According to the sources of the Western press:
It looks like a movie about James Bond: a huge satellite, the biggest one ever running, with a powerful laser on board - to neutralize the American anti-missile shield before the union causes his first blow. But it was truly - well, or at least it was planned. Moreover, when Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev in October 1986 left the summit in Reykjavik due to the fact that the American president Ronald Reagan did not want to refuse his "Strategic Defense Initiative" program, or soy, the Soviet Union was much closer to the launch of weapons Space basing than the United States. Less than a year before the world continued to criticize Reagan for his concept of "Star Wars", the Soviet Union launched an experimental satellite for its cosmic laser system, which, however, did not enter orbit. If everything turned out, the Cold War could go quite different ways.
According to the specialist in the field of Soviet Cosmonautics Azif Siddiki (Asif Siddiqi), the historian of the University of Fordames in New York, Moscow began developing space weapons long before March 23, 1983, Raigan was launched by the American Space Program on the full coil. "The councils financed two major programs of research and development developments in the late 70s and early 80s aimed at confronting the imaginary American ideas of missile defense," he says. Two concepts merged into one: Scythian - orbital laser "gun" - and another weapon called "Cascade", designed to destroy enemy satellites with rockets that are fired from another orbital station.
Despite the fact that some details about these programs leaked back in the mid-90s, even in Russia, these plans of space armament became known in full only a few years ago, says Siddiki. The former spokesman for Roskosmos Konstantin Lantratov in pieces restored the history of the Pole Skiff. "Lantratov managed to dig enough deeply and his study clearly demonstrates an incredible scale of projects for the construction of military stations," says Siddiki. "And these were not just some side work, it was the real program of space weapons."
Cosmos as Arena Peaceful Competition
Space as a whole for a long time remained free from weapons, although not because the ideas about cosmic weapons did not occur to anyone. Back in 1949, the head of the rockets of the Rand's division of the Rand Corporation James Lipp (James Lipp), analyzed the ability to use satellites as nonathmospheric platforms for bombardments. Having considered the technology available at the time, Lipp decided that it would be ineffective to reset bombs from the orbit, and refused to enroll satellites into the category of weapons. Although they can be useful to the military, he concluded an expert, they can not serve as a weapon.
When in 1957, Satellite-1 was launched and the Space Epoch began seriously, the Eisenhuer administration took the position proposed in the long-standing report of Lipp. Understanding the political advantages of the struggle for peaceful space, Eisenhuer has created a Civil Cosmic Agency for NASA to clearly separate the research of space from any military initiatives. Kennedy and Johnson administration were guided by the same approach. And although the cosmic race was part of the Cold War, the weapon into space did not come, despite the fact that the appearance of CIA spy satellites turned orbit in the battlefield.
The peaceful essence of space programs was fixed in 1967 by the Cosmos Treaty. This document, signed by the United States and the Soviet Union, prohibited the placement of nuclear weapons on earthly orbit and on the moon. He also forbade in principle use of space for military purposes and any celestial bodies. In 1972, both superpowers signed an agreement on the restriction of missile defense systems, which obliging each part to have no more than two missile systems to protect the capital and one to protect the base of intercontinental ballistic missiles.
Design work began in the 70s, a little later after the symbolic "Space Handshake" of the NASA astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts. The well-known organization "Energy", by the shoulders of which there was already construction of a spacecraft Soyuz and a giant missile for flight to the Moon N-1 (program, during the work on which, from 1969 to 1972, there were four explosions), in 1976 began learning both Concepts: Scyth and Cascade. The initial energy plan was to knock off the American intercontinental ballistic rockets at the beginning of their flight, when the speed is relatively small. Salute orbital stations, the first of which was launched in 1971, should serve as a platform or for a spacecraft Pole equipped with a laser or for a rocket cascade. The stations could be fled directly in orbit and in each of them could live two astronauts during the week.
However, very soon designers refused this plan, and with it - and from the idea of \u200b\u200bfinding cosmonauts on board the Pole Spacecraft. According to Lantratov, the USSR Ministry of Defense decided that the Soviet technology is not yet sufficiently developed to shoot an ICBM from space, and decided that instead of the Scythian and the Cascade will be used to combat American Systems of the Pro Systems that have not yet existed and not even approved .
The United States also spent a lot of money in the 50s and 60s, trying to develop a missile defense system, but, nevertheless, by the mid-70s, these works began to gradually turn around, and during the presidency of Jimmy Carter movement in the field of systems minimal. In 1972, both superpowers signed an anti-missile defense agreement, according to which each of them was allowed to have no more than two polygons about, one to protect the capital and one to protect the only base from which the ICBM could be launched.
However, the treaty prohibited only the placement of weapons about, but not testing and development - a loophole, which took advantage of both sides. Starting at about 1980, when Reagan won the presidential election, scientists from the Livermorsk State Laboratory. E. Lawrence in California (among which was a physicist Edward Teller (Edward Teller), the so-called father of the hydrogen bomb), together with scientists from other federal laboratories and a bunch of military and civilian senior officials, began to look in the direction of the weapons of "directional energy" shooting rays Instead of bullets, to neutralize the growing superiority of the USSR in the field of rocket carriers and strategic missiles.
Reagan is very interested in this idea and when, after three years, he spoke on television on state security issues, announced plans to build a defensive shield, which "will make nuclear weapons with powerless and useless", in fact, changing the military-strategic position of the state from the offensive defensive. This proposal was immediately attacked in Congress by the Democrats, who called it impossible. It was Senator Ted Kennedy called these plans by "Star Wars". Despite the scales of skeptics, financing about significantly increased and by 1986 reached almost $ 3 billion a year.
As I wrote in my memoirs "Formation of the Soviet Scientist" in 1994, the outstanding planet and adviser Gorbachev Roald Sagdeev: "If the Americans are too exaggerated [plans for soybeans], then we, Russians, too, in this all believed." In the summer after Raigan's speech about the "Star Wars", the Deputy Minister of Defense Fred Iklet (Fred Iklé) demanded that the CIA investigate on what the reaction of the Soviets could be. This work went to three analysts, among which Allen Thomson (Allen Thomson), Senior Analyst of the CIA Department for Scientific and Military Research. Thomson has already studied other military research programs of the USSR, including work on the creation of weapons of directional energy and appliances for detecting submarines from space.
He recalls: "According to the results, it turned out that both political and technical plans for the Soviets have very wide opportunities to respond to the predicted state development of the states within the SOO." They could attend more ICBM, try to disrupt the plans of Americans to create a shield, or try to cause international resistance to these plans. "There was some understanding that the USSR could remain without a penny if he had to start creating new major weapons systems. But nothing pointed to their inability to answer, "says Thomson.
In essence, Soy Reagan served as a good kick for the Soviet program of space armament, giving the Aerospace Design Bureau just what they needed to convince the Politburo in the need to increase the financing of the pole and the cascade. Both projects were slowly cooked in the Salute design bureau (now GKNPC them. M.V. Khrunichev) within the framework of the Energy Organization, and experiments with a high-power laser for the pro system were conducted since 1981. However, it was still limited to Laboratory conditions, but now, after the speech of Reagan, the rubles flew to real flight equipment. The motive was not so much concern that soybeans could prevent Soviet missiles to achieve their goals as something more sinister and strange: the confidence that the Americans are about to appear military space stations.
Paranoid fantasies were not uncommon among the Supreme General Chins of the USSR, as reported by Peter Westwick, a professor of the history of the University of California in Santa Barbara, writing about the science of the Cold War. "It seemed to them that the Americans could launch a space shuttle, which would dive into the atmosphere and reset the hydrogen bombs," he says.
Siddiki argues about how the advice missed the US intentions of the relative space shuttle: "Russian shuttle seemed to be very important. For them, it was a sign that Americans are going to transfer hostilities into space. " The official explanation of the United States stateed that the Cosmoplan appeared in 1981 was intended to provide permanent access to orbit. By the mid-80s, however, it was also used to start secret military satellites. "The shuttle was very frightened by Russians, because they could not understand why such an aircraft could be needed, which does not represent economic interest," explains Siddiki. "Therefore, they decided that there is simply some kind of secret military goal: for example, the delivery and coagulation of large military comic stations or the bombing of Moscow." On the alleged threat, the advice was reacted with the construction of their own space shuttle, almost an accurate copy of the NASA shuttle, who made the only flight and was written off in 1993.
Shortly after Reagan's speech to the USSR Academy of Sciences received a request to evaluate the possibility of creating a cosmic anti-missile panel. The Working Group was headed by an outstanding physicist Evgeny Velikov. As a result, it tells anyone, they came to this conclusion: "We looked at and examined the problem, and we decided that nothing would come out." But among other Soviet scientists there were panickers who convinced military and politicians that even if soybeans are not an effective anti-missile shield, it can be applied within offensive purposes to affect ground objects.
The idea of \u200b\u200borbital laser installations that shoot the territory of the USSR was truly terrifying. According to the first, the Kremlin had quite ridiculous speculations regarding the real purpose of soy. "Sample political murder. For example, in May Day, when members of the Politburo are standing on a street stand, and the only laser can remove them all at once ... These pieces fly in the sky, they are invisible and can be cooked without the slightest warning. "
By 1983, the Polyus Skiff and Cascade projects were held for many years. Preliminary tests were held in the Salyut Design Bureau. However, soy served as a powerful catalyst for both projects. If Reagan was going to how the Soviet Union was afraid, to bring American battle station into space, Moscow wanted to be ready for this. After the speech of Reagan, the rubles flowed in flow, work accelerated and the ideas began to be embodied in the metal.
