Cryptorchidism in boys (undescended testicles), surgery. Inguinal hernia in children Testicles of a two-year-old boy

Eggs are a product that should be included in a child's diet for long-term health and good nutrition. Along with and, they are essential and irreplaceable food. I think this is even more than just a benefit.

1. Eggs are the source that is needed to build tissues in the baby's body. For the most part, these are the proteins in which the growing body is especially deficient. They are represented by essential amino acids and are responsible for weight, immunity and metabolic processes. It is for this reason that eggs occupy an important place in baby food.
2. Egg yolk is the main source of fat-soluble vitamins for babies. The functioning of the nervous and immune systems, the growth and health of the child depends on these vitamins. The unique mineral composition of egg yolks is an ideal product for healthy skin baby. Eggs are considered to be the main source of at least 7 vitamins and minerals.
3. Eggs are a low-calorie product, easily digestible (lighter and meat), which allows them to be used in dietary nutrition, for dinner and for breakfast. Scientists in Cambridge have long advocated that eggs for breakfast can help you get rid of sleepiness and become more alert.
4. Note for adolescents: eggs are the most common product in the manufacture of cosmetic hair masks and.

In eggs, both are good, so it's best to consume them whole.

Egg harm

Allergy

Chicken eggs are a highly allergenic product.

Chicken eggs are really a highly allergenic product, therefore, they are introduced into them last, starting with the yolk, separated from the protein, because the main allergen is animal protein. Although egg white poses a major allergic hazard, an immune response to the yolk is also possible, albeit in minimal amounts. In the process of cooking, the complete separation of the yolk from the protein is impossible, some part will get in one way or another, so it is undesirable for allergy sufferers to even consume the yolk. Eggs should be ruled out even at the slightest manifestation of intolerance. Quail eggs are an alternative, but you also need to be vigilant with them - cross-reactions between all species of birds are possible.

Cholesterol

The yolk of a chicken egg really consists of a third, and the Internet is teeming with information that eggs cause damage to the cardiovascular system, clogging blood vessels and so on.

However, American scientists have shown that the consumption of fatty meat and pastries affects the level of cholesterol in the blood, but not eggs.

The conclusions of their study are that even 7 eggs per week will not in any way affect the risk of heart disease, fat metabolism. But the optimal amount for a child is 2-3 eggs per week, this is quite enough to replenish the necessary reserves.

Intestinal infection - salmonellosis

It can be easily avoided, because in 90% of cases, salmonellosis is infected from eggs of domestic hens, since eggs bought in a store undergo a special sanitization... But even in the case of eating homemade eggs, salmonellosis can be avoided if the eggs are not eaten raw. When heat treated for 5-10 minutes, this bacterium dies. Therefore, raw eggs cannot be eaten not only by children, but also by adults. For the same reason, the use of soft-boiled eggs is undesirable. For a child, the egg should be hard-boiled or fried well.

How many eggs can a child give?

1. At the age of 6–7 months, it is necessary to start introducing chicken yolk into complementary foods, first a grain, bringing the volume to half the yolk. The norm for a child under one year old is 1/2 part of the yolk 2 times a week. Starting earlier than six months is unsafe due to allergies, you can start later, but the child will lack selenium,.
2. After a year, you can also introduce protein. Norm for one year old child- 1/2 part of an egg 2-3 times a week.
3. At the age of 3–6 years - half an egg 5 days a week or one egg 2 times a week.
4. Older children should not be given more than 3 eggs per week.

In what form should the eggs be served to the child?

While raw eggs are more beneficial, the child should only eat them after heat treatment... For little ones, it is better to boil an egg and serve with herbs, make an omelet or soufflé. Serving fried eggs with cheese and tomato is common. Eggs should be included in flour products (dumplings, dumplings, pancakes, pastries), cold soups, sandwiches, salads.

You can often find healthy recipes using eggshells, which are really rich. We do not recommend using it for children. The shell is the main source of infection, and the child should receive calcium with cottage cheese and milk, and not with food waste.

Which eggs are healthier?

It is unacceptable to offer raw eggs to a child - a very high risk of developing salmonellosis.

The most important question for caring parents is which eggs are healthier for the child.

