Completed by: student 2 “G” of class secondary school No. 22, Chita Burdinskaya Natalia Supervisor: Plashchevataya Evgenia Aleksandrovna “Endangered animals of Transbaikalia”
The world's list of endangered species is growing at an alarming and unprecedented rate, while governments are paying less attention to conservation, environmentalists say. In the next 50 years, over 30 percent of existing animal and plant species will disappear from the face of the Earth. Introduction
The distribution range of the red wolf is quite wide: in the mountains from the Pamirs to Far East, but very rare everywhere. The animal is small in size, but quite tall-legged. Body length up to 110cm, tail up to 50cm. The muzzle is short, the tail is bushy. The color is reddish, darker on the head. Red Wolf
Second title snow leopard-irbis. The snow leopard can be found in the South-Eastern Transbaikalia, Altai, Kyrgyzstan, and the Western and Central Sayan Mountains. The length of the snow leopard is 1-1.3 m, the tail is 0.8-1 m, and the body weight is up to 40 kg. The main coat color is light gray. Snow Leopard
The distribution range of otters covers all of Europe, Asia to Java and North Africa. In the Trans-Baikal Territory it is rare in the basins of almost all large rivers, except for their areas located in the steppe zone. A large marten is the size of an average dog, weighing approximately 10-15 kg. Body length is approximately 80-90cm, tail up to 50cm. Limbs are short. Color brown. The otter swims and dives well. It feeds on fish, amphibious birds and small mammals. Otter
At the beginning of the last century, a large population of marmots lived in the southeast of Transbaikalia, and industrial procurement of the skins of this animal was carried out. The high rate of production caused a sharp drop in the marmot population. There are 2 species of marmots living in Transbaikalia: the tarbagan and the black-capped marmot. Marmots are relatively large rodents, body length 30-60cm, tail 10-25cm. The life expectancy of a marmot is 8-9 years. Marmots live in families. The family uses one burrow system. Marmot
The peregrine falcon is a bird of prey from the falcon family, common on all continents except Antarctica. The peregrine falcon is the fastest bird on earth, reaching speeds of over 32 km per hour. The length is 35-50cm, the wingspan is 80-120cm. The peregrine falcon feeds on medium-sized and small-sized birds, sometimes hunting small medium-sized mammals such as bat, hare, squirrel. Peregrine Falcon
The Mongolian saker falcon is common in Southern Transbaikalia. Most individuals are migratory and roam over fairly long distances. The wing of Saker Falcons is on average 360cm. Individual color variations are significant. In Transbaikalia, the feeding regime of saker falcons consists of gophers, pikas, young marmots, hares and various birds. It nests infrequently in Transbaikalia due to a lack of nesting sites. Saker Falcon
The Daurian hedgehog inhabits Southern and Central Transbaikalia. This type small in size with short needles. Body length 19-9cm, weight 600-1400g. Its diet consists of insects and invertebrates; it also eats toads, snakes, bird eggs, and carrion. There is no exact information on the number of Daurian hedgehogs. A sharp decline in hedgehogs occurred after 1964, this is due to the destruction of the tarbagan colonies, in whose dwellings the hedgehogs spent the winter. Daurian hedgehog
This species is distributed throughout Western Transbaikalia. The bird is larger than a goose, its body length is 1 m. The color is black with a metallic sheen. The beak, throat and legs are bright red. Storks nest in hard-to-reach places. The nest is a structure made of twigs, branches, clay and turf. There are usually 3-5 eggs in a clutch. The stork feeds on marsh plants, fish, frogs, tadpoles, and insects. Birds are found in family groups of 3-5 individuals. Black stork
In our region it lives in the South-East of Transbaikalia. Mainly lives on plains with gentle slopes of hills. The gazelle is a small, light antelope. Height at withers 60-80cm, weight 30kg. The color is sandy grey. They can reach speeds of up to 70-80 km/h. Dzeren eat dozens of types of herbs, leaves and shoots of shrubs. Dzeren are herd animals. These are migratory animals. Dzeren
The Kodar form of the ram lives in Transbaikalia. This is a large animal with a massive body, short and strong legs. The color is dominated by light brown and gray-brown tones. Body length of males is 165-171, females 139-144 cm. The range covers the systems of Northeast Asia. The Kodar sheep is common in the north of the Trans-Baikal Territory. They eat mainly herbaceous plants, mushrooms, lichens and mosses. They usually live in groups of 2-7 individuals. Bighorn sheep
Since man is one of the primary reasons for the extinction of many animal species, he must accordingly take care of the preservation of endangered populations. The government should allocate money for the implementation of programs for the conservation of animals listed in the Red Book. Conclusion
Thank you for attention
In this article we will talk about those animals that live in our surroundings. Some of them are unique and rarely seen, some we see more often. But they are all our “neighbors” and therefore worthy of our attention. We won’t go into too much detail about their descriptions, how and where they live – this can be found on the Internet.
We will also not talk about the famous animals that are found here. These are: hedgehog, wolves, hares, foxes, voles, owls,partridges, sparrow swallows, swifts and other things known to everyone,beast. Here we will place photos and some information of those animals that seemed interesting to the author for our area. We also note that Transbaikalia is also home to: bear, wild boar, sable, ermine, red deer, roe deer or wild goat, wood grouse, black grouse, ptarmigan and other animals.At the end, we will describe the most common snakes in Transbaikalia, including poisonous ones.