However, money themselves cannot withdraw the satellite into orbit. To speed up the launch, Soviet leaders developed an intermediate plan: to use a small carbon dioxide laser with a capacity of 1 megawatt, which has already been tested as a means against missiles - for this it was installed on the IL-76 transport aircraft. In 1984, the project was approved and called "SKIF-D". The letter "D" meant "demonstration".
There were no problems on this. For the Soviet carrier rocket "Proton", even relatively small "SKIF-D" was too large. However, his creators were lucky - on the approach was a much more powerful missile - "Energy", named after the developer's enterprise and intended for the conclusion to the orbit of the Shuttle "Buran". This mighty rocket could carry 95 tons of cargo into space and was able to cope with Scythian-D without any difficulties.
"SKIF-D" was built on an ambulance hand from existing components, including parts from Shuttle "Buran" and from the Military orbital station "Almaz", the launch of which was canceled. It turned out something monstrous, long 40 meters, a diameter of a little more than 4 meters, and weighing almost 100 thousand kilograms. Compared to this apparatus, the Skylab space station looked small. Fortunately for his creators, he was quite subtle and long so that he could be docked with "energy", attaching along its central fuel tank.
Skif-D had two main parts: "Functional block" and "Target Module". The functional block knew small rocket engines necessary to derive the apparatus to the final orbit, as well as the power supply system made from the solar batteries borrowed from the "diamond". The target module carried tanks with carbon dioxide and two turbogenerator. These systems ensured the laser operation - turbogenerators pumped carbon dioxide, exciting atoms and leading to light radiation.
The problem was that the turbogenerators had large moving parts, and the gas was so heat so much that it was required to burst. It affected the movement of the spacecraft, making the laser extremely inaccurate. To counteract these fluctuations, the "Pole" engineers have developed a gas emission system through deflectors and added a tower to more accurately targe the laser.
As a result, it turned out that the "Scyth" is so complicated that each component needs to be separately experiencing in space before sending a station into orbit. Nevertheless, when in 1985, it was possible to launch, it was decided to close the eyes for this circumstance. The fact is that the project "Buran" lagged a lot from the schedule, and he did not have time to complete the "Energy" rocket planned for the planned first flight appointed for 1986. First, the developers of "Energy" thought to test their rocket, replacing the "Buran" a blank, but the creators of the Skif intervened. In the end, the authorities decided that the "energy" would incur a new device into space.
The perspective of a close start forced engineers to offer another intermediate solution - to test only the control system of the function block, gas emission system and a laser aiming system and not to equip the device with a working laser. What happened in the end was dubbed "Scythian-dm" (the letter "M" meant "layout"). The launch was scheduled for autumn 1986
Reflecting on all these horrors, the Soviet military accelerated the work on the laser gun Pole-Scythic, intended for the destruction of soybean satellites. Until then, it was planned to use a powerful laser, built by KB Astrophysics, but the implementation of this program began to depart. Laser "Astrophysics" and its power supply systems were too large and heavy so that they can be launched on existing rockets. Therefore, when Soviet engineers ordered to increase the pace of work on the Scythians, they came up with an intermediate plan. They were going to adapt a small carbon dioxide laser with a capacity of 1 MW, which was already tested on the IL-76 transport aircraft as an anti-missile weapon. In August 1984, a plan for creating a new Scythian spacecraft, the letter "d" in the title meant "demonstration" was approved and scheduled. By January 1986, Politburo designated this project as one of the most important satellites of the Soviet Space Program.
In the meantime, American scientists and engineers fought their own difficulties in creating cosmic laser installations. As the works on such projects are promoted as "Zenith Star", which were engaged in the study of the problem of 2 MW in the orbit of a chemical laser with a capacity of 2 MW, the tasks associated with the creation and launch of such systems have gained increasingly clear contours. The organization of soybeans financed the study of the beam weapons and the X-ray laser, which were to be activated through nuclear explosionBut none of these projects approached the implementation stage. By 1986, the management of soybeans began to switch attention from orbital lasers to a small kinetic weapon, which might hit enemy satellites, crashed into them.
Russians, however, did not touch the course and continued to work on the demonstration version of their space laser, the launch of which was scheduled for the beginning of 1987. Singily the engineers of the Salute KB realized that their laser and its energy supply system, even less a large model, Tested on the plane, were still too high for the proton rocket. But a more powerful missile carrier was already on the way: a rocket "Energy", named after the KB developing it, was created for the conclusion to the orbit of the new Space Shuttle Bran. The capacity of the energy was 95 tons, that is, she could raise Scythian. The purpose of the rocket has changed. To reduce costs, engineers were looking for an existing technique that could be modified and used, including the elements of the Barana and part of the canceled Military Space Station "Almaz", indicated as the supply ship's transport ship, which later became the main module of the World Space Station.
As a result, Scyth-d reminded the brainchild of Frankenstein: 40 m. In length, more than 4 m. In diameter and weighing 95 tons. - larger than the Skylab space station. The complex consisted of two modules, which Russians called the "functional block" and "target module". The functional block was equipped with small rocket engines, which were supposed to withdraw the device on its final orbit. It also included a power supply system that uses solar panels taken from diamond. The target module was supposed to carry tanks with carbon dioxide and two turbogenerator for powering a laser and a heavy rotating tower guide. The spacecraft Pole was made long and thin so that it could fit on the lateral part of the energy attached to its central fuel tank.
The design of the orbital laser cannon was not an easy task for engineers. Manual laser pointer is a relatively simple static device, but a large gas laser is similar to a rumbling locomotive. Powerful turbogenerators are "downloading" carbon dioxide until its atoms reimburse and will not start emit light. In the turbogenerators there are large moving parts, and gas, by means of which a laser beam is formed, heats up very much, so it must be released. Moving parts and exhaust gases create a movement that interferes with the work of the spacecraft, especially such that should have a very precise direction. Pole engineers have developed a system that reduces the effect of the exposure of the monster gas, passing it through the deflectors. But the ship was still a complex control system, which would quille the oscillations generated by exhaust gases, a turbogenerator and a moving laser tower. (It was assumed that when shooting, the whole ship will be sent to the goal, and the tower will serve only for fine adjustment.)
The system has become so difficult that by 1985 the designers realized that it would take more than one launch to test its components. The basic design of the SKIF-D1 ship was the test in 1987, and the laser installation flew only as part of Scytha-d2 in 1988. Approximately at the same time, the development of another related spacecraft labeled as "Skiff Stiletto" began. It should have been equipped with a weaker infrared laser, based on the experience of the operating ground system. Skif-Stilelet could only blind enemy satellites, targeting their optical systems, and the pole will have enough energy to destroy the spacecraft located at a low near-earth orbit.
Work on these projects was in a frantic pace throughout 1985, when a new opportunity unexpectedly arose. Work on the construction of Shutkok Buran began to lag behind the schedule, and it would not be ready for the time of the planned first launch of the rocket energy in 1986. The rocket designers considered the possibility of launching a ballast load instead of shuttle, and Skif designers saw in this convenient case: why not try Some components of our ship before schedule?
They quickly compiled the plans of the spacecraft, which could experience the system of controlling the functional block and additional components, such as gas-conductive channels and a targeting system consisting of a radar and a low-power precise guide laser, which was used in conjunction with a large chemical laser. The ship was called "Skif-DM" - a demonstration model. The launch was scheduled for autumn 1986, so that he would not prevent the launch of Scyth-D1 ship, scheduled for the summer of 1987
Such a tight time had its price. At one time, more than 70 enterprises of the Soviet aerospace industry worked on the creation of the Skif Pole. Describing the history of the project, Lantratov leads a quotation from the article Yuri Kornilov, the leading designer of the engineering plant. M.V. Khrunichev, who worked on Scythian-DM: "As a rule, no justification was taken, they did not even pay attention to the fact that it was almost the same group that, at that moment, was made a grand work on creating Burana. Everything went to the background to only meet the deadlines, lowered from above. "
Designers realized that as soon as they would launch a giant ship into space, and he would kick a huge amount of carbon dioxide, American intelligence analyst would notice gas and quickly understand that it was intended for a laser. For testing the exhaust system Scytha-DM, the Russians switched to a mixture of xenon and crypton. These gases will enter into interaction with the ionospheric plasma around the Earth, and then the spacecraft will look like a part of a civilian geophysical experiment. In addition, the Scythian DM will be equipped with a small goal in the form of inflatable balls that imitate enemy satellites that will be thrown away during the flight and are traced with the help of a radar and a leaving laser.
The launch of the demonstration satellite was transferred to 1978, partly due to the need to upgrade the starting platform to adapt it to such a heavy rocket as energy. Technical difficulties were relatively small, but this delay had an important impact on the political destiny of the project.
In 1986, Gorbachev, who having spent by the time the Gensen CPSU only a year, has already begun to defend the radical economic and administrative reforms, which were known as the "Perestroika". He and his government allies focused on curling what seemed to them ruler military expenses, and all the strongests opposed the Soviet version of "Star Wars". Gorbachev admitted that the American plan was threatening, says Wensik, but warned that the country of too much about it loops, and began to ask his advisers: "Maybe we should not be so afraid of soybeans?".
In January 1987, when the Scytha-DM launch was launched only a few weeks, Gorbachev's associates in the Politburo pushed a decree limiting possible actions during a demonstration flight. The device was allowed to run into orbit, but it was impossible to experience a gas-conductive system or produce any objectives. Moreover, at the time when the ship was still on the launch site, it was ordered, requiring a few goals, to which engineers answered that the refueling rocket was better not to touch, and the order was canceled. The number of permitted experiments remains limited.
