Personality types in psychology. Social, confidential and psychological types of personality. Determination of the personality type. Types of personalities and temperaments in psychology

Introduction

General concept about personality

1 Personality structure

2 Dispositional approach to the definition of personal structure

Typological approach

Personality types in social psychology

1 Typology of psychosocial types

2 Typology of temperaments I.P. Pavlova

3 Constitutional typologies of E. Kretschmer

4 K. Horney's typology based on different needs for communication

3.5 Typology based on the relationship between behavior and internal motives of a person

6 Typology of A. Adler. Personality types: attitudes associated with lifestyles

3.7 Typology "Locus of control"

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

A person in society should grow according to his nature, be himself and the only one, as on a tree each leaf is different from another. But in each leaf there is something in common with others, and this community runs over the knots, vessels and forms the power of the trunk and the unity of the whole tree.

MM. Prishvin

The difference between people is multifaceted: it is the difference in beliefs and interests, knowledge and experience, abilities and skills, temperament and character.

And, nevertheless, the functioning of the psyche of all people obeys general laws, all have memory, emotions and other mental processes.

In individual development, a person goes through general stages of development, general, typical human manifestations of the psyche are formed.

It should be noted that the interaction of heredity and environment determines the individual characteristics of the human psyche. But even the differences between people from each other are characterized by a certain stability, as a result, these differences can also be distinguished, described, typified, generalized, i.e. scientific typologies are created, there is "common" even in differences.

Everything existing classifications types of thinking, temperament, character, personality of people, on the one hand, are too broad, because a large number of different people fall into one heading, on the other hand, they are too narrow, because no one person ever fits into one heading entirely. But, despite this, one cannot do without scientific typologies. They are needed because they help to predict a person, his development, mental reactions, interaction in society, his activities.

1. General concept of personality

In psychological science, the category "personality" is one of the basic concepts. But the concept of "personality" is not purely psychological and is studied by all social sciences, including philosophy, sociology, pedagogy, etc. What is the specificity of studying personality within the framework of psychological science and what is personality from a psychological point of view? The answer to this question is not so easy, since all psychologists answer it in different ways, which testifies to the complexity of the personality phenomenon itself. According to I.S. Kohn “On the one hand, it designates a specific individual (person) as a subject of activity, in the unity of his individual properties (single) and his social roles (general). On the other hand, personality is understood as a social property of an individual, as a set of socially significant features integrated in him, formed in the process of direct and indirect interaction of a given person with other people and making him, in turn, a subject of labor, cognition and communication. ”(1 )

Each of the definitions of personality available in scientific literature, is supported by experimental research and theoretical foundations and therefore deserves to be taken into account when considering the concept of "personality".

According to A.G. Maklakov “Personality is a specific person, taken in the system of his stable socially conditioned psychological characteristics, which are manifested in social connections and relationships, determine his moral actions and are essential for him and those around him.” (2)

Psychology has developed its own idea of ​​the problem of human research. This idea was substantiated by B.G. Ananyev, who identified four levels of human organization that are of greatest interest to scientific research, is an individual, subject of activity, personality, individuality.

Concept "individual"characterizes a person as a carrier of certain biological properties (belonging of a particular person to the human race). Being born as an individual, a person is included in the system of social relationships and processes, as a result of which he acquires a special social quality - he becomes a person... This happens because a person, being included in the system of public relations, acts as subject - carrier of consciousness, which is formed and developed in the process of activity.

In turn, the features of the development of all these levels characterize the uniqueness and originality of a particular person, determine his individuality.Thus, the concept of "personality" characterizes one of the most significant levels organization of a person, namely, the characteristics of his development as a social being.

1.1 Personality structure

When considering the structure of personality, it usually includes abilities, temperament, character, motivation and social attitudes.

Capabilities- these are individually stable properties of a person that determine his success in various activities.

Temperamentis a dynamic characteristic of human mental processes. Charactercontains qualities that determine a person's attitude to other people. Motivationis a set of motives for activity.

Social attitudesare the beliefs of people.

Will- the need to overcome obstacles, the conscious mobilization of a person's mental and physical capabilities to overcome difficulties and obstacles, to perform purposeful actions and deeds.

Emotions- a set of qualities that describe the dynamics of the emergence, course and termination of emotional states.

Personality gets its structure from the specific structure of human activity and is characterized, therefore five potentials: cognitive, value, creative, communicative and artistic.

1. Epistemological (cognitive) potentialis determined by the volume and quality of information that a person has.

2. Axiological (value) potentialpersonality is determined by the system of value orientations acquired by it in the process of socialization in the moral, political, religious, aesthetic spheres, i.e. her ideals, life goals, beliefs and aspirations.

3. Creative potentialthe personality is determined by the skills and abilities she has received and independently developed, abilities to act and the measure of their implementation in any field of activity.

4. Communication potentialpersonality is determined by the measure and forms of its sociability, the nature and strength of contacts established with other people.

5. Artistic potentialpersonality is determined by the level, content, intensity of her artistic needs and how she satisfies them.

Elements psychological structure personality are its psychological properties and characteristics, the so-called "Personality traits".Psychologists try to conditionally fit the boundless number of personality traits into substructures. In this regard, the concept of K.K. Platonov, who developed the hierarchical structure of personality, taking into account the definition of personality levels and such substructures as: orientation, experience, forms of reflection, biological, constitutional properties.

Outstanding psychologist S.L. Rubinstein distinguished in personality - orientation, ability, temperament, character, self-awareness.

But A.N. Leont'ev believed that personality is the social essence of a person, and therefore temperament, character, abilities and knowledge of a person are not part of the personality as its substructures.

1.2 Dispositional approach to the definition of personality structure

In psychology, there are two main directions in the study of personality: the first is based on the identification of certain traits in the personality, and the second is based on the definition of personality types.

From the point of view of the dispositional approach, there are no exactly alike people. An adherent of the dispositional approach, Gordon Allport believed that each personality is unique and that its uniqueness can be understood through the definition of specific personality traits. human behavior is always the result of a certain configuration of personality traits.

Personality trait- this is what determines the constant, stable, typical for various situations features of human behavior, this is an important component of the "personality structure".

G. Allport singled out general and individual features. Common featuresincludes any characteristics inherent in a certain number of people within a particular culture.

Individual traits, or individual dispositions- these are characteristics of a person that do not allow comparisons with other people, these are the unique features of a particular person, which most accurately reflect his personal structure.

Empirical studies of the main traits that form the core of personality were carried out by psychologists Eysenck, Cattel, Guilford, and others, proving that the basic structure of personality traits affects a person's behavioral responses. In their research, they used the factorial method of analyzing personality structure. The factorial method consists in mathematical analysis correlations (relationships) within a certain group of data.

2. Typological approach

Large in volume and more heterogeneous in comparison with the trait is the concept "type of"... The personality type is considered as a holistic formation, not reducible to a set of traits. The concept of "type" is distinguished by a higher level of generalization and performs the function of categorizing personality traits into larger units that are directly related to the observed models of human behavior.

Types- these are combinations of meaningful personality characteristics, between which there are natural and necessary connections, "complexes"

(G. Murray), "consistent patterns" (S. Muddy).

The typological approach proceeds from the position that the personality type is a holistic formation, not reducible to a combination of individual personality factors. Its content is disclosed by the description of a typical or average representative of a group of persons belonging to this type. For example, such a personality type as an "authoritarian personality" is a conglomeration of at least four personality factors, which cannot be reduced to dominance. However, one of the most distinguishing differences between authoritarianism and dominance is that the authoritarian person oppresses those at a lower level and subservience to higher ones, while the dominant person is the leader for those occupying a lower position and fights for a higher position.

Personality typology - fundamental problem psychological cognition... Carl Gustav Jung was one of the first to stage and thoroughly analyze it in the classic work "Psychological Types". It should be noted that the issues of typology are not limited to the general principles of grouping individual personality traits and substructures, but presuppose the consideration of the individual as an integral subject that differs from other subjects not only in temperament and characterological manifestations, but also in a specific way of life, a way of perceiving the surrounding world, worldview , value system, etc.