In the nearby forests you can find black Transbaikal squirrels. Very active and smart animals. Easily tamed. They often lived among the rocketeers, despite statutory prohibitions, in barracks areas.
Manul is an animal the size of a domestic cat. It differs from an ordinary cat in having a denser, more massive body with short thick legs and very thick hair. The head of the Pallas' cat is small, wide and flattened, with small rounded ears that are widely spaced. The eyes are yellow, the pupils of which in bright light, unlike the pupils of the eyes of a domestic cat, do not acquire a slit-like shape, but remain round. On the cheeks there are tufts of elongated hair (sideburns). The tail is long and thick, with a rounded tip. A very rare animal - it is a great success to meet one.
The black woodpecker is a large (about the size of a crow) jet-black bird, the top of the head (in males) or the back of the head (in females) is bright red. The flight is heavy and straight. A characteristic habit is to accompany a person walking through the forest for some time, flying forward and peeking out from behind a tree. Makes a mournful “klyuee”, and in flight - a sharp cry “kri-kri-kri”. The spring shot is booming and low-pitched. Bird of large tall forests.
The blue magpie is similar in general appearance to the common one, but is much smaller and more beautifully colored. The top of her head is black with a bluish or purple metallic sheen. The back, shoulders and rump are light gray or buffy-gray. The tail feathers, wing coverts and outer webs of the secondaries are blue. The throat is white, the rest of the underparts are whitish or light brownish-gray. This magpie has a fragmented range. Inhabits deciduous forests and bushes along river valleys. Blue magpies feed on various insects, berries and seeds of wild plants.
Waxwing. The size of a starling, with thick fluffy plumage and a large crest on the head. The color is pinkish-gray, the wings are black with yellow and white stripes, the tail, throat and eye stripe are black. The tips of the secondary flight feathers are transformed into small bright red plates, visible only up close. There is a yellow stripe along the edge of the tail, and a narrow white stripe on the wing. Townspeople often call them “tufted tits,” “cockerels,” and even “parrots.” Inhabits sparse coniferous and mixed forests, overgrown burnt areas and clearings.
Black crane. A very rare, almost unstudied and mysterious bird. All information about it is of great interest to scientists. Significantly smaller than the gray crane (weight 3.3- 3.5 kg , wingspan - approx. 165 cm ). The general color is black, the head and neck are white, and the crown is red. The beak is greenish, the legs are black. The eyes are carmine red. Flight like a gray crane. Less cautious than the gray crane. Young black cranes appear gray from a distance.
White-naped crane. A rare species, its total number, according to ornithologists, is 4900-5300 individuals. It is protected by international and national legislation. The bird is about 190 cm and weight 5.6 kg . The only species of cranes whose legs are pinkish and have wide white stripes along the neck. There are patches of red bare skin around the eyes. The plumage of most of the body of adult birds is dark gray; The flight feathers and wing coverts are lighter and have a silvery tint. Sexual dimorphism (visible differences between males and females) is not pronounced, although males appear somewhat larger. In young birds, the feathers on the head and front of the neck are red, and the flight feathers of the wings and tail are dark gray.
Pika or, as we call them, haymakers. Family of mammals of the order Lagomorpha. Body length up to 25 cm . The ears are short, the tail is invisible from the outside. The color of the upperparts in summer is from ocher to red-brown, in winter it is light, gray-ocher. They inhabit open landscapes, flat steppes and rocky areas of the forest belt. They settle in colonies. Active during the day and at dusk. For the winter, they store grass and twigs, which they put in “stacks.” By the number and size of these “stacks” you can determine how long the winter will be.
Daurian hamster.Small, somewhat larger than a mouse, animal with a short tail. Body length 82- 126 mm, tail 20-33 mm . The muzzle is noticeably pointed, the ears are large, rounded, the foot is bare, the tail is covered with soft short (sometimes longer and coarser) hair, there are no transverse rings on it. The color of the upper body is brown or reddish, a more or less pronounced black stripe runs along the ridge from the forehead to the tail, the belly is gray, whitish, the paws and the lower surface of the tail are white, and the ears have a white border. It is found in shrub steppes, semi-fixed sands with caragana, outcrops, and in cultivated areas. Gravitates towards habitats with bushes or piles of stones. It feeds mainly on plant foods (caragana seeds, sedges, cereals, and solyanka). Often eats insects. Active at night. In winter it almost does not appear on the surface, but real hibernation No.
Ruff-legged Buzzard. Large bird: total length 61 - 72 cm, wing length 45-50 cm . The general coloration of adult birds of the Buzzard on the dorsal side is brown with buffy edges of feathers, the tail is brown with a blackish transverse pattern, the ventral side is buffy with a brown longitudinal and transverse pattern. There is also a more or less monochromatic dark brown variation. Young Buzzards without transverse markings on the ventral side. The tarsus is feathered down to the fingers or at least half the length. The iris is pale brown or yellowish, the beak and claws are black, the wax and legs are yellow. The Ruffed Buzzard is a bird of open spaces, found in the mountains and plains, along dry steppe areas. Sedentary or partially nomadic species. The Long-legged Buzzard nests on rocks and on the ground.
