaches, it is possible, in general, to define the strategy of social adaptation as the predominant way for the subject to build his relations with the outside world, other people and himself in solving life problems and achieving life goals.
When evaluating this strategy, it is necessary to consider the scope of subjective relationships of the individual:
a) attitude towards oneself, assessment of one's success, self-acceptance;
b) interest in others and communication with them, attitude towards the environment and people in general, acceptance of other people, an idea of their personality assessment, position in communication (dominance or statement) and in conflict situations;
c) a position in relation to the world as a whole, which can manifest itself in a preference for certain experiences, reflected in the level of the personality's claims, its way of assigning responsibility and attitude towards the future (openness to the future or fear of the future, closure in the present).
Concluding the above, within the framework of the psychoanalytic direction, social adaptation is interpreted as a homeostatic balance of the individual with the requirements of the external environment (environment). Socialization of the personality is determined by the repression of the drive and the switching of energy to objects sanctioned by society (3. Freud), as well as as a result of the individual's desire to compensate and overcompensate for his inferiority (A. Adler).
Within the framework of the humanistic direction of research on social adaptation, a provision is put forward on the optimal interaction of the individual and the environment. The main criterion for adaptability here is the degree of integration of the individual and the environment. The goal of adaptation is to achieve positive spiritual health and the correspondence of the values of the individual to the values of the society. At the same time, the adaptation process is not a process of balance between the organism and the environment.
Social adaptation implies ways of adapting, regulating, harmonizing the interaction of the individual with the environment. In the process of social adaptation, a person acts as an active subject who adapts to the environment in accordance with his needs, interests, aspirations and actively self-determines. The process of social adaptation involves the manifestation of various combinations of techniques and methods, strategies of social adaptation.
In general, the strategy of social adaptation is a universal and individual principle, a way of social adaptation of a person to life in his environment, taking into account the direction of his aspirations, goals set by him and ways to achieve them.
Thus, we have identified the types of social adaptation strategies that are individual and unique for each person. Comparing the considered types, it is possible, on the whole, to define the strategy of social adaptation as the predominant way for the subject to build his relations with the outside world, other people and himself in solving life problems and achieving life goals.
Zconcluding
The purpose of this course work was to analyze the behavior of an individual as a subject of adaptation when interacting with the environment.
We have summarized the concept of adaptation as a unique form of human interaction with a changing environment. Social adaptation implies ways of adapting, regulating, harmonizing the interaction of an individual with the environment only when a person acts as an active subject who adapts in the environment in accordance with his needs, interests, aspirations and actively self-identifies.
We identified a strategy of social adaptation that ensures viability in the changing conditions of existence. The strategy of social adaptation will be a universal and individual principle, a method of social adaptation of a person to life in his environment, taking into account the direction of his aspirations, goals set by him and ways to achieve them.
In connection with the above, it becomes obvious that without studies of social adaptation, consideration of any problem of social inconsistency will be incomplete, and the analysis of the described aspects of the adaptation process seems to be an integral part of a person.
Thus, the problem of adaptation is an important area of scientific research, located at the junction of various branches of knowledge, which are becoming increasingly important in modern conditions. In this regard, the adaptation concept can be considered as one of the promising approaches to the comprehensive study of a person.
WITHlist of used literature
1. Albuhanova-Slavskaya, K. A. Strategy of life / K. A. Albuhanova-Slavskaya - M .: Mysl, 1991. - 301 p.
2. Volkov, GD Adaptation and its levels / GD Volkov, NB Okonskaya. - Perm, 1975 .-- 246 p.
3. Vygotsky, L. S. Problems of age / L. S. Vygotsky - sobr. op. 4 t .: - M., 1984 .-- 4 t.
4. Georgieva, IA Socio-psychological factors of personality adaptation in the team: author. dis. Cand. psychol. sciences. / I. A. Georgieva - L., 1985 .-- 167 p.
5. Gulina, M. A. Psychology of social work / M. A. Gulina, O. N. Aleksandrova, O. N. Bogolyubova, N. L. Vasilyeva et al. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002. -382 p.
