Data of the woman who created the first women's battalion. Maria Bochkareva and her women's battalion

MARIA BOCHKAREVA

Bochkareva Maria Leontievna (née Frolkova, July 1889 - May 1920) - often considered the first Russian female officer(produced during the revolution of 1917). Bochkareva created the first in the history of the Russian army women's battalion. Cavalier of the George Cross.

In July 1889, the third child, daughter Marusya, was born to the peasants of the village of Nikolskoye, Kirillovsky district, Novgorod province, Leonty Semenovich and Olga Eleazarovna Frolkov. Soon the family, fleeing poverty, moved to Siberia, where the government promised the settlers large plots of land and financial support. But, apparently, it was not possible to get away from poverty here either. At the age of fifteen, Mary was married. The following entry was preserved in the book of the Resurrection Church dated January 22, 1905: “Afanasy Sergeevich Bochkarev, 23 years old, of the Orthodox faith, living in the Tomsk province, Tomsk district of the Semiluk volost of the village of Bolshoe Kuskovo, married the maiden Maria Leontievna Frolkova, of the Orthodox faith…” . They settled in Tomsk. Married life went wrong almost immediately, and Bochkareva broke up with her drunken husband without regret. Maria left him for the butcher Yakov Buk. In May 1912, Buk was arrested on charges of robbery and sent to serve his sentence in Yakutsk. Bochkareva followed him on foot to Eastern Siberia, where they opened a butcher's shop for cover, although in reality Buk hunted in a gang of hunghuz. Soon the police came on the trail of the gang, and Buk was transferred to a settlement in the taiga village of Amga.

Although Bochkareva again followed in his footsteps, her betrothed took to drink and began to engage in assault. At this time, the first broke out World War. Bochkareva decided to join the ranks of the army and, having parted with her Yashka, arrived in Tomsk. The military refused to enroll the girl in the 24th reserve battalion and advised her to go to the front as a nurse. Then Bochkareva sent a telegram to the tsar, which was unexpectedly followed by a positive response. So she got to the front.
At first, a woman in uniform caused ridicule and harassment by her colleagues, but her bravery in battle brought her universal respect, the St. George Cross and three medals. In those years, she was given the nickname "Yashka", in memory of her unlucky life partner. After two wounds and countless battles, Bochkareva was promoted to senior non-commissioned officer.

In 1917, Kerensky turned to Bochkareva with a request to organize a "women's death battalion"; his wife and St. Petersburg institutes were involved in the patriotic project, with a total number of up to 2000 people. In an unusual military unit, iron discipline reigned: subordinates complained to their superiors that Bochkareva "beats their faces like a real sergeant major of the old regime." Not many have withstood such a circumvention: for short term the number of female volunteers was reduced to three hundred. The rest separated into a special women's battalion that defended the Winter Palace during the October Revolution.

In the summer of 1917, Bochkareva's detachment distinguished itself at Smorgon; his steadfastness made an indelible impression on the command (Anton Denikin). After the shell shock received in that battle, warrant officer Bochkareva was sent to the Petrograd hospital for recovery, and in the capital she received the rank of second lieutenant, but soon after returning to her position she had to disband the battalion, due to the actual collapse of the front and the October Revolution.

In winter, she was detained by the Bolsheviks on the way to Tomsk. After refusing to cooperate with the new authorities, she was accused of having relations with General Kornilov, the matter almost went to the tribunal. Thanks to the help of one of her former colleagues, Bochkareva broke free and, dressed in the outfit of a sister of mercy, traveled the whole country to Vladivostok, from where she sailed on a campaign trip to the USA and Europe.

In April 1918, Bochkareva arrived in San Francisco. With the support of the influential and wealthy Florence Harriman, the daughter of a Russian peasant crossed the United States and was awarded an audience with President Woodrow Wilson at the White House on July 10. According to eyewitnesses, Bochkareva's story about her dramatic fate and pleas for help against the Bolsheviks moved the president to tears.