Corsac looks like common fox, but noticeably smaller (body length 50-60 cm, tail - 25-35 cm), with larger ears and high legs. Shoulder height approx. 30 cm . The muzzle is short, strongly pointed; wide cheekbones; The ears are large, wide at the base, pointed towards the ends. The general color is light, gray or reddish-gray, there are shades of red; the belly is whitish or yellowish, the tip of the tail is dark brown or black, the chin is light. Seasonal morphism in the length of the fur is expressed: in winter the fur is long and lush, in summer it is short and close-fitting. In winter, a gray coating is noticeable near the ridge of the corsac.
The gazelle is an ungulate animal of the gazelle genus of the bovid family. Listed in the Red Book of Russia. fading appearance. Perhaps it appears only when entering from Mongolia. The gazelle inhabits steppe and semi-desert areas, preferring flat terrain and gentle slopes mountains In the Mongolian People's Republic, gazelles spend the summer mainly in feather grass steppes and feather grass semi-deserts. In winter, in the northern part of their range, they move to mixed-grass steppes.
Relict seagull. Member of the group of dark-headed gulls. It is larger than the black-headed gull, but smaller than the gull. The ends of the wings and the narrow edges of the first flight feathers are black. There are bright white rings around the eyes. The beak and legs are red. A colony of relict gulls exists on the Torey Lakes. Often nests are destroyed during storms, or birds suddenly abandon them for unknown reasons. In some years, gulls do not nest at all. It is believed that there are only 600-800 pairs of relict gulls in the world. It is unknown where it spends the winter. In their winter plumage, these gulls are very easily confused with related species. The relict gull is one of the rare birds in the world. Included in the Red Books of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, Russia and many other countries. It is strictly forbidden to shoot or collect it, and the transportation of any materials from country to country is limited.
The snake snake is a species of snake in the family Colubridae of the genus climbing snakes. Reaches in length 1.5 m , the tail, as a rule, does not exceed 17 - 30 cm . The species is characterized by very variable coloration. General background the body above is grayish-brownish, sometimes with a brown tint, with four brown longitudinal stripes (two of which extend onto the tail) and with blackish spots. On the upper surface of the head there is a specific pattern that changes with age. A dark temporal stripe runs from the eyes to the neck. The belly is grayish or yellowish with reddish specks and sometimes dark spots. During the molting period, the color changes significantly and often becomes less contrasting.
Common viper. Unlike other snakes, the head is covered with scales rather than large shields; a dark zigzag stripe runs along the back. The body is gray or brown on top; there are entirely black specimens. The body length of females can exceed 70 cm , males are usually smaller. Snakes can be found in forests and swamps, among rocky outcrops, and along river valleys overgrown with bushes. They feed on insects, amphibians, small birds and rodents. In the spring, vipers appear after wintering at the end. Apr. - beginning May. They hibernate deep underground in rodent burrows and crevices between stones. Vipers are poisonous, but not aggressive; they rarely bite, only in cases of immediate danger. Cases of death from a bite are rare. One of the reasons for their rarity is their extermination by humans. The poison is used to prepare medicines.
Common cottonmouth. Family Pit snakes. Before 70 cm dl. The body is grayish-brown or brown, transverse dark spots run along the back, smaller spots are located on the sides. On the head between the eye and nostril there is a thermolocator - a deep hole that serves to detect warm-blooded animals at a distance. The pupil is vertical. They feed on rodents, birds, and insects. Viviparous. Able to quickly vibrate the tip of the tail. They are poisonous, although a bite very rarely leads to human death. After a bite, it is necessary to administer a medicinal serum. Season: May–September. Habitats: steppes, bushes, forests.
Elk - Number approximately 7,000 – 9,000 individuals. The main livestock is in the Tungokochinsky and Tungiroolekmensky regions. Density – 1 – 2 individuals per 1000 hectares. In general, there is less than one animal per 1000 hectares in the region. The southern border is not taken into account. The largest of the deer. Range length. body up to 3 m. Weight up to 570 – 600 kg. The legs are very long. The head is massive, hook-nosed, with large ears, the neck is short, thick with a standing mane, a fold of skin hangs under the larynx and lower lip - an “earring”. The horns are wide, spade-shaped with a span of 1.5 m. The hooves are large and long. The body color is dark brown, the legs are light gray to white. The antlers fall off at the end of November-December and begin to grow in March-April. Lives in forest and forest-steppe zones. In winter it lives in thickets and burnt areas, in summer it lives in clearings and swampy places. During the day it grazes and rests several times. In winter it feeds during the day, in summer it feeds at night, usually at dawn. Uses up to 350 species of plants for food, incl. Many tree and shrub species. It eats 12–20 kg of food per day. In summer they visit salt licks. Red deer - Number 20 - 25 thousand heads. The numbers are generally stable. Density 1-2 individuals per 1000 ha. Only in the Khiloksky district the number has decreased. 