1. Chicken eggs are the best option for nutritional value and price for a child. Only quail and guinea fowl eggs are more useful, but there is one thing: their price is several times higher than the price of chicken eggs. And quail eggs are 3-5 times smaller than chicken eggs. Cons - frequent development of allergies, sometimes salmonellosis.
2. Quail eggs have an advantage over chicken eggs: they contain twice as much, B1 and B2, as well as essential amino acids and minerals, and less cholesterol. As a result, we can say that they are more useful, especially for children suffering from eye diseases, with frequent appearance of barley. Their long-term use for several months will be justified. And it is healthier to use them raw - in the form of a cocktail, add raw quail eggs to, cereals and soups. This type of eggs is the safest in relation to salmonellosis, but they should be washed with soap before use.
3. Guinea fowl eggs. In terms of benefits, they can only be inferior to quail. They are distinguished by antibacterial properties, high content of essential amino acids. Rarely cause allergies and salmonellosis. Minus - they rarely go on sale.
4. Ostrich. For all useful qualities as close as possible to chicken eggs, have a low cholesterol content. But due to their huge size (up to 1.5 kg), they are impractical for daily use.

Eggs not suitable for use in the children's menu:

1. Turkey. In terms of composition, they are no less useful than chicken, but they have a high cholesterol content.
2. Goose and duck. Often they cause allergies, the risk of contracting salmonellosis is higher than when eating chicken eggs. In addition, duck eggs are high in fat. It is better to add them to the dough.

Interesting to know! Often on the forums there are questions about which eggs are more useful - large or small, white or brown, with a bright yellow yolk or pale. It turns out that the color and size of the egg is not related to taste and useful properties, these parameters depend on the age of the chickens, the color of their plumage and the feed received. The main thing is that the eggs are fresh.

Are quail eggs useful for children, says Dr. Komarovsky:

More about chicken eggs in the Healthy Life program:

One of the most common abdominal pathologies in children is an inguinal hernia. It is usually detected at an early age, and parents are faced with the fact of the need for treatment. At the same time, it is advisable to have a good idea of ​​what exactly is happening to the child, and why it happened. In this article, we will answer these and other questions.

What it is

A children's hernia in the groin is a condition in which the vaginal process of the peritoneum protrudes outward through the inguinal canal. What is looking for an exit through the inguinal canal is called a hernial sac. Inside he has parts of internal organs, for example, the bladder or intestines. The inguinal canal is a small gap in the groin area between muscle tissue and ligaments. Inside the gap in female children there is a round ligament of the uterus, and in boys there is a spermatic cord.

According to statistics, hernial formations in the groin are most often found in boys. The risk of developing such an ailment in them, according to various estimates, reaches 25-30%, while in girls it is only about 3%. According to pediatricians, for every girl with this diagnosis, there are 6 boys with a similar problem.

In premature babies, the risk of developing an inguinal hernia is significantly higher than in babies born on time. The risk of development in the first is at least 25%, in children who appeared on time - 5%.

Reasons for the appearance

A hernia in the groin is considered congenital, acquired forms are the lot of adults and the elderly. In boys and girls, the prerequisites for the appearance of lumps in the groin area are always created even when they are in the mother's stomach.

In future boys, testicles form in the abdomen during the embryonic period. They begin to descend down to the inguinal canal only at 5-6 months of pregnancy. At the same time, they somewhat "pull" the peritoneum behind them. Finally, the testicle descends closer to childbirth, at the 9th month of pregnancy. The same tightened pocket from the peritoneum, which was formed as a result of prolapse, is called the processus vaginalis.

Normally, it drags on completely by the time the boy is born. If for some reason this does not happen, the communication of the inguinal canal with the abdominal cavity remains open. This can lead to the fact that along the path that the testicle passed, a loop of intestines or other internal organ... This is what will become a hernia in the groin.

If with boys everything is more or less clear, then with the mechanisms of the appearance of a hernia in girls, more questions usually arise. The answers lie in anatomical features female embryo. In girls, the uterus is also not in its place from the very beginning. First, this important reproductive organ is laid and formed much higher than it should be. And then, from about 4-5 months of pregnancy, the uterus begins its way down, in a similar way, pulling a part of the peritoneum with it.