That spring, when the starting accelerator lay inside the huge assembly shop on the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, the Scythian DM apparatus was docked to the rocket of energy. Then the technicians wrote two names on the ship. One - Polyus, and the other - "Mir-2", for the intended cosmic station of civilian destination, which was hoping to build the management of the energy. According to the historian Pole Lanttratova, it was rather an attempt to deceive foreign spies regarding the goal of the mission, how much advertising a new energy project.
The rocket was rolled out on the starting platform and put in a vertical starting position. Then, at night, on May 15, 1987, the energy engines were lit and the gigantic rocket went to the sky. While almost all starts from Baikonur went to orbit at an angle of 52 degrees to the equator, the Pole Skeph went north: at an angle of 65 degrees. In the worst case, thanks to this direction, the stairs of the rocket and its debris, or the entire device entirely, would not fall on the territory of a foreign state.
The launch was flawless, the rocket was gaining the speed, rising and on the arc leaving to the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. But the "club" nature of the experimental apparatus Scythian DM, as well as all compromises and simplifications predetermined his fate. Initially, the satellite functional unit was designed for a proton launch vehicle and would not stand the vibration of more powerful energy engines. As a solution, the spacecraft together with the control unit was placed at the top, and not at the bottom next to the engines. In fact, he flew up his legs. Distinguished from his starting accelerator, he had to turn over and take a direction from the ground, while the control unit engines were to look down to the ground, ready to light and push the device into orbit.
According to the symbol, the Scythian DM separated, the spent energy dropped, and also separated the protective cover, covering the front of the ship. After that, the entire ship, height with a 12-storey house, began soft maneuver on pitch. His tail part, and in fact - the nose of the ship, turned 90 degrees, at 180 ... and continued rotation. The massive spacecraft tumbled, until he made two complete turns, and only then stopped, staring at the nose down to the ground. Hop, trying to run such a complex device, the designers allowed a small program error. The engines were lit, and the Scythian DM went back to the atmosphere, from which he had just broke, quickly overheating and decaying the happier slices over the quiet ocean.
In the West, the super-rocket debut energy was called partially successful, because, despite the satellite failure, the launch vehicle itself worked perfectly. The US government almost certainly followed the flight of the rocket with the help of intelligence receivers, but the conclusion that the CIA and other agencies over combat equipment remains classified.
The failure of the poles-SkiF, with the colossal, associated costs, gave opponents of the program, the weapon that they needed that they need to kill it. Further Schef flights canceled. The preparing hardware was either sent to scrap, or is mounted at the corners of the giant warehouses. And the laser installation never reached the start stage, so that it would be possible to know at all, whether it would earn.
In its history of the project, Lantratov quotes Yuri Kornilov, the leading designer of SKIFA-DM: "Of course, no one received any awards and awards for feverish, biennial, limited hard time, work. Hundreds of working groups who created the pole did not receive any awards or words of gratitude. " Moreover, after Fiasco Skif-DM, some received a reprimand or a decrease.
Details of this story are not known to us so far. "Even today, much of what applies to this program is classified," says Siddiki. "Russians do not like to talk about her. And our idea of \u200b\u200bthe Soviet reaction to soybeans is still muddy. It is clear that in the medium of the military-industrial elite of the USSR, hot internal disputes about the effectiveness of cosmic weapons were conducted. And considering the fact that the advice is so approached the launch of the military orbital station, it can be assumed that the top of the rigid course was taken. It is terrible to think that it could happen if the pole managed to go into orbit. "
However, it seems that Russian space engineers, famous banners laughed last. The first component of the international space station being preparing for the launch of the international space station was called "Zarya", also known as the functional cargo block. The device was built in the mid-90s under the contract with NASA by enterprising engineers at the factory. Khrunichev, who were laid in time and in the budget. The main purpose of the dawn was to supply the station of electricity and carry out its orbital correction - the same role that the Schef functional block was supposed to be performed. Some Soviet researchers believe that the dawn began their lives as a backup apparatus originally created for the Polyus program. All they needed to do is to erase the dust from the old but absolutely suitable equipment, or even just with the drawings, and it could definitely help to meet the production schedule of the space station module during the economic chaos, which reigned in Russia after the Cold War. This is only an assumption, but if it is true, then, it means that the old Soviet Union still managed to deliver a small part of his Star Wars in orbit. But, Ironically, the American taxpayers paid for this.
In the west debut, the rocket "Energy was partially successful. And it was true. Although the satellite did not go into orbit, the rocket worked perfectly. For "Energy", it was great luck, but the projects "Polyus Skiff" and "Cascade" she did not save. The failure of Skif-DM in a coupe with an incredible value of single tests was given to opponents of the program necessary arguments to finish it. Further flights "Skif" were canceled, and the technique was recycled. The laser did not experience, and now it is impossible to say whether he would have worked against American satellites.
Pole details are still unknown. The data is most likely buried deep into inaccessible Russian archives, as well as documents telling about the reaction of the Soviet leaders in Reagan's speech about soy. The government documents on the American response to the launch of Polyus Skif are also buried as deeply. This project is now rarely spoken, but it is obvious that the world hardly escaped a real testing of the effectiveness of cosmic weapons. It is difficult to imagine what would happen, Sumy "Polyus Skiff" to go into orbit, as far as Americans responded to this and which space racing of arms could follow.
The most interesting, and also there is hope that The original article is on the site Inforos Link to an article with which this copy is made -
The famous soybean program (strategic defense initiative), as is known, was aimed at the deployment of numerous missile systems, very expensive and complex in production.
It is now known that "sheepnika cost the dressing" and the expended funds in full swinging their own - the Soviet Union did not stand the next "arms race", however, and the US was pretty spent. So how much did soy cost?
Americans were never stupid and any "cut" budget was carefully planned without total consequences for the state.
After R. Gragan announced the deployment of soybeans, only a few months passed and in early 1984 an army strategic defense command was organized (USASDC - US Army Strategic Defense Command), whose specialists were compiled by a detailed plan for phased deployment of systems as ground, so and cosmic basing.
In particular, the program approved in 1987 included the following systems:
Boost Surveillance and Tracking System (BSTS) - Improved Surveillance and Tracking Systems
Space-Based Interceptors (SBI) - Space Interceptors,
SPACE-BASED SURVEILLANCE AND TRACKING SYSTEM (SSTS) - Space Surveillance Systems,
Ground-Based Surveillance and Tracking System (GSTS) - ground surveillance and tracking systems,
EXOATMOSPHERIC REENTRY VEHICLE INTERCEPTOR SYSTEM (ERIS) - non-imathoral interception systems,
Battle Management / Command, Control, and Communication (BM / C3) - Communication and Communication.
The first phase (Phase I) of soybeans provided for the deployment of BSTS and some SBI components, which was a task of absolutely nontrivial, given the huge coverage area. And the money was thrown by the river ...
In 1989, when the collapse of the USSR became inevitable, they still discussed in America possible paths "Optimization" of the anti-missile defense program. Changing Reagan as President J. Bush's senior continued the case of his predecessor and instructed the Ministry of Defense to develop a four-year plan for the further development of soybeans.
At that time, the emphasis shifted to the BRILLIANT PEBBLES codenamed codenamed program (before 1988, it was designated as "Smart Rocks"), according to which it was planned to deploy 4000 (!) Satellites and orbital stations in orbit.
The cost of the first thousand satellites was estimated at $ 11 billion, which was a rather optimistic estimate. Nevertheless, BRILLIANT PEBBLES was cheaper than the previous project, the cost of which was 69.1 billion dollars. Now they intended to spend 55.3 billion, which, however, was also quite a lot.
At this time, the United States entered the real euphoria, anticipating the emergence of the "Evil Empire". To stop there Americans were not going to stop, even on the contrary, the priority of BRILLIANT PEBBLES was so high that in 1990 the Security Security Secretary of Dick Cheney declared it "Number One Program".
Thus, despite the obvious victory, the budget continued to be mastered by the previous pace, and there was still no essential movement. The main "developers" are TRW-Hughes and Martin Marietta, who instructed the implementation of a government order, but in addition to experienced samples and layouts in three years, they could not do anything.
It was not possible to completely "master" the allocated funds, they never succeeded - in December 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist and the need for a powerful pro did. The new administration of President Clinton immediately cut down the budget allocations, and in 1993 it was announced the coagulation of all works on soy.
In total, in the period from 1985 to 1991, 20.9 billion dollars were spent on the soybean program, of which:
6.3 billion - sensory systems,
4.9 billion - energy weapons of aimed action (DEW),
4.8 billion - kinetic-energy weapons,
2.7 billion - combat and communication systems,
2.2 billion - other scientific research.
In addition, another 1.6 billion dollars received the Department of Energy to carry out its own research works.
According to the current standards, it seems a bit, but we should not forget that the world of the Cold War of the last decade did not know economic crises, and the US expansion was so great that there was no doubt about its upcoming "world police officer". All this was not felt then, but noticeably now - as of the end of 2011, US national debt exceeded 15 trillion dollars. And the SEO program has made its significant contribution to this.
So what remains to us from the whole program "Star Warrior"? Perhaps the only "fragment" of soybeans worthy of mention, became Deep Space Program Science Experiment, held in 1994. The purpose of the experiment was to verify the work of new sensors and some components of the new type of spacecraft. The only probe called "Clementine" fulfilled flight to the Moon and back from January 25 to May 7, until it was lost as a result of dysfunction of onboard equipment. This program cost another 80 million, which relatively with soybeans can be considered a drop in the sea.
"Long ago, in a very distant galaxy ..." - from this titer, the world famous movie George Lucas "Star Wars" began. Over time, this phrase has become so commonly used that no one was surprised when they began to designate quite real programs Creation of armed forces of cosmic basement.