2–3% of the total livestock is harvested annually. This is a subspecies of red deer with a very slender build. Quite a large animal, body length 2.3 - 2.5 m, weight - 250 - 300 kg. Males have branched antlers that change annually. The ears are large, the tail is short. The coat color is brown or reddish in summer, gray in winter. Near the tail, the spot (“mirror”) is large, from white to rusty. The antlers fall off in March-April and within a few days new ones, the so-called “antlers,” begin to grow. Lives in plains and mountains, mixed and coniferous forests . Loves to graze in clearings and burnt areas. For normal habitat, watering places and salt licks are required. In summer they feed in the morning and evening, in winter - around the clock. Hearing and smell are well developed, vision is weak. It uses about 300 plant species for nutrition. In summer it feeds on forbs, leaves, in autumn – on fruits, in winter – on shoots, bark, dry grass and leaves. They are of great commercial importance. The most valuable are antlers, from which a tonic medicine, pantocrine, is made. The meat is of good quality. Skin and horns are used for various crafts. Wolves cause great harm to deer, less often - bears, lynxes and wolverines. Wild reindeer Family Deer. A large animal, body length up to 2.0 m, height at the withers up to 1 m, weighing up to 100 kg. Compared to the wapiti, it is squat and has short legs. The hooves are large and can move apart. The tail is short, the ears are also short. The rods of the horns are arched, spatulately widened at the ends. In winter they are gray in color, in summer with a brown tint. They feed on lichens, herbaceous and shrub plants, eat mushrooms, and visit salt licks. The main enemies of deer: wolves, bears, lynxes, wolverines. In Kalarsky, Tungokochinsky and Tungiro-Olyokmensky districts. The number is from 7,000 to 10,000 individuals. Continues to shrink. Need protection. Wild boar Absent from three steppe regions. Number of approximately 6000 individuals. The number has decreased in Sretinsky, Akshinsky, Khiloksky and Chita regions. This is a large forest animal with a massive body on short legs. The front of the body is higher than the back. The muzzle is elongated into a long snout with a “piglet” at the end. The fangs grow throughout their lives up to 8–10 cm. They are covered with thick, hard brown bristles and have a mane on the ridge and back. Body length up to 200 cm, tail – 30 cm, body weight 150 kg. The legs are short, with rounded black hooves. The habitat is very diverse: taiga, forest-steppe, high in the mountains. They settle in dense thickets, near swamps and ponds. They live in herds, especially in winter and autumn during the fattening period. Wild boars are active at night and rest in the thickets during the day. For winter resting places they drag a lot of grass and reeds, and rake the litter into large heaps. In summer they rest on top, and in winter they burrow inside. In summer it lives near water bodies, where it takes mud baths. P The food is varied. They eat tubers, rhizomes, grasses, carrion, mice, chicks, as well as cultivated plants (potatoes, corn, oats). Gives birth to 4-5, sometimes up to 12 striped piglets. Lives up to 30 years. The main enemy is the wolf. In the forest it does both harm and benefit, loosening the soil and promoting forest regeneration. The number is declining. Roe deer Lives in all areas. Number of more than 30 thousand individuals. The most widespread species of the deer family. The number is relatively stable. Adapts well to the conditions of the anthropogenic landscape. Found in the vicinity of the city of Chita. Due to poaching, the abundance of predators, and stray dogs, the number does not reach optimal values. In protected areas (Tsasucheisky Bor) the number reaches 30 - 55 individuals per 1000 Smallest deer, hectares. light, slender, graceful physique. Body length up to 150 cm, height up to 100 cm, weight 25 – 50 kg. Horns grow only on males; they are extremely rare on females. The coat color is bright red in summer, gray-brown in winter, and a white spot near the tail. Young calves are spotted. Lives in taiga, forest and forest-steppe zones. In winter they live in groups. In hot weather they graze in the morning and evening; in winter they feed all day. In winter they lie down in the snow, having previously dug it down to the ground. They feed on leaves and thin shoots, sometimes lichens. In summer they visit salt licks. Cobarga Found everywhere. Number of approximately 22,000 individuals. Due to the increasing demand for the stream - the male musk gland - is of great economic importance. It can reach a density of 50 – 60 individuals per 1000 hectares. An ungulate, hornless, graceful animal, up to 1 m long, weighing up to 10 – 17 kg. The hind limbs are long, the front limbs are short. The hooves are long, thin, pointed, the hooves of the lateral toes reach the ground. The hair is dark brown, vaguely spotted, coarse, thick. Males have fangs up to 10 cm in length. The head is small, the eyes have a kind look, and the ears are long. It lives in mountainous and hilly taiga, in rocky areas, as well as in lowland coniferous forests with a dense undergrowth of rhododendron. However, it rarely enters the loaches. It moves freely along the rocks, jumping from stone to stone, both from top to bottom and from bottom to top. Resting in thickets and windbreaks. In summer it is nocturnal, in winter it is diurnal. The basis of nutrition is lichens and mosses, shoots, leaves, needles, herbs, cap mushrooms. The musk deer is a solitary animal and does not form herds. Enemies: wolves, wolverines, lynxes, bears, sables, eagles. Exterminated by humans for the musk gland of the male. The snow sheep is listed in the Red Book of Russia. Lives on the Kodar ridge and possibly on the Udokan ridge in the mountain tundra. Belongs to rare and endangered species. There are no official numbers. It is necessary to organize a reserve in the Kalarsky region to preserve the species. Body length 180 cm, height at withers up to 100 cm, weight up to 