After visiting London, where she met with King George V and secured his financial support, Bochkareva arrived in Arkhangelsk in August 1918. She hoped to raise local women to fight the Bolsheviks, but things went badly. General Marushevsky, in an order dated December 27, 1918, announced that the conscription of women to an unsuitable for them military service would be a disgrace to the population of the Northern Region, and forbade Bochkareva to wear the self-appointed officer uniform.

The following year, she was already in Tomsk under the banner of Admiral Kolchak, trying to put together a battalion of nurses. She regarded Kolchak's flight from Omsk as a betrayal, voluntarily appeared before the local authorities, who took a written undertaking not to leave her.

Siberian period (19th year, on the Kolchak fronts...)

A few days later, during a church service, 31-year-old Bochkareva was taken into custody by security officers. Clear evidence of her betrayal or collaboration with the whites could not be found, and the proceedings dragged on for four months. According to the Soviet version, on May 16, 1920, she was shot in Krasnoyarsk on the basis of the resolution of the head of the Special Department of the Cheka of the 5th Army, Ivan Pavlunovsky, and his deputy Shimanovsky. But in the conclusion of the Russian prosecutor's office on the rehabilitation of Bochkareva in 1992, it is said that there is no evidence of her execution.

Women's battalions

M. V. Rodzianko, who arrived in April on a propaganda trip to the Western Front, where Bochkareva served, specifically asked to meet with her and took her with him to Petrograd to agitate the "war to a victorious end" in the troops of the Petrograd garrison and among the delegates of the congress of soldiers deputies of the Petrosoviet. In a speech to the delegates of the congress, Bochkareva for the first time voiced her idea of \u200b\u200bcreating shock women's "death battalions". After that, she was invited to a meeting of the Provisional Government to repeat her proposal.

“I was told that my idea was excellent, but I need to report to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Brusilov and consult with him. Together with Rodzyanka, I went to Brusilov’s Headquarters. Brusilov told me in the office that you rely on women, and that the formation of a women’s battalion is the first in the world. Can't women dishonor Russia? I told Brusilov that I myself am not sure about women, but if you give me full authority, then I guarantee that my battalion will not dishonor Russia. Brusilov told me that he believes me, and will do her best to help in the formation of the women's volunteer battalion."

Battalion recruits

“Kerensky listened with obvious impatience. It was obvious that he had already made a decision on this matter. He had only one doubt: whether I could maintain high morale and morality in this battalion. Kerensky said that he would allow me to begin formation immediately<…>When Kerensky escorted me to the door, his eyes rested on General Polovtsev. He asked him to give me any help needed. I almost suffocated with happiness."

The appearance of the Bochkareva detachment served as an impetus for the formation of women's detachments in other cities of the country (Kiev, Minsk, Poltava, Kharkov, Simbirsk, Vyatka, Smolensk, Irkutsk, Baku, Odessa, Mariupol), but due to the intensifying processes of the destruction of the entire state, the creation of these women's shock parts were never completed.

Recruit training

Officially, as of October 1917, there were: 1st Petrograd Women's Death Battalion, 2nd Moscow Women's Death Battalion, 3rd Kuban Women's Shock Battalion (infantry); Maritime women's team (Oranienbaum); Cavalry 1st Petrograd Battalion of the Women's Military Union; Minsk separate guard squad of female volunteers. The first three battalions visited the front, only the 1st battalion of Bochkareva was in the battles.

The mass of soldiers and the Soviets perceived the "women's battalions of death" (however, like all other "shock units") "with hostility." Front-line shock workers were not called anything other than prostitutes. In early July, the Petrograd Soviet demanded the disbandment of all "women's battalions", both because they were "unsuitable for military service" and because the formation of such battalions "is a covert maneuver of the bourgeoisie that wants to wage war to a victorious end"

Solemn farewell to the front of the First Women's Battalion. Photo. Moscow Red Square. summer 1917

