Why is the issue of artistic style controversial? Briefly about the artistic style of speech. Touched the sleepy string

As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-fiction, constitute two levels of the national language. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function. Here is the beginning of V. Larin’s novel “Neuronal Shock”:

“Marat’s father Stepan Porfiryevich Fateev, an orphan from infancy, was from a family of Astrakhan binders. The revolutionary whirlwind blew him out of the locomotive vestibule, dragged him through the Mikhelson plant in Moscow, machine gun courses in Petrograd and threw him into Novgorod-Seversky, a town of deceptive silence and bliss.”(Star. 1998. No. 1).

In these two sentences, the author showed not only a segment of individual human life, but also the atmosphere of the era of enormous changes associated with the revolution of 1917. The first sentence gives knowledge social environment, material conditions, human relations in the childhood years of the life of the father of the hero of the novel and his own roots. Simple, rude people surrounding the boy (Bindyuzhnik– the colloquial name for a port loader), the hard work that he has seen since childhood, the restlessness of orphanhood - this is what stands behind this proposal. And the next sentence includes privacy into the cycle of history. Metaphorical phrases The revolutionary whirlwind blew..., dragged..., threw... they liken human life to a certain grain of sand that cannot withstand historical cataclysms, and at the same time convey the element of the general movement of those “who were nobody.” In a scientific or official business text, such imagery, such a layer of in-depth information is impossible.

The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. The number of words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style primarily includes figurative means of Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of usage. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity when describing certain aspects of life. For example, L. N. Tolstoy in “War and Peace” used a special phrase when describing battle scenes military vocabulary; we will find a significant number of words from the hunting lexicon in “Notes of a Hunter” by I. S. Turgenev, in the stories of M. M. Prishvin, V. A. Astafiev, and in “The Queen of Spades” by A. S. Pushkin many words from the lexicon card game and so on.

In the artistic style of speech, the verbal ambiguity of a word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and shades of meaning, as well as synonymy at all linguistic levels, thanks to which it becomes possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meaning. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the riches of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to create a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular. Let's give a small example:

“At Evdokimov’s tavern it’s alreadywere about to gather turn off the lamps when the scandal began. The scandal started like this.First everything looked nice in the hall, and even the tavern floor guard Potap told the owner that,they say, now God has had mercy - not a single broken bottle, when suddenly in the depths, in the semi-darkness, in the very core, there was a buzz, like a swarm of bees.

- Fathers of light, - the owner was lazily amazed, - here,Potapka, your evil eye, damn it! Well, you should have croaked, damn it!” (Okudzhava B. The Adventures of Shilov).

The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in a literary text. Many words that are scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech they carry concrete sensory ideas. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, adjective lead in scientific speech realizes its direct meaning (lead ore, lead bullet), and the artistic one forms an expressive metaphor (lead clouds, lead night, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech an important role is played by phrases that create a kind of figurative representation.

Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion, that is, a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or give the entire phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the famous line from A. Akhmatova’s poem “I still see Pavlovsk as hilly...” The author’s word order options are varied and subordinated to the general concept.

The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative and emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find a whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks. So, L. Petrushevskaya, to show disorder, “troubles” family life heroine of the story “Poetry in Life”, includes in one sentence several simple and complex sentences:

“In Mila’s story, everything went from bad to worse, Mila’s husband in the new two-room apartment no longer protected Mila from her mother, her mother lived separately, and there was no telephone either here or here. - Mila's husband became his own Iago and Othello and watched with mockery from around the corner as Mila was accosted on the street by men of his type, builders, prospectors, poets, who did not know how heavy this burden was, how unbearable life was if you fought alone , since beauty is not a helper in life, this is how one could approximately translate those obscene, desperate monologues that the former agronomist, and now a researcher, Mila’s husband, shouted on the streets at night, and in his apartment, and when drunk, so Mila hid somewhere with her young daughter, found shelter, and the unfortunate husband smashed furniture and threw iron pans,”

This sentence is perceived as an endless complaint from countless unhappy women, as a continuation of the theme of a woman’s sad lot.