140 kg. The female is smaller than the male with horns. Horns up to 110 cm long with a girth of up to 36 cm. Stocky, brownish-brown coat. In the rocks he escapes from wolves and rests here on the beds. They live in herds of up to 10-20 pieces. Before the rut, males collect harems of 5-15 females. Dzeiren is listed in the Red Book of Russia. There is no data on population counts. Entry from Mongolia is possible. There is a population in the Daursky Nature Reserve. Brown bear The total number is about 2500 individuals. The increased demand for bear skin and bile requires the wise exploitation of this species. The largest forest predatory animal. He has a powerful body with a massive head and small eyes. The paws are five-fingered, strong, with large claws. The gait is soft and leisurely, but it runs fast, up to 50 km/h. Swims well and fishes in rivers. Lives in dense thickets with windbreaks, places adjacent to clearings and reservoirs. They live sedentary, on average 0.1 - 2 individuals per 1000 hectares, in cedar forests - up to 10. In summer time lives among large grasses, on berry fields. From mid-October to April it sleeps in a den. For a den, it selects a secluded place in the forest under the trunk of a fallen tree or under uprooted roots in a windfall, or in a thicket of young growth, often occupying caves in the rocks or digging a hole. The den is large in size, height up to 1 m, width – 1-1.2 m, length – up to 1.8 m. The bear gets very fat before hibernation. The accumulated fat is used to maintain body temperature during hibernation to 37 degrees. It feeds on animal and plant foods. Eats insects, catches fish, small creatures, loves honey, berries, especially raspberries, lingonberries, and blueberries. Often destroys anthills. In the mother bear's den, 1-3 blind cubs weighing up to 0.5 kg appear. In spring they eat greens, insects, and hunt wild ungulates. Bear fat and bile are used in medicine. In lean years, many bears do not hibernate; they are called “connecting rods.” They are not afraid of humans and attack domestic animals. Wolf In all regions of the region. Sunset is observed from Mongolia and China. The number in the region is at least 1800. The permissible density should not exceed 0.5 per 1 thousand square kilometers, that is, no more than 200 individuals. Population control is necessary. A typical large predator with a slender body, an elongated head, a narrow muzzle, erect ears, and a powerful muscular neck. The legs are dry, very strong, straight, digitigrade, paws have 4 toes, claws do not retract, and are blunt. The tail is long and fluffy. Body length 105 - 155 cm, tail -35 - 50 cm, weighs 35-50 kg, sometimes even up to 80 kg. They hunt in groups large animals - elk, cows, horses. They also catch hares, roe deer, and deer. They feed on carrion and fruits of wild plants. At one time, a wolf eats more than 3 kg of meat. Wolves settle in ravines and ravines for breeding, and the rest of the time they lead a wandering lifestyle. They live in pairs. A perfectly adapted, intelligent predator. He hears well and has great physical strength and endurance. It hunts at night and travels up to 100 km without rest. Obtains food by hiding, chasing and stealing animals. Most often, weakened and sick animals become victims. The raccoon dog entered the Amur River and from China. Not studied. Possible source of rabies. The body is squat, on short legs, covered with thick, long, coarse fur of a brownish-gray color, the chest is brownish-black. Wide sideburns are developed on the sides of the head. The face has a characteristic pattern in the form of a dark mask. The tail and legs are short. Body length up to 80 cm, weight from 4 to 10 kg. Lives on the Torey lakes, in the floodplains of the Arguni, Onon, Ingoda, Khilka rivers, as well as in mixed forests with dense undergrowth, avoids coniferous taiga. Settles in the burrows of badgers and foxes. Omnivore. It feeds on small rodents, frogs, birds, berries, oats, greens and garbage. In autumn it gets very fat. In winter it falls into a shallow sleep. They hunt mainly at night; they walk poorly on loose snow. The fur is not very beautiful, but wearable and warm. Fox In all areas of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The number is approximately 1800 – 2200 individuals. Valuable fur-bearing animal, fiery red in color. Body length is 60-85 cm, fluffy tail is 30-50 cm long, the tip of the tail and chest are white, the tips of the ears and the front sides of the paws are black. Lives in sparse forest stands, on the edges of forests, and in river valleys. Omnivorous, but the main diet consists of mouse-like rodents. Eats small birds, hares, insects, frogs, and young roe deer. Settles in burrows. Activity throughout the day. A fox's vision is weaker than its sense of smell and hearing. During the summer, two molts are observed. It is beneficial by destroying a significant number of mouse-like rodents. Corsac is a steppe fox. The number is unknown. May be a source of rabies infection. A useful species for biocenoses because feeds on rodents, locusts and carrion. Study is necessary. Lynx Number approximately 2000 – 2500 individuals. In all areas. The density is approximately 0.3 individuals per 1000 hectares. A sharp decline in numbers due to fur. The number of young animals has sharply decreased. This is a large, strong and dangerous predator, reminiscent of a large forest cat. The body length is about a meter, the height at the shoulders is 0.5-0.6 m, the weight of an adult lynx is up to 30 kg. The head is small, round, wide sideburns on the sides, large tufts at the ends of the ears, a fluffy tail, short, as if chopped off. The paws are very wide, shaggy, round, the front paws are five-toed, the rear paws are four-toed. The lynx moves well in deep snow. Lives in dense, cluttered forests, near rocky areas. The lynx rarely wanders, only