On June 27, the "death battalion" consisting of two hundred volunteers arrived in the active army - in the rear units of the 1st Siberian Army Corps of the 10th Army of the Western Front in the area of the city of Molodechno. On July 7, the 525th Kyuryuk-Darya Infantry Regiment of the 132nd Infantry Division, which included shock women, received an order to take up positions at the front near the town of Krevo. The "death battalion" took up positions on the right flank of the regiment. On July 8, the first battle of the Bochkareva battalion took place. In the bloody battles that lasted until July 10, 170 women participated. The regiment repelled 14 German attacks. Volunteers went on the counterattack several times. Colonel V.I. Zakrzhevsky wrote in a report about the action of the "death battalion":

The detachment of Bochkareva behaved heroically in battle, all the time in the front line, serving on a par with the soldiers. During the attack of the Germans, on his own initiative, he rushed as one in a counterattack; brought cartridges, went into secrets, and some went into reconnaissance; With their work, the death team set an example of courage, courage and calmness, raised the spirit of the soldiers and proved that each of these female heroes is worthy of the title of a warrior of the Russian revolutionary army.

Private of the Women's Battalion Pelageya Saygin

The battalion lost 30 men killed and 70 wounded. Maria Bochkareva, herself wounded in this battle for the fifth time, spent 1½ months in the hospital and was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant.

Such heavy losses of volunteers had other consequences for the women's battalions - on August 14, the new Commander-in-Chief L. G. Kornilov, by his Order, prohibited the creation of new women's "death battalions" for combat use, and already created parts were ordered to be used only in auxiliary areas (security functions, communications, sanitary organizations). This led to the fact that many volunteers who wanted to fight for Russia with weapons in their hands wrote statements asking them to be fired from the "parts of death"

One of the women's death battalions (1st Petrograd, under the command of the Life Guards of the Keksholmsky Regiment: 39 Staff Captain A. V. Loskov), together with cadets and other units loyal to the oath, took part in the defense of the Winter Palace in October 1917. where the Provisional Government was located.
On November 7, a battalion stationed near the Levashovo station of Finlyandskaya railway, was supposed to go to the Romanian front (according to the plans of the command, it was supposed to send each of the formed women's battalions to the front to raise the morale of male soldiers - one for each of the four fronts of the Eastern Front).

1st Petrograd Women's Battalion
big size

But on November 6, the battalion commander Loskov received an order to send the battalion to Petrograd "for the parade" (in fact, to protect the Provisional Government). Loskov, having learned about the real task, not wanting to involve volunteers in a political confrontation, withdrew the entire battalion from Petrograd back to Levashovo, with the exception of the 2nd company (137 people).

2nd company of the 1st Petrograd women's battalion

The headquarters of the Petrograd Military District tried, with the help of two platoons of volunteers and units of cadets, to ensure the wiring of the Nikolaevsky, Palace and Liteiny bridges, but the Sovietized sailors frustrated this task.

Volunteers on the square in front of the Winter Palace. November 7, 1917

The company took up defensive positions on the first floor of the Winter Palace in the area to the right of the main gate to Millionnaya Street. At night, during the storming of the palace by the revolutionaries, the company surrendered, was disarmed and taken to the barracks of the Pavlovsky, then the Grenadier Regiment, where some shock women were “mistreated” - as a specially created commission of the Petrograd City Duma established, three shock women were raped (although, perhaps, few dared to admit it), one committed suicide. On November 8, the company was sent to the place of its former deployment in Levashovo.

After the October Revolution, the Bolshevik government, which had set a course for the complete collapse of the army, for an immediate defeat in the war and for the conclusion of a separate peace with Germany, was not interested in preserving the "shock units". On November 30, 1917, the Military Council of the still old War Ministry issued an order to disband the "women's death battalions". Shortly before this, on November 19, by order of the Military Ministry, all female soldiers were promoted to officers, "for military merit." However, many volunteers remained in their units until January 1918 and beyond. Some of them moved to the Don and took part in the fight against Bolshevism in the ranks of the White movement.