A similar vaginal process remains behind it. And if by the time of birth the message with the abdominal cavity is not closed, the exit of the hernial sac is not excluded. Thus, it becomes clear why groin hernias occur in premature babies five times more often than in full-term babies.

But the risk of occurrence and the hernia itself as a fact are not the same thing. There may be a risk, but there is no hernia.

The most common reasons why the hernial sac still bulges outward are as follows:

• genetic predisposition to peritoneal weakness;
• cystic neoplasms of the spermatic cord;
• hydrocele (dropsy of the testicle);
• hernial formations of the spinal cord, problems with the spine.

Hernias later (after 9-10 years) appear in the groin very rarely, and their root causes may be different than in newborns and infants. With the congenital predisposition described above, inguinal hernias can appear in children with severe obesity, in children who lead an inactive lifestyle, move little, do not play sports, those who suffer from frequent and severe constipation, as well as respiratory diseases associated with with severe chronic cough.

Classification

Depending on which side the hernia appeared on, it is classified as right-sided or left-sided. Right-sided ones are more common in boys, little princesses rarely suffer from such a localization of the hernial sac. Hernial formations on the left in the groin area are recorded in a third of all cases.

On both sides, a hernia in the overwhelming majority of cases appears at the same time in girls. Bilateral hernia in male children is found in about 12% of cases.

Like many other hernial formations, the inguinal is also divided into oblique and straight. The obliques enter the inguinal canal, completely repeating the path of the testicle at the perinatal age - from above with passing through the inguinal ring. Hernias of the direct type in children are very rare, with them the hernia bag comes out through the peritoneum.

For boys, a separate type of disease stands apart - scrotal or inguinal-scrotal hernia.

According to the mobility or immobility of the bag, the following are distinguished:

• strangulated hernia;
• an elastically restrained hernia;
• hernia with fecal entrapment:
• hernia with Richter's pinching (parietal pinching of the bowel loop);
• a hernia with retrograde infringement (when two or more organs are pinched);
• unrestrained.

It is possible to correct only unrestrained inguinal hernias. All types of pinching are subject to treatment with the use of operative surgical procedures.

Dangers and complications

The main danger of an inguinal hernia lies precisely in the likelihood of its infringement. What it will be - no one undertakes to predict. With the fecal type of pathology, infringement occurs due to the overcrowding of the intestinal loop, which has fallen into the sac, with feces, with retrograde - not only the intestinal splash, which is in the sac, but also the intestinal splash, which is in the abdominal cavity, is compressed.

In all cases of pinching, without exception, the child needs immediate and urgent surgical care. Infringement, no matter what type it develops, is associated with insufficient blood supply in the squeezed organ, which quite quickly (sometimes in a few hours) can lead to tissue death and necrosis. Cases of gangrene of strangulated organs, even in our advanced age with operative medicine, doctors register in 10% of cases. Deaths account for approximately 3.9%, with gangrene, mortality is higher - from 20 to 35%.

Infringement is always acute. There is a strong unbearable pain in the groin area, nausea, and sometimes repeated vomiting, the hernia becomes uncontrollable, the deterioration of health grows very quickly. Delay and self-medication attempts are dangerous. We urgently need to deliver the little patient to the surgical hospital.

In fairness, it should be noted that in childhood, most of the inguinal hernias are not complicated by infringement. But the parents of a child who was diagnosed with such a diagnosis and who cannot decide on an operation should be ready for such a turn of events. The older the child gets, the higher the risk of being pinched.

Symptoms and Signs

An acute condition associated with infringement is not difficult to diagnose. It is much more difficult to find an inguinal hernia before it is complicated by an infringement. The fact is that the only symptom is the formation in the groin of the hernia itself. It looks like a round or irregular seal, slightly protruding.

It is easiest to notice the pathology in babies. For example, in children under one year old, a one-year-old child whose parents regularly change clothes, bathe, a hernia will be visualized during moments of strong crying, screaming, during a cough. In a calm state, when the child does not strain the abdominal wall or in a dream, the hernia will not be noticeable in the baby.

The location of the sac for scrotal hernia in boys is inside the scrotum, thus it will be she who will be deformed. In girls, a hernia usually prefers to descend into the labia, as a result, there is a strong increase in one labia compared to the other. With bilateral pathology, both lips will be unnaturally large.