when there is a lack of food. It feeds mainly on hares and small animals. But it also attacks young wild boars, musk deer, roe deer, and feeds on hazel grouse and black grouse. Hunts from ambush and waiting for prey, sometimes stealthily. Can pursue the victim for 2-3 days. It lies in wait for large victims in trees, from where it jumps onto the animal and gnaws its neck. It rarely attacks humans, but often fights with dogs. Wolverine Number of approximately 700 individuals. In twenty-seven districts of the region. A relatively large animal with a stocky body, weighing up to 16, sometimes up to 32 kg, an elongated muzzle, short round ears, and a shaggy short tail. The paws are short with strong, semi-retractable claws. The fur is thick, shiny, dark brown in color. A yellowish stripe stretches along the sides of the body from the shoulders to the tail. Widely distributed in the taiga and forest-tundra. It wanders most of the year. Travels up to 80 km per day. It feeds on carrion. In spring and autumn it attacks young ungulates, hares, upland game, and also eats berries. It can empty the food warehouses of hunters, eats animals caught in traps. Good at climbing trees. It makes its lair in rock crevices, rocky outcrops, and under tree roots. The wolverine's fur is coarse, but quite beautiful. The commercial value is small. Lives in mountain-forest and mountain-taiga zones, rarely enters the forest zone. Badger There are single individuals. Strict accounting and security are required. This is a cautious, predatory animal of the mustelid family. The body is thick on short legs, the muzzle is narrow. The body length is up to 1 m, the tail is up to 2.5 cm, the body weight in the fall due to fat reaches 30 - 35 kg. The color of the fur on the back and sides is silver-gray, the belly is black. Dark stripes are visible on the sides of the head, stretching across the eyes from the nose to the ears. The limbs are plantigrade, the fingers are elongated, the claws are long and blunt. The badger lives in underground burrows, on the slopes of sandy hills, ravines and gullies. Nora is a complex multi-story structure. The badger is a clean animal. Omnivorous, feeds on rhizomes, berries, nuts, small mammals, birds and eggs, beetle and wasp larvae. By autumn, the badger becomes very fat and survives the winter due to the accumulation of fat. Sleeps in a hole on a soft bed made from plant rags. The badger has many enemies - wolf, lynx, bear. The badger brings great benefits by destroying beetles and mouse-like rodents. Nowadays, small groups of badgers are found in forest-steppe areas, and rarely in taiga and steppe areas. Hunting is possible only with special permits. In folk medicine, healing badger fat is used. Sable Number approximately 20,000 individuals. At the beginning of the twentieth century it was practically exterminated. Thanks to conservation measures, the number has recovered. Quite a predatory inhabitant of the taiga. Based on fur color and body size, 14 subspecies are distinguished, with a beautiful dark brown color. The sable's body length is up to 50 cm, its tail is fluffy, 20 cm, and its weight is up to 2 kg. Inhabits various types of forest plantations, prefers cedar trees, dwarf cedar thickets, and rocky areas. Leads a terrestrial lifestyle. Movements are deft and graceful. It moves well in the snow, thanks to its wide, densely pubescent paws. It makes nests in stumps, hollows, and rocky outcrops. It feeds on small animals, birds, squirrels, berries, and nuts. Sometimes it attacks large animals like roe deer and wapiti. Very active at dusk. During snowfall and severe frosts, it hides in shelters. The hunting area for sable ranges from 25 to 300 hectares. Sable fur is the most valuable. American mink Released in the Krasnochikoysky district along the Chikoy River in 1939. Penetrated into other areas. The number is approximately 563 individuals (in Krasny Chikoy). A high number is not advisable - it destroys valuable fish species. Steppe light ferret Useful view in biocenoses. Absent in Kalarsky district. The number is unknown. However, from the epidemiological side it is dangerous. Animals can suffer from plague, etc. Kolonok In all regions of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The number depends on the number of mice. Does not require security measures. A small predatory animal. The color is light red, lighter on the belly, the lips and chin are white, the top end of the muzzle is brown. Kolonok is an inhabitant of the taiga, but also lives in the forest-steppe zone around lakes and along river banks. They are especially numerous in the eastern regions of the region. Body length is up to 40 cm, tail - 15 - 20 cm, weight - up to 900 g. It feeds on small rodents, birds, fish, and also attacks muskrats. In summer it also feeds on berries, and in autumn on nuts. Mainly nocturnal. In the winter cold it sits out in a hole. Kolinka skins are used in the fur industry. The tail fur of the Siberians is used to make high-quality art brushes. It is the most widespread species among fur-bearing animals. Ermine A small animal from the family of predators, body length up to 38 cm, tail - 16. The body is thin, very elongated, flexible, the hair is thick, but short. In summer, the upper half and sides are brownish-brown, the lower half is white or yellowish. Very similar to the weasel in color and body shape, but larger. In winter, like the weasel, the color is snow-white, but the final half of the tail all year round black. The length of the tail with terminal hairs is equal to or more than half the length of the body. It lives in forest-steppe, taiga and forest-tundra zones. It lives in floodplains of rivers, in littered forest-steppes and burnt areas, along forest edges, along lake shores, among scatterings of stones, and sometimes in populated areas. The basis of nutrition is small