From a review of the classifications of temperament and character, it becomes clear that when identifying personality types, its stable individual or socially formed characteristics are taken into account, such as features of the bodily constitution, properties of the nervous system, accentuation, etc. However, along with psychophysiological and psychiatric evaluation criteria, the most general grounds can be identified that allow typing a personality in its integrity and specificity of mental activity.

One of these attempts was carried out by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, who, along with the description of four types of temperament, identified three "purely human types" of higher nervous activity: mental, artistic, average. The typology of I.P. Pavlova lies the relative participation of the first and second signal systems in the perception of the world and the organization of human activity.

According to Pavlov , representatives thinking type,characterized by the predominance of the activity of the second signaling system of the left hemisphere of the brain, are very reasonable, inclined to a detailed analysis of life phenomena, to abstract abstract-logical thinking. Their feelings are distinguished by moderation, restraint and are usually expressed outside, only after passing through the "filter of reason." People of this type, as a rule, are interested in mathematics, philosophy, they are carried away by scientific activity.

In people artistic typethe activity of the first signaling system of the right hemisphere of the brain predominates and there is a developed imaginative thinking, which is imprinted by high emotionality, brightness of imagination, immediacy and liveliness of perception of reality. They are primarily interested in art, poetry, music, theater, they successfully realize themselves in writing and art. In contrast to the skepticism of the thinking type, artistic personalities often turn out to be "romantic natures."

Most people (up to 80%) belong to the "golden mean" middle type... Their character is slightly dominated by a rational or emotional principle, and this depends mainly on upbringing and life circumstances. The indicated typological features begin by the age of 12-16: some adolescents devote most of their time to literature, music, art, others - to chess, physics, mathematics, so adolescence is quite favorable for preliminary career guidance.

Another example of the systematic development of problems of personality typology is the theory of psychological types by K.G. Cabin boy. He associated typological differences with two factors:

1.The predominance of a certain mindset in the mental activity of an individual;

2.Dominance of one of the main mental functions.

In Jung's theory, two attitudes or orientations of consciousness are distinguished, corresponding to two directions of psychic energy: introversionand extraversion.

Introversionpresupposes the focus of mental activity on the phenomena and content of the subject's inner world, his thoughts, fantasies, experiences. In this case, the motivating power of actions comes from the subject himself and to a lesser extent depends on external ("objective") circumstances.

Introvert - this is a person who is turned inward, listening to the "inner voice", leading an intense inner life and showing little interest in the environment.

Extroversionon the contrary, it turns a person to the world of external phenomena and events. At the same time, there is a predominant orientation outward, towards the object: dependence on it or increased interest in it.

Extrovert , in his thoughts, feelings and actions he is inclined to obey the “objective” external requirements or the “attractive force” of the object. Jung emphasized that these two types are not rigidly fixed.

Introversion and extraversion are observed in the soul of any person and in the natural life process naturally replace each other, alternate, like phases systoles(contraction of the heart, then blood is pumped into the arteries) and diastole(expansion of the cavities of the heart due to relaxation of its muscles, the heart "rests"). Introversion or extroversion means only the predominant orientation of consciousness. (Note that Jung's understanding does not completely coincide with the interpretations of introversion and extraversion, put by G. Eysenck as the basis of his famous test).

The second significant factor in the differentiation of psychological types is the maximum severity of one of the four mental functions, which include: thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition. One or another function becomes decisive in the life of the individual, the other turns out to be subordinate and auxiliary, two more remain undifferentiated (undeveloped) and act mainly at the unconscious level. Depending on this factor, a person in his perception of the world and behavior mainly relies on either rational judgment or emotional and ethical assessment of events; either facts and impressions, or intuitive (integral and not fully realized) understanding.

According to this criterion, the following types are distinguished:

· Thoughtful- orientation to the personal past.

· Emotional- orientation towards the historical past,

· Sensory- perceives the present in its entirety, is not attentive to the past,

· Intuitive- present and past tense, insignificantly, directed towards the horizon

Each type can be introverted or extroverted, which is why Jung describes in detail eight possible personality types.

Personality typologies can be built according to a variety of criteria, for example, according to the nature of the orientation of the individual, her interests, ideological guidelines and beliefs, as well as in accordance with culturally determined types of worldview.

This group includes "ideological" typologies, in particular, classification by Edward Spranger ... It stands out six personality types, based on six universal value orientations... The values ​​highlighted by Spranger are inherent to a certain extent to all people and are pivotal in human life. Different people have one or another combination of the values ​​below, with a predominance of one of them.

· Theoretical.A person who prioritizes this value is primarily interested in revealing the truth.

· Economic.An "economic" person, first of all, appreciates what is useful and profitable,

· Aesthetic.Such a person is predominantly focused on perfect form and harmony.

· Social.The highest value for a "social" person is the love and recognition of people.

· Political.The dominant interest of the political type is to fall. It corresponds to a "man of strength."

· Religious.People of this type are mainly interested in understanding the world as a whole, governed by higher powers, God, absolute or first principle.

A similar axiological (value) approach was adhered to by Gordon Allport, who believed that personality types should be determined in accordance with differences in the value systems of different individuals. According to Allport, values ​​can be represented as the most complex, deep personality traits or dispositions that serve as the main criterion for assigning a person to a certain type.

Other examples of typology are classifications based on differences in professional orientations, or socio-psychological classifications in which the criterion is social roles personality, leadership style (classification by K. Levin), etc.

There are curious private typologies of personality (the criterion is sociability, the difference in the motivation of people, etc.).

Research by R. Fine (USA) and N. A. Aminov (Russia) show that there are two types of teachers: 1) X-type - developing; 2) Y-type - evaluating.

The first develops the personality of the child, adheres to a flexible program, a friendly style, has a focus on identifying giftedness, and has low anxiety.

The second draws attention to the mental development of students, the result is overstated requirements, strict testing, a clear study of the subject, and is aloof with children. It was shown that the predominant type of teachers depends on the attitude of society towards education and that in times of crisis,

The specifics of modern developments in the problems of psychological typology in domestic science(studies by K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, B.S.Bratus, A.I. relationship "person - life path". In this direction, qualitatively new typologies are being created: initiative, responsibility, the semantic integral of personality activity, personal ability to organize time, social thinking, and a number of others.

Several typologies are associated with historical changes that lead to a change in the prevailing types of people corresponding to a certain level of development of society. The concepts of this direction include, first of all, the development of problems of a social nature and the main personality.

personality dispositional temperament psychosociotype

3. Types of personality in social psychology

There are several classifications of personality types, the main ones of which were formed quite recently - in the 40-50s of the last century. The division into personality types in social psychology takes into account the degree of introversion / extroversion, the level of isolation, sociability, temperament, perception of time, control over one's own life and some other criteria. This typology is close to socio-psychological, as it is associated with the prevailing attitudes in the field of communication.

3.1 Typology of psychosocial types

Psychosocial personality type is an innate mental structure that determines a specific type of information exchange between a person and the environment, depending on the level of development of such mental functions as emotions, sensations, intuition and thinking, and the specifics of preferences: extraversion or introversion. The selection of psychotypes is based on personality typology, developed by K. Jung (which was already discussed in the previous chapter).

K. Jung argued that the obvious difference in people's behavior is determined by different preferences, which are revealed very early, forming the basis of our special individuality.

There are four main preferences:

· The first has to do with where a person draws his energy from - from the outside world (extraverted) or from within himself (introverted);

· The second is related to how a person collects information about the world - literally and sequentially, relying on current real sensations (sensory-sensing) or more arbitrarily, trusting his intuition (intuitive);

· The third refers to how a person makes decisions - objectively and impartially, carefully thinking through everything, analyzing and planning (mental-logical) or subjectively and interpersonal, at the behest of the senses (emotionally feeling);

· The fourth has to do with a person's lifestyle - whether a person is capable of being decisive and methodical (decisive, rational type) or a compliant, flexible, direct, somewhat spontaneous (perceiving, emotional type) person.