6. Zavyalova, EK Bulletin of the Baltic Pedagogical Academy / EK Zavyalova - SPb., 2001 - 28 p.
7. Karpyuk, IA Educational system of the school: Handbook. and general education teachers. shk. / I. A. Karpyuk, M. B. Chernova. - Minsk: Universitetskoe, 2002 .-- 167 p.
8. Kovalev, A. G. Psychology of personality. / A.G. Kovalev - M .: Mysl, 1973 .-- 341 p.
9. Kronik, A. A. Starring: You, We, He, You, I: Psychology mean. att. / A. A. Kronik, E. A. Kronik - M: Thought, 1989 - 204 p.
10. Miloslavova, IA Concept and structure of social adaptation: author. dis. Cand. philosopher. sciences. / I. A. Miloslavova - L., 1974 .-- 295 p.
11. Mudrik, A. V. Social pedagogy: Textbook. for stud. ped. universities / Ed. V. A. Slastenin. - 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Publishing center "academy", 2000. - 200p.
12. Psychological Dictionary / Ed. V.P. Zinchenko, V.G. Meshcheryakova. 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M: Pedagogika-Press, 1997 .-- 440 p.
13. Rubinstein, S. L. Fundamentals of General Psychology / S. L. Rubinstein - SPb .: Peter, 2000. - 720 p.
14. Rubinstein, MM Essay on educational psychology in connection with general pedagogy / M. M. Rubinstein - M., 1913.
15. Khokhlova, AP Interpersonal perception as one of the psychological mechanisms of adaptation of a person in a group // Problems of communicative and cognitive activity of a person / AP Khokhlova - Ulyanovsk, 1981. - 368 p.
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In the Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary, social adaptation is characterized as "a type of interaction of an individual or social group with the social environment, during which the requirements and expectations of its participants are coordinated." The most important component of social adaptation is the reconciliation of self-assessments, claims, and expectations of the subject with his capabilities and the reality of the social environment. Adaptation is determined by the goals of activities, social norms, ways of achieving them and sanctions for deviating from these norms from the social environment. From the side of an individual or a group, adaptation depends on the perception and assessment of these goals, norms and sanctions. The Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia defines social adaptation as a person's adaptation to the conditions of a new social environment; one of the socio-psychological mechanisms of personality socialization.
Having appeared in biology, the concept of adaptation was reduced to the study of the normative states of equilibrium between the individual and the environment and, therefore, for a long time the concept of adaptation was associated with the concept of adaptation. Later, this problem began to be developed not only in terms of studying the adaptation of a person as a biological organism, but also as an integral personality, the understanding of adaptation as a simple adaptation turned out to be insufficient. Recently, the emphasis in the study of social adaptation has shifted to the area of human states associated with personal effectiveness, the realization of individual potential, i.e. self-realization.
The process of social adaptation always presupposes the interaction of two objects, which unfolds in conditions of imbalance, inconsistency between them. The main purpose of such interaction is to establish coordination between objects, the degree and nature of which may be different.
In contrast to a biological organism, which has numerous morphological and instinctive mechanisms that provide almost instantaneous "incorporation" of a living being born into the world into the environment, a person is not born in advance adapted to the social environment. Social adaptation presupposes the gradual assimilation of cultural values and social norms, as well as the search for one's place in a real society at a certain stage in the development of society. This process has no clear boundaries, unfolds throughout the development of a person and is called by the general term "adaptation to life."
A.V. Petrovsky considers adaptation, along with individualization and integration, a stage of personality development and understands by this term the active assimilation of norms operating in a community and the mastery of the corresponding forms and means of activity. This is a constant process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the social environment and the result of this process. The ratio of these components depends on the goals and value orientations of the individual, the possibilities of achieving them in the social environment. He distinguishes two types of the adaptation process: the type characterized by the predominance of active influence on the social environment; type, determined by passive acceptance of goals and value orientations, which are formed depending on the structure of the needs and motives of the individual.