In children 5-6-7 years old and older, finding a hernia can be more difficult, because parents no longer have access to all parts of the child's body for ethical reasons. But such children can verbally communicate what is bothering them. Complaints of aching pain in the lower abdomen, as well as pain and a feeling of fullness in the scrotum and groin area after a long walk, run, cannot be ignored.

An unrestrained hernia should not bother the child too much.

Symptoms that should compel parents to urgently send the child to the hospital are as follows:

• swelling of the abdomen, lack of gas discharge;
• strengthening of the nature of pain in the groin area - from tingling and pulling sensations to acute pain;
• the hernial sac becomes rigid, tense and immobile, touching it causes severe pain in the child.

Diagnostics

Usually, an inguinal hernia can be detected in the first months of a child's life. Often the parents themselves find it, in other cases - the pediatric surgeon at the next scheduled examination at the clinic. It is customary to examine a child from birth to 1 year in a horizontal position.

Babies who are already 2 years old can be examined in a standing position, with a mandatory assessment of a hernia when the body is tilted forward. For children who are already 4 years old, the surgeon will give one more "task" - to cough, since with a cough reflex it is possible to examine the hernia in more detail and evaluate its size.

The doctor will compare whether the testicles in boys are symmetrical, what is the shape and size of the girl's labia, Then the doctor gives a referral for an ultrasound examination. Boys do an ultrasound of the inguinal canal, girls - an ultrasound of the pelvic organs and abdominal cavity. Boys are additionally prescribed diaphanoscopy of the scrotum. This procedure is simple and painless, it consists in assessing how the organ is able to transmit light rays through itself. This method allows you to establish or disprove dropsy of the testicles as a possible root cause of a hernia in the groin.

When an ultrasound scan shows that a part of the bladder has fallen into the hernia sac, a cystography will be prescribed - a procedure in which a special substance is injected into the bladder, which is then clearly distinguishable on an X-ray, this allows you to examine in detail the state of the clamped organ. Irrigoscopy is prescribed if it is established based on the results of an ultrasound scan that an intestinal loop is present in the contents of the bag. Using an enema, a child is injected with a contrasting solution into the rectum, after which an x-ray is taken to assess the features of the restrained organ.

Treatment

With regard to inguinal hernias, doctors are usually quite categorical and offer surgical removal of the hernial sac as a treatment. Indeed, there are risks of complications, and by and large there is no point in maintaining a hernia.

An inguinal hernia will not go away on its own, as it happens with an umbilical hernia in babies.

The processus vaginalis by itself, by analogy with the umbilical ring, will not be tightened or overgrown. If this did not happen at the time of birth, then the doctors should act further. It is not worth sticking with a plaster, hoping for the help of a special bandage, you need to do an operation. The operation called "herniorrhaphy" is the only one possible variant solving the problem. However, statistics show that about 10% of patients after such an operation experience genitofemoral pain syndrome. Therefore, children with unrestrained hernias of small sizes are given a "respite" by choosing the method of vigilant waiting.

The operation itself is considered not the most difficult, even a novice surgeon can carry it out(this is what often happens in reality, it is at hernia repair that yesterday's graduates receive their first "baptism of fire" medical universities). Therefore, parents who, naturally, are worried about the consequences of surgical intervention, should inquire about the qualifications of a specialist before conducting a planned operation. For children, surgery is performed under general anesthesia. Doctors first access the inguinal canal through an incision, then locate the hernial sac and remove it. After that, the inguinal canal is sutured to its normal, natural size, and in case of its destruction, the canal plastic is done.

The hernia can be closed with a mesh, if it was possible to correct it during the operation and do without removal. Operations are most often tried to be carried out by an incomplete method. To do this, use the capabilities of laparoscopy. Laparotomy (incision of the abdominal wall) is performed only when part of the intestine is not viable due to the infringement of the hernia and must be removed. After laparoscopic surgery, children quickly come to their senses, after a few hours they rise, the recovery period is short. The likelihood of a relapse is about 1-3%. Uncomplicated small hernias in the groin of children are removed as planned, the child can be discharged home with normal health after 3-4 hours.