According to C. Jung's typology, people can be divided into types according to the following characteristics:

1.extraversion - introversion;

2.rational - irrational;

.thinking type (logician) - emotional type (ethicist);

.sensory type (sensoric) - intuitive type (intuition).

It should be noted that the mental, emotional, intuitive, sensory types will manifest themselves in peculiar functions depending on the person's extraversion or introversion.

So, by C. Jung's typologythe most popular at present is the division into such socio-psychological types as: extroverts, introverts, emotionally unstable, emotionally stable.

Emotionally unstable people are those who live in a state of emotional stress and constant fear, who cannot relax, deeply experience any troubles.

Emotionally stable people - in contrast to the unstable type, they are very balanced, calm, at the same time unable to sympathize with other people.

The above personality types are usually combined in one person, but depending on the predominance of certain qualities, they distinguish personality types in social psychology, which are also known to us as - melancholic, choleric, sanguine and phlegmatic (according to the typology of temperament).

3.2 Typology of temperaments I.P. Pavlova

Temperament- these are those innate features of a person that determine the dynamic characteristics of the intensity and speed of response, the degree of emotional excitability and poise, the peculiarities of adaptation to the environment.

Efforts have long been made to reduce the almost endless array of individual characteristics to a small number of typical portraits.

Academician I.P. Pavlov studied the physiological foundations of temperament, drawing attention to the dependence of temperament on the type of the nervous system. He showed that two main nervous processes - excitation and inhibition - reflect the activity of the brain. From birth, they are all different: in strength, mutual balance, mobility. Depending on the ratio of these properties of the nervous system, Pavlov identified four main types of higher nervous activity:

) "Unrestrained" - a strong, mobile, unbalanced type of nervous system

corresponds to the temperament of the choleric person;

) "Live" - ​​a strong, mobile, balanced type of the nervous system

corresponds to the temperament of a sanguine person;

) "Calm" - strong, balanced, inert type of the nervous system

corresponds to the temperament of a phlegmatic person;

) "Weak" - weak, unbalanced, sedentary type of the nervous system

corresponds to the temperament of a melancholic.

Choleric -this is a person whose nervous system is determined by the predominance of excitement over inhibition, as a result of which he reacts very quickly, often thoughtlessly, shows impatience, sharpness of movement, irascibility, and incontinence. The alternation of positive cycles of raising mood and energy with negative cycles of recession, depression cause uneven behavior and well-being, its increased susceptibility to the emergence of neurotic breakdowns and conflicts with people.

Sanguine- a person with a strong, balanced, agile nervous system, has a quick reaction, his actions are deliberate; he is cheerful, due to which he is characterized by high resistance to life's difficulties. The mobility of his nervous system determines the variability of feelings, attachments, interests, views, easy adaptability to new conditions. This is a sociable person, a productive figure with an interest, i.e. with constant excitement. In a stressful situation, it exhibits a "lion's reaction", i.e. actively, deliberately defends himself.

Phlegmatic -a person with a strong, balanced, but inert nervous system, as a result of which he reacts slowly; he shows emotions slowly, is taciturn, has a high working capacity, resists strong and prolonged stimuli, difficulties well, but is not able to react quickly in unexpected, new situations. Firmly remembers everything learned, is not able to give up the skills and stereotypes developed. In a stressful situation, he remains outwardly calm.

Melancholic- a person with a weak nervous system, having increased sensitivity even to weak stimuli, and a strong stimulus can cause him to "breakdown", "stop", confusion. Increased sensitivity leads to rapid fatigue and a drop in performance. The mood is very changeable, he is often sad, depressed, unsure of himself, anxious. Melancholic people are susceptible to neurotic disorders. However, having a high sensitivity of the nervous system, melancholic people often have pronounced artistic and intellectual abilities.

Temperament- this is an external manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity of a person, and therefore, as a result of education, self-education, this external manifestation can be distorted, changed, a "masking" of the true temperament occurs. Therefore, "pure" types of temperament are rarely found, and nevertheless, the predominance of one or another tendency is always manifested in human behavior. In behavioral communication, it is possible and necessary to predict the characteristics of the reaction of persons with different types temperament and adequately respond to them. It should be noted that temperament determines only dynamic, but not substantive characteristics of behavior.

3.3 Constitutional typologies of E. Kretschmer

German psychologist E. Kretschmer (1888-1964) in his famous book "The structure of the body and character" tried to find the connections that exist between the structure of the human body and his mental warehouse.

According to E. Kretschmer, there are only four main variants of human anatomy, found not only in pure form, but also in various combinations.

1. Asthenic type -a person of fragile constitution, with a flat chest, narrow shoulders, elongated and fragile limbs, an elongated face, but a highly developed nervous system, a brain.

2. Picnic -differs in the development of the internal planes of the body (head, chest, abdomen) and the tendency of the torso to obesity with a weak motor apparatus. Medium height, solid figure, soft wide face on a short massive neck, solid, massive belly.

. Athletic -conditions the development of a strong skeleton, pronounced muscles, proportional to a strong physique. The athletic type is characterized by strong skeletal and muscular development, firm skin, strong chest, broad shoulders, and confident posture.

. Diplastic -a person with the wrong physique.

With the selected types of body structure, Kretschmer correlated certain types of personality. According to Kretschmer, asthenic physique It has schizotimic.

He is withdrawn, prone to reflection, to abstraction, with difficulty adapting to the environment, sensitive, vulnerable. In schizotimics, there is an oscillation between sensitivity and coldness, between the exacerbation and dullness of feeling.

Picnic physique It has cyclothymic, his emotions fluctuate between joy and sadness, he is sociable, frank, good-natured, realistic in his views.

Athletic physique have iscotimics,they are of two types: energetic, sharp, confident, aggressive, with restrained gestures and facial expressions, with low flexibility of thinking.

If we use the traditional names of temperaments, then it is easy to see that melancholic people predominantly have a fragile asthenic physique, choleric people - mainly in transitional gradations from athletic to asthenic physique, phlegmatic people - in transitional gradations from athletic to picnic, sanguine people - predominantly pycnic physique.

.4 K. Horney's typology based on different needs for communication

American psychologist K. Horney, depending on the attitude to communication with other people, identified three psychological types of personality:

· "Obsessive type"- a person has an increased need for communication, for him the most important thing is to be loved, respected, so that someone takes care of him, - such a person approaches the assessment of another person with the question: "Will he love me, care?"

· "Aggressive type"- it is characteristic to treat other people as a means of achieving their goals - such people strive to dominate, do not tolerate objections, consider another person from this point of view: "Will he be useful to me?"

· "Alienated type"- for such people, a certain emotional distance from other people is necessary, because they view communication as an inevitable evil, are not inclined to participate in group activities and believe that recognition should be provided for them already by virtue of their merits; When meeting other people, they secretly ask themselves the question: "Will he leave me alone?"

3.5 Typology based on the relationship between behavior and internal motives of a person

Depending on the ratio of behavior and internal motives of a person, three types of personality are distinguished:

1. Harmonious personality- there are no conflicts between behavior and internal motives: desires, moral principles, a sense of duty and real human behavior are harmoniously combined with each other, have a social orientation and adequacy;

2. Conflicting, contradictory personality- there is a discord between behavior and motives, i.e. actions that are contrary to desires;

3. Impulsive personality- acts only at will, or, if a person does not have pronounced desires, then he acts in accordance with external influences, - a “weather vane” who acts in accordance with the immediate situation, although he can mask his inconsistency with efficiency, democratic collegiality ...

3.6 A. Adler's typology Personality types: attitudes associated with lifestyles

Adler notes that the consistency of our personality throughout life is due to our lifestyle. The main orientation towards the outside world is also determined by the lifestyle. The true form of a lifestyle can be recognized if one knows what ways and means a person uses to solve basic life problems: work, friendship, love.