In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible, due to artistic actualization, that is, the author highlighting some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. This technique is especially often used to create a comic effect or a bright, expressive artistic image:

"Oh, Cute, - Shipov shook his head, “why do you do this?” No need. I see right through you, mon cher… Hey, Potapka, why did you forget the man on the street?? Bring him here, waking him up. Well, Mr. Student, how do you rent this tavern? It's dirty and you think I like him?... I've been to real restaurants, sir, I know.... Pure Empire, sir... But you can’t talk to people there, but here I can find out something” (Okudzhava B. The Adventures of Shilov).

The speech of the main character characterizes him very clearly: not very educated, but ambitious, wanting to give the impression of a gentleman, a gentleman. Shipov uses elementary French words (my sher) along with vernacular waking up, here, which do not correspond not only to the literary, but also to the colloquial norm. But all these deviations in the text serve the law of artistic necessity.

Bibliography:

1. Azarova, E.V. Russian language: Textbook. allowance / E.V. Azarova, M.N. Nikonova. – Omsk: Omsk State Technical University Publishing House, 2005. – 80 p.

2. Golub, I.B. Russian language and speech culture: Textbook. allowance / I.B. Blue – M.: Logos, 2002. – 432 p.

3. Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / ed. prof. OK. Graudina and prof. E.N. Shiryaeva. – M.: NORMA-INFRA, 2005. – 549 p.

4. Nikonova, M.N. Russian language and culture of speech: A textbook for non-philological students / M.N. Nikonova. – Omsk: Omsk State Technical University Publishing House, 2003. – 80 p.

5. Russian language and speech culture: Textbook. / edited by prof. IN AND. Maksimova. – M.: Gardariki, 2008. – 408 p.

6. Russian language and speech culture: Textbook for technical universities / ed. IN AND. Maksimova, A.V. Golubeva. – M.: Higher education, 2008. – 356 p.

Art style how the functional style finds application in fiction, which performs figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic functions. To understand the features of the artistic way of knowing reality, of thinking, which determines the specifics of artistic speech, it is necessary to compare it with the scientific way of knowing, which determines character traits scientific speech.

Fiction, like other forms of art, is characterized by concrete-figurative representation of life in contrast to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through the senses and re-creation of reality , the author strives to convey, first of all, his personal experience, your understanding and comprehension of a particular phenomenon.

Typical for an artistic style of speech attention to the particular and random , behind which the typical and general can be traced. Remember " Dead Souls"N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personified certain specific human qualities, expressed a certain type, and all together they were the “face” of the author’s contemporary Russia.

World fiction - this is a “recreated” world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, which means that in the artistic style of speech the subjective moment plays the most important role. The entire surrounding reality is presented through the author's vision. But in an artistic text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in the artistic world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, etc. Associated with this is emotionality and expressiveness, metaphor, and meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech.

The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics . The number of words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style includes, first of all, figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of usage. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity when describing certain aspects of life.

In the artistic style of speech, the polysemy of words is very widely used. , which opens up additional meanings and shades of meaning, as well as synonymy at all linguistic levels, making it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meaning. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the riches of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to create a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular.

They come to the fore in a literary text emotionality and expressiveness of the image . Many words that in scientific speech appear as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech - as concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion, that is, a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or give the entire phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the famous line from A. Akhmatova’s poem “I still see Pavlovsk as hilly...”. The author's word order options are varied and subordinate to the general concept.

In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible, due to artistic actualization, i.e., the author highlighting some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.

In terms of diversity, richness and expressive capabilities of linguistic means, the artistic style stands above other styles and is the most complete expression of the literary language.
As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-artistic speech, performs a nominative-figurative function.