The book that you keep in your hands is devoted to the history of "Star Wars", but not fictional, raging in a distant galaxy, and the real, starting here, on earth, in the silence of design bureaus and computing centers. You will read about Luftwaffe Rocketoplas, RKKKA and US Air Force, about space bomber and orbital interceptors, about the program of missile defense and how to overcome it.
And now the point has not yet been set in the history of military cosmonautics. We are experiencing another episode of "Star Wars", and is not yet clear who will come out the winner of the eternal fight between good and evil.
Soybean program
Sections of this page:
Soybean program
Successful launch of the first Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile "R-7" In August 1957, initiated a number of military programs In both powers.
The United States immediately after receiving intelligence data on the new Russian rocket, the creation of the air-space defense system of the North American continent and the development of the first anti-missile complex "Nak-Zeus" ("Nike-Zeus") equipped with anti-nuclear warheads was launched.
The use of the antipal with thermonuclear charge significantly reduced the requirement to accuracy accuracy. It was assumed that anti-raising anti-ripped anti-ripped factors would make it possible to neutralize combat part Ballistic rocket, even if it is removed from the epicenter for 2-3 km.
In 1963, the development of the next-generation missile defense system began - Nike-X ("Nike-X"), it was necessary to create such an anti-missile complex, which was able to ensure protection against soviet missiles whole area, not a single object. To defeat the enemy warheads, the Spartan Rocket ("Spartan") of 650 km was developed on the distant approaches), equipped with a 1 megaton nuclear warning. Her explosion was supposed to create in space a zone of guaranteed defeat of several warheads and possible false goals. Tests of this anti-rose began in 1968 and lasted for three years.
In case, the opponent's missile warheads will overcome the space protected by Spartan missiles, the complexes with sprint ("Sprint") are in the system of the pro system. The "Sprint" anti-absorption was supposed to be used as the main means of protecting a limited number of objects. She had to hit targets at altitudes up to 50 km.
The authors of American projects about the sixties real means of destroying the enemy warhead considered only powerful nuclear charges. But the abundance of anti-robes provided by them did not guarantee the protection of all protected areas, and if they were used, the radioactive pollution of the entire United States was threatened.
In 1967, the study of a zonal limited system about "guard" ("Sentinel") began. All the same "Spartan", "Sprint" and two radars, "PAR" and "MSR" included in her kit. By this time, the concept of missile defense not cities and industrial zones, but areas of basing strategic nuclear forces and National Center Control them. The Sentinel system was urgently renamed "Safeguard") and modified in accordance with the specifics of solving new tasks.
First complex new system About (from the outlined twelve) was deployed on the Rocket base of the Grand Forks.
However, some time later, by the decision of the American Congress and these works were discontinued as not effective, and the constructed complex is conserved. And the United States sat down at the negotiating table on the restriction of missile defense systems, which led to the conclusion of the pro agreement in 1972 and the signing of the Protocol to Him in 1974.
It would seem that the problem is exhausted. But it was not there…
* * *
On March 23, 1983, President of the United States Ronald Reagan, speaking with the appeal to his compatriots, said:
"I know that you all want the world, I want him and me.<…> I appeal to the scientific community of our country, to those who gave us nuclear weapons, with a call to send their great talents for the benefit of humanity and peace all over the world and give in our disposal to the funds that would have made nuclear weapons useless and outdated. Today, in accordance with our obligations under the contract on and recognizing the need for closer consultations with our allies, I undertake the first important step. I give an order to start comprehensive and energetic efforts to determine the content of the long-term research program and developments, which will initiate the achievement of our ultimate goal of eliminating the threat from strategic rockets with nuclear charges. It can open the way to measures to limit weapons, which will lead to the complete destruction of this weapon. We do not strive for nail superiority or political advantages. Our only goal is to share it all the people - search for ways to reduce the danger of nuclear war. "
Not everyone then realized that the President turns the idea of \u200b\u200bthe prevention of nuclear war on the prevention of nuclear war over two decades about the paths of preventing nuclear war and ensuring a stable world, the symbol and the basis of the pro agreement.
What happened? What was so dramatically changed the ratio of Washington to missile defense?
Let's return to the sixties. This is how the famous Observer of the American magazine "Time" described the image of thoughts that the American military-political leadership adhered to the Treaty on Pro Treaty in those years.
"At that time, some browsers achieved the agreement seemed to be somewhat strange. In fact, two superpowers took a solemn obligation not to defend themselves. In fact, however, they reduced the possibility of attacking each other. The pro agreement was an important achievement.<… > If one of the parties are able to protect himself from the threat of a nuclear strike, it receives an incentive to spread its geopolitical weight to other areas, and the opposite side turns out to be forced to create new, the best samples of offensive arms and at the same time engage in improving their defense. Therefore, the spread of defensive arms is the same curse for control over arms, as well as the spread of offensive weapons.<…> The pro is "destabilizing" for a number of reasons: it stimulates the competition in the field of defensive weapons, and each of the parties seeks to be equal, and maybe and exceed the other side in the region; It stimulates the competition in the field of offensive arms, and each of the parties seeks to "overcome" the system about the other side; The pro, finally, can lead to illusory or even real overall strategic superiority. "
This browser was not a military specialist, otherwise he would not miss one more considerations, which were guided by the parties, making a decision on restricting the pro.
No matter how strong it is about, it cannot be absolutely impermeable. Really, the pro is calculated on a certain number of warheads launched by another side and false purposes. Therefore, it is more effective against the opposite strike of the other side, when significant, and maybe, the overwhelming part of the strategic nuclear forces of the enemy has already been destroyed as a result of the first disarming strike. Thus, in the presence of large systems about each of the opposing sides, an additional incentive to start a nuclear attack first appears in the event of a confrontation.
Finally, the new turn of the arms race is new burdensome costs of resources, which humanity has less and less.
It is unlikely that the persons who were preparing the performance of Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983 did not analyze all the negative consequences of the stated program. What pushed them to such a unreasonable solution?
It is said that the initiator of the "Strategic Defense Initiative" program (soy, Strategic Defense Initiative) is one of the creators of the American Thermonuclear Bomb Edward Teller, who was familiar with Reagan from the mid-1960s and always opposed the contract for both agreements, Limitting the possibility of the United States to increasing and improve their military-strategic potential.
At the meeting with Reagan, Teller spoke not only on his own behalf. He relied on the powerful support of the US military-industrial complex. The concerns that the soybean program can initiate a similar Soviet program, have been rejected: the USSR will be difficult to adopt a new American challenge, especially in the context of emerging economic difficulties. If the Soviet Union still decides on this, then, as Teller reasoned, it would most likely be limited, and the United States will be able to acquire such the desired military superiority. Of course, soybeans are unlikely to ensure the complete impunity of the United States in the case of the Soviet return nuclear strike, but it will give Washington additional confidence in conducting military-political actions abroad.
Politicians saw in this another aspect - the creation of new colossal loads for the economy of the USSR, which will further complicate all increasing social problems and reduce the attractiveness of socialism ideas for developing countries. The game seemed tempting.
The speech speech was timed to the time of debate in the Congress on the military budget for the next fiscal year. As Intrusted the Speaker of the House of Representatives O'Neill, it concerned not at all national security, but a military budget. Senator Kennedy called the speech "Reckless Plans of Star Wars."
Since then, the speech of Reagan is different as "Nobody called the Star Wars Plan. Talk about the smallest case that occurred at one of the press conferences at the National Press Club in Washington. The presenter represented by Lieutenant Abrahamson's reporters (Director of the Organization for the Implementation of soybeans), joked: "The one who setting the question to the general will avoid the use of the words" Star Wars ", will receive a prize." There were no applicants for the prize - all preferred instead of "soy" say "Star Wars Program".
Nevertheless, in early June 1983, Reagan established three expert commissions, which should have been evaluated by the technical feasibility of the idea expressed by him. Of the prepared materials, the report of the Commission Fletcher is most famous. She came to the conclusion that, despite the large unresolved technical problems, the achievements of the last twenty years in the field of technology in relation to the problem of creating about looks promising. The Commission proposed a scheme of an echelonized defensive system based on the newest military technologies. Each echelon of this system is designed to intercepted missile warheads at various stages of their flight. The Commission recommended that research and development programs begin to complete them in the early 1990s by demonstrating basic technologies about. Then, based on the results obtained, decide on the continuation or closure of works on creating a large-scale system of protection against ballistic missiles.
The next step on the way of implementing soybeans was the presidential directive No. 119 appeared at the end of 1983. She laid the beginning scientific research And the development that would give the answer to the question is whether new space-based weapons can be created or any other defensive means that can reflect the nuclear attack on the United States.
* * *
It very quickly turned out that allocations for soybeans provided for by the budget could not ensure the successful solution of the grand tasks set before the program. It is not by chance that many experts evaluated the real costs of the program during the entire period of its implementation hundreds of billions of dollars. According to the preserving senator, soybeans is a program that requires for its completion of expenses in the amount of 500 billion to 1 trillion dollars (!). American economist Person called an even more significant amount - 3 trillion dollars (!!!).
However, in April 1984, an organization began its activities to implement the strategic defense initiative (EOSO). It was a central office of a major research project, in which, in addition to the organization of the Ministry of Defense, the organization of civil ministries and departments, as well as educational institutions, participated. About 100 people were employed as part of the central apparatus. As the Program Management Authority was responsible for developing the goals of research programs and projects, controlled the preparation and execution of the budget, chose executors of specific work, supported everyday contacts with the President of the US President, Congress, other executive and legislative bodies.