rodents, poultry, eggs, insects, carrion, and berries. Arranges food supplies. It is predominantly nocturnal, but in autumn it can also be found in the kurumniks during the day. It climbs and swims well, and chirps loudly and sharply when excited. Fur trade object. Useful species as an exterminator of harmful rodents. It is most often found in the mountain tundras of the Kalarsky region, but is also found in all other regions of the Trans-Baikal Territory. Weasel Rare species. The number is unknown. Depends on the number of mice. Needs protection. The smallest predator. Very flexible, like a snake, graceful animal. Body length is 10-30 cm. The head is small, the neck is very mobile, the ears are round and small, the tail is short, monochromatic, turning white in the fall. The weasel's legs are short and its claws are sharp. They live on forest edges, in bushes, and in open forests. Spends the night in stacks of hay and straw, sometimes lives in forest villages, on cordons. She climbs trees poorly, but swims well. Usually in winter it moves under the snow. It makes nests in other people's burrows, lining them with grass or the hair of dead animals. Bloodthirsty predator - hunts small rodents day and night. It catches up to 8-12 mice per day. He hides the prey in reserve, in his pantry. Hungry can attack wood grouse, partridges, and hares. When attacking birds, it takes off with them and gnaws their throats in flight. It can feed on frogs, fish, gophers, and hamsters. Manul is a wild cat. Listed in the Red Book. Found in the steppe southern regions of the Trans-Baikal Territory. A wild cat of elegant build with a body length of up to 60 cm, a tail of 30 cm, and a weight of 4-5 kg. The tip of the tail is black and has 6-7 dark rings down to the base. Well pubescent. The eyes are large, the ears are small, they do not stick out, but spread out, and have “sideburns” of a light color. It feeds on small rodents and birds. Hunts in the morning and evening by hiding, throwing and short pursuit. Runs slowly. Teacher of geography and ecology, municipal educational institution secondary school No. 42, Novokruchinsky village
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2.8. STATE OF WILDLIFE IN THE TRANSBAIKAL TERRITORY
2.8.1. Animal world of Transbaikal region
The originality and richness of the fauna of the Trans-Baikal Territory is determined by geographical location region, its natural and climatic features, anthropogenic factors. On the territory of the region there are inhabitants of various natural areas: steppes, forest-steppes, various types forests and alpine tundra. The composition of the animal world consists of representatives of a number of faunas: European-Siberian, mountain, East Siberian (Angarsk), Daurian-Mongolian, Manchurian and even Chinese-Himalayan. The territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory is home to more than 500 species of vertebrate animals, including more than 80 species of mammals, more than 330 species of birds, 5 species of amphibians and 5 species of reptiles. Among mammals, 4 species - muskrat, raccoon dog, brown hare and American mink appeared in the region as a result of acclimatization. The relatively low diversity and abundance of amphibians and reptiles is associated with the rather harsh climatic conditions in which these species live, as a result of which they do not achieve noticeable diversity and high abundance. The Transbaikal region is rich in commercial resources. Suffice it to note that out of the total area of the Trans-Baikal Territory of 43.2 million hectares. - 39.7 million hectares. constitute hunting grounds. As of 07/01/2010 legal entities and individual entrepreneurs were provided with 26,336,496 hectares (66.3%) of hunting grounds for use. Characteristics of the organization of hunting, the availability, condition of hunting grounds, their knowledge and use. The large area, complex topography, the presence of a global watershed, and location at the junction of natural zones determined the diversity of the fauna of the Trans-Baikal Territory (until 2008 - the Chita region and the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug (ABAO)). This serves as the basis for a rich and diverse composition of hunting and commercial resources. They include populations of more than 20 species of mammals that are constantly found in the reserves: wolf, corsac fox, fox, Brown bear, sable, wolverine, ermine, weasel, steppe polecat, American mink, lynx, wild boar, musk deer, wapiti, roe deer, elk, wild reindeer, squirrel, muskrat, white hare, brown hare. Some animal species are included in the regional Red Book: bighorn sheep, gazelle, manul, black-capped marmot and others. Game birds are no less diverse: capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, bearded and ptarmigan, Japanese quail, geese, ducks, waders. Comparative indicators of hunting areas in terms of the level of procurement of fur-bearing species of animals are reflected in Table 63.Table 63
Comparative indicators of hunting areas
according to the level of procurement of fur species of animals
| Hunting areas |
|||
| Northern | Central | ||
| Columns, % | |||
| Ermine, % | |||
Table 64
Comparative indicators of hunting areas by level
number of ungulates
| Hunting areas | Share of districts from the area of the region,% | Noble deer,% | Wild reindeer,% | ||
| Northern | |||||
| Central | |||||
| Southwestern |
Table 65
| Hunting user, hunting property (site) | Farm area, |
||
| ChiTOOOOiR "Onkoeskoye" | |||
| IP V.V. Rychkov | |||
| Akshinsky | IP A.V. Loginov | ||
| IP Z.K. Izukaev "Urman" | |||
| State Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine | |||
| Alexandro- | ChiTOOOOiR "Alek.-Zavodskoe" | ||
| Factory | ChitOOOOiR "Kamensk-Borovskoe" | ||
| Baleyan | ChitOOOOiR "Baleyskoye" | ||
| Borzinsky | ChitOOOOiR "Klyuchevskoe" | ||
| NGO ZabVO "Borzinskoye" | |||
