Introduction

IN modern society It is very important how a person looks, so more and more often not only women, but also men pay attention to their appearance. Nowadays, seeking help from a professional in the field of plastic surgery is not considered uncommon. According to marketing research experts, every fifth woman in the world is not averse to resorting to services to improve her appearance through a surgical knife, and men’s interest in plastic surgery almost doubles every year.

We should also not forget that initially this type of surgery did not set itself the task of changing one’s appearance for the better, but solely to solve serious health problems.

plastic surgery aesthetic knife

Plastic surgery, types of plastic surgery

Plastic surgery is a branch of surgery that deals with surgical interventions aimed at eliminating deformations and defects of any organ, tissue or surface of the human body.

The goal of plastic surgery is most often to restore the superficial tissues of the body, leveling out defects in such a way that they do not attract the attention of others. The final result is the patient purchasing appearance, with which it is possible to lead a natural lifestyle.

Also, plastic surgery operations are associated with the displacement or movement of tissues using local tissues, freely transferring them from distant areas to create new forms.

Plastic surgery has a sufficient number of methods for eliminating defects. Very important in predicting the results of an operation is: the choice of method, indications and contraindications for the intervention, the highly qualified surgeon, a correct assessment of the patient’s general condition and a competent description of the defect.

The term "plastic surgery" was introduced in 1798 by the French surgeon Desolt and came into widespread use in 1893.

“Plastikos” (Greek) - create a form;

“plasticus” (Latin) - formative.

Plastic surgery can be divided into two main types - reconstructive and aesthetic.

Reconstructive (restorative) plastic surgeries help eliminate deformations, defects of tissues and organs, and restore their functions using plastic surgery methods. These surgeries are performed on people who have been physically injured by injury, illness, or have birth defects. Successful reconstructive surgery can radically change a person's quality of life, helping them regain a sense of full life.

Aesthetic plastic surgery is the use of plastic surgery techniques to improve appearance. Thanks to such operations, people can not only prolong their youth and feel their beauty, but also get rid of the emotional stress of realizing their real or imagined imperfections, and thereby also significantly improve their quality of life. Aesthetic plastic surgeries can be classified according to the area of performance:

facial rejuvenation (skin tightening) - facelift

brow and forehead lift - front lift

eyelid surgery - blepharoplasty

nose job

Rhinoplasty is the correction of congenital or acquired deformities of the nose, as well as the complete restoration of a missing nose

Septoplasty - surgery to correct the shape of the nasal septum

plastic surgery of the ears - otoplasty

neck plastic surgery - platysmoplasty

lip plastic surgery - cheiloplasty (using injections and implants)

hair transplantation

chin plastic surgery - mentoplasty

cheekbone plastic surgery - mandibuloplasty

change in the expression of the zygomatic areas - malarplasty

plastic surgery of the neck and submental area - cervicoplasty

breast plastic surgery - mammoplasty

tummy tuck - abdominoplasty

changing the nature of fat deposits - liposuction

plastic surgery of the buttocks - gluteoplasty

hand plastic surgery - brachioplasty

shin plastic surgery - cruroplasty

plastic surgery of the labia minora and majora - labiaplasty

plastic hymen- hymenoplasty

vaginal plastic surgery - vaginoplasty

plastic surgery of the penis - phalloplasty

skin tightening after weight loss

removal of folds of skin and fat on various parts of the body - panniculectomy

elimination of ptosis - torsoplasty

laser resurfacing of the patient's skin

excision of post-traumatic scars

combined plastic surgery - two or more areas

reconstructive plastic surgery - for massive external lesions

Nowadays, the most popular aesthetic surgeries are the following: correction of the nose, chin and ears, facelift, forehead and neck lift, blepharoplasty, eyebrow plastic surgery, lip correction, Botox injections; liposuction in the abdomen and waist, breast enlargement, reduction and correction, hand rejuvenation; buttock augmentation, liposuction in the “breeches” area, changing the shape of the labia minora and labia majora.

Reconstructive surgery involves restoring the shape of the breast after oncological diseases, ears after injuries, skin after negative thermochemical or chemical exposure. Most of these types allow a person to change his life for the better in the near future.