At the first stage of work on the program, the main efforts of the OOSO were focused on coordinating the activities of numerous participants research projects on issues, broken into such the most important five groups: the creation of means of observation, capture and maintenance of goals; creation of technical means using the effect of directional energy for subsequent inclusion in the interception system; creation of technical means using the effect of kinetic energy for further inclusion in the interception system; Analysis of theoretical concepts, on the basis of which specific weapons and management systems will be created; ensuring the operation of the system and increase its effectiveness (increase the striking ability, security of system components, power supply and logistics of the entire system).
How did soy program looked in the first approximation?
Effectiveness criteria after two or three years of work on the SIM program were officially formulated as follows.
First, defense against ballistic missiles should be able to destroy the sufficient part of the offensive forces of the aggressor in order to deprive him of confidence in achieving its goals.
Secondly, defensive systems must adequately carry out their task even in conditions of applying a number of serious blows on them, that is, to have sufficient survivability.
Thirdly, defensive systems must undermine the faith probable opponent The possibility of overcoming them by increasing additional offensive arms.
The SOO program strategy provided for investment in the technological basis that could ensure the decision to join the full-scale development phase of the first stage soybean and prepare the basis for entering into the conceptual development phase of the subsequent stage of the system. Such a distribution in stages, formulated only a few years after the promulgation of the Program, was intended to create a basis for increasing primary defensive opportunities with the implementation of further promising technologies, such as weapons of directional energy, although the initial authors of the project were considered possible from the very beginning to implement the most exotic projects.
Nevertheless, in the second half of the 1980s, such as the Space System for the detection and maintenance of ballistic missiles on the active portion of their flight trajectory were considered as elements of the first stage system; Space system for detection and maintenance of head units, warheads and false purposes; ground detection and maintenance system; Cosmic basement interceptors that ensure the defeat of rockets, head units and their warheads; Antirakets of campling of cylindic purposes (Eris); System of combat management and communication.
As the main elements of the system at the subsequent stages, the following were considered: a beam weapon of cosmic base based on the use of neutral particles; anticrafts for interception of goals in the upper layers of the atmosphere ("HEDI"); onboard optical system, providing detection and maintenance of goals on average and final sections of their trajectories; Ground radar ("GBR"), considered as an additional means for detecting and maintaining goals on the destination trajectory of their flight; Laser installation of cosmic base, designed to dismiss the ballistic missiles and anticipate systems; Ground-based ground bazing gun with hypersonic speeds (HVG); Ground laser installation for the defeat of ballistic missiles.
Those who planned the structure of soybeans thought the system as a multi-tiered, capable of ensuring interception of missiles during the three stages of the flight of ballistic missiles: at the stage of acceleration (active site of the flight path), the middle part of the flight path, which basically escaped in space after As warheads and false goals separated from rockets, and at the final stage, when the warheads rushed to their goals on the downstream trajectory. The most important of these stages was considered to be the step of acceleration, during which the warheads have not yet separated from the rocket and can be displaced with one shot. Head of the Department of Soy, General Abrahamson, said that this was the main meaning of Star Wars.
Due to the fact that the US Congress based on real estimates of the status of work systematically cut off (cuts up to 40-50% annually) requests for the administration for project implementation, the authors of the program translated its individual elements from the first stage in the following, work on some elements was reduced, and some disappeared at all.
Nevertheless, the most worked among other projects of soybeans were non-nuclear-based landframes of ground and space based, which makes it possible to consider them as candidates for the first stage of the currently created missile defense of the country's territory. Among these projects, including the ERIS anti-cancellation for the defeat of the targets on the campling section, the HEDI anti-contrast for the near interception, as well as land-based radar, which should ensure the problem of observation and accompaniment on the final portion of the trajectory.
The least advanced projected projects on arms of directional energy, which combine studies in four basic concepts considered as promising for multi-electronal defense, including terrestrial and space-based lasers, accelerating (beam) weapons of cosmic base, nuclear weapon of directional energy.
To work that are practically on initial stageThere may be projects related to a comprehensive solution to the problem.
For a variety of projects, only the problems have been identified. This includes projects to create nuclear power plants based in space and with a capacity of 100 kW with prolongation in power up to several megawatts.
The program of soybeans and inexpensive universal in the application of an aircraft, capable of carrying out the load weighing 4500 kg and the crew of two people to the polar orbit. The oosoi demanded from the firms to analyze three concepts: the device with vertical start and planting, a device with a vertical start and horizontal landing, as well as a device with a horizontal start and landing.
As announced on August 16, 1991, the winner of the competition was the project "Delta Clipper" ("Delta Clipper") with a vertical start and landing proposed by McDonnel Douglas.
All these works could continue indefinitely, and the longer the soybean project would be implemented, the harder it would be to stop him, not to mention the steadily chasters almost in the geometric progression of allocations for these purposes.
On May 13, 1993, US Secretary of Defense Espi officially announced the cessation of work on the project of soy. It was one of the most serious solutions to the democratic administration from the moment she came to power. Among the most important arguments in favor of this step, the consequences of which were widely discussed by experts and public worldwide, President Bill Clinton and his entourage were unanimously called the collapse of the Soviet Union and as a result of the irrevocable loss of the United States of his only worthy opponent in confrontation of the superpower.
Apparently, this is what causes some modern authors to argue that the soybean program was originally conceived as a bluff, aimed at intimidating the leadership of the enemy. Say, Mikhail Gorbachev and his environment took a bluff for a clean coin, frightened, and from the fright they lost a cold war, which led to the collapse of the Soviet Union.
It is not true. Not everything in the Soviet Union, including in the highest leadership of the country, took the information to Washington in relation to soybeans. As a result of research conducted by the Soviet scientist group under the leadership of the Vice-President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Velikhov, Academician Sagdeev and Dr. Historical Sciences Kokroshin, was concluded that the system is clearly not capable of Washington, as approved by her supporters, to make nuclear weapons. " powerless and obsolete, "to ensure reliable cover of the United States, and even more of their allies in Western Europe or in other parts of the world." Moreover, in the Soviet Union, its own program has long been developed, the elements of which could be used in the Antisoi program.
According to some military specialists, a more precisely transmitting the essence of the program would be a "strategic initiative defense", that is, defense suggesting independent active actions, up to the attack.
Encyclopedic YouTube.
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Subtitles
The views and opinions of individuals in the next program do not necessarily coincide with the opinions and views of Gaiam TV, parent and subsidiaries. Space revelation on the secret space program with measles and David Wilkok. Message of mankind we are interviewed by a wonderful person. David Wilcok Corey Hood, 45 years old, a native of Texas. You still live in Texas. What he did? He shared insider information about what actually occurs behind the scenes of secret government and military programs, their development and industrialization of our solar system. The story is wonderful, I took tens of interviews for many years of employees with the level of access, until the 35th, which is higher than the US president. 90% of these information I did not reveal the public, because they could kill them for it, and I did not want to disclose what would prevent me from calculating these insiders. With the appearance of measles, it turned out that he was not only known to 90%. He had other parts of the mosaic that I was looking for. I knew that I did not agree something. But the mosaic has developed. So, measles, welcome you. - Thank you for coming. - Thank you too. As I understood, you will now tell us something so unusual that it will be difficult for people to take it, especially if they do not understand the conversation. We will not try to console all in advance, let's take a bull for the horns. You could not quickly tell us about our connection with what the space program was for you. For me it began when I was 6. Corey Hood then led me to the so-called Milala. Milala also called the Milab program. I was determined as an intuitive empath. What does it mean? Intuitive - it means you intuitively feel that it may happen. - extrasensory ability? - Yes, things. And Empaths have a strong emotional connection with others. You feel that they feel, you have a connection at the emotional level. Such a set of skills was just required. I was trained, the skills grew up. To such an extent ... I was 12-13 years old. I was trained with other people attracted to the program ... We were the so-called IE support for the delegation of earthlings in Superfederation. This was the federation of a large number of alien federations that were met to discuss the Great Experiment. What kind of experiment? What did aliens do? A group of 40 humanoids was attended almost always, sometimes they were up to 60. There were 22 genetic programs. What does it mean? What kind of genetic program? The program with the mixing of their genes and manipulations by our. That happened? Yes, and now happens. That's what we are talking about. The earthly delegation tried to get ... I have long tried to participate in it. Finally, they managed to get a place. As an intuitive empath, sitting there, we did not know what was happening. Because most took place on an ancient monotonous alien language, which we did not understand. Much reported using telepathy. We just sat there, we were given a device - a glass smart tablet, similar to Ai-Pad, with access to an aliens database. We were ordered to occupy the mind viewing materials. It helped us with the ability of intuitive empath to detect danger and betrayal. And what could you view on these tablets? There ... basically, we wanted to show information about 22 genetic experiments that were in development. But we had access to other information. Depending on the person ... We had different interests. We looked through different information. I looked at a lot. Reminds how to remember the days of study. All read books, all viewed information, how much can I save this in memory? You know, there was so much information. And whether there were questions without answers, where was just "I don't know"? Not. In general, you just gave available information. You looked through what our group, the human delegation, was not aware. But almost all the information was opened. What did the screen look like? Looks like ai-pad? No, more like a piece of plexiglass. Not noticeable. If I would drop it out of the window, and you would find it on the field and raised, they would not understand that this is something special. It must be taken in hand and activate mentally. Then it turns on in your language. In the database, too, you also use the mind, the device shows what you want. Text, Images and Video. Pictures and videos were like holographic, they rose from the screen. Well, not completely, and hooking is such that you can think so. Just the three-dimensional depth seems to be holography. And at this moment, at this moment is also visible - under the glass? - Not. - At first he darkens? - for sure. Yes, it becomes completely opaque or black or like that before showing pictures and text. And there were buffers or firewalls? So that there are no access to some answers? Well, I already said that it was extremely rare the screen became blue. Well, so that there is no information. Basically, everything was available. The same devices were on a research vessel with access to our own databases. Is this advanced technology used in the space program? Yes. Large screens are used for conferences and demonstrations. Obviously, you have a lot of different information. Was there something that seemed really significant, shocking, even taking into account the fact that you already knew? Interestingly, there ... information was provided almost as ... Let's go back to the analogy with the College. There were 22 competing coursework. Each of the genetic programs was presented in this form. They competed with each other. They did not keep up with them. Is it concerned by aliens-humanoids? - Yes. - Connections their DNA with ours? - In such a spirit? - Yes. And manipulation with our DNA. And another spiritual component. They are involved in the experiment. They do not just put experiments over us. They themselves participate in an extensive experiment. They had a goal? Why do they need it? What is it? I do not know this. Maybe simply because they can. In an attempt to create ... a kind of suspicion. But why try ..? Mix the best genes, and then manipulate us and our civilization, so as not to give us to climb? Do you think a program has been working? 