In the early morning of July 8, 1917, at the location of the 525th Infantry Regiment of the 1st Siberian Corps, not far from the Bogushevsky forest in the Molodechno region near Smorgon, an extraordinary revival reigned. How, on this day, "women" should start fighting the Germans! Laughter, and more! A whole battalion of living women was sent - the soldiery made fun. "Women's Battalion of Death" - this is a circus! There was no longer any discipline at the front, order number one of the Provisional Government made itself felt, allowing the rank and file to choose their own commanders and discuss whether to obey the orders of officers or not. The commander of the women's battalion, in which iron discipline reigned, wrote this: "... never before had I met such a ragged, unbridled and demoralized chantrap, called soldiers."

Unexpectedly, most of the corps refuses to go into battle at all. Endless rallies begin - to fight or not to fight. There were no such questions for the women's battalion. They were volunteers and at any moment were ready to carry out the order. Although artillery preparation had already been carried out and the advanced lines of the Germans were pretty battered, no one was going to attack, except for the women's battalion. Meanwhile, they were approached by 75 officers who remained faithful to the oath, led by the commander of the 525th regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Ivanov, and asked to join the women's battalion.

Under desperate German fire, the united unit took the first line of German trenches from the summer and continued to advance on the edge of the Novospassky and Bogushevsky forests. Seeing the heroism of women and officers, the ashamed soldiers began to rise to the attack. As a result, the front was broken through for 4 versts and advanced 3.5 versts inland. But, occupying the German trenches, the soldiers stumble upon huge stocks of beer and vodka. And that's it. There was drunkenness and looting. The advance faltered. The regimental report said:

“... the companies became sensitive and fearful even to their own shots, not to mention enemy fire. A striking example of this in this regard is the lagging behind of the position on the western edge of the Novospassky forest, which was abandoned only from rare enemy fire. Even the victory won did not lead the soldiers to consciousness, they refused to remove the trophies, but, at the same time, many remained on the battlefield and robbed their own comrades. Crowds of soldiers loaded with German rubbish went to the rear, where during the battle there was a trade in German things. The women, judging by the reports, fought as follows: on July 7, the 525th Infantry Regiment of the 132nd Division received an order to take up positions in the Kreva area. The women's battalion, which was part of the regiment, was located on the right flank along with the 1st battalion. On the morning of July 9, the regiment went to the edge of the Novospassky forest and came under shelling. Within two days, he repelled 14 enemy attacks and, despite heavy machine-gun fire, went over to counterattacks several times. According to the officers of the regiment, the women's battalion behaved heroically in battle, all the time in the front line, serving on a par with the soldiers. His losses in the battles on July 9-10 were: 2 killed, 33 wounded and shell-shocked, 5 of them seriously, 2 were missing.

General A.I. Denikin later wrote: “What can I say about the “female army”? .. I know the fate of the Bochkareva battalion. He was greeted by the unbridled soldier environment mockingly, cynically. In Molodechno, where the battalion originally stationed, at night it had to put up a strong guard to guard the barracks ... Then the offensive began. The women's battalion, attached to one of the corps, valiantly went on the attack, not supported by the "Russian heroes". And when the pitch hell of enemy artillery fire broke out, the poor women, forgetting the technique of loose formation, huddled together - helpless, lonely in their area of the field, loosened by German bombs. They suffered losses. And the “heroes” partly returned back, partly did not leave the trenches at all.

Who is ensign Maria Bochkareva, by the way, who was wounded in that memorable battle near Molodechno and promoted to the rank of second lieutenant, and what kind of “women's death battalion” did she lead?

Maria Bochkareva

In 1919, Bochkareva's memoirs “Yashka. My life as a peasant, officer and exile. The book is not a reliable source, because it was written from the words of a not particularly literate woman - only at the age of 26 she was able to read syllables for the first time in her life, and then write her name. The book she studied from was a popular detective story in Russia about the American detective Nick Carter.

Maria Bochkareva (Frolkova) was born in July 1889 in the family of Leonty Semenovich and Olga Eleazarovna Frolkov, in the village of Nikolskoye, Kirillovsky district, Novgorod province. In addition to her, the family had two more daughters. When the girl was six years old, the family moved to Siberia to receive a land plot under the resettlement program. Marusya was given as a servant, first to look after the child, then to the shop. Maria is getting married at 16. There is an entry in the book of the Ascension Church dated January 22, 1905: “Afanasy Sergeevich Bochkarev, 23 years old, of the Orthodox faith, living in the Tomsk province, Tomsk district, Semiluzhskaya volost, the village of Bolshoe Kuskovo” married “the maiden Maria Leontiev Frolkova. .. of the Orthodox faith, living in the Tomsk province, Tomsk district, Novo-Kuskovskaya volost, the village of Ksenevsky.