However, Robert Goldwyn, a famous American plastic surgeon, claims that every operation that begins as reconstructive always ends as aesthetic. The difference between them, he believes, is “a purely academic concept.”

Absolutely every girl dreams of remaining young and beautiful for a long time. This is probably why most women are desperate to hide their age. A woman’s age is indicated by her hands, posture, and clothing style. But the first thing that can give away a woman's age is her face. Namely, signs of aging such as aging skin and wrinkles.

In order for the first signs of aging to appear as late as possible, you need to properly care for your skin. And you need to start doing this at the age of 20. However, in our young years, our skin seems ideal, and no one thinks that in a few years the real age will be noticeable.

If a girl has not started taking care of her face at a young age, then after 25 years, various skin problems may well arise that will definitely reveal her age. Of course, all this can be corrected with facial plastic surgery.

Facial plastic surgery is very popular among the fairer sex. But at the same time, they are most afraid of facial plastic surgery, because operations performed on the face are considered very dangerous. But is this really so, and should you be afraid of facial plastic surgery? These and other issues should be discussed in more detail.

Contraindications and restrictions

Despite the fact that facial plastic surgery is very popular, Not everyone can do it. There are a number of contraindications that prevent plastic surgery on your face. It is worth remembering that before any plastic surgery, a doctor’s consultation is necessary. And of course, you need to undergo various tests. Even if plastic surgery is permitted for all other indications, testing is a prerequisite.

Need to know, that tests have a certain expiration date. Therefore, if everything is fine with you now, this does not mean that in six months, when you get ready to have plastic surgery, everything will be just as great. All examinations must be completed immediately before the cosmetic procedure within the time frame specified by the doctor:

Here we consider only the main contraindications for which facial plastic surgery cannot be performed. Of course, in reality there can be much more of them, so only a doctor can allow or prohibit plastic surgery.

In this case, the doctor may delay carrying out this procedure if the patient has ARVI or herpes. In other cases, in particular with oncology or poor blood clotting, long-term treatment is necessary until all symptoms that prevent plastic surgery are eliminated.

Types of plastic procedures

Exists a large number of a wide variety of types of plastic surgery, and each option is suitable for eliminating a particular problem.

Without surgery

If you are afraid of undergoing surgery, then you have a direct path to a good cosmetologist. Many are sure that facial imperfections cannot be corrected without a surgeon, but this is far from true. There are a large number of methods that will help correct flaws and improve general form faces. This:

Things to keep in mind: less complexity and the traumatic nature of non-surgical plastic surgery do not mean that you can make lower demands on the clinic and staff, trying to find a more economical option. The consequences of any of the procedures described above, performed by a specialist with low qualifications or with violations of technology, can have very serious consequences for health.

Moreover, the less complexity and responsibility of non-surgical plastic surgery attracts not only all sorts of shady businessmen trying to make money on women’s desire to be beautiful, but also outright scammers.

Surgical methods

In order to achieve significantly noticeable changes in facial skin, it is necessary to seek the help of a surgeon. There is quite a large number of plastic surgeries on the face:

Plastic surgery, like any other, cannot be called completely safe. Of course, it carries certain risks, this must be understood. And before you decide to take such a step, you need to think very carefully and weigh the pros and cons. Under what conditions is it still worth having plastic surgery:

Finally, we must remember that no plastic surgery methods will allow you to maintain the achieved result forever. After some time, new medical intervention will be required. These are new financial costs and an increase in the potential danger of procedures, especially when it comes to surgical methods of exposure. Thus, plastic surgery is a struggle for beauty without an epilogue. And before entering into this fight, you need to use completely safer ways: application of various cosmetics that have the desired effect on the skin, massage, spa treatments.

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Plastic surgeries can be aesthetic or reconstructive. The first ones are done to improve the body or face and thus increase self-esteem. The second are aimed at eliminating congenital or acquired defects in appearance. Operations by medical indications carried out from an early age. For example, a cleft lip can be corrected after 3 months.

Until the child is 18 years old, each medical intervention is agreed with the parents (or guardians) and supported by their signatures. If the child signs the documents themselves, they are considered invalid.