Doctors assess the forecasts as conditionally favorable. If the operation was carried out correctly, and the patient will subsequently comply with all appointments, it will be possible to forget about the inguinal hernia for the rest of his life.

After the operation, the child after about a month is shown physiotherapy... You can do it on the basis of the exercise therapy cabinet in the polyclinic at the place of residence. Exercises with balls, sticks, at the gymnastic wall are designed to help the child return to his normal life as soon as possible. In addition, such physical education accelerates the process of tissue regeneration in the area of ​​surgical intervention, improves homeostasis, and strengthens the muscles of the abdominal wall.

Be sure to add to the set of exercises breathing exercises... 3-4 weeks after the operation, the child can engage in active walking (sports), skiing, and visit the pool. Massage during this period is aimed at preventing disturbance of intestinal motility, strengthening the abdominal muscles. To do this, the child's back is massaged along the spinal column, massaging circular movements are performed in the abdomen, around the navel, and the oblique abdominal muscles are stroked. You should always complete the massage with the lower part of the body, stroking and then kneading the legs.

Help the child and protect against possible relapses and special restraints that are worn after surgery - bandages. Children's bandages are not like adults, you need to buy them in specialized orthopedic salons, having previously asked the size and other design features of the product from your doctor.

A bandage after an operation to remove an inguinal hernia is:

• left-sided;
• right-handed;
• bilateral.

The bandage comes with special inserts that are fixed in the place where there was (or is) a hernia. It should be understood that such orthopedic devices cannot cure a hernia in the groin, they only support the hernial sac from falling out and slightly reduce the risk of infringement. That is why we have placed information about bandages in the section on rehabilitation.

A big thread has entered the top on Reddit, in which people give each other advice on what not to look for on the Internet under any circumstances, share their experiences and tell stories on this topic. Some tips are funny, some are useful, and some are specifically creepy.

“Everything about 20 tons of combat anthrax, which mysteriously disappeared from Soviet Union shortly before its disintegration. "

"Legs of ballerinas".

"Frozen pregnancy".

In English it is called literally "born in a dream."

“I met this phrase several times on pregnancy forums, I thought it was something cute. Like a little sleepy kid who kept sniffling all the way. But that means something completely different. "

Gamers have their own worries.

"Crash in MLB 2017".

We googled in good faith, it turned out that we mean a funny bug (or feature, who knows) in the latest version of the popular US game from Sony Interactive. You can change the appearance of baseball characters, such as mustaches and beards, hairstyles, and so on, and if you twist everything to the maximum, it will turn out to be funny. We don't know, it seems like nothing special, see for yourself.

But some things really DO NOT need to google. We warned you.

“Blue waffles. Grapefruit Technique ".

However, google about grapefruit if you like.

"Just don't forget to turn the volume ON MAXIMUM while doing this."

But the most sensible advice was given by one user, wise with bitter experience.

“Don't google 'what you don't need to google'. You will see LISTS of things you should never google. Even worse, there will be descriptions and often links to these things. And that is essentially as bad as googling something that you should never google. "

That's what you definitely don't need to ask Google, it's advice in a business that requires professionalism, and you don't understand anything about it. Florida resident William Johnson decided that he urgently needed money and decided to rob a bank. After the arrest, the guy admitted that he did not have criminal skills and did not find anything better than. But at the same time I forgot to look for "how not to get caught by the police."

The testicles (testicles, sex glands) are organs of the male reproductive system, the main functions of which are the formation of sperm, the production of testosterone and its derivatives.

When do boys have testicles descending?

The testicles of the fetus begin to descend even in the womb, at the 6th month of pregnancy.

This process ends before childbirth or immediately after birth.

The testicles can go down in the first year of a baby's life. In this case, the child should be monitored by a urologist.

If the testicles have not descended into the scrotum, we are talking about pathology - cryptorchidism and ectopia.

What do parents need to know about an undescended testicle? Cryptorchidism and ectopia

Descent of the testicles can be thought of as a stopover route. If the testicle is stuck on one of them, this pathology is called cryptorchidism. The pathology in which it deviates from the route is called ectopia.