Mary's marriage was not easy. Athanasius drank, she worked hard. Laid pavements in Irkutsk. At first she was a worker, then an assistant foreman. She can not stand her husband's binges, disagrees with him, falls seriously ill, loses her job. He is hired again as a servant.

Later, he meets Yankel Buk, falls in love with him, and he becomes her common-law husband. Buk, being considered a law-abiding peasant of the Chita district, was engaged in robbery along with Chinese hunghuz bandits. With this money, he opens a butcher's shop. Maria is happy family life. She is unaware of her husband's criminal business. But in May 1912, Yakov (Yankel) Buk was arrested, he was waiting for exile or hard labor.

Maria decided to share the fate of her beloved, and in May 1913, together with him, she went on a stage to Yakutsk. The distribution list for the administrative exile Yankel Gershev Buk reports that by a decree of the Irkutsk governor-general dated August 18, 1912, he was deported “under the open supervision of the police to the Yakutsk region for the entire duration of martial law in the Trans-Baikal region. Arrived in Yakutsk on July 14, 1913. So that Buk would not be sent further, to Kolymsk, Maria gave herself up to the Yakut governor I. Kraft. Hardly experiencing her betrayal, she tried to poison herself. Kraft released Buk from prison, but demanded a new meeting with Bochkareva. The unfortunate woman told about the governor Buku, and he decided to kill him. But Buk was arrested in the governor's office and sent to the Yakut settlement of Amga. Mary followed him again. However, according to the memoirs, one can understand that the relationship between Mary and Jacob was very tense, he was able to beat or even kill his faithful wife for the slightest reason.

Now it is difficult to judge the truth of this information, perhaps real facts the lives of this amazing woman are intertwined with the journalistic conjectures of the American authors of the book, who write down the story of her life.

Volunteers

Meanwhile, in August 1914, the First World War broke out. Personal life did not work out, we do not know anything more about the fate of the robber Buk. Maria decided to go into the soldiers. She recalled: “My heart yearned there - into a boiling cauldron, to be baptized in fire, to be tempered in lava. The spirit of sacrifice has entered me. My country called me."

Arriving in Tomsk in November 1914, Bochkareva turned to the commander of the 25th reserve battalion with a request to enroll her as a volunteer. Naturally, she is denied. Then she sends a telegram to the tsar with the last money and, miraculously, receives the highest approval. In February 1915, the regiment formed in Siberia, together with the civilian Bochkareva, was assigned near Molodechno, to the 2nd Army. Bochkareva ended up on the front line of the 5th Army Corps, in the 28th Polotsk Regiment of the 7th Division. When asked by colleagues what to call her, short names and nicknames were then adopted in the army, Maria, remembering Buk, answered: “Yashka”. This name became her pseudonym for many years.

Maria turned out to be a brave soldier: she pulled the wounded from the battlefield, once pulled fifty people from the battlefield, she herself was wounded four times. Moreover, she herself went to bayonet attacks in the advanced detachments! She was awarded the ranks of junior non-commissioned officer and senior non-commissioned officer and is entrusted with the command of a platoon. She was awarded two St. George's crosses, two St. George's medals and a medal "For Courage".