Linguistic features of artistic style of speech

1. Heterogeneity of the lexical composition: a combination of book vocabulary with colloquial, vernacular, dialect, etc.

The feather grass has matured. The steppe for many miles was dressed in swaying silver. The wind took it elastically, flowing, roughened, bumped, and drove bluish-opal waves to the south, then to the west. Where the flowing air stream ran, the feather grass bowed prayerfully, and a blackened path lay for a long time on its gray ridge.
Various grasses have bloomed. On the ridges of the ridge there is a joyless burnt-out wormwood. The nights faded quickly. At night, countless stars shone in the charred black sky; the month - the Cossack sun, darkened by the damaged side, shone sparingly, whitely; The spacious Milky Way intertwined with other star paths. The astringent air was thick, the wind was dry and wormwood; the earth, saturated with the same bitterness of the all-powerful wormwood, yearned for coolness.(M.A. Sholokhov)

2. Use of all layers of Russian vocabulary in order to realize the aesthetic function.

Daria hesitated for a minute and refused:
- No, no, I'm alone. I'm there alone.
She didn’t even know where “there” was and, leaving the gate, headed towards the Angara. (V. Rasputin)

3. Activity of polysemantic words all stylistic varieties of speech.

The river is seething in a lace of white foam.
Poppies are blooming red on the velvet meadows.
At dawn frost was born.
(M. Prishvin).

4. Combinatorial increments of meaning (B. Larin)

Words in an artistic context receive new semantic and emotional content, which embodies the author’s figurative thought.

I dreamed of catching the passing shadows,
The fading shadows of the fading day.
I climbed the tower. And the steps shook.
And the steps trembled under my feet
(K. Balmont)

5. Greater preference for using concrete vocabulary and less preference for abstract vocabulary.

Sergei pushed the heavy door. The porch step whimpered barely audibly under his foot. Two more steps - and he is already in the garden.
The cool evening air was filled with the intoxicating aroma of blooming acacia. Somewhere in the branches a nightingale trilled iridescently and subtly.

6. Minimum of generic concepts.

Another piece of advice that is essential for a prose writer. More specifics. The more precise and specific the object is named, the more expressive the imagery is.
You: " Horses chew corn. The peasants are preparing " morning food", "made noise birds“... In the artist’s poetic prose, which requires visible clarity, there should be no generic concepts, unless this is dictated by the very semantic task of the content... Oats better than grain. Rooks more appropriate than birds(Konstantin Fedin)

7. Wide use of folk poetic words, emotional and expressive vocabulary, synonyms, antonyms.

The rosehip, probably, had been creeping up the trunk to the young aspen since spring, and now, when the time had come for the aspen to celebrate its name day, it all burst into red, fragrant wild roses.(M. Prishvin).

“New Time” was located in Ertelev Lane. I said “fit.” That's not the right word. Reigned, dominated.(G. Ivanov)

8. Verb speech science

The writer names each movement (physical and/or mental) and change of state in stages. Pumping up verbs activates reading tension.

Gregory went down to Don, carefully climbed over through the fence of the Astakhovsky base, came up to the shuttered window. He heard only frequent heartbeats...Quiet knocked in the binding of the frame... Aksinya silently came up to the window, looked closely. He saw how she pressed hands to chest and heard an inarticulate moan escaped her lips. Grigory is familiar showed so that she opened window, stripped off rifle. Aksinya opened it doors He became on the ground, Aksinya’s bare hands grabbed his neck. They are like that trembled And fought on his shoulders, those dear hands that make them tremble transmitted and Gregory.(M.A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don”)

The dominant features of the artistic style are the imagery and aesthetic significance of each of its elements (down to sounds). Hence the desire for a fresh image, uncluttered expressions, a large number of tropes, special artistic (corresponding to reality) accuracy, the use of special expressive means of speech characteristic only of this style - rhythm, rhyme, even in prose a special harmonic organization of speech.

The artistic style of speech is characterized by imagery and extensive use of figurative and expressive means of language. In addition to its typical linguistic means, it uses means of all other styles, especially colloquial. In the language of artistic literature, colloquialisms and dialectisms, words of a high, poetic style, slang, rude words, professional business figures of speech, and journalism can be used. HOWEVER, ALL THESE MEANS IN THE ARTISTIC STYLE OF Speech ARE SUBJECT TO ITS BASIC FUNCTION – AESTHETIC.

If conversational style speech primarily performs the function of communication, (communicative), scientific and official business message function (informative), then the artistic style of speech is intended to create artistic, poetic images, emotional and aesthetic impact. All linguistic means included in a work of art change their primary function and are subordinate to the objectives of a given artistic style.