2. Recovery after surgery can take several months.

The recovery period depends on the specific surgery and the patient's health condition. After procedures that do not require strong intervention in the body (such as injections), a few days are enough. Rehabilitation after a facelift takes up to 30 days.

After breast reduction surgery (performed on men with disproportionately large breasts), recovery will take at least 1-2 weeks. Breast augmentation will require about 6 weeks to heal. During this time, you need to follow a special regime (do not lift heavy objects, do not drink alcohol, and so on), visit a doctor and have bandages done, take painkillers and finally remove the stitches.

3. When choosing a specialist, the doctor’s experience, his portfolio, and more are important

A plastic surgeon must be a member of professional organizations and have the appropriate education and certification. An additional benefit is professional involvement. If a doctor participates in conferences or teaches, he is aware of the latest trends in his field. Experience in carrying out a specific type of operation is important, since there is specialization here.

Before agreeing on an operation, you need to ask the doctor to show the results of his work. Many clients do not want their photos published on the clinic’s website or in print publications, but it would be better if the doctor, while maintaining confidentiality, still showed the “before” and “after” photos. Pay attention to whether the doctor has photographs of patients taken a year or more after the operation. Reviews from other patients can also help.

4. Plastic surgery is surrounded by dozens of myths

Many people believe that cosmetic surgery can be done in one go. In fact, many operations involve several sessions (for example, mammoplasty, liposuction), as well as postoperative observation with the limitation of some daily activities. Visits to the doctor will also need to be made subsequently.

Another common misconception is that after liposuction, fat will no longer accumulate. Alas, it can return, only it will be deposited in other places. Some people believe that after surgery it is harmful to be in the sun, but most operations do not require such restrictions, although sun exposure can be reduced in the first few days - this will allow the scars to heal faster.

5. A surgeon may refuse a patient

Yes, there may be several reasons for this: age under 18 years, presence of diseases that can negatively affect the operation (for example, blood or heart disease). Many surgeons refuse patients if they obviously have high expectations: the doctor cannot “make” any desired part of the body from a photograph - he works with what nature has endowed you with. Therefore, let’s say, it will not be possible to radically change the shape of your lips. The same applies to clients who are obsessed with the idea of copying the appearance of a star.

6. Sometimes after surgery you need to change your passport

Depends on how serious the changes have occurred to the person’s appearance. There are known cases when people were unable to pass passport control at the airport because the officer did not recognize them in their passport photo. If the previous photo only vaguely resembles your face, the document will have to be changed. If your appearance has not undergone major changes, you can leave your passport.

7. Plastic surgery will not get rid of excess weight quickly.

The procedure, taking into account post-operative recovery, will require a long time. For the first 2-3 weeks, patients will experience pain and bruising on the body. Work, exercise, childcare and household chores will need to be put on hold for 4-6 weeks. Complete rehabilitation will only end in six months to a year.

Then it will be possible to see the final result: until this time, the abdomen will swell, and the patient may experience numbness and stiffness in this part of the body. The scar at the level of the pubic bones will remain for life, although over time it will become less noticeable.

8. The operation is fraught with complications

Complications after surgery can vary. Hematomas occur in 1% of patients after chest and facial surgery. Seroma (a collection of tissue fluid under the skin) occurs more often, especially in those who have had abdominal surgery. The liquid is quite easily removed by expressing through the needle of a syringe. Other common complications are infections and blood loss.

During liposuction, the surgeon may touch internal organs, which may require a separate operation to restore. Thromboembolism (or blockage of a vein by a blood clot) occurs in only 0.09% of cases, and patients who choose tummy tuck are slightly more susceptible to it. The risk of blood clots is higher in those who have undergone more than one operation. In addition to the actions of the doctor, the cause of complications may be incorrectly selected anesthesia.

9. Aesthetic surgery is harmless, but there is always a risk

Surgery is always a risk. To protect yourself, you need to carefully choose the specialist who will perform the operation. But in addition to the doctor’s qualifications, what matters is how carefully and consistently the patient will carry out the preliminary preparations and subsequent instructions.