At the training camp in Levashovo

The February Revolution of 1917 brought confusion among the troops and endless glorification of rallies. At one of these events, Bochkareva, who had already become a legendary war hero, met the chairman of the IV State Duma, M.V. Rodzianko, who invites her to Petrograd. There, during a congress of soldiers' delegates in the Tauride Palace, she got the idea (or maybe she was prompted) to create a women's battalion. Known throughout the front, Bochkareva is invited by A.F. Kerensky, she discusses her project with General A.A. Brusilov. Maria spoke at the Mariinsky Palace with an appeal:

“Citizens, all who cherish the freedom and happiness of Russia, hasten to join our ranks, hurry, before it’s too late, to stop the decay of our dear homeland. By direct participation in hostilities, not sparing our lives, we, citizens, must raise the spirit of the army and, through educational and agitational work in its ranks, arouse a reasonable understanding of the duty of a free citizen to his homeland ... The following rules are obligatory for all members of the detachments:

1. Honor, freedom and the good of the motherland in the foreground;
2. Iron discipline;
3. Firmness and steadfastness of spirit and faith;
4. Courage and courage;
5. Accuracy, accuracy, perseverance and speed in the execution of orders;
6. Impeccable honesty and serious attitude to business;
7. Cheerfulness, politeness, kindness, friendliness, cleanliness and accuracy;
8. Respect for other people's opinions, complete trust in each other and the desire for nobility;
9. Quarrels and personal scores are unacceptable as degrading human dignity.

Bochkareva speaks:

“If I undertake the formation of a women's battalion, then I will be responsible for every woman in it. I will introduce strict discipline and will not allow them to either orate or roam the streets. When Mother Russia dies, there is neither time nor need to manage the army with the help of committees. Although I am a simple Russian peasant woman, I know that only discipline can save the Russian army. In the battalion I propose, I will have full sole power, and seek obedience. Otherwise, there is no need to create a battalion.”

Soon her appeal was printed in the newspapers. The desire to enlist in the army among many women was great, soon about two thousand applications fell on the table to the founders of the women's battalion. The Main Directorate of the General Staff took the initiative to divide all volunteers into three categories. The first was to include those who directly fight at the front; the second category is auxiliary units from women (communications, protection of railways); and, finally, the third - nurses in hospitals. According to the conditions of admission, any woman aged 16 years (with the permission of her parents) up to 40 years old could become a volunteer. At the same time, she had to have an educational qualification and pass a medical examination, which identified and screened out pregnant women.

Women passed a medical examination and cut their hair almost bald. On the first day, Bochkareva kicks out 30 people from the battalion, and 50 on the second. The usual reasons are giggles, flirting with male instructors, and failure to follow orders. She constantly encourages women to remember that they are soldiers and take their duties more seriously.

1st Petrograd Women's Battalion

The recruits were quite educated, in contrast to the bulk of the army, where only a few were literate. And here, up to 30 percent turned out to be female students (there were also bestuzhevs, graduates of the most prestigious women's educational institution) and up to 40 percent had secondary education. There were also sisters of mercy, and domestic servants, peasants and petty-bourgeois women, university graduates. There were also representatives of very famous families - Princess Tatueva from a famous Georgian family, Dubrovskaya - the daughter of a general, N.N. was a battalion adjutant. Skrydlova is the daughter of the Admiral of the Black Sea Fleet.

On June 21, the "Women's Battalion of Death" - as it was called because of its strict discipline and sincere desire not to spare life to defend the Motherland - was presented with a banner. General L.G. Kornilov presented Maria Bochkareva with a revolver and a saber with a golden hilt, Kerensky read out the order to promote her to ensign. 300 women from the initial recruitment went to the front lines on June 23, having been assigned to the 172nd division of the 1st Siberian Corps.

Similar women's volunteer units began to spring up everywhere. 1st Petrograd Women's Death Battalion, 2nd Moscow Women's Death Battalion, 3rd Kuban Women's Shock Battalion (infantry); Maritime women's team in Oranienbaum; Cavalry 1st Petrograd Battalion of the Women's Military Union; Minsk separate guard squad of female volunteers.

In early 1918, all these formations were disbanded by the Soviet government.