In literature, language occupies a special position because it is the building material, that matter perceived by hearing or sight, without which a work cannot be created. An artist of words - a poet, a writer - finds, in the words of L. Tolstoy, “the only necessary placement the right words”, in order to correctly, accurately, figuratively express a thought, convey a plot, character, make the reader empathize with the heroes of the work, and enter the world created by the author.
All this is accessible ONLY TO THE LANGUAGE OF FICTION, which is why it has always been considered the pinnacle of literary language. The best in language, its strongest capabilities and rarest beauty are in works of fiction, and all this is achieved through the artistic means of language.

Facilities artistic expression varied and numerous. You are already familiar with many of them. These are tropes such as epithets, comparisons, metaphors, hyperboles, etc.

Trails– a figure of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative meaning in order to achieve greater artistic expressiveness. The trope is based on a comparison of two concepts that seem close to our consciousness in some respect. The most common types of tropes are allegory, hyperbole, irony, litotes, metaphor, metomy, personification, periphrasis, synecdoche, comparison, epithet.

For example: What are you howling about, night wind, what are you madly complaining about - personification. All flags will visit us - synecdoche. A man the size of a fingernail, a boy the size of a finger – litotes. Well, eat a plate, my dear - metonymy, etc.

Expressive means of language include stylistic figures of speech or just figures of speech : anaphora, antithesis, non-union, gradation, inversion, polyunion, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical appeal, silence, ellipsis, epiphora. The means of artistic expression also include rhythm (poetry And prose), rhyme, intonation .

In general terms, the main linguistic features of the artistic style of speech include the following:

1. Heterogeneity of the lexical composition: a combination of book vocabulary with colloquial, colloquial, dialect, etc.

Let's look at some examples.

“The feather grass has matured. The steppe for many miles was dressed in swaying silver. The wind took it elastically, flowing, roughened, bumped, and drove bluish-opal waves to the south, then to the west. Where the flowing air stream ran, the feather grass bowed prayerfully, and on its gray ridge a blackened path lay for a long time.”

“Various grasses have bloomed. On the ridges of the ridge there is a joyless burnt-out wormwood. The nights faded quickly. At night, countless stars shone in the charred black sky; the month - the Cossack sun, darkened by the damaged side, shone sparingly, whitely; The spacious Milky Way intertwined with other star paths. The astringent air was thick, the wind was dry and wormwood; the earth, saturated with the same bitterness of the all-powerful wormwood, yearned for coolness.”

(M. A. Sholokhov)

2. Use of all layers of Russian vocabulary in order to realize the aesthetic function.

“Daria hesitated for a minute and refused:

No, no, I'm alone. I'm there alone.

She didn’t even know where “there” was and, leaving the gate, headed towards the Angara.”

(V. Rasputin)

3. Activity of polysemantic words of all stylistic varieties of speech.

“The river is seething in a lace of white foam.

Poppies are blooming red on the velvet meadows.

Frost was born at dawn."

(M. Prishvin).

4. Combinatorial increments of meaning.

Words in an artistic context receive new semantic and emotional content, which embodies the author’s figurative thought.

“I caught the departing shadows in my dreams,

The fading shadows of the fading day.

I climbed the tower. And the steps shook.

And the steps trembled under my feet.”

(K. Balmont)

5. Greater preference for using concrete vocabulary and less preference for abstract vocabulary.

“Sergei pushed the heavy door. The porch step whimpered barely audibly under his foot. Two more steps and he’s already in the garden.”

“The cool evening air was filled with the intoxicating aroma of blooming acacia. Somewhere in the branches a nightingale was singing its trills, iridescent and subtle.”

(M. A. Sholokhov)

6. Minimum of generic concepts.

“Another piece of advice that is essential for a prose writer. More specifics. The more precise and specific the object is named, the more expressive the imagery is.”

“You have: “Horses chew grain. The peasants were preparing “morning food”, “the birds were noisy”... In the artist’s poetic prose, which requires visible clarity, there should be no generic concepts, unless this is dictated by the very semantic task of the content... Oats are better than grain. Rooks are more appropriate than birds.”

(Konstantin Fedin)

7. Wide use of folk poetic words, emotional and expressive vocabulary, synonyms, antonyms.

“The rosehip, probably, has been creeping up the trunk to the young aspen since spring, and now, when the time has come for the aspen to celebrate its name day, it all burst into flames with red, fragrant wild roses.”