Adler developed a typology of attitudes determined by lifestyles (depending on how the main life tasks are solved, depending on the level social interest and the degree of human activity). Social interest is a feeling of empathy for all people, it manifests itself in collaboration with others, more for the sake of overall success than for personal gain. Social interest is the main criterion for a person's psychological maturity; its opposite is selfish interest.

The degree of activity has to do with how a person comes to solving life problems, how high his energy level is. The degree of activity plays a constructive or destructive role only in combination with social interest.

In the case of insufficiently expressed social interest, the following types of personalities are possible (depending on the level of activity):

· Control type- these are self-confident and assertive people with little social interest. They are active, but not socially, they are indifferent to the well-being of others and they are characterized by an attitude of superiority over the outside world. They solve the main life problems in a hostile, antisocial way (offenders, drug addicts, etc.)

· Avoidance type- these people do not have sufficient social interest, they do not have the proper activity necessary to solve their own problems, they are afraid of failures and shy away from solving life problems.

· Socially useful typeis a mature, full-fledged personality, a high degree of social interest and a high level of activity are combined in it. Such a person genuinely cares for others and is interested in communicating and interacting with others. He approaches life's problems consciously and responsibly.

3.7 Typology "Locus of control"

In recent years, personality typology associated with the scale “ locus of control »

One of the most important characteristics of a person is the degree of independence, independence and activity of a person in achieving his goals, the development of personal responsibility for events happening to him.

For the first time, methods for studying this characteristic were developed in the 60s of the last century in the United States. The most famous is the scale of "locus of control" by D. Rotter. This scale is based on position: people differ among themselves by where they localize control over events that are significant to themselves. There are two possible loci of control and, accordingly, two types of people:

1. External students- when a person believes that the events occurring with him are the result of external forces, chance, circumstances, actions of other people, etc.;

2. Internals- when a person interprets significant events as the result of their own efforts. Internals believe that most of the important events in their lives were the result of their own actions, and they feel their own responsibility for these events and for the way their life in general develops.

A person of the “internal” type is more often a “winner” in life, an external person is a “defeated” person, they have different life scenarios, different attitudes towards themselves and other people.

At the same time, externality / internality are not mutually exclusive, but are associated with cultural traditions: Eastern culture contributes to the formation of an external type of personality, Western culture - internal. Internality is associated with the deep development of personal responsibility. This is very well shown in the study of K. Muzdybaev.

Conclusion

The personality is the object of a number of sciences and, being a complex, multifaceted social phenomenon, requires an integrated interdisciplinary approach (philosophical-sociological, socio-psychological, etc.).

In broad terms, a person's personality is an integral integrity of biogenic, sociogenic and psychogenic elements.

Man is an active being. By joining the system public relations and changing in the process of activity, a person acquires personal qualities and becomes a social subject.

Thus, personality -this is a specific person who is a representative of a certain state, society and group (social, ethnic, religious, political, gender and age, etc.), who is aware of his attitude towards the people around him and social reality, is included in all relations of the latter and is engaged in a kind of activity and endowed with specific individual and socio-psychological characteristics.

The main socio-psychological characteristics of a person are determined by:

) the degree of integrity and inconsistency of worldview and beliefs;

) the degree of awareness of their place in society;

) the nature of needs and interests;

) the specifics of the ratio of various personal qualities.

Personal development is due to various factors. They usually include: the originality of the physiology of higher nervous activity, anatomical and physiological features, environment and society, socially useful activities. The effectiveness of a correct understanding of all individual and social actions and deeds of a person depends on how much we know them and take into account the specifics of their manifestation. In the process of interaction and communication, the mutual influence of individuals on each other occurs, as a result of which a community is formed in views, social attitudes and other types of relations.

Literature

1.Ananiev B.G. Man as a subject of knowledge. L., 1968.-214 p.

2.Adler A. Understand the nature of man. SPb., 1997.

.Asmolov A.G. Personality as a subject of psychological analysis. M., 1988 .-- 124 p.

.Kon I.S. Sociology of personality. Moscow: Politizdat, 1967. - 243 p.

.Kovalev A.G. Psychology of Personality. M., 1970.211 p.

.Leontiev A.N. Activity. Consciousness. Personality. M., 1975.-186 p.

.Maklakov A.G. General psychology - Textbook for universities - SPb .: Peter, 2006. - 470s.

.Platonov K.K. Personality as a socio-psychological phenomenon // Social psychology. M., 1975.212 p.

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Footnotes in the text of the work

Kon I.S. Sociology of personality. Moscow: Politizdat, 1967. - 243 p.

Maklakov A.G. General psychology - Textbook for universities - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2006. - 470s.

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We are all very different people... It's even surprising how it is: why we are so different from each other. For a very long time, psychologists thought that each of us has something that can reveal our character, show our entire attitude, and turn our personality inside out. So, even Sigmund Freud put forward his famous theory that the human psyche has a special structure. Following Freud, C.G. Jung was sure that there are some psychological personalities that can be easily recognized if everyone is checked. Today we see many characteristics that suit us, tests that test our character. In general, modern psychotherapy is a rather useful thing, but very complicated. Let's work together on the sly to understand what types of personality exist.

Human temperament

Each of us has a temperament, i.e. property of the psyche, which manifests itself in any activity. With the help of it, our personality is established, we have a strong or weak character. By the way, a lot depends on temperament. For example, behavior, activity, energy, ability to work, pace and speed of performing important tasks, emotional background. Also, the following points always refer only to temperament (this is just in case, so that you do not confuse it with character):

• primary, appears from birth;
• manifests itself always and absolutely in any area of ​​life;
• manifests itself from the earliest years of life;
• unable to determine his attitude to the world, i.e. immotive;
• in difficult situations manifests itself quite clearly;
• forms character.

In addition, temperament is divided into 4 important types:

Sanguine

People belonging to this temperament, very dynamic, active, strong, strong-willed, as sociable as possible, balanced, rarely get nervous and succumb to frustration. As a rule, sanguine people rarely experience and generally try to protect themselves from negative thoughts - it is much easier for them to live this way. If there was a severe loss, an unpleasant situation occurred, then sanguine people do not get hung up on this and find a way out - they distract themselves.

Despite the positive aspects of temperament, there is also a minus: these people are afraid of losing their sanity and their normal calm state, stability for them is everything. As for the usual fear, it is unlikely that sanguine people are generally susceptible to this. If you notice a person in the company of people who constantly talks, jokes, laughs the loudest, then rest assured - this is an obvious sanguine person. And now about the negative traits of temperament:

• denial of acceptance of monotony;
• sometimes superficiality of ideas and thoughts appears;
• due to constant activity, there is often poor perseverance of important points;
• sometimes, sanguine people lack persistence;
• too often they think first and then act, and vice versa.

Phlegmatic person

A fairly cold-blooded personality type with an ideal nervous system. Such people are often in no hurry and, unlikely, will be active, but in fact, everyone succeeds, assuming the imperturbable air of a winner. You will not see emotions from a phlegmatic person that "flow" over the edge, a stream of endless experiences.

The temperament is so severe and strong that it is impossible to discern at least some human fear. But there is also weak side: it is easier for a phlegmatic person to agree in a conflict with a person than to bend his own line. They are careful to the feelings of other people, and they are even more anxious to their own. If a phlegmatic person does not have a goal and incentive, then he can easily fall into depression, which, oddly enough, will not be visible on the face, but a whole storm will begin to form inside the person. Negative traits include:

• low mobility and activity;
• slow decision making, which should be very fast;
• lack of communication;
• constant independence.

Choleric

Very sociable extroverts. If they feel, then completely and so that everyone knows about it. If they move, then impulsively and abruptly. Here you can observe a quick change of mood, which can become either good or bad again in 5-7 minutes. The choleric person copes with all difficulties very easily, being able to set himself up correctly. But if the situation is out of control, then it is unlikely that a person of this temperament will be able to control himself. By the way, choleric people are clear leaders in everything, they manage to lead people, command them and give instructions. They are ardent lovers of arguing and proving their case. And if you have already offended a choleric person, then be prepared for an outbreak of rage and irascibility. Such is the explosive mixture! And here are the negative features, of which there are too many (when compared with the positive ones):

• sharp aggression;
• erratic behavior;
• too much impulsivity;
• at times, terrible irritability;
• rare restraint in public;
• irascibility.