10. The operation requires lengthy preparation

Any operation begins with a preliminary consultation, during which the doctor assesses the patient’s health status and refers him for tests. In addition, the surgeon adjusts the diet and lifestyle: before the operation it is better to abstain from alcohol and smoking and limit the intake of certain medications (in particular aspirin and hormonal medications). During the operation, it is better to abuse salty and spicy foods, as they provoke swelling.

11. Smoking and plastic surgery are incompatible

Doctors recommend that patients stop using nicotine 2 weeks before the proposed operation: this applies not only to cigarettes, but also to nicotine patches, chewing gum and other products. The fact is that nicotine increases the risk of postoperative complications and slows down the wound healing process.

Plastic surgeries in modern medicine are an integral part of reconstructive and aesthetic surgery. The goals and objectives of most plastic surgical interventions are to change the appearance of various parts of the body to improve aesthetic perception, both by the patient and others. The reasons may be of a restorative nature, resulting from injuries, the appearance of stitches from previous operations, and of a psychological nature, which are most often caused by the moral state of the patient, dissatisfied with his appearance, usually due to subjective conclusions.

Types of operations

A plastic procedure on the patient’s face, which involves creating a rejuvenation effect by removing wrinkles, nasolabial folds, and using the lifting method. The procedures are performed under general anesthesia. The face is marked, after which the necessary incisions are made from the scalp in the temple area, along the ear and to the hair behind the ear, excess skin is excised, after which a suture is applied. The recovery period takes about a month.

Front lift (brow and forehead lift). It is performed using an open or endoscopic method.

The essence of these methods is to remove excess fat, redistribute the skin and change muscle tissue in the supraorbital and frontal region.

This operation can be performed under either local or general anesthesia.

This is a surgical method that allows you to change the geometry of the eyelids and the eye section. A distinction is made between blepharoplasty of the upper and lower eyelids, eliminating sagging or baggy swelling under the eyes. It is performed by creating an incision in the crease of the eyelid and removing excess skin, fat cells and correcting muscles. Surgeries on the lower eyelid can be performed using an incision on the inside of the eyelid. It is possible to perform circular blepharoplasty, affecting both eyelids simultaneously. Rehabilitation takes 2-3 weeks.

Allows changes in acquired or congenital curvatures or replacement of geometry. There are many surgical approaches to perform the operation. Closed plastic surgery is more common, in which certain tissues of cartilage or bone are removed and, if necessary, they are increased. The open type of operation is indicated for massive defective phenomena; in this case, in addition to the tissue of the nostrils, the vertical septum separating the nostrils is also cut. In some situations, secondary plastic surgery is indicated. Full recovery depends on the surgical methods and takes at least 3 weeks. Septoplasty, unlike rhinoplasty, it involves restoring the shape of the nasal septum, on the recommendation of an ENT specialist. The goal is to restore nasal breathing. This type of operation refers to reconstructive plastic surgery.

Otoplasty (ear plastic surgery). The most common indication is protruding ears.

The procedure is performed under general or local anesthesia.

The method includes determining suitable shape cartilage, after which an incision is made behind the concha and the cartilage is given the required shape to ensure that the ear fits the head.

It is performed using injections or implants.

For injections, preparations based on collagen or synthetic substances are used.

Implants are used in the form of synthetic plates and are inserted into the lips. Sometimes lip contouring is performed together with injections.

Hair for transplantation is taken only from the patient undergoing this operation.

The technique consists of cutting out a graft (a small area of skin with hair) and transplanting it in place of the same excised area on the bald part.

The number of grafts transferred determines the future frequency of hair growth.

Mentoplasty (genioplasty, mandibuloplasty, chinplasty). The procedure is divided into two types: reducing or increasing the chin. It can be performed externally, through an incision in the fold of skin under the chin, or through an internal incision in the lower lip area. The augmentation is performed using an installed implant. Reduction is carried out by cutting off the osteochondral tissue. This type operations are classified as traumatic with a long rehabilitation period of three months.