(M. Prishvin).

“New Time was located in Ertelev Lane. I said “fit.” That's not the right word. Reigned, dominated."

(G. Ivanov)

8. Verbal speech management.

The writer names each movement (physical and/or mental) and change of state in stages. Pumping up verbs activates reading tension.

“Grigory went down to the Don, carefully climbed over the fence of the Astakhovsky base, and approached the window covered with shutters. He heard only the frequent beats of his heart... He quietly knocked on the frame binding... Aksinya silently walked up to the window and peered. He saw her press her hands to her chest and heard her inarticulate moan escape her lips. Grigory motioned for her to open the window and took off his rifle. Aksinya opened the doors. He stood on the rubble, Aksinya’s bare hands grabbed his neck. They trembled and beat so much on his shoulders, these dear hands, that their trembling was transmitted to Gregory.”

(M.A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don”)

The dominant features of the artistic style are the imagery and aesthetic significance of each of its elements (down to sounds). Hence the desire for freshness of the image, unhackneyed expressions, a large number of tropes, special artistic (corresponding to reality) accuracy, the use of special expressive means of speech characteristic only of this style - rhythm, rhyme, even in prose a special harmonic organization of speech.

The artistic style of speech is characterized by imagery and extensive use of figurative and expressive means of language. In addition to its typical linguistic means, it also uses means of all other styles, especially colloquial. In the language of artistic literature, colloquialisms and dialectisms, words of a high, poetic style, slang, rude words, professional business figures of speech, and journalism can be used. The means in the artistic style of speech are subordinate to its main function - aesthetic.

As I. S. Alekseeva notes, “if the colloquial style of speech primarily performs the function of communication, (communicative), scientific and official business message function (informative), then the artistic style of speech is intended to create artistic, poetic images, emotional and aesthetic impact. All linguistic means included in a work of art change their primary function and are subordinate to the objectives of a given artistic style.”

In literature, language occupies a special position, since it is that building material, that matter perceived by hearing or sight, without which a work cannot be created.

An artist of words - a poet, a writer - finds, in the words of L. Tolstoy, “the only necessary placement of the only necessary words” in order to correctly, accurately, figuratively express a thought, convey the plot, character, make the reader empathize with the heroes of the work, enter the world created by the author.

All this is accessible only to the language of fiction, which is why it has always been considered the pinnacle of literary language. The best in language, its strongest capabilities and rarest beauty are in works of fiction, and all this is achieved through the artistic means of language. The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. First of all, these are the trails.

Tropes are a figure of speech in which a word or expression is used figuratively in order to achieve greater artistic expressiveness. The trope is based on a comparison of two concepts that seem close to our consciousness in some respect.

1). An epithet (Greek epitheton, Latin apositum) is a defining word, mainly when it adds new qualities to the meaning of the word being defined (epitheton ornans - decorating epithet). Wed. in Pushkin: “ruddy dawn”; Theorists pay special attention to the epithet with a figurative meaning (cf. Pushkin: “my harsh days”) and the epithet with the opposite meaning - the so-called. oxymoron (cf. Nekrasov: “poor luxury”).

2). Comparison (Latin comparatio) - revealing the meaning of a word by comparing it with another for some reason common feature(tertium comparationis). Wed. from Pushkin: “youth is faster than a bird.” Discovering the meaning of a word by determining its logical content is called interpretation and refers to figures.

3). Periphrasis (Greek periphrasis, Latin circumlocutio) is a method of presentation that describes a simple subject through complex phrases. Wed. Pushkin has a parodic periphrase: “The young pet of Thalia and Melpomene, generously gifted by Apollo.” One type of periphrasis is euphemism - the replacement with a descriptive phrase of a word that for some reason is considered obscene. Wed. from Gogol: “get by with the help of a scarf.”

Unlike the tropes listed here, which are built on enriching the unchanged basic meaning of the word, the following tropes are built on shifts in the basic meaning of the word.

4). Metaphor (Latin translatio) - the use of a word in a figurative meaning. Classic example, cited by Cicero - “murmur of the sea.” The confluence of many metaphors forms an allegory and a riddle.