Melancholic

Perhaps the most sluggish temperament, emotionally unstable, with a shattered nervous system. Very often here you can see panic attacks, fears, inhibition, inactivity. But there is one amazing plus: melancholic people are always outwardly very calm, even in the most tense situations.

If these people expose themselves to experiences, then only in the depths of their souls. True, if you constantly "bale" yourself with depression, then the state of health becomes worse and worse, here is not far from the blues. But, despite all this, melancholic people are incredibly sensitive and warm-hearted people who can support a friend at any moment, give him deep and practical advice, having gone through a difficult situation with him. And if negative traits prevail in a given temperament, then it is best to list the positive aspects:

• incredible manifestation of feelings towards others;
• responsibility and diligence of a serious task;
• accuracy and punctuality in everything;
• restraint.

There are no people who have a pure temperament. Very often you can find a "cross". For example, if you are active, cheerful, but at the same time you think first and then speak, then most likely your temperament is sanguo-choleric. Here you already need to proceed from what kind of person you are. Observe yourself and what you are exhibiting to determine your true constant temperament.

Personality types in a conflict situation

Life cannot exist without conflicts and disputes that occur from day to day. It is simply impossible to avoid a scandal, especially if you are at its epicenter. The reason for the formation of the conflict can be completely different. We are offering to you detailed description conflicting personality types in difficult situations.

Rigid type. People who belong here constantly suspect something, do not trust everyone around them. The worst fear for the rigid type is to be brutally deceived and literally cornered. That is why discretion is an important trait inherent in these people. Very often, rigidity arises from childhood, when parents scold the child for not doing the required things point by point. If the baby acted incorrectly, then he himself begins to distrust himself internally, which leads to the formation of a rigid personality type. Sometimes you can meet those whose self-esteem is too high. It is easy to offend a rigid person by saying something unpleasant to him, or by sharing your criticism. From here, a constant painful resentment, arrogance, boring and distrustfulness of the individual begins to arise.

Unmanaged type. Such people rarely control their actions and almost never plan them. As a rule, an uncontrollable type is inherent in a momentary desire to accomplish something, and if something does not work out, then a person is ready to blame anyone, but not himself. This type is characterized by impulsiveness, lack of rules and norms of behavior, aggressiveness to criticism and remarks, sequence of actions and their clear thoughtfulness. An uncontrollable person very often falls into aggression, has too high self-esteem, rarely finds fault with himself, has almost no control over his own “I” and demands full return from others. The uncontrollable do not listen to anyone, even their mind is not a decree for them, all actions take place due to circumstances.

Ultra-precise type. This is the most accurate pedant of all who can be in the world. This person is ready to do his job carefully, scrupulously, attentively, taking into account every detail. The super-precise type is people who like to control everything, and if something is not to their liking, then expect complaints and discontent. By the way, it is the annoying pickiness that provokes the majority of conflicts, in which not every person can withstand. An overly precise personality sets too rigid a framework for his subordinates to work, observing every roughness and imperfection. Very often these people painfully experience their mistakes and failures, attaching great importance to them. Due to persistent disorders, health problems are observed, and a strong nervous imbalance can almost always be observed. By the way, super-precise people love to compare the work done with carefully executed examples. They are always trying to be better, to jump over their heads.

The type of person is a demonstrator. People who are constantly trying to attract the attention of others, making them think only of them, are real demonstrators. Very often you can meet these on the first date, when it comes about something branched, and the person constantly translates the topic in order to tell something from his life. The demonstrator always strives to be ahead of the whole planet, making every effort to ensure that people look only at him. This is far from a modest person, but, on the contrary, a very arrogant and cunning person, constantly caring only about himself beloved. By the way, such people are unlikely to ever admit their guilt when it comes to a conflict, so you will not find that the demonstrator will understand his mistake in a quarrel.

Holland personality types

One of the most important and popular American psychologists J. Holland put forward an interesting theory that our successes, promotions, results and much more directly depend on the type of personality to which we belong. The fact is that everyone's behavior is characterized not only by internal characteristics, but also by the influence of the environment. Based on Holland, a person's personality can be divided into 6 types, which will be discussed below.

1. Realistic. Very often it is also called "masculine". This is a fairly emotional and emotionally dependent personality type, focused exclusively on the present. Realists do only those things that are aimed at a specific permanent action. As a rule, this type implies a male type of work: engineer, mechanic, agronomist, physicist, cyberneticist, and so on.
2. Intellectual. This type is characterized by logic, analytical mindset, unusual judgments, original character and train of thought. Intellectual tasks in this case are the most favorite work that brings pleasure. These people are very active, hard-working, they are constantly studying something, introverts, they tell the exact things beautifully. Areas of activity such as mathematics, geology or geography are just for intellectuals.
3. Social. Refers to those who know how to support the topic of conversation, to bring any person out of the zone of discomfort into a conversation. Sociability is an important quality for social personalities... True, there is a very strong manifestation of sensitivity and emotionality. Sometimes, this type of people takes other people's failures and losses so close to their hearts that it becomes uncomfortable - the feeling of empathy is connected by all 150%. The spheres of activity most recommended for social personalities are pedagogy, psychology and medicine.
4. Standard. This type is also very often called conventional. Such people constantly plan everything, act according to well-defined stages, do an excellent job with Putin's boring work and always adhere to the obligatory rules. As performers, such people are very much in demand, but, unfortunately, they never succeed in leaders. For example, creative projects and drastic decisions are a real disaster for the standard personality type. This often includes accountants, financiers, commodity specialists and economists.
5. Enterprising. This is perhaps the only type on the list that focuses on ongoing leadership and leadership. Entrepreneurial personalities always try to be one step ahead, go out of their way so that they have everything much better than the rest. Energy, incredible enthusiasm, impulsivity, activity, clarity and concentration of attention are all characteristics of an entrepreneurial type of personality. These include, for example, mathematicians, physicists, astronomers, journalists, diplomats. As a rule, such people take criticism very close to their hearts, you need to be careful in communication with them.
6. Artistic. A personality type with insanely developed intuition and a rich imagination. Such people are characterized by a strong manifestation of their emotions, a complex outlook on life. As a rule, artistic personalities always make a balanced and very serious independent decision, think in a very unusual way and are creative in everything. Rules and traditions are something that no person of the artistic type generally observes. Of course, constant creativity, the humanities and the call of the heart reign here.

Freudian personality types

Well, who doesn't know S. Freud? It seems that this man is known to everyone, since even at the university, a cultural studies lesson is specially introduced so that students know about this person. Sigmund Freud was the great founder of the psychoanalytic school, he did a lot for humanity, namely, for the development of the human personality. That is why there are several very important types, which will be discussed below.

1. Oral type. Such people are very dependent on others, on the atmosphere that forms around them. Very often oral personalities are passive about the world around them, since if it were not for the support and approval of friends and acquaintances, it would be possible to completely "fade". But it is not all that bad. There are also good-natured optimists who are very fond of trusting people. In addition, the oral type of personality very often rushes to extremes: either insanely generous, or very greedy.
2. Anal type. Stubbornness, stinginess in words, too self-centered neatness and constant punctuality - all this is an anal type of personality. These people love to plan their actions and further trips, think over everything to the smallest detail, do not tolerate chaos in their thoughts and hate disorder. At times, anal individuals are extremely cruel in their decisions and sweat towards other people, and sometimes they are even overly impulsive and prone to panic.
3. Phallic type. Decisive, purposeful, persistent, assertive, self-confident people who love their job very much and are constantly improving for this. Many are not averse to boasting, but this only happens if the phallic person is confident in their actions. This includes the love of flirting and coquetry, the constant desire to be in the spotlight.
4. Genital type. Sigmund Freud considers this particular type of personality to be the most ideal, since this person is not afraid of anything and boldly looks into the face of the one who is higher than him. Activity, constant care for oneself and loved ones, the soul of the company, hard work, an open life position - all this is a genital type. It's even hard to define here negative sides personality, so the type is ideal.