22 different programs work different times. But genetic manipulations with us occur at least 250 thousand years. These programs differ in duration. From 5 thousand to ... they are all different. It doesn't seem like our secret or chosen government would like these programs. Can we stop it? Unlikely. Most recently, we managed to raise yourself at the table to participate in the discussion. It turns out, is these hostile aliens? Neutral or friendly? This is how to see. Everything comes down to ... point of view. It is difficult to say that this group is kind, and this, they say, evil. After all, they consider their experiments positive. On your site you mention some Lok. What is it? Moon operating case. This is the institution on back side The moon is something like a neutral diplomatic corps who use all participants in space programs. There ... there are our employees, but this is a transit station. People there constantly arrive and depart in further ... in sunny system And beyond its limits, to other stations and bases, on the courts of the registry. Tell us about how you fell out of the house on the research vessel in the solar system. Like a sightseeing tour. I was taken from the house among the night in the usual way to the Carswell Air Force Base. Carswell Air Force Base, the Aviation Base of the Navy under the base is a secret room. There is a lift. Many know about the underground tram system under the USA. It is called a shuttle subway. Yes, this is a shuttle system. One-stranded wagons are on the pipe. Something like a magnetoplane in a vacuum tube. I was transported from there to another place. How did they send me to Lok using the "Star Gate" technology, or "portal". - So. I found myself in Lok. And then I was placed on the vessel in the form of manta. - In the form of a skate? - Yes. Yes, it was similar to Skata-Mantu. And not just me. Then we were crushed from the moon further into the solar system. In Lok was a hangar? Yes, there are several of them. This was large. - So. - And ... what size was the vessel in the form of manta? Man at 600. - Large. - Yes. It delivered us to the address. Have you been to Lok before landing on Mantu? Not at all. I signed paper there, although I was too young to sign documents. I was explained that I subscribe to 20 years. Named 20-and-back. On the scenery from "new generation Star Path "It doesn't seem like? - What is there for the interior? - mostly narrow corridors and ordinary doors. At all ... no doors from the" Star Route ", closing like an elevator. Nothing advanced. If there is a video, you can easily say there, What is this building on earth? - Yes. It was. - so. And what was the hangar? It was something unusual? This is something naval. - So. - As if the aircraft joined with the hangar for the submarine. And how long have you flew on Mantite? minutes 30-40. So what happened next? I had the opportunity to see a research vessel to which I was assigned. And for a long time you were there? To this ship I was attributed for 6 years. You said that service life is 20 years ? Yes. And why did you last 6 years on a research vessel? A set of intuitive emphates has been needed in other programs, and the remaining time from 20 years has been translated by programs. Do you give an example of the program? For example, the program of interception and interrogation of violators. What kind of violators? This is those who declared in Sunny I system or in the earth's atmosphere without an invitation or without permission. And you could detain them and interview? This was engaged in the team participating in the program. I was present at interrogation as an intuitive empath. And tried to define betrayal? Somewhat. Sometimes .. when communicating with these creatures, it is called docking. Sometimes I had to stick together, sometimes I had to just read them, read emotions, watch, whether they tell the truth as a lie detector. Consciousness works almost as well as aliens can be considered? More or less like people? Definitely. You left the program after 20 years of service. I have ended the period of staying in position, only work on completion remained. On your site you mention 5 factions of the secret space program. Could you refer to us these factions? Share a little about each than they differ? Sure. I will start with the oldest - solar caretaker. Solar caretaker began everything in the seventies, eighties, during the strategic defense initiative, the strategic defense initiative of the Ministry of Defense abbreviated by soybean, before and after the reign. Defense Protection Budget battles and Star Wars And still there is an ICC ICR (Interplanetary Corporate Conglomerate) Interplanetary Corporate Conglomerate. Corporations from all over the world have representatives in the Supreme Council of Corporations, the Management Infrastructure of the Secret Space Program, deployed in space. Extensive. There is still a dark fleet. Dark fleet is a super-secret fleet working mainly outside the solar system. There are still black operations black operations (military) Secret military cosmic operations, they are all in the same group. And there is also a group of the Global Galactic League of Nations. Global Galactic League of Nations is something like a gingerbread proposed by the rest of the nations so that they keep in the secret what is happening in space. They were provided with a space program, provided information about the threat of security in the form of invasion. What you need to get together and work together. And I visited one institution similar to the television series "Star Gate. Atlantis". There was a relaxed atmosphere. People walk in overalls with distinctive signs different countries World. This group also works mainly outside the solar system. You often mentioned a certain "Alliance", explain to avoid confusion. There is a terrestrial alliance. There is its own agenda. They work to create a new financial system, over liberation from political clicks and many more. And there is also a space alliance. It consists of what began as a fraction of a solar caretaker and fuses from other secret space programs. These faders left their programs with skills, with information, and entered the Alliance of Secret Space Programs. What is a turn of events made you by the exposure? What prompted you to expose? A group of aliens, known as blue feathers contacted me. - Pernaya? That is, birds? - Pernaya. And what do they look? 2.5 meters tall. Very similar to birds. Feathers of all colors from the blue to Indigo. Want to say that these are birds with wings? Without wings. The sketch of Android Jones according to the words of the measles of them human torso, hands, brushes, - feet. - Humanoids? Bird head on the human body? Yes, only without a long beak, like on many pictures on the Internet. They have a soft, flexible beak. And they ... when talking, they use the sign language with one hand. And they move the mouth and communicate telepathy. Who are these blue feathers? Where did they come from? - What are they on the mind? - Blue feathers told me that they and other creatures with whom they work, arrived from densities from the sixth to the ninth. - And this ... - What is the density? Everything is done around us from substances, energy. Thoughts consist of vibrations. They are from another vibration or frequency. Like another plane? - Yes. - Is she somewhere there, in the galaxy, in the universe or around us? It is not on a distant-distant planet, closer to the center of the Universe, nothing like that. It's around us. Very close and at the same time far. So what about their mind? Why are they here? They have been here for a long time. Watch. But ... We are moving towards the high-energy part of the galaxy, which will change the density of the solar system and the local star cluster. Did they tell you? Or were the certificates in the program? There are tangible evidence. They have long been learning. But I also told about it. If we find ourselves in another density, what will happen to humanity according to the blue feathers? What we ... transformation will occur. We will change mainly at the level of consciousness. What is it like? Psychic and telepathic abilities? Well, a lot of theories. I did not say that we could do something or se. I heard many different theories. I do not know if it happens with everyone at the same time, or more developed spiritually people will notice signs before. I do not have all the answers. I'm not a guru. I can not answer all the questions. Blue feathers are focused on good? Do they have no hidden motives? Can we trust them? They are definitely positive. As far as I know, the creatures above the sixth density do not have hidden motives, as we attribute to them. The creatures of the third and fourth density are others, we always have motifs. Get money. Manipulate people to do or thought how we need. It is impossible to project such on the creatures of high densities, it is impossible to say that they will behave and think the same way. Their enormous spheres help to discharge gigantic energy waves entering the solar system. They discharge the energy so that we do not get too much at a time, we are given time to prepare. If it were not for the sphere, what would happen? Many would have come crazy, chaos would reign. Are you talking about the spheres, what is it? People do not see spheres in a telescope. Not. They are also another density. Many believe that these are cosmic ships. I am practically confident after my travels in these areas that they are on the macro level. And ball beings are also gigantic spheres. What kind of ball beings? One of the five creatures of the spherical alliance. They are from high densities. From ... out of five species of creatures. Have you personally met with blue feathers? Yes. I was put forward by a delegate to participate in the communication of this group with the advice of the Alliance of the Last Space Program. And to start from their face to talk with the old advice of the superfederation, where I felt in adolescence as an intuitive empath. I tried to dissuade from the nomination. I do not know how to speak in public. The voice is weak. Many advanced excuses, so as not to be a delegate. I discouraged when I was brought to one of the huge spheres that in the outer space. I met a blue feathery named Ro-Ti-Air. While I tried to dissuade from the nomination, he approached me, put his hand on the forearm and telepathically I conveyed that I need to discard all the negative, stop thinking about the bad. I felt the softness of his hands. He touched me physically just once. And then he told me that it was important only a message to mankind. What is the message? Message to mankind ... all religious groups. We need to love more. We need to forgive yourself, forgive others, thereby stop the wheel of karma. We need to focus on serving another. Daily. We need to focus on the growth of vibrations and consciousness. Many aggressively comment on articles, they say that Elite wants to mix us in one world religion. How do we understand that this is not another mental operation so as to make us walk under someone's new Dudka? They said, and I posted on my site that there is no need to change my faith. You can use ... These provisions exist in major religions. There is nothing new here. Here ... Time is not so much. And it is necessary to do it. It's time to focus. Christians, Muslims, Buddhists can remain themselves. Let faith remain. They do not try to appear new gods? Not at all. They managed to knock me on that this should not be either a cult nor religion. I do not know the story for sure, but they have already tried three times. And every time the message distorted, people used it to control. Turned into a cult and religion. It is clear that we just started. Information fascinating. I want to add from myself that it confirms what I studied for many years. I did everything that could find a scientific justification. A lot to talk about many ways. We've only just begun. I am glad you agreed to participate. The courage makes you the honor. You have two children. You abandoned high paying work. So, the revelations are not a trifle for you. I appreciate it very much. Thank you. - Thank you too. - So. Masonry Judaism Brahmanism Islam Confucianism Buddhism Christianity Taoism Maya Bahai Vera Space Revelation on the Secret Space Program with Corey Hood and David Wilkok
Description
The main elements of such a system were provided to base in space. To defeat a large number of targets (several thousand) within a few minutes in Pro program, the program of the soybeans provided for the use of active means of lesion based on new physical principles, including radiation, electromagnetic, kinetic, ultrahigh frequency, and a new generation of traditional missile weapons "Earth -Kosmos "," Air-Cosmos ".