5). Synecdoche (Latin intellectio) is the case when a whole thing is recognized by a small part or when a part is recognized by the whole. The classic example given by Quintilian is “stern” instead of “ship”.

6). Metonymy (Latin denominatio) is the replacement of one name for an object with another, borrowed from related and similar objects. Wed. from Lomonosov: “read Virgil.”

7). Antonomasia (Latin pronominatio) is the replacement of one’s own name with another, as if borrowed from outside, nickname. The classic example given by Quintilian is “destroyer of Carthage” instead of “Scipio”.

8). Metalepsis (Latin transumptio) is a replacement, representing, as it were, a transition from one trope to another. Wed. from Lomonosov - “ten harvests have passed...: here, after the harvest, of course, it’s summer, after the summer, a whole year.”

These are the paths built on the use of words in a figurative meaning; theorists also note the possibility of simultaneous use of a word in a figurative and literal sense, the possibility of a confluence of contradictory metaphors. Finally, a number of paths are identified in which not the main meaning of the word changes, but one or another shade of this meaning. These are:

9). Hyperbole is an exaggeration taken to the point of “impossibility.” Wed. from Lomonosov: “running, faster than wind and lightning.”

10). Litotes is an understatement expressing through a negative phrase the content of a positive phrase (“a lot” in the meaning of “many”).

eleven). Irony is the expression in words of a meaning opposite to their meaning. Wed. Lomonosov’s characterization of Catiline by Cicero: “Yes! He is a timid and meek man...”

The expressive means of language also include stylistic figures of speech or simply figures of speech: anaphora, antithesis, non-union, gradation, inversion, polyunion, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical appeal, silence, ellipsis, epiphora. The means of artistic expression also include rhythm (poetry and prose), rhyme, and intonation.

Artistic style - concept, types of speech, genres

All researchers talk about the special position of the style of fiction in the system of styles of the Russian language. But its isolation in this general system is possible, because it arises from the same basis as other styles.

The field of activity of the style of fiction is art.

The “material” of fiction is the common language.

He depicts in words thoughts, feelings, concepts, nature, people, and their communication. Each word in an artistic text is subject not only to the rules of linguistics, it lives according to the laws of verbal art, in a system of rules and techniques for creating artistic images.

Form of speech - predominantly written; for texts intended to be read aloud, prior recording is required.

Fiction uses all types of speech equally: monologue, dialogue, polylogue.

Type of communication - public.

Genres of fiction known - thisnovel, story, sonnet, short story, fable, poem, comedy, tragedy, drama, etc.

all elements of the artistic system of a work are subordinated to the solution of aesthetic problems. The word in a literary text is a means of creating an image and conveying the artistic meaning of the work.

These texts use the entire variety of linguistic means that exist in the language (we have already talked about them): means of artistic expression, and both means of the literary language and phenomena outside the literary language can be used - dialects, jargon, means of other styles and etc. At the same time, the selection of linguistic means is subject to the artistic intention of the author.

For example, the character's surname can be a means of creating an image. This technique was widely used by writers of the 18th century, introducing “speaking surnames” into the text (Skotinins, Prostakova, Milon, etc.). To create an image, the author can, within the same text, use the possibilities of word ambiguity, homonyms, synonyms and other linguistic phenomena

(The one who, having sipped passion, only gulped down mud - M. Tsvetaeva).

Repetition of a word, which in scientific and official business styles emphasizes the accuracy of the text, in journalism serves as a means of enhancing impact, in artistic speech can underlie the text and create the artistic world of the author

(cf.: S. Yesenin’s poem “You are my Shagane, Shagane”).

The artistic means of literature are characterized by the ability to “increase meaning” (for example, with information), which makes it possible different interpretations artistic texts, its various assessments.

For example, critics and readers assessed many works of art differently:

drama by A.N. Ostrovsky called “The Thunderstorm” “a ray of light in a dark kingdom,” seeing in its main character a symbol of the revival of Russian life;
his contemporary saw in “The Thunderstorm” only “a drama in a family chicken coop”,
modern researchers A. Genis and P. Weil, comparing the image of Katerina with the image of Flaubert’s Emma Bovary, saw many similarities and called “The Thunderstorm” “the tragedy of bourgeois life.”