Personality in socionics

Probably, when communicating with people, you noticed that with some you are much more comfortable than with others. Someone has a very difficult conversation with you, while others, on the contrary, open up and conduct a dialogue good-naturedly. It is unlikely that you at that moment thought about the fact that there are as many as 16 (!) Personality types in socionics in the world. So, let's figure out together what groups people are divided into in order to find out more about what kind of person is in front of you.

Balzac. The interlocutor, who has a crazy sense of humor, sometimes even skips black jokes. At the same time, he is ready to bring everyone around to tears and immediately cheer up. Unfortunately, such people are overly lazy and are unlikely to complete the work to the end with particular accuracy.

Gaben. This includes those who know how to hide under masks and not show their authentic emotions. Coldness, inaccessibility, closeness, isolation, the inner world of these individuals, overflowing with experiences, will always be only with them. It seems that a person is in constant balance, peace, even in some kind of laziness, but all this, in fact, is not so. Such people just try to hold on with all their might, albeit on their own minds.

Hamlet. Absolutely any problem in the life of these people becomes a matter of universal importance. Almost always, these personalities describe their lives in terrible colors, become poor and do not see anything good in development. On the other hand, the Hamlets are very efficient advisors and helpful friends.

Huxley. A person who knows how to cheer up in the most difficult moment of life, sociable, very cheerful, a real soul of any company, agile and restless. Huxley does not always do what he was given, since at first he has enough work, believing that he will do everything, but in the end he does not have time for anything.

Hugo. An overly emotional person who can withstand any pressure and intensity of passions. Active, hardworking and very loyal type.

Jack London. Very often these personalities are in some kind of disheveled form, and their gait always betrays them. Jack London is a huge worker, constantly overwhelmed with affairs and will never leave them. Any difficulties on the way are not an obstacle or even an obstacle to overcome them. The person is very positive, romantic and determined.

Don Quixote. Brave personalities, incredibly strong-minded people. Logic is well developed here, infallibility in their actions. Don Quixote will make a wonderful detective or the head of an entire company. Very literate people showing sincere and not feigned emotions.

Dostoevsky. People here with huge and rich inner worlds, with a range of vivid sensations and experiences. True, Dostoevsky is unlikely to show his soul to everyone, except to his circle of close people. An excellent listener, able to empathize with his friends, calm and quiet.

Dreiser. A real psychologist who skillfully knows how to adapt to other people. A dreiser will never show weakness in front of others, even if he is very badly internally. Sometimes such people fight on the spot with their composure in decision-making. Also, Dreisers hate time and hate waiting.

Dumas. Caring, attentive, sharp-tongued personality. Avoid relationships with the opposite sex for fear of burns. These personalities would better wait and think three hundred times the same thing before going to "death."

Yesenin... Dreamy, insanely romantic, unusual, creative and very creative personalities. Yesenin is ready to suffer with his interlocutor if he feels very bad. These people are inveterate dreamers in life, wanting to live in harmony with the world, balanced and versatile.

Zhukov. Such people always have only their own opinion on everything. There is often complete negativity and annoyance here, if there are clues. A categorical type, a real tyrant, but, extremely, a caring family man.

Maksim Gorky. An idealist in everything, even in the smallest detail. A person is constantly focused on the result, sometimes even going too far in this regard. A kind, sympathetic type who hides storms in his soul. Such people are often very afraid of offending their loved ones.

Napoleon. Agile, active people who are constantly striving for their goals. Very often Napoleon becomes a role model, idols for someone. Real ringleaders in the company, and also brilliant people, as they always do everything right.

Robespierre. This is the kind of person who is 100% a fan of his work. Individuals are not interested in anything at all in this life, except for their favorite hobby.

Stirlitz. Excellent memory, insanely developed logic, sober thoughts and impeccable executive functions. True, there are also disadvantages: a cold reaction to some things, an inability to be polite.

Personality types in psychology

1. Narcissistic. The attitude and approval of these people is very important from others. A clear idealization of one's life can be traced here, since narcissistic personalities have a complete disdain for the rest. Success, power, perfect love and beauty are all just fantasy. And yet, these people can use people whenever they please.
2. Schizoid. These personalities often withdraw into themselves, are rarely open and cannot find a common language with people. But here you can often see a love of philosophy, a healthy lifestyle and a great affection for animals.
3. Paranoid. Here comes the combination of fear and shame, suspicion and mistrust. Paranoid individuals are very sensitive to their failures, grumpy and selfish.
4. Obsessive-compulsive. These people often doubt themselves, worry about others. They are also incredible perfectionists, so they are ready to fight for every little thing. Pedantry, stubbornness and even rigidity are all obsessive-compulsive type.
5. Hysterical. People like to do everything for show, exaggerating their victories several times. Personalities love to be in the spotlight and constantly emphasize their sexuality.
6. Psychopathic. Heartlessness to the feelings of others, cold-bloodedness, only pursuing one's own interests - all this is a psychopathic personality type. They do not know how to admit their mistakes and generally learn from them at least some lessons.
7. Depressive manic. These individuals will consult with someone, even if the decision is too easy and simple. They are easy to manipulate, as they will always be FOR any idea and proposal. They are constantly afraid to be alone.
8. Masochistic. Individuals are constantly preoccupied, anxious and intensely tense. If there are no guarantees for communication and relationships, then it is unlikely that masochistic personalities will start and spin something.

Psychological types of personality according to C.G. Jung

Carl Gustav Jung is another great man whose ideas about psychology and personality research still excite his contemporaries. Here it is best to highlight only the 2 most important types, which many have probably already heard of.

1. Extraverted type. People have an interest in the world, in the events that take place, there is a desire to make new acquaintances and friends. A high interest in objects, unexplored moments and constant risk - all this is inherent in extroverts. Very often, the type of these personalities can be called "hysterics", since it is this quality that helps them to be in the center of attention and at least somehow draw glances at themselves.
2. Introverted type. Here there is an orientation towards the inner world. People try to stay aloof, especially when the situation is extremely difficult, and communication generally occurs only if it is necessary and beneficial. Selfish and antisocial type. Very often an introvert falls into some kind of depression, which he does not seek to share with anyone, so as not to show his “insides” and weaknesses.

You see how much you can learn about human psychology. It would seem that some type of personality, but how much is in it. Moreover, it is impossible not to agree with what is written. Pay attention to yourself and be sure to watch yourself. You cannot mark yourself as a pure type, this does not happen. But you will find out exactly what kind of temperament, character you have, what you are capable of in relationships and in friendship.

We have been since childhood, and yet this is a waste of time. You just need to know that there are psychotypes of a person, then define your own and come to terms with him. This cannot be fixed. Knowing the psychotype of your interlocutor, you can easily adapt to his manner of communication and accept him as he is.

What are they

So, human psychotypes are of four types. They are familiar to many: choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine and are laid from birth and with age practically does not lend themselves to change. A person can understand himself and accept the surrounding reality, but this will not change his temperament. A choleric person can learn to hide emotions, but he will not stop being a choleric person. Now try to recognize yourself in the following descriptions.

You are a choleric person if ...

You are not afraid to show your emotions, your mood often changes. You move sharply and quickly, speak loudly. Grab onto a new business, but soon give it up. You are quickly depleted, wasting energy on trifles. You do not tolerate monotony, you can quickly get bored with any business. First of all, you value communication with people, although many acquaintances consider you an unbalanced person, but strong and domineering.

You are a sanguine person if ...

You are complete vitality and energy, it's nice to communicate with you to everyone around you. Your emotions are very bright and strong, but they do not carry negative feelings. Harmony and tranquility reign within you. You are a broad-minded person, you take any trouble easily and quickly forget offenses. You work with passion, for a long time, trying to do everything at once. You often change your occupation, you are in a good mood. You have many friends, you speak quickly and loudly, in this you are very similar to choleric people.