Causes

From the side of the fetus:

1. Genetic mutations.
2. Mechanical obstacles in the direction of the testicle movement - connective tissue cords of the inguinal canal, short testicular artery, short spermatic cord, narrow inguinal canal, violation of intra-abdominal pressure.
3. Endocrine pathology. These are hypothalamic-pituitary fetal disorders, impaired testosterone synthesis by the testicles of the fetus.

From the mother's side:

1. Endocrine pathology - diabetes, pathology of the thyroid gland, low production of gonadotropins at the end of pregnancy.
2. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - Paracetamol, Aspirin, Ibuprofen at the beginning of pregnancy.

If you are planning a pregnancy or are already expecting a baby, monitor your blood glucose levels, thyroid hormone levels. Also exclude taking NSAIDs.

Signs of cryptorchidism and ectopia

1. The main sign of cryptorchidism and ectopia is the absence of one or two testicles in the scrotum, which is determined by palpation. If it seems to you that the child does not have a testicle or testicles in the scrotum, perform several actions: touch the scrotum with warm hands, the testicle is defined as an elastic oval body. With this manipulation, the baby should be calm. If you cannot find it, observe the child while bathing. In warm water, the muscle that lifts the testicle (cremaster muscle) relaxes, and it descends into the scrotum.
2. With unilateral cryptorchidism and ectopia, the scrotum is asymmetric, with bilateral - both halves are underdeveloped.
3. In 70%, during physical exertion or palpation, the boy has a testicle pain.

These diseases can be painless. Therefore, parents and doctors should pay close attention to the presence of testicles in the scrotum in newborn boys.

Diagnostics

The main research method is palpation. For a non-palpable testicle, ultrasound is used. If the testicle is absent on ultrasound, diagnostic laparoscopy is performed.

Treatment

The most effective surgical treatment of cryptorchidism. It is carried out when the child is from one to one and a half years old. Before the operation, the baby is monitored by a pediatric urologist.

As a preparation before surgery, hormone therapy can be performed.

Complications

The correct development of the gonads is possible only in the scrotum. Other cases lead to various complications, including:

• violation of spermatogenesis;
• torsion of the testicle;
• traumatic orchitis (testicular inflammation);
• entrapment of the testicle;
• testicular cancer.

Violation of the spermatogenic function of the testicle occurs with prolonged cryptorchidism. It has been proven that the death of testicular tissue begins at the age of two. In patients with operated bilateral cryptorchidism, the spermatogram is often abnormal. There are few or many spermatozoa with an irregular structure, their mobility is reduced.

Testicular torsion is more common at 1 to 3 years and at 10 to 15 years. The reason is excessive mobility and impaired fixation.

Sometimes the testicle lies in the inguinal hernia and is infringed with it.

Traumatic orchitis with cryptorchidism develops as a result of the generic herb in newborns and is called idiopathic testicular infarction.

The above conditions have a similar clinical picture and are called "acute scrotal syndrome".

The risk of developing cancer of an undescended testicle is 20 times higher. And it does not depend on whether the treatment was carried out or not.

Patients with operated on cryptorchidism need to be observed by a urologist in adolescence and adulthood.

Prognosis for an undescended testicle

If the operation is performed on time, the prognosis is often favorable.

Pseudocryptorchidism, or vagus testicle

With pseudocryptorchidism, the scrotum is symmetrical. On palpation, the testicle easily descends to the bottom of the scrotum, but due to a strong cremaster reflex, it returns to its original position. This condition goes away during puberty.

With pseudocryptorchidism, the functions of the boy's testicles are not impaired.

Pain in the testicles. Causes and manifestations

Testicular pain is a reason to see a doctor immediately.

Reasons why boys have testicle pain:

• torsion of the testicle;
• entrapment of the testicle in the inguinal hernia;
• traumatic orchitis;
• inflammatory orchitis.

These conditions have a similar clinical picture (signs) and are united by the term "acute scrotal syndrome".

The clinical picture includes the following symptoms:

• sharp pain in the scrotum and testicle, radiating to the groin;
• swelling of the scrotum, its hyperemia (redness) on one or both sides;
• an enlarged, hard testicle;
• fever, nausea, vomiting, pallor of the skin.

In children under one year old, fever, vomiting, loud crying, breast refusal come out on top.

Consider conditions that cause testicular pain.