The problems of the output of elements on the support orbits, recognition of targets in conditions of interference, the divergence of radiation energy at long distances, aiming of high-speed maneuvering targets and many others. Such global macrosystems, as a pro having a complex autonomous architecture and a variety of functional relations, is inherent in instability and ability to self-excitation from internal faults and external perturbing factors. In this case, the unauthorized triggering of individual elements of the space echelon system of the Pro (for example, bringing it into an increased combat readiness) It may be regarded by the other party as preparing for impact and can provoke it to proactive actions.
Work on the Soy Program is fundamentally different from the outstanding developments of the past - such as, for example, the creation of an atomic bomb ("Manhattan project") or a man landing on the moon (the project "Apollo"). In their decision, the authors of the projects overcame enough predictable problems due to only the laws of nature. When solving problems on promising about the authors will be forced to fight, also with a reasonable enemy, capable of developing unpredictable and effective countermeasures.
The creation of pro with elements of cosmic basement, in addition to the solution of a number of complex and extremely expensive scientific and technical problems, is associated with overcoming a new socio-psychological factor - the presence of a powerful, all-seeing weapons in space. It is the combination of these reasons (mainly the practical inability to create soybeans) led to the abandonment of continuing work on the creation of soybeans in accordance with its initial intent. At the same time, with the coming to power in the United States of the Republican Administration of George Bush (Jr.), these works were resumed as part of creating a pro.
Components of soy
Detection and targeting
Defeat and destruction
Anticrafts
The anti-declarations were the most "classic" solution within the framework of soybeans and were the main component of the last echelon interception. Due to the insufficient reaction time, the anti-missiles are difficult to use to intercept the warheads on the main site of the trajectory (since the antirake requires a considerable time to overcome its separating and target distance), but the deployment and maintenance of the anti-absorption was relatively cheap. It was believed that the anticrafts would play the role of the last echelon of soybeans, finishing those separate warheads that would be able to overcome the means of cosmic basement.
At the very beginning of the development of soybean program, it was decided to abandon the "traditional" for the anti-launch of nuclear warheads. High-altitude nuclear explosions made it difficult for the work of radar, and thereby knocking one warhead, made it difficult to defeat the rest - at the same time, the development of guidance systems made it possible to achieve direct ingress of the anti-missile in the warhead and the destruction of the warheads of the counter kinetic collision.
In the late 1970s, the company Lockheed developed a HOE project (Eng. Homing Overlay Experiment) - the first project of the kinetic interception system. Since the perfectly accurate kinetic hit on the level of electronics development has still been a problem, the creators of Hoe tried to expand the area of \u200b\u200bthe defeat. The striking element Hoe was a folding structure, reminiscent of the umbrella frame, which, when leaving the atmosphere, unfolded and moved away from the rotation and centrifugal action of goods secured at the ends of the "spokes". Thus, the lesion area increased to several meters: it was assumed that the collision energy of warheads with a cargo at the total rate of rapprochement about 12-15 km / s completely destroy the warhead.
Four test systems were undertaken in 1983-1984. The first three were unsuccessful due to failures in the guidance system, and only the fourth, undertaken on June 10, 1984, was crowned with success, when the system intercepted the MBR Minitman training unit at an altitude of about 160 km. Although the HOE concept itself has not received further development, it laid the foundations of future kinetic interception systems.
In 1985, the development of the ERIS anti-missile was initiated (English. EXOATMOSPHERIC REENTRY INTERCEPTOR SUBSYSTEM - Subsystems of the campling interception of incoming (in the atmosphere) warhead) and Hedi (eng. High Endoatmospheric Defense Interceptor - High-rise atmospheric Protective Interceptor).
The ERIS rocket was developed by Lockheed and was intended to intercept the warheads in outer space at random rates of up to 13.4 km / s. Rocket samples were made on the basis of the stages of solid fuel ICBM "Minitmen", targeting the target was carried out with the help of an infrared sensor, and the affected element was an inflatable octagonal design, in the corners of which goods were placed: such a system provided the same area of \u200b\u200blesion as and "umbrella" Hoe With a much smaller mass. In 1991, the system carried out two successful interception of the curriculum (MBR combat bloc) surrounded by inflatable simulators. Although in 1995 the program was officially closed, ERIS developments were used in subsequent American systems like Thaad and Ground-Based Midcourse Defense.
HEDI, developed by McDonnel Douglas, was a small reciprocal of the near interception developed on the basis of the Sprint Respets. Her flight tests began in 1991. A total of three flights were completed, two of which were successful before the program was closed.
Lasers with nuclear pumping
The promising basis of soybean system in the initial period was seen by X-ray laser systems, with pumping from nuclear explosions. Such settings were based on the use of special rods located on the surface of a nuclear charge, which, after detonation, would be turned into an ionized plasma, but retained (first milliseconds) former configuration, and cooling in the first fractions of the second after the explosion, it would be radiated along its axis a narrow tight bundle X-ray radiation.
To circumvent nuclear weapons in space, rockets with nuclear lasers were to be based on re-equipped old submarines (in the 1980s, in connection with the write-off of the BRPL "Polaris", 41 places were displayed from the fleet, which was supposed to be used in order to deploy pro ) and run beyond the limits of the atmosphere in the first seconds of attack. It was originally assumed that the charge was the Code name "Escalibur" - will have many independent rods, autonomously leaked to different purposes, and thus can hit a few warheads with one blow. Later solutions assumed a concentration on one purpose of a set of rods to obtain a powerful focused radiation beam.
Mine tests of prototypes in the 1980s were given, in general, positive results, but raised a number of unforeseen problems, which were not quick to decide. As a result, from deploying atomic lasers as the main component of soybeans had to be abandoned by transferring the program to the discharge of research.
Chemical lasers
According to one of the proposals, the Soy-based space component should consist of a system of orbital stations armed with chemical pumping lasers. Various design solutions were proposed, with laser installations with a capacity of 5 to 20 megawatts. Departed in orbit, similar to "combat stars" (eng. Battlestar) had to affect rockets and breeding blocks in the early stages of flight, immediately after exiting the atmosphere.
Unlike the warheads themselves, thin case of ballistic missiles are very vulnerable to laser radiation. The high-precision inertial navigation equipment of autonomous dilution blocks is also extremely vulnerable to laser attacks. It was assumed that each laser combat station would be able to produce up to 1000 laser series, and those at the time of attack closer to the territory of the station had to attack the ballistic missiles and breeding blocks, and those who are separated by the separated warheads.
Experiments with Miracl laser (eng. MID-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser - superior Chemical Infrared Laser Laser) We demonstrated the possibility of creating a laser on a deuterium fluoride, capable of developing megawatt output power for 70 seconds. In 1985, on bench trials, an improved version of the laser with a 2.2 megawatt output was destroyed by a liquid ballistic missile, a liquid ballistic rocket, fixed 1 kilometer. As a result of 12-second irradiation, the walls of the rocket housing lost strength and were destroyed by internal pressure. In vacuum, such results could be achieved at a significantly larger distance and at a lower irradiation time (due to the lack of dispersion of the beam atmosphere and the lack of pressure of the external environment on the rocket tanks).
The program of development of laser combat stations continued until the closure of the soybean program.
Orbital Mirrors and Ground Lasers
In the 1980s, within the framework of the Soybean, the idea of \u200b\u200ba partial-space laser system would have been considered, which would include a powerful laser complex located on Earth and redirecting orbital mirror (or rather, a mirror system), a leading reflected beam on warheads. The location of the main laser complex on Earth made it possible to solve a number of problems with the provision of energy, heat and the protection of the system (although at the same time led to the imminent loss of the beam power during the passage of the atmosphere).
It was assumed that the complex of laser installations located on the tops of the highest mountains of the United States, at the critical moment of attack will be powered and sent the rays into space. Concentrizing mirrors located on geostationary orbits were to assemble and focus the rays scattered atmospheric, and redirect them to more compact, located at a low orbit redirecting mirrors - which would target twice reflected rays on the warheads.