You are a melancholic if ...

You are sad and lavish sadness around you. You are very vulnerable, even a slight trifle. Everything can offend you to the core. You are skinny, constantly fussing, nervous, unable to control your own emotions. You are very impressionable, you believe everyone around you, while you are very afraid to be disappointed in people and are constantly disappointed. You believe in horoscopes, predictions, you often visit doctors with or without reason. Difficulty making decisions, preferring to follow orders from your boss.

You are phlegmatic if ...

You are unhurried, do not show emotion. Your speech is monotonous and uniform, it is difficult to communicate with you, you are closed and reserved. You accumulate negative for a long time in order to throw it out on someone at one moment. Friends say about you that you are a solid person. Confidence and determination are felt in your actions. Though decisions are difficult, they are final and there is no turning back. Anything new causes a state of discomfort, you avoid awkward situations and new acquaintances.

Fifth type

Of course, human psychotypes are mixed in each of us in different proportions. Someone is more phlegmatic with an admixture of sanguine, the other is a choleric-melancholic. Few people fit just one description perfectly. 4 psychotypes of a person are mixed, and such a temperament is laid already at birth. So it's safe to say that we all have a fifth type, mixed.

How to determine the psychotype of a person

There are many tests to find out who you really are. Here is the simplest one. Here are 5 shapes: square, circle, triangle, rectangle and zigzag. Choose the one that suits you best. So, people-squares are good performers, triangles are leaders, circles are Good friends, zigzags are creative personalities, and rectangles are doubting natures. Human psychotypes are a complex section of psychology that includes many aspects, but you can understand yourself all your life, it will not cease to be interesting and informative.

It is common for each person to have their own characteristics of behavior and character, which are partly inherited from ancestors, and partly acquired through interaction with society. Even Sigmund Freud said that the human psyche has a unique structure and several types of personality in psychology can be distinguished. Today, you can determine your belonging to one of the types approved by sociology and psychology using specially designed tests. In the course of numerous long-term studies, scientists have come to the conclusion that there are no clear boundaries of separation between them, and the psychological type of personality can be determined only by finding out which specific traits this or that psychotype prevails in a person.

Division reasons

At all times, psychologists, psychiatrists, sociologists and philosophers have tried to study the versatility of human nature. Based on observations of human behavior, reference to life experience and personal inferences of scientists, various typologies were compiled. Why is this needed?

Scientists believed that if a person knows what type of personality he belongs to, then it is easier for him to notice and eliminate his own shortcomings, to conduct introspection, and choose the right path of development. Taking into account the peculiarities of the psychotype, it will be much easier for others to build even relationships with him, as well as to predict behavior in various situations.

The main problem of typology is that it cannot accommodate all psychological types of people, since it provides only generalized characteristics, and each person is individual and unique. Descriptions of types are often simplified and exaggerated, they describe only deviations from the norm or pronounced, stereotypical features of behavior. Nevertheless, when working with patients, psychologists must compile psychological picture an individual who applied for help with a description of his psychotype in order to have an idea of ​​his character, temperament, emotional sphere, abilities and life values. What are the types of personality and their characteristics?

Temperament classification

For the first time, the father of medicine, Hippocrates, spoke about personality typing. A huge, for that time, clinical practice allowed the physician to conduct numerous studies, during which a connection between a person's health and his temperament was discovered. Wanting to know what types of people there are, Hippocrates began looking for the relationship between behavior and the content of certain fluids in his body. Based on the results obtained, the ancient Greek doctor conducted typing, dividing all people into 4 groups.

1. Phlegmatic - lymph

The description of the personality of a phlegmatic person is quite simple: composure, sober mind, poise and calmness. Phlegmatic people usually hide emotions, everyone has time and are in no hurry, respect the feelings of others and are extremely independent.

2. Sanguine - blood

They are very active, purposeful, strong-willed people who rarely succumb to disorders and worries. They know how to distract themselves from troubles, quickly go through losses, talk a lot, laugh and are optimistic in any situation.

3. Choleric - yellow bile

Abrupt movements, quick mood swings, a desire to lead and command, outbursts of rage and unmotivated aggression - people of a choleric nature are overly impulsive. They like to argue and rarely hold back their emotions in front of strangers.

4. Melancholic - black bile

Melancholic personality - what happens? These are individuals with a shattered nervous system, prone to depression, constantly in a state of despondency and panic. They are incredibly sensitive to other people's troubles, always provide support to those in need and are very responsible for the tasks assigned to them.

There are practically no types in the "pure" form. Each person is mixed with a variety of character traits, views on life and tactics of behavior. The more developed a personality is, the more difficult it is to classify it as a specific psychotype.

Carl Jung's theory

One of the most popular theories for determining what kind of people are by type is a doctrine based on the functions of the human psyche. The scale of introversion and extraversion was presented by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung. He believed that personalities can be divided into two types:

• introverts - Yin - energy is directed inward;
• extroverts - Yan - oriented towards the world.

Jung argued that 4 functions of his psyche make a person a person:

• intuition;
• Feel;
• the senses;
• thinking.

Depending on the predominance of one of them, the combination of all and the psychological attitude, the genius of psychiatry identified 8 types of people: 4 extroverted and 4 introverted. This separation has greatly helped to streamline the diversity of psychological characteristics.

Human views across Holland

The warehouse of a person's character affects all areas of his life. J. Holland, a famous American psychologist, developed his own system of dividing individuals into psychotypes. In it, the doctor proposes to take into account in which professional activities a person will achieve high success due to personal characteristics. Thus, the specialist identified new types of people - in psychology, his theory is called one of the most successful. Having determined his psychotype, a person can choose the direction that is most suitable for him.

Classification of personality types according to Holland's theory:

1. Realistic- suitable professions where you can see a clear result. Usually such people become cooks, seamstresses, drivers, have successes in the exact sciences and sports.
2. Artistic- are distinguished by high emotionality and complex life views. Individuals of this personality type want to stand out from the gray mass, in communication with others they rely on emotions and intuition. They successfully realize themselves in the profession related to photography, drawing, public speaking, music and history.
3. Social- requires constant contact with other people. They teach, help, treat, develop, empathize and solve other people's problems. Their sphere of professional activity is pedagogy and medicine.
4. Conservative or conventional- they prefer to organize, plan and put everything on the shelves. Conservatives make excellent accountants, office workers, economists, merchandisers and other professionals whose work is monotonous and requires care and precision.
5. Intellectual- individuals with outstanding mental abilities. Their professions are usually associated with astronomy, biology, physics and all pursuits that require analytical thinking and creativity.
6. Enterprising- impulsive, active, in need of recognition. They have excellent communication skills, are able to find an approach to interlocutors and subconsciously know how to achieve success. Representatives of this type occupy leadership positions, although they do not like monotony and activities that require prolonged concentration of attention.

In addition to the listed theories, there are several more versions of the classification of a person's personality. You can trust them, but you should not forget that each individual has unique abilities.

One of the main aspects of a person's existence is his self-realization in various fields of activity, among which successful adaptation and productive interaction with other people are of leading importance. Since time immemorial, philosophers and then psychologists have tried to establish certain patterns in human behavior and perception of the world in order to make relationships between people more understandable and mature.

Thus, even at the dawn of psychology, the Austrian psychiatrist Z. Freud formulated a theory about the structure of the psyche, and the Swiss psychiatrist K.G. Jung, relying on this knowledge and his own many years of experience, created the first concept about psychological types of personality. This teaching today has become the basis for many literate socio-psychological theories and even entire areas of modern psychotherapy.

One of such modern theories is socionics as a doctrine of the interaction of a person and the outside world, depending on the personal characteristics of a particular person, which classify him as one of the 16 socionic personality types.

Socionics as a science was created in the seventies of the last century by the Lithuanian scientist Aushra Augustinavichiute on the basis of informatics, sociology and psychology. In the scientific community, socionics is more likely not a science, but one of the famous typologies of personality, which serves as a diagnostic method in psychological counseling.