A.A. Rean considers social adaptation as an active process, including active self-change, self-correction in accordance with the requirements of the environment. Passive acceptance of social values, norms, rules of behavior can not be. The types of the adaptation process depend on its direction. One option is associated with an active influence on the external environment, its development and adaptation to oneself, the other - with a change in one's own personality, the correction of one's own social attitudes.
behavioral stereotypes. There is also a third type of adaptation process - the probabilistic-combined one, combining the two above. When determining the personality of the adaptation strategy, the following factors are taken into account:
- the requirements of the social environment: their strength, the degree of hostility, the degree of limitation of the needs of the individual, etc .;
- personality potential in terms of change, adaptation of the environment to oneself;
- the cost of the effort, i.e. physical and mental costs when choosing an adaptation strategy.
The types of the adaptation process are formed depending on the structure of needs, motives, individual and personal characteristics, in particular, on the developed socio-psychological tolerance of the individual. Social and psychological tolerance is understood, firstly, as sensual tolerance, i.e. increasing the threshold of sensitivity to various influences of the social environment (tolerance-callousness); secondly, dispositional tolerance, i.e. a system of attitudes towards reality, towards other people, characterized by a tolerant attitude towards everything.
Conformal, passive acceptance of values, norms, attitudes of the social environment without active self-change, self-correction, self-development, according to A. Reana - there is maladjustment, because it is always accompanied by a state of discomfort, dissatisfaction, a sense of inferiority. Moreover, active change of oneself, while remaining a process of adaptation, can be considered as a process of personality development.
Interpretations of the goals of the adaptation process are diverse. As the desired result of the adaptation process, adaptation, and balancing, and integration, and the achievement of an optimal state, and self-actualization were noted, which reflect the understanding of the essence of the adaptation process itself, i.e. through the ultimate goal of the process, it will be defined. So, in the context of the development of the problem of deviant behavior, the main goal of the adaptation process is considered as an adaptation, which is achieved through the assimilation of social norms and rules of behavior and the mastery of methods of activity. In the psychoanalytic direction, the goal is to achieve homeostatic balance of the individual with the requirements of the environment; harmony between the individual and the environment, which increases the ability of individuals and groups to survive, is the goal of social adaptation according to behaviorists. The psychology of success in life necessarily introduces, as a result of adaptation, the achievement of a certain level of personal effectiveness, exceeding the average statistical norm. Humanistic psychology, actively developing the problem of actualizing the positive potential of the individual, as ultimate goal the adaptation process examines the idea of personality self-realization.
Several models of social adaptation are distinguished. If a person shares the goals of the culture in which he lives, realizes them by legal, recommended means, then a conformal model of adaptation is implemented. An innovative adaptation model is characterized by the fact that a person accepts the goals of the community, but realizes them in non-traditional ways. If a person does not recognize the goals and values of his own society, but observes the "rules of the game", the norms of behavior adopted by this society, then it comes about a model of social adaptation called ritualism. Eiskepism (detachment, withdrawal from social reality) is a model of social adaptation in which a person does not accept the goals and values of society and socially approved means of achieving them. In this case, we are talking about the "parallel existence" of a person and society. If the person does not recognize the society, its culture and actively opposes them, we are talking about rebellion, rebellion as a model of social adaptation.
W. Searle and S. Ward distinguish two aspects of adaptation: psychological adaptation and sociocultural adaptation. Psychological adaptation refers to the psychological consequences of a person's entry into the social environment, including a clear understanding of personal and ethnic identification, good mental health, and a general ability to achieve a sense of personal satisfaction. Socio-cultural adaptation is the ability to cope with daily problems in a new cultural environment, especially in the spheres of family life, work, study [according to history 3].
We believe that socio-pedagogical adaptation can be distinguished as a type of socio-cultural adaptation, by which we mean a pedagogically organized process of perceiving social values, norms, attitudes of social life, cognition of social roles, and the development of a child's personal potential in the process of education. The structure of social and pedagogical adaptation includes knowledge about social values, norms, attitudes, skills of social activity, the development of cognitive, communication skills, value orientations of the individual.