The advantages of the system was simplicity (fundamental) building and deploying, as well as a small vulnerability for adversary blows - concentrating mirrors made of thin film was relatively easy to replace. In addition, the system could potentially be used against intertwined ICBMs and blocks of breeding - much more vulnerable than the warheads themselves - at the initial stage of the trajectory. The larger disadvantage was huge - due to the loss of energy during the passage of the atmosphere and the transition of the beam - the required power of ground lasers. According to calculations, for the supply of a laser system that can ensure a reliable defeat of several thousand ICBMs or their combat units, almost 1000 electricity gigavatt was required, the redistribution of which literally in a few seconds in the event of the war would require a gigantic overload of the US energy system.
Emitters of neutral particles
Considerable attention within the framework of soybeans was given the opportunity to create so-called. The "beam" weapon affecting the goal of the flow overclocked to the subsender particles. Due to the considerable mass of particles, the affecting effect of such weapons would be significantly higher than that of the laser energy consumption; However, the revolving side was the problems with focusing of the beam particles.
Within the framework of the FIO program, the creation of heavy orbital automatic stations armed with emitters of neutral particles was assumed. The main rate was made on the radiation effect of high-energy particles, with their braking in the material of the enemy warheads; Such irradiation was due to the electronics inside the warhead. The destruction of the warhead themselves was considered possible, but requiring long exposure and high power. Such a weapon would be effectively at distances to tens of thousands of kilometers. Several experiments were conducted with the launch of the prototypes of emitters on subborital rockets.
It was assumed that the emitters of neutral particles can be applied within the framework of the soybean as follows:
- Discrimination of false purposes - even small power bundles of neutral particles, affecting the goal, would cause emissions of electromagnetic radiation, depending on the material and the structure structure. Thus, even at minimum power, emitters of neutral particles could be used to determine the real warheads against the background of false purposes.
- The lesion of electronics is to keep inhibit in the material of the target, neutral particles would provoke powerful ionizing radiation capable of destroying electronic circuits or live matter. Thus, irradiation of neutral particles streams could destroy the goal chips and hit the crews, without destroying the goal physically.
- Physical destruction - with sufficient power and density of the beam of neutral particles, its braking in the material of the target would lead to a powerful heat release and physical destruction of the goal structure. In this case, since the heat would have highlighted as the parties run in the target material - thin screens would be completely ineffective against such weapons. Taking into account the high accuracy inherent in such weapons, it was possible to quickly withdraw the enemy spacecraft in order by destroying its key components (motor installations, fuel tanks, sensory and weapons, control cabin).
The development of emitters of neutral particles was considered a promising direction, however, due to the considerable complexity of such installations and huge energy consumption, their deployment within the framework of the SOO was assumed not earlier than 2025.
Atomic cart
As the side branch of the lasers with nuclear pumping, within the framework of the SOW program, the possibility of using the energy of a nuclear explosion for overclocking to ultra-high velocities of material shells was considered. Prometheus program assumed the use of the plasma front energy formed during the detonation of the kiloton power of nuclear charges to give acceleration to tungsten. It was assumed that during the detonation of the charge, placed on its surface, the tungsten plate of a special form collapses with millions of tiny crushers moving in the desired direction at a speed of up to 100 km / s. Since it was believed that the energies of the collision would not be enough to effectively destroy the warheads, the system was supposed to be used to effectively select false goals (since the "shot" of the atomic shotgun was covered with a significant amount of space), whose dynamics from collision with parquami should have changed significantly.
Railotrons
As effective means Beaming the warheads, electromagnetic rail accelerators were also considered, capable of overclocking (due to Lorentz's strength) with a speed of several kilometers per second. In the oncoming trajectories, the collision even with a relatively light shell could lead to the complete destruction of the warheads. In terms of cosmic base, the rails were significantly more profitable than those considered parallel with them powder or low-glazative cannons, as they did not need a throwing substance.
During the experiments under the Checmate program (Compact High Energy Capacitor Module Advanced Technology Experiment), it was possible to achieve significant progress in the area of \u200b\u200brails, but at the same time it became clear that this weapon was not too suitable for cosmic deployment. A significant problem was the lot of energy consumption and heat release, the decomposition of which in space caused the need for substantial radiators. As a result, the Railotron Program within the framework of soybean was canceled, but gave an impetus to the development of rails as weapons for use on Earth.
Konstantin Bogdanov, Reviewer RIA Novosti.
Thirty years ago, US President Ronald Reagan proclaimed a "strategic defense initiative" (soy), also known as the "Star War Program". The project was largely the blowed, the stated results were not achieved.
Multilay-layered anti-missile umbrella USA did not create. However, it was easier from this to the Soviet Union: the load of military expenses and structural disproportions in industry confidently conducted the country to the crisis.
Soviet "Defense" lived widely: the country's leadership gave almost everything she asked for the areas that seriously worried the highest spheres of the Central Committee. By 1988, up to 75% of all expenses for R & D in the USSR were carried out within the framework of defense themes.
Completely at the opinion of Anatoly Basistov, the constructor of the Moscow system about A-135. In the late 1970s, he was asked about whether it was possible to create a reliable reflection system of the massive rocket-nuclear attack. And here, according to the memories of bassistov, he understood one thing: if the designer will now answer the party "Yes, you can" - he will put any requested resources to be put on the table for the solution of this task.
At that time, bassists said "no, it is impossible." But the sectoral mechanism was no longer altered, he worked according to his laws. Moreover, the Americans say - you can ...
And, most importantly, the tower of ivory, inside which at the end of the 1980s did not work at least ten million people (not counting episodically fed from military programs under contracts) - the most ordinary, but very well-paid people - formed a feeling of stability. That it should be in the future.
And the grounds for this were becoming increasingly ghost.
Golden fitness of a poor country
The last head of the Soviet External Intelligence Leonid Schebarshin recalled them, the highest leadership of the KGB, on the destruction of the restructuring drove at meetings with workers of large factories. Shebarshin arrived at the Moscow Aircraft Plant "Banner of Labor" - a business in the cooperation of the MIGA.
"And how much do you get, Comrade General?" - poisonous asked the hall after the speech. "1300 rubles," Schebarshin honestly. After some revival from the gallery, a voice rang out: "Yes, we have a locksmith can earn so much" ...
Yuri Yarevko, from the late 1980s - Director of the Institute of People's Forecasting, describing this situation, noticed that the main "damage" from the Soviet Defense Ministry of 1980s was not even in the money, which went to it. MPK pulled all the best that was in a poor country. First of all, qualified personnel, but he also claimed high-quality materials, demanded the most advanced equipment and technologies.
In second place in the system of priorities there were the needs of rasourishing and energy. Civil engineering and industry TNP got unbris: From people - who did not take the military, from the equipment - that they managed to knock out, materials - well, take that there is ... on the quality of products it does not slow down, as well as on the aggravating lag of the technological level of industry from West and Japan.
To ensure the transfer of high technologies of Soviet defense engineering to the civilian sector did not allow not only the rooted feudal logic of the Directorate, accustomed to the pretext of solving the objectives of the state importance "to cut down" the insulated domains of cooperation and sit on them with full-awakeplates, responsible only before the Master of Profile Ministries and the Party. The fact is that the Glavogi and the Party also did not want to hear anything.
The same Yarepenko recalled that holistic programs for the reduction of military spending with the simultaneous thoughtful conversion of high-tech defense capacities and trained personnel on the massive release of civilian goods for long-term use (high-quality household appliancesSimply put) fed up from the first half of the 1980s. There they didn't notice them, they were not noticed ... and then allocated new and new resources on the military-industrial complex.
The defense directors took the program of the production of civil products to their enterprises "in the load", but did not see the priority in them and worked with them on the residual principle. Military programs paid better, and interested them more.
Icon of Domestic Defense, Yuri Dmitrievich Masyukov, a man who did for the industry of the USSR and for the Russian economy a lot of good, - and that in 1987, according to Yaremnko, said that talking about excessive allocation of resources to the military production of empty-way, because the Soviet Defense Ministry Footed and, on the contrary, requires additional infidelines.
This was said by the head of the military-industrial commission of the Council, the head of the Defense Ministry of the Defense Ministry, the chief sectoral coordinator and responsible for determining the directions of work on defense themes. Next year, without leaving this position, Masyukov will be the head of all Soviet states ...
"In general, he burst" ...
What is soy? The effect of waste from countering contrived threats of soybean bite against the background of a resource-absorbing flywheel, overclocked in the second half of the 1970s of the solidarity efforts of the defense complex and another ICC, the former secretary of the Central Committee on Defense Affairs, Military Minister Dmitry Fedorovich Ustinova.
So Reagan knew the Soviet Directorate and the Guide "Nine". Even if the soybeans were not proclaimed, it would be in one way or another way.
The essence of the economy catastrophe of the USSR was not covered in oil, not in soybeans and not in the Americans. Not in the "traitors of the Motherland", "Informators", "Judah Gorbachev and Yeltsin", etc. The problem was that in the economy there was a huge self-jammed sector, accustomed to the blanket and demand more, more, more ...
He should be carefully opened, smoothly translate a significant part of his enormous opportunities to ensure the everyday needs of the whole country. But those who understood the overall picture - the leaders of the military-industrial complex from the plants through the ministries to the Council and the Central Committee were silent. For they all arranged, and it did not want to break through the interdepartmental gnawing during the structural restructuring of the economy. And was there any opportunity?
And make decisions in the system of collective irresponsibility, which has developed in the late USSR, no one wanted. And everyone was afraid of a new round of the Cold War, therefore, they lavished between the hard pressure of the "Having had the blood" of Washington in the disarmament negotiations and a solidarial request of their own Directorate - we were inferior, they were sent, they were departed in a long box.
As a result, if you use military analogies, instead of neat demining the "defense" turned out to eliminate the method of undermining, from which not only MIC was separated, but in general the entire Soviet economy - along with the country.
Reagan could write his victory. And who is what business, what is completely undeserved?