There are many such examples: interpretation of the image of Shakespeare's Hamlet, Turgenev's, Dostoevsky's heroes.

The literary text has the author's originality - the author's style. This is this characteristics language of the works of one author, consisting in the choice of characters, compositional features of the text, the language of the characters, speech features the actual author's text.

So, for example, for the style of L.N. Tolstoy is characterized by a technique that the famous literary critic V. Shklovsky called “detachment.” The purpose of this technique is to return the reader to a vivid perception of reality and expose evil. This technique, for example, is used by the writer in the scene of Natasha Rostova’s visit to the theater (“War and Peace”): at first, Natasha, exhausted by separation from Andrei Bolkonsky, perceives the theater as an artificial life, opposed to her, Natasha’s, feelings (cardboard scenery, aging actors), then, after meeting Helen, Natasha looks at the stage through her eyes.

Another feature of Tolstoy’s style is the constant division of the depicted object into simple constituent elements, which can manifest itself in rows homogeneous members offers; at the same time, such dismemberment is subordinated to a single idea. Tolstoy, fighting against the romantics, developed his own style and practically abandoned the use of figurative means of language.

In a literary text we also encounter the image of the author, which can be presented as an image - a storyteller or an image of a hero, a narrator.

This is a conventional image . The author ascribes to him, “transfers” the authorship of his work, which may contain information about the writer’s personality, facts of his life that do not correspond to the actual facts of the writer’s biography. By this he emphasizes the non-identity of the author of the work and his image in the work.

actively participates in the lives of the heroes,
included in the plot of the work,
expresses his attitude to what is happening and characters

In this article:

The nature of the work directly depends on the style that the author uses while writing. Classics of Russian and foreign literature implemented artistic style in their texts. It is one of the controversial and confusing genres.

Artistic style: concept, features

The artistic style used in literary works. Examples of literary text should tell about a life situation and reveal simple truths as understood by the author.

The artistic style is found in such genres as poem, verse, play, short story, novel and story.

In order to express emotions as fully as possible and more accurately explain a point of view, the author uses various linguistic means in an artistic style from other speech genres.

The narrator's aesthetic opinion should evoke not only a positive, but also a negative reaction from the audience. Without a response word, it is difficult to understand whether the reader has understood the lines read. This is one of the problems of a literary text. Not every author knows how to correctly use expressive means in the text.

Therefore, the reader may not delve into the author’s thought, may not be convinced of it, and may question what he has read. If after reading a person has questions or a desire to express an opinion, then this is considered a response to the work. But it does not guarantee a complete understanding of the meaning.

Having received answers to questions and listened to the opinions of other readers, he can be convinced of the accuracy and correctness of the narrator’s thoughts.

Distinctive features of the artistic style

The author expresses his own position through various tools of literary language. A sentence in an artistic style contains tropes - epithets, metaphors, metaphors, similes, etc.
Lyrics in the genre of artistic style are filled with emotion.
The characters of fiction are described vividly and vividly using linguistic means.
The presence of the author in some works is constantly observed.

The main task of the artistic style is to convey to the reader the opinion of the author in such a way that this opinion will receive a response (criticism). Various styles of fiction allow you to present any information in an interesting and unusual way.

For example, scientific phenomena are described in works using a scientific and artistic style. An artistic and journalistic style can be used in newspapers and magazines.

Main features of artistic style

To understand that a text is literary, you need to find certain signs. The features described above are characteristic of the artistic style. Other characteristics can be added to them.

Speech multitasking. In a well-written literary style text, every word will have meaning. The words will provoke different thoughts in the reader regarding further events in the story.
It is not always clear which language device the author used. The essence of the text is not to explain linguistic forms of self-expression, but to show point of view, feelings, thoughts.
The narrator can talk about his position different ways. You can do this smoothly, or brightly and calmly. In any case, the text of the artistic style implies the self-expression of the author.
Each storyteller has his own style. The author takes any means from another genre of the Russian language. For this reason, the works differ from each other. In other words, an “author’s style” is created.
Organized text. The work has a clear chapter structure.
One word can have several meanings.
Template phrases are not used.