The study of socio-psychological features of social adaptation of a person allowed scientists to establish a number of fundamental provisions: social adaptation has socially transformed ways and means of a person's entry into changed social circumstances, therefore it is qualitatively different from adaptive mechanisms in the animal world; social adaptation of an individual is a dynamic phenomenon, passing through a number of stages in its functioning, the sequence of development of which depends on specific social conditions; v public life personality adaptation is an optimization factor in the regulation of communication, a condition and prerequisite for the effectiveness of human activity; by its structure, social adaptation consists of two interrelated components: an adaptive situation and an adaptive need.
Social adaptation is the interaction of the individual and society. The process of social adaptation is the interaction of equal parties, and not just the adaptation of the individual to the environment.
An essential feature of social adaptation is a high degree of implementation of the active transformative function of both the personality and the environment.
The interaction of personality and environment is subject to certain laws. The first pattern is as follows: the more stable the environment, the deeper and more stable the changes that take place in the personality in the process of adaptation. The second regularity is expressed in the fact that higher levels of the social environment, due to their rigidity, are less dependent on the influence of the individual.
V real life a person simultaneously interacts with different levels of the social environment: with a production team, with a study group, with a family, with a new social organization, with a new culture. With everyone, a person seeks to establish optimal interaction. At the same time, the indicator of adaptation at different levels of the social environment is not the same, i.e. a person can adapt well and quickly to
production team and be unsuccessful in family adaptation.
The adaptation process can unfold in different conditions... There is a point of view that adaptation is the result of stress, which triggers the "trigger" of the adaptation process. On the other hand, adaptation is also necessary in everyday conditions, the so-called "adaptation to life". In this sense, they distinguish adaptation to extreme conditions, to changed conditions, to constant conditions, to changing conditions.
Adaptation to extreme conditions is associated with the individual's need to cope with a sharply complicated life situation. Adaptation in such cases is associated with a great strain on the physical and mental resources of a person. Long-term preservation of extreme conditions leads to maladjustment due to high psycho-emotional stress. Examples of such adaptation can be situations associated with military conflicts, economic crises, etc.
Adaptation to a changed environment is associated with long-term, stable changes in a person's life: adaptation to a profession, family, emigration, etc.
The result of such adaptation is profound and stable personality changes, which make it possible to perceive the environment not as new, but as ordinary, natural.
Adaptation to a permanent environment involves the gradual assimilation of values, norms, rules of behavior in society and is associated with the socialization of the individual. This is a daily adaptation to specific life situations. Its effectiveness largely depends on constructive behavior, personal maturity, and a person's potential for self-realization.
Adaptation to changing conditions is associated with the adaptability of the personality, with the ability to find points of contact with any environment, to negotiate, while maintaining the core of the personality. In this case, such personality traits as flexibility and stability are especially important. In the unstable conditions of the social environment, much depends on the stability and stability of the individual.
E. Erickson, describing the problems of age crises, essentially considers how these crises affect the process of social adaptation of the child. So, in the first year of life, according to E. Erickson, the parameter of social interaction develops, the positive pole of which is trust, the negative pole is distrust. The second stage, the second and third years of life, forms in the child either independence (if the child has the opportunity to realize his motor and mental abilities), or indecision (if the parents show impatience and will do for the child what he can himself). The third stage - four, five years old - is responsible for the formation of the child's entrepreneurial spirit (if the child is presented with initiative in motor activity), or a sense of guilt (if the parents show the child that his motor activity is harmful). The fourth stage - the age of six to eleven years - is a psychosocial parameter characterized by skill, on the one hand, and a feeling of inferiority, on the other, depending on how the child's interest in the arrangement of things, their development and adaptation is realized. The fifth stage - twelve eighteen years - is the stage of identification and confusion of roles. At this stage, the child is faced with the task of combining all his social roles, comprehending them, connecting with the past and projecting into the future, realizing his own individuality. The formation of adaptive abilities depends on how these age crises pass.