| Gazimuro- | ChitOOOOiR "Gazimurskoe" | ||
| Factory | Zabohotservis LLC | ||
| ChitOOOOiR "Kalarskoye" | |||
| LLC "Zabaikalskaya Factory" | |||
| Kalarsky | LLC "Toki" | ||
| Eren Plus LLC | |||
| ChitOOOiR "Karymskoe" | |||
| VFSO "Dynamo" | |||
| Karymsky | LLC "Telekomremstroyservis" | ||
| LLC "Los" | |||
| Urguy LLC | |||
| LLC "Talcher" | |||
| Krasnokamensky | ChitOOOOiR "Krasnokamenskoye" | ||
| JSC "Okhotnik" | |||
| LLC "Turbik" | |||
| Agricultural production complex "Menza" | |||
| Krasnochikoisky | LLC "Taiga Company" | ||
| SHC "Cheremkhovo", 1st section | |||
| Kirinsky | ChitOOOOiR "Kyrinskoye" | ||
| MUP "Kyrinskoye OPH" | |||
| Mogochinsky | OOO MPZH "Okhotnik" | ||
| Nerchinsky | ChitOOOiR "Kalininskoe" | ||
| ChitOOOOiR "Karpovskoe" | |||
| ChitOOOiR "Balyaginskoe" | |||
| Petrovsk- | ChitOOOOiR "Katangarskoe" | ||
| Zabaikalsky | ChitOOOOiR "Shara-Gorkhonskoye" | ||
| ChitOOOOiR "Novopavlovskoye" | |||
| LLC "Zagotokhotpromobshchestvo" | |||
| Priargunsky | ChitOOOiR "Argunskoe" | ||
| Sretensky | ChitOOOOiR "Sretenskoye" | ||
| ChitOOOiR "Kokuyskoe" | |||
| Peasant farm "West" | |||
| 16. | Tungochensky | Tungokochenohotprom LLC | |
| OP Agricultural Production Complex "Taiga", 1st section | |||
| 2-section | |||
| LLC "Tungochenpromokhota", 1st unit | 232,5Public report This report has been prepared in accordance with the requirement of Article 30 of the Law of the Trans-Baikal Territory of April 30, 2009 No. 170-ZZK “On the Chamber of Control and Accounts of the Trans-Baikal Territory” on the annual submission to the Legislative Assembly of the Trans-Baikal Territory Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of November 30, 2010. The presented factual data on the state of the natural environment of the Khabarovsk Territory corresponds to the requirements of the relevant reportPublic reportThe report is published in pursuance of instructions for the implementation of the President’s Address Russian Federation Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of November 30, 2010. On the socio-economic development of the Trans-Baikal TerritoryDocumentIn January-December 2011, in the Trans-Baikal Territory there was an increase in production volumes by type of activity: industry, agriculture, construction, transport, communications, retail turnover, wholesale trade, public catering, Resolutions of the Government of the Trans-Baikal Territory dated 08.02.2010 n 33, dated 01.06.2010 n 225 In accordance with Article 44 of the Charter of the Trans-Baikal Territory, on the basis of subparagraph 4 of paragraph 1 of Article 1 of the lawLawIn accordance with Article 44 of the Charter of the Trans-Baikal Territory, on the basis of subparagraph 4 of paragraph 1 of Article 7.1 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation", the Government of the Trans-Baikal Territory decides: “Strategy for the organization and development of the system of environmental education and the formation of environmental culture in the Trans-Baikal Territory for the period until 2020” (Official publication)Document“Strategy for the organization and development of the system of environmental education and the formation of environmental culture in the Trans-Baikal Territory for the period until 2020” (Official publication) / Executive editor E. |
Instructions
The Daurian hedgehog is not one of the animals whose extinction is a real threat, however, in order to prevent this from happening, the population size of such species should be taken care of in advance, and not when it is too late. The main enemies of the Daurian hedgehog are natural - they are hunted by eagle owls, eagles and badgers, which significantly reduces the number of hedgehogs. Climatic conditions also do their job - many animals of this species die due to low May temperatures and heavy rains in June.
The river otter, also listed in the Red Book, has a different situation. It is on the verge of extinction and has already been exterminated in its usual habitats, along the beds of most large rivers. The main causes of extinction are poaching, deforestation and overfishing. The latter factor deprives the otter of food and leads to the death of this animal from starvation.
Manul, in last years recovering its population, belongs to the cat family and is only slightly larger than cats. Today in Transbaikalia there are about ten thousand individuals of this species, and its main enemy is. Hunting with the use of special equipment, traps and snares does not allow the Pallas cat to restore the numbers of its species to the full extent.
Despite the fact that the leopard lives in Primorye and China, situations periodically arise when this rare animal enters the Transbaikalia region. Due to the rarity of such situations in the region, no measures have yet been taken to save and protect leopards.
Amur tiger appears in Transbaikalia much more often - it is seen quite regularly in the area of the Shilka River, but it is also found in other places in the Transbaikal region. This is due to the fact that in recent years tigers have begun migrating towards the west, settling in the Jewish Autonomous and Amur regions, but sometimes reaching Baikal itself.
Irbis, or Snow Leopard, like the tiger and leopard, is an animal that is on the verge of complete extinction. It appears infrequently in Transbaikalia; its main habitats are the Pamirs, Altai and Tibet. Ironically, its main enemy is the leopard, whose numbers are also steadily declining.
The artiodactyls of the Transbaikal region are in no less dire situation than the predators. The mountain sheep, or argali, appears quite rarely in these parts, which is why determining its exact habitat is a rather difficult task. The number of bighorn sheep is also dwindling, and only the gazelle, an antelope from the bovid family, is behind Lately, managed to more or less restore its population.