Malarplasty (cheekbone plastic surgery). The surgical techniques are similar to mentoplasty; the shape of the cheekbones is changed by introducing special implants (bone, synthetic, silicone). Synthetic materials tend to cause allergic reactions, and bone materials dissolve over time; therefore, the use of solid silicone prostheses is currently practiced. If it is necessary to reduce the size of the lower jaw, this involves removing excess bone tissue. The manipulation is carried out under general anesthesia, the rehabilitation period takes at least three months.

Cervicoplasty (neck and submental surgery) is a surgical procedure whose purpose is to remove excess skin from the neck and submental area. The technique consists of making a skin incision in the area of the chin and ears. Excess skin is removed, and if necessary, fatty tissue is cut off. After this, the incision is sutured with skin tension, which leads to tightening of the integument. Since the human neck contains vital major vessels and the thyroid gland, such intervention requires of the highest qualifications surgeon The rehabilitation period is short; it is usually equal to the time it takes to tighten the sutures. In some cases, this type of correction is combined with platysmoplasty.

one of the frequently performed procedures in the field of plastic surgery, is performed to achieve aesthetics (shape) of the mammary glands or change their size. Often patients need shape correction and an increase (decrease) in breast size at the same time. The operation is carried out through the implantation of special prostheses, which are selected individually to the wishes of the patient. They differ in their shell material, filler, and tear resistance. Typically, such prostheses can remain in a woman’s chest for a long time (about 15 years), after which they require replacement. The choice of incision location is discussed with the patient. The implant is installed depending on the given situation and can be located between the chest muscle and the gland or under it. To reduce breasts, liposuction is used, which leaves no seams, or the T-shaped incision method, which radically reduces the tissue volume of the breast.

have a general direction based on the removal of excess skin and fat. Thus, classic abdominoplasty involves the total removal of excess fat and excess skin by creating an incision near the navel and on the bikini projection. This removes fatty tissue from the abdominal wall and excess skin. This operation involves installing drainage to drain exudate. Postoperative suture postoperative suture in the suprapubic area. Liposuction involves removing fat tissue by suction through a special tube inserted into areas of excess fat cells through small incisions. When carrying out this procedure, it is necessary to observe the symmetry of fat removal to prevent the formation of dents. The postoperative period takes 3-4 weeks.

Gluteoplasty (buttock correction procedure). It is based on the implantation of prostheses under the gluteal muscle.

The operation is performed under general anesthesia, an incision is made in the sacral region, after which an implant is inserted under the buttock muscle and the incision is sutured.

Rehabilitation takes about a week.

Brachioplasty (hand surgery) is a tightening of the skin on the arms, usually in the upper part.

The method consists of creating an incision from the armpit to the elbow and removing excess skin and fat. Then a suture is applied.

Sometimes this method is combined with liposuction. The postoperative period takes 1-2 months.

Cruroplasty and femoroplasty (plasty of the legs and inner thigh). Thus, cruroplasty is based on the implantation of a prosthesis under the calf muscle or its fascia. To do this, the popliteal fossa is cut into 3-5 cm. Femoroplasty is designed to remove excess and sagging skin on the inner thighs. It is carried out by creating an incision in the groin area and removing excess skin and fat. The length of the incision depends on the individual characteristics of the patient.

Labiaplasty (plasty of the labia minora and majora). Sometimes the indications are postpartum trauma. There are plastic surgery of the labia minora and labia majora. Operations on the labia minora are carried out by excision of excess tissue, achieving the desired reduction. On large lips, plastic surgery is performed to increase or decrease their size. To enlarge, either a special gel or adipose tissue is injected into the body of the lips. They are reduced by removing excess or using liposuction. The rehabilitation period takes about a month.

Hymenoplasty (hymen surgery). There are short-term and long-term results of the operation.

In the first case, sections of the hymen are stitched together, which gives a temporary result due to incomplete healing; in the second case, the hymen is restored from the tissues lining the entrance to the vaginal area.

The procedure is performed under general anesthesia.