K.G. Jung - the forefather of socionics

In the 19th century, K.G. Jung created his famous theory of personality types, the definition of which is based on ideas about attitudes and basic functions of the psyche. He identified two main personal attitudes: introversion, when a person's interest is directed to the depths of his own inner world, and extraversion, when a person is directed to the outside world. At the same time, there is a concept of a personality's inclination to a particular attitude, but not of its complete predominance.

Jung attributed thinking, sensation, intuition and feeling to the main functions of the psyche. Sensation means interaction with the world on the basis of the senses, thinking and feeling help to realize these sensations at the level of comprehension and emotional experience, and intuition answers the question of the origin of these phenomena at the subconscious level.

For each person, one of these functions is dominant, and the rest complement it.

These functions have been divided into two groups:

• rational, to which thinking and feeling belong;
• irrational (sensation and intuition).

In this case, rationality implies an orientation towards the objective norms of society. Based on these aspects, Jung created a classification consisting of 8 main personality types, which in socionics expanded to 16 psychotypes.

The birth of socionics

To create a new full-fledged typology and highlight more specific personality types, A. Augustinavichiute combined Jung's concept with the theory of information metabolism by the Polish psychiatrist A. Kempinski. This theory is based on the concept of the exchange of information between a person and the outside world in comparison with the metabolism in the body, when information is food for the human psyche, therefore, mental health is directly related to the quality of the incoming information. Thus, socionics calls personality types types of informational metabolism. Do not confuse the presence of dominant features with.

Socionic personality types are not a constant, "frozen" personality characteristic, their definition reflects only the way of information exchange, without touching the individual characteristics of a person (education, culture, experience and character), which are studied by individual psychology. Accentuation is a sharpened trait of a person's character, which should be paid attention to as bordering on pathology, but accentuation is not the goal of research in socionics.

Formation of names

How did socionics get its name from specific personality types? The name of the type comes from the dominant attitude (extraversion or introversion), and the two most powerful functions of the four, while the names of the functions have undergone some changes: thinking and feeling have become, respectively, logic and ethics, and sensation has been called sensing.

Rationality and irrationality are determined by the location of functions in the name of psychotypes. If we talk about rational personality types, then in the name the first word will be logic or ethics, and for irrational ones - sensing or intuition.

The names of the 16 types have been supplemented over time by different scientists for a clearer accessible characterization of a person. The most popular names for these types are: formula names based on Jung's theory, pseudonyms of well-known historical figures- carriers of the indicated signs, pseudonyms-characteristics of a person's professional predisposition.

Basic socionic types

Jung owns a classification of 8 basic psychotypes, on the basis of which socionics proposed a more detailed classification, consisting of 16 psychotypes.

• Logical-intuitive extrovert(LIE), Jack London, The Entrepreneur. He is able to clearly identify his own capabilities and abilities, is easily inspired and starts new businesses, is fond of dynamic sports that give extreme sensations. Feels new trends, takes risks, relying on intuition. He confidently uses new technologies in his work, deeply analyzes himself and the world around him. Inclined to and close communication with people.
• Logical-sensory extrovert(LSE), Stirlitz, Administrator. A very hard-working, socially adapted type, always feels the need to bring the started business to completion. Planning activities, practically treating the surrounding things. He is inclined to show love and care for loved ones, loves noisy fun, company. Good-natured, but harsh, can be hot-tempered and stubborn.
• Ethical-intuitive extrovert(EIE), "Hamlet", "Mentor". A very emotional person, prone to empathy and the manifestation of a wide range of emotions. Possesses expressive facial expressions and eloquence. Able to anticipate different events and prepare for them in advance. Catches inconsistencies in the words and emotions of others. Often not sure of a partner's love, prone to jealousy.
• Ethical-sensory extrovert(ESE), "Hugo", "Enthusiast". He is able to influence people with the help of emotional pressure, while getting along well with them, he can cheer up, he is inclined to sacrifice his own interests for the sake of another person and show love and care for loved ones. In work, he achieves everything on his own, loves when other people emphasize his merits.
• Logical-intuitive introvert(LII), "Robespierre", "Analyst. Knows how to distinguish the main from the secondary, does not like empty talk, is inclined to clear practical thinking. In his work, this type loves to use unusual ideas, while demonstrating his independence. Uses intuition where he does not know the exact answers. Dislikes noisy companies, feels difficulties in establishing relationships with other people.
• Logical-sensory introvert(LSI), "Maxim Gorky", "Inspector". Loves order and rigor, delves deeply into work, analyzing information from different angles. Differs in some pedantry. He really looks at things, takes up the case only if he knows for sure that he can complete it. It inspires confidence, but prefers short business contacts with other people.
• Ethical-intuitive introvert(EII), "Dostoevsky", "Humanist". He subtly feels the nature of relations between people, attaches great importance to trust, does not forgive betrayal. Knows how to reveal the hidden abilities of others, is endowed with the talent of an educator. He is fond of self-education, people often turn to him for advice. Very vulnerable, hard to endure aggression and lack of love.
• Ethical-sensory introvert(ESI), "Dreiser", "Keeper". Recognizes pretense and falsehood in relationships, divides people into friends - strangers, guiding the psychological distance. Defends his views and principles. He knows how to stand up for himself and his loved ones, does not tolerate the moral superiority of other people. Knows how to deeply analyze himself and others.
  
• Intuitive-logical extrovert(ILE), "Don Quixote", "The Seeker". Differs in a wide range of interests, knows how to adapt to new conditions and easily transitions to new methods of work. He is a generator of ideas, does not like tradition and routine. Knows how to explain complex ideas, being a pioneer in them. More inclined to synthesis in thinking, creates new idea from ready-made components.
• Sensory-logical extrovert(SLE), "Zhukov", "Marshal". He is inclined to use physical force in order to achieve victory at any cost. Obstacles only increase his desire to win. Likes to lead, not tolerating submission. Analyzing the situation, he likes to draw up a specific action plan, clearly follows it.
• Intuitive-ethical extrovert(IEE), "Huxley", "Adviser". Able to subtly feel other people, has a developed imagination. Loves creative work, does not tolerate monotony and routine. Sociable, likes to give good advice in the field of interaction with people.
• Sensory-ethical extrovert(SEE), "Napoleon", "Politician". Able to see the capabilities of others, using this knowledge for the purpose of manipulation. Supervises over
  weak, clearly identifying their weak points. He likes to keep his distance, in communication he is rather guided by his own interests. In the eyes of others, he tries to look like an outstanding original person, but often he is not.
• Intuitive-logical introvert(OR), "Balzac", "Critic". This type is a polymath with a philosophical mindset. He is cautious, makes a decision only with confidence in its correctness, analyzing the vulgar in its connection with the future. Dislikes violent expressions of emotions, appreciates coziness and comfort.
• Sensory-logical introvert(SLI), "Gaben", "Master". Feelings are for him the main source of knowledge of the world. Shows empathy, subtly feels and loves other people, rejects artificiality and falsehood. Differs in a technical mindset, loves to work with his hands, while always keeping within the required deadlines.
• Intuitive-ethical introvert(IEI), "Lyric", "Yesenin". A dreamy and lyrical personality, knows how to intuitively predict events, is well versed in people, loves and "feels" them. Has a good sense of humor and attracts other people. This type attaches great importance to appearance... She does not know how to save money, and while working she likes to have a long rest.
• Sensory-ethical introvert(SEI), "Dumas", "Mediator". Knows how to enjoy ordinary life, calmly enduring monotony and routine. Easily gets along with people, respecting their personal space, while demanding the same attitude from them. Likes to joke, to entertain, avoids conflict situations. He is often an assistant, likes to feel needed and significant in the eyes of other people.

Nowadays, developed technologies make it possible for everyone, without exception, to be tested and find out their socionic types, but do not forget that a person's personality is very multifaceted and ambiguous, therefore, only a professional psychologist can qualitatively compose and describe a socio-psychological portrait of a personality in the course of multilevel psychological diagnostics. where socionics is one of the methods.