Adaptability is expressed in the alignment of goals and results. In turn, adaptability means the existence of contradictory relationships between the goal and the results of the functioning of a purposeful system, i.e. a person's intentions do not coincide with deeds, plans do not coincide with embodiment, motives for action do not coincide with its results. Responsiveness - there is also a special motive that guides the development of the personality and manifests itself in oversituational activity, in the specific attractiveness of actions with a predetermined outcome.
In the case of constant failure of the individual's attempts to realize the goal or in the case of the formation of two or more equally significant goals, maladaptivity develops into maladaptivity, which indicates the immaturity of the personality, neurotic deviations or an extreme situation in which the person finds himself. The need for adaptation arises most acutely when the individual is outside the lower limit of the norm, symptoms of which are psycho-emotional stress or deviating behavior. Further progression of such a state can lead either to the destruction (illness, death) of the individual as a result of the adverse effects of the environment, or to the destruction of the environment interacting with him as a result of the destructive actions of the individual.
Close in meaning to the concept of maladjustment is the concept of deprivation, which refers to the mental state of a person arising as a result of a long-term limitation of his ability to satisfy basic mental needs, expressed in deviations in emotional, intellectual development, and disruption of social contacts. Social deprivation manifests itself when it is impossible for an individual to realize social self-realization through the assimilation of social roles, familiarization with social goals and values. The process of restoring the subject's adaptive abilities is called readaptation.
Since adaptation is the interaction of the individual and the environment, it is natural to single out external and internal criteria for the adaptation-maladjustment of the personality. Adaptation, in this case, is understood as a state, a certain integral indicator of the success of an individual's interaction at all levels of the social environment. The external criterion is associated with the concept of "adaptation", expressed in the achievement of success in a particular social environment. The internal criterion is considered as a favorable psychological state associated with the ability to meet individual needs, self-expression, lack of tension, anxiety. Optimal adaptation is achieved by coordinating two criteria: internal and external. The levels of adaptability are highlighted in accordance with the criteria of A.N. Zhmyrikov [according to East eight].
Table 3.
Adaptability levels
It is possible to single out the factors influencing the success of the process of social adaptation of children and adolescents. The first group of factors is personal factors. These include:
- 1. The ability to adequately assess the situation, live in the present, the feeling of being a subject of social life, manifested in an active life position. A person's ability to live in the present presupposes the experience of the present moment of his life in its entirety, and not as a fatal consequence of the past or preparation for the future "real" life, a sense of the inseparability of the past, present and future, a vision of life as a whole. And, at the same time, independence in actions, the desire to be guided by their own goals, beliefs, principles, which does not mean hostility to others and confrontation with group norms.
- 2. The level of self-esteem. Self-esteem is understood as the attitude of an individual to himself, manifested as approval or disapproval, the degree of which determines the individual's conviction in his self-worth, significance; a positive or negative attitude directed by a person towards himself. Self-esteem reflects the degree to which an individual develops a sense of self-esteem, self-esteem, and a positive attitude towards oneself. Self-esteem can be adequate and inadequate. Adequate self-esteem helps a person to treat himself critically, to correlate his strengths and capabilities with problems of varying degrees of complexity. Inadequate self-esteem can manifest itself as inadequate overestimated and inadequate low self-esteem. Self-assessment, according to A.A. Reana and J.L. Kolominsky, to a large extent determines the degree of social adaptation of an individual, is a regulator of behavior and activity.
- 3. Creativity, manifested in the ability to create something new, which characterizes the creative orientation of the individual. Creativity is the ability to transform and develop any activity, suggesting that it is not special abilities, but the position of the subject of the activity that determines the possibility of creative achievements.
The second group of factors are external factors. These include:
- 1. Value orientations of a family, a teacher, a peer reference group, by which we mean moral, ideological, aesthetic and other assessments of the surrounding reality, as well as a way of differentiating objects according to their significance. Value orientations are formed during the assimilation of social experience and are manifested in goals, ideals, convictions, interests and other manifestations of the personality.
- 2. Creation of pedagogical conditions (one of which is the pedagogical technology of social adaptation) for the successful development of the above personal factors: the ability to adequately assess the situation, the level of self-esteem, creativity, as well as the formation of social experience of communication.