Vaginoplasty (vaginoplasty) involves the restoration of muscle tone lost due to labor or due to structural features of the vagina in individual cases. The reason for turning to a surgeon is the desire to increase sexual sensations when intimate with a partner. In some cases, this operation is indicated purely for medical reasons, for example, when the uterus prolapses. There are several technical approaches. Classic techniques are based on excision of tissue and stitching of the edges of the incision, which leads to a narrowing of the vagina. The implantation method involves introducing a special fastening mesh, which over time becomes covered with connective tissue and increases muscle tone.

Phalloplasty (penis surgery) one of the technically complex operations performed to correct or artificially form the penis. Such operations are indicated for many reasons, not only aesthetic, but also medical. The aesthetic factor is due to an increase in the length of the penis; medical reasons include injuries to the penis, the consequences of malignant tumors, and developmental abnormalities. The complexity of the intervention is aggravated by the task of restoring the urethra. The technique consists of moving the corpora cavernosa, replanting the skin in the form of cut-out flaps and providing innervation, which allows one to obtain full sensations during sexual activity. At the same time, vascular surgery is performed to ensure complete blood supply to the tissues of the penis. Skin flaps are taken from the scrotum, back or forearm. The rehabilitation period is 2-3 months.

Platysmoplasty (neck surgery) involves lifting (tightening of skin and muscle tissue) on the neck. Often performed in conjunction with chin surgery. The purpose of this operation is to get rid of sagging formations and flabbiness. Unlike cervicoplasty, manipulations are performed on the subcutaneous muscle (platysma). Plastic surgery is performed by removing fat cells, creating incisions in the postauricular area and tightening the platysma. In case of divergence of its edges, medial plastic surgery is performed. The operation is performed under general anesthesia, complete healing and resorption of the sutures occurs after 1-1.5 months.

Panniculectomy (skin tightening after weight loss). In some cases, it is performed in parallel with liposuction or abdominoplasty. Panniculectomy does not involve manipulation of the muscles and involves only the removal of excess skin. The skin-fat apron is removed as follows: an incision is made from the sternum to the area of the pubic symphysis and a transverse horizontal incision along the pubic area itself. Excess skin and fat is removed and the incisions are stitched. Drainage is carried out through the inserted tube for some time. Rehabilitation may take 2 months.

Torsoplasty (combined plastic) This is an operation that involves removing excess skin from two to three areas at the same time. Refers to complex and lengthy surgical interventions. Performed as a result of significant weight loss. Removal of excess stretched skin is carried out in the back, sides, and abdomen. The peculiarity of this technique is the immediate (in one operating day) removal of excess skin and fat structure. Technically, it is performed by excision of excess tissue on the back and sides, and then, according to the principle of abdominoplasty, excision is carried out in the abdominal area. The rehabilitation period takes about a month, the final result can be visible no earlier than six months later, since it takes a long time for postoperative scars to reduce and lose color.

Reconstructive plastic surgery for massive external lesions is a specific type of surgical operation, differs from classical plastic surgery in that the patient in this case is forced to resort to certain manipulations that can return the natural appearance of parts of the body. Thus, various injuries, burns, the consequences of certain diseases or classical radical effects can lead to irreversible consequences of changes in appearance. Sometimes massive exposure to unfavorable factors on a person leads to total disfigurement. Reconstructive facial plastic surgery can restore a person’s natural appearance after burns or serious injuries. It can be performed together with rhinoplasty if there is a need to restore the nose. Reconstructive breast surgery makes it possible to restore an organ if it is removed due to malignancy. Reconstruction includes some phalloplasty operations. Abdominoplasty and reconstruction of the limbs allow removal of stitches from previous abdominal surgeries or reconstruction of limbs, including microsurgery of blood vessels and nerves.

Trends in global plastic surgery and the most popular types of interventions performed

Research in this area indicates that the number of surgical procedures of this type being performed is steadily increasing. If we consider the trends in the increase in the number of these operations starting from beginning of the XXI century, you can see that the annual increase in interventions performed is about 10%, that is, in each subsequent year the number of patients undergoing plastic surgery of any part of the body increases.

There are certain types of operations that are most popular in the world, and in different countries their ranking may change, but at the same time, according to their classification, they remain the most frequently performed.