About the torsion of the testicle, its infringement in the inguinal hernia is written above.

In traumatic orchitis, the severity of the lesion depends on the strength and type of injury. Allocate contusion, dislocation, rupture and separation of the testicle.

With a bruise, the pain passes after a while, bruises, hyperemia, edema are visible on the scrotum. In case of severe injury, vomiting and fever may occur. On examination, a hematoma (bruise) of soft tissues, hyperemia, edema, and tenderness of the scrotum are visible. The testicle is enlarged, painful.

If, after a blow, a fall, a boy complains that his testicle hurts, and bruises, hematoma, or a swollen scrotum appear in the scrotum, you should immediately contact a surgeon or urologist. With a minor injury, the pain quickly subsides, there are no visible changes.

Inflammatory orchitis is more common in newborns, and the cause is the penetration of infection through the umbilical vessels. In children over 10 years of age, orchitis is a complication of mumps (mumps) and occurs on the 3rd - 12th day of illness. Against the background of this disease, pain in the testicles appears in boys.

Torsion, testicle entrapment, rupture, testicular rupture are treated promptly.

With inflammatory orchitis, bruise and dislocation, treatment is conservative. It includes bed rest, fixing a bandage on the scrotum, antibiotic therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids.

In children who have undergone diseases associated with the syndrome of "acute scrotum", it is necessary to examine the sperm c.

Conclusion

Early detection of the disease in most cases ensures successful treatment. You should also remember about the prevention of diseases. Take good care of your baby's genitals.

When bathing and changing clothes, name the boy's genitals correctly: testicles, scrotum, penis. It is advisable not to use colloquialisms (for example, the word "pisyun" and others).

Teach your child to personal hygiene and be more attentive to children's complaints.

An egg is a source of protein, minerals and vitamins necessary for the full development of a child's body. The question of whether it is possible to give eggs to children is not even discussed by pediatricians and specialists in baby food. The answer is unequivocal: it is not only possible, but also necessary! But on the question of when it is possible to give an egg to a child, opinions differ. A period from several months to a year is called. And children's nutritionists are careful not in vain: almost every third child is allergic to an egg. Most often, it is recommended to introduce yolk into the baby's diet closer to 6 months, and protein - a year.

How to introduce an egg into a complementary food for a child?

For the first time, a piece is broken off from the yolk of a hard-boiled egg (no more than a quarter), kneading it, diluted with a small amount of milk or milk mixture. If the child's body has taken a new one without any problems, then, after a while, mashed boiled yolk can be added to vegetable purees. For an infant under one year old, egg yolk is given no more than 2 times a week.

How to give an egg to a child after a year?

In the absence of allergic manifestations, a one-year-old baby can be given half of the yolk once, and after a week or two try to introduce boiled protein into the diet. It is also possible to prepare a steam omelet with boiled milk or curd pudding for the crumbs in a slow cooker or oven. By the way, if a child does not want to eat cottage cheese in its pure form, then it is likely that he eats with pleasure in the form of pudding useful product... It is also permissible to crumble the egg into soup or porridge. Eggs are an essential ingredient in baked goods. All babies love homemade buns, cheesecakes and cookies, which they can use to diversify the child's diet from the age of one.
Chicken eggs can be easily replaced with the currently popular quail eggs, which have similar characteristics, but are considered less allergenic. In addition, due to their size, it is more convenient to introduce them into the baby's diet.

Young mothers are often interested in how many eggs to cook for a child. Cooking time is not less than 6 minutes, but not more than 10 minutes. If you cook for less than the specified time, then Salmonella bacteria may remain alive, with excessively long cooking, the egg darkens and acquires an unpleasant hydrogen sulfide odor. Because of the possibility of getting sick with salmonellosis, children should not be given raw eggs. But soft-boiled quail eggs in baby food are permissible, since quails do not get sick with salmonellosis.

Egg consumption rate

The question of how many eggs a child can eat is very important. Some mothers say their baby loves eggs and is willing to eat them often. But, given that the product contains large quantities of cholesterol, a preschooler is recommended to eat no more than 3 eggs per week, a schoolchild - no more than 4-5, taking into account the addition of the product to baked goods, minced meat, etc.