Features of artistic style

There are three distinct functions of artistic style.

The first is aesthetic. A literary text not only conveys a certain meaning to the reader, but also evokes aesthetic feelings. Through ideological perception, the audience must understand the meaning of the entire work.
The second function is influencing. Through emotions, the author influences the reader and at the same time conveys information about the world. The information can be simple worldly wisdom, the author’s opinion on any issue.
And the third function is communication. The reader responds to the thoughts and ideas described in the work. If the text has completed the first two tasks incorrectly, then there will be no response from the audience. This means that the work did not fulfill a single task and the narrator’s worldview was misunderstood.

Area of use of the style

The artistic genre is used in literature. Sub-styles are divided: artistic-journalistic and scientific-artistic.

Thanks to syntactic and morphological characteristics, the style is used in such sub-styles as: epic, lyricism, drama.

Epic is divided into epic, novel, short story and tale. Epics are also considered epics, ballads, legends, myths and parables.

In the epic, historical events play a large role.
The storyline of the novel is based on the lives of the characters.
In the story we're talking about about one case.
The story contains the characteristics of a short story and a novel.
Lyrics, that is, poetic form, are divided into ode, epigram, elegy, sonnet. This genre is well used by Shakespeare.
An ode is a praise of an event or a person, an epigram is a satirical poem.
Elegy is a lyric poem.
A sonnet is a special poetic form with a strict structure.
Drama is divided into genres such as comedy, drama, and tragedy.
In a comedy, the author makes fun of social problems or vices using satirical techniques.
Tragedy tells about the broken destinies of heroes.
Drama makes very good use of the medium of dialogue in an artistic style.
Through dialogue, it describes a sharp and interesting plot, the relationships of the characters with each other and society.

Linguistic features of artistic style of speech

The artistic style uses various linguistic means. Some are borrowed from other genres. Main feature artistic style is an abundance of morphological and syntactic properties.

A large role is given to verbs, pronouns, adjectives and participles. They make the text dynamic and sincere. The text of the artistic style uses the entire wide range of syntax - punctuation marks, participial phrases, direct speech, quotes.

Elements of artistic style

The style is characterized by various linguistic means for self-expression. In other words, paths. Among them:

Epithets.
Metaphors.
Comparisons.
Allegory.
Inversion.

Detailing in literary text

Every detail is clarified in the text. Even if it does not affect the further plot. For example, in the novel The Thorn Birds, the story about the bird at first seems incomprehensible.

However, there is a hint of a conventional love story. Already at the end of the book, the full meaning of the priest’s quote is revealed to the reader. At first glance, this story about a bird singing once in its life means nothing. But after reading further, it will become clear what the author means.

Detail in a story can mean something important. This is a kind of hint or preparation of the reader for an important event or discovery.

Conveying the author's feelings and emotions

Epithets

An epithet (from the Greek ἐπίθετον - “attached”) is a trope expressed in the form of an adjective, less often an adverb, a noun, or a numeral.

When an epithet appears in the text, a different meaning, a new shade appears. A word “attached” to this element becomes colorful and rich. For example, “wooden face”.

Metaphors

Metaphor (ancient Greek μεταφορά - “transfer”, “figurative meaning”). From the ancient Greek language this word means “transfer”.

In the text, metaphor has the same meaning - that is, the properties of one object are transferred to another. The author compares phenomena using words, replacing meaning. The reader unravels the mystery almost immediately.

Example: “When Varya saw the price of the bag, she was “strangled by a toad.” Seeing the price, Varya regretted spending money on it. If the author had described what was happening in direct phrases, the sentence would hardly have had any mystery or interest.

Comparisons

Comparison is a common trope. Its meaning is to compare two objects or phenomena in relation to one phenomenon (or object). The purpose of this action is to discover new properties that are important for the narrator.

Allegory

Using elements from other styles

The main elements borrowed from other styles in a literary text are direct speech. In general, there are quite a lot of other stylistic elements in the artistic style. Direct speech is taken from the conversational style.

Inversion

In inversion, the significant part of the sentence stands out among other words. This also affects the further meaning of the entire plot. It stands out by rearranging the word.