List of the most popular interventions according to world statistics:

mammoplasty (corrective breast surgery);
liposuction (removal of fat deposits);
blepharoplasty (eyelid correction);
abdominoplasty (correction in the abdomen and waist area);
rhinoplasty (surgery to change the shape of the nose).

Frequency of plastic procedures performed in Russia:

rhinoplasty;
liposuction;
blepharoplasty;
mammoplasty;
abdominoplasty.

That is, approximately the same types of polarity operations with different ratings are observed.

Features of psychological moments

By performing plastic surgery in various directions, it is possible to achieve two positive aspects at once. The first is to recreate the required aesthetic component, the second point has a direct impact on the psycho-emotional state of the patient. A successfully performed procedure helps a person get rid of a set of certain complexes associated with the unsatisfactory (even in his subjective opinion) condition of any parts of the body. Globally, aesthetic surgery has a beneficial effect on the mental component of the patient.

Surgical defloration (medical dissection of the hymen) is a plastic surgery on the external female genitalia, which is performed both at the request of the patient and for medical reasons. In what cases is surgical defloration of the virgin…

Vaginoplasty (intimate vaginal plastic surgery, colpoplasty) is a plastic surgery that involves eliminating damage and sprains, restoring lost muscle tone, and the natural anatomical structure of the vagina. The operation is performed both for aesthetic reasons and to eliminate diseases of the female organs,…

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Blepharoplasty- This is the removal of excess skin and soft tissue in the eyelid area, rejuvenation of the periorbital area. During the operation, the surgeon excises excess skin in the area of the upper eyelid and/or lower eyelid, removes fatty hernias and applies a cosmetic suture. Blepharoplasty is performed both under local anesthesia and general anesthesia.

Who is it recommended for? To those who see excess and overhanging skin and soft tissue in the upper eyelid area, excess skin in the lower eyelid area, “bags” under the eyes, swelling of the periorbital area.

Question price? From 46 thousand rubles.

Myths about blepharoplasty . It is believed that after surgery everyone has the same eye shape - this is not true. Another scary thing is that the eyes do not close after blepharoplasty. This happens, but most often it is a temporary phenomenon due to swelling. Very rarely, if the surgeon removes too large an area of skin, permanent non-closure of the palpebral fissure is possible. Another misconception is that after lower blepharoplasty the eye “rounds”, which often results in lower eyelid inversion. Not always. This is a complication of the operation that can and should be corrected.

Abdominoplasty

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During abdominoplastyperform contour plastic surgery of the anterior abdominal wall. This affects large volumes of soft tissue. The operation includes several stages. A skin-fat flap is peeled off over the aponeurosis - a plate of connective tissue, it is stretched, and then the excess skin is dried out. Afterwards a cosmetic suture is applied. As a result of abdominoplasty, in any case, scars remain on the abdomen, which are successfully hidden under underwear and after a year become indistinguishable.

Popular

Mini abdominoplasty is performed to eliminate stretch marks and scars. During the operation, small areas of skin and fatty tissue of the anterior abdominal wall in the area below the navel are excised. The navel itself is not affected. After miniabdominoplasty, a cosmetic scar up to 15 cm long remains.

Who is it recommended for? The operation is indicated for people to solve those problems that a dermatocosmetologist is not able to cope with: weakness of the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall and excess skin, the so-called skin apron, stretch marks (stretch marks). They often occur after childbirth or as a result of sudden weight loss.

Question price? From 80 thousand rubles.

Myths about abdominoplasty. Many people think that plastic surgery can give you a beautiful belly instantly. Rehabilitation will take up to 2 months - you need to follow the doctor’s recommendations and limit physical activity. You also sometimes hear that you can’t get pregnant after abdominoplasty. This is also a myth.

Mammoplasty

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Mammoplasty is a change in the shape and size of the mammary glands. Sheperformed under general anesthesia. The choice of surgical technique depends on its goals and types. The varieties are as follows:

mastopexy (breast lift)
reduction mammoplasty (breast reduction)
endoprosthetics (breast augmentation)
plastic surgery of the nipple-areolar complex

Who is it recommended for? To those who natural features breasts cause aesthetic and physical discomfort. Most often, a woman is dissatisfied with the small size or complains of ptosis (sagging) of the breasts. Such situations arise after breastfeeding, due to age or sudden weight fluctuations. But it also happens the other way around: the breasts are too large and interfere with sleep, exercise, and cause problems with the spine. People also turn to us when a woman has pronounced asymmetry of the mammary glands - congenital or as a result of trauma, surgery, for example, radical treatment of breast cancer. Mammoplasty is also done for men in case of gynecomastia - when the mammary glands look like women's.

Question price? From 92 thousand rubles.

Myths about mammoplasty . Opinion about It is a myth that the prosthesis must be changed after some time. The likelihood that something will happen to a modern implant is minimal. We are also often asked the question with worry in our eyes: “How can we fly now?” Just like they flew. The implants do not burst either in the air or under water. The obligatory loss of sensitivity of the areolas is also a myth. Yes, sensitivity often decreases, but it recovers quite quickly, and in some cases it can even increase. The recovery period, contrary to popular horror stories, may only take a couple of weeks.

Liposuction

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Liposuction- This is the removal of fat deposits from problem areas. Fatty tissue is destroyed mechanically or ultrasonically and then removed using vacuum aspiration.

Who is it recommended for? To those who local fat deposits in problem areas cannot be removed through diet or exercise.It is important to note that liposuction is not a weight loss method. This is a method of correcting body contours. Up to 5 liters of fat can be pumped out at one time, although larger volumes are possible - 10, 12 liters. Removing more than 5 liters of fat in one operation can be hazardous to health. Liposuction is not suitable for patients with severe obesity and with a so-called “skin apron” on the abdomen - they need A complex approach to figure correction.

Question price? From 17 thousand rubles.

Myths about liposuction. Many people unreasonably consider liposuction to be an easy procedure. Meanwhile, this is a long and complex operation with a risk of complications. To avoid them, you need to carefully choose a doctor and a clinic, and the surgeon needs to carefully assess the patient’s health status and choose the optimal tactics in each specific case.

Rhinoplasty

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Rhinoplasty- this is a correction of the shape of the nose and nasal septum using an open method (a small incision is made on the columella - the lower edge of the nasal septum) or closed method (all manipulations are performed through small incisions in the nasal passages). In this case, the surgeon works both with the nasal cartilage and septum, as well as with the bone structures, remodeling their shape and size. Often you also have to bring additional material: own cartilage (ear or rib), or various options for synthetic or biological materials. Open way used most often, it gives greater visual control. The closed method may be preferred in case of small corrections.

Who is it recommended for? For those who are dissatisfied with the natural shape and size of the nose. For those who have experienced trauma. To correct the results of previous unsuccessful operations and to correct nasal breathing disorders.

Question price? From 56 thousand rubles.

Myths about rhinoplasty. Some people believe that after rhinoplasty a person loses his sense of smell. This is an extremely rare phenomenon and most often it is temporary.

There , where the doctor works and where you plan to perform the operation, there should be an intensive care unit/intensive care unit. It is very important! This is the standard for providing medical services in the USA and Europe.
Find out what scientific and practical achievements the plastic surgeon has. Does he have patents, a scientific degree, academic title, does he have published works in scientific publications, does he participate in conferences, symposia. Plastic surgery is a dynamically developing field.
Look at the results of the doctor's work. It’s better live, since photos can be changed using special programs or even use someone else’s.
Plastic surgery cannot be cheap. These operations are not performed according to indications on which a person’s life depends, and therefore cannot be paid for by the state. To learn plastic surgery, you need to spend a lot of effort, time and money. You can save money, but with certain risks. There are promotions in clinics that indicate a significant reduction in the cost of surgery below the market price. Sometimes this means that the operation will be performed by a young surgeon with not much experience.
You can save on anesthesia - in the sense of not abandoning it, but performing several plastic surgeries “in one anesthesia.” Only an experienced plastic surgeon will be able to advise you which operations can be combined without risk to health and to the final aesthetic result. Also, some plastic surgeries can be combined with other elective surgeries. You can learn more about this only by consulting with specialists.