Maria Bochkareva lived for a few more fantastic years. After the collapse of the Provisional Government and the coming to power of the Bolsheviks, she, on the instructions of Lavr Kornilov, went to the United States to ask for help from the allies in the fight against the new government. A poorly literate woman did not understand the intricacies of big politics, but she sincerely loved her Motherland. She achieved a meeting with US President Woodrow Wilson, in the UK she met with King George the Fifth. Here is how she very naively later talks about this audience during interrogation at the Cheka:

“In the middle of August 1918, the king’s secretary arrived by car and handed me a piece of paper saying that the king of England was receiving me for 5 minutes, and I put on a military officer’s uniform, put on the orders I received in Russia and went with my translator Robinson to king's palace. I entered the hall, and a few minutes later the door opened and the King of England came out. He had a great resemblance to Tsar Nicholas II. I went to meet the king. He told me that he was very glad to see the second Jeanne de Arc and, as a friend of Russia, I greet you as a woman who has done a lot for Russia. In response, I told him that I consider it a great happiness to see the king free england. The king invited me to sit down, sat down opposite me. The king asked which party I belonged to and whom I believed; I said that I did not belong to any, but that I believed only in General Kornilov. The king told me the news that Kornilov had been killed; I told the king that I do not know who to believe now, and I do not think to fight in a civil war. The king told me: “You are a Russian officer”, I answered him that yes; the king then said that "it is your direct duty to go to Russia, to Arkhangelsk in four days, and I hope for you that you will work." I said to the King of England: "I obey!"

Energetic Maria travels to Arkhangelsk, Siberia, where she organizes both combat battalions and medical brigades, meets with Kolchak and other leaders of the White movement. But it is very difficult for a rather naive but honest woman to understand where the enemies are and where the friends are. Almost unbearable. The cunning British and other yesterday's allies are turning away from her.

When Soviet power was established in Tosca, Maria Bochkareva "Yashka" in December 1919 came to the commandant of the city, handed him a revolver and offered her services. The commandant let her go home. However, on January 7, 1920, she was arrested and imprisoned, from where she was transferred to Krasnoyarsk in March.

In the conclusion to the final protocol of her interrogation of April 5, 1920, investigator Pobolotin noted that “the criminal activity of Bochkareva before the RSFSR was proved by the investigation ... Bochkareva as irreconcilable and worst enemy of the Workers' and Peasants' Republic, I suppose to put at the disposal of the head of the special department of the Cheka of the 5th Army.

On April 21, 1920, a decision was made: "For more information, the case, together with the identity of the accused, should be sent to the Special Department of the Cheka in Moscow." On May 15, this decision was revised and a new decision was made: to shoot Bochkareva.

March forward, forward to fight
Soldier women!
The dashing sound calls you to battle,
The adversaries will shudder!

(From the song of the 1st Petrograd Women's Battalion)

Vladimir Kazakov

Of course, I have never specifically asked this topic, but nevertheless, I cannot agree with you. As you can see, according to textual calculations on the net, people mainly use materials from old, ... still Soviet articles! ... like this one, - Astrakhan Kh.M. About the women's battalion defending the Winter Palace. History of the USSR. 1965, September-October. No. 5.http://pyhalov.livejournal.com/89660.html Similar texts, rewritten, ... "supplemented" and rethought, "in their own way" by already modern, network "historians" now roam from resource to resource without a real critical look at, so to speak ... the format of the text, the time of release of the material ( 1965!!!) and, most importantly, the true historicity of the "primary sources" used. What is worth only one excerpt from the text ... - "According to the testimony of Louise Bryant, to her question:" Have you forgiven the Bolsheviks for disarming you? - one of the former soldiers of the women's battalion passionately objected: "It is they who must forgive us. We, the working girls, and the traitors tried to push us to fight against our people, and we almost came to this" ... - and more ..- "The Military Revolutionary Committee helped the women deceived by the bourgeoisie to get involved in the creative life of the Soviet Republic." The evidence of the literary-classical, "reforging" of the enemy of Soviet power ... is on the face! Here it is! The complete victory of socialist "morality", over the remnants of the past, in action (Further, as expected... Glory to the CPSU! And a storm of applause from the inspired hall!) And here are the words of the same Bryant - "Many went to the battalion because they sincerely believed that the honor and very existence of Russia were under threat , and that her salvation lies in a huge human sacrifice." In Soviet studies, it was not customary to cite ... to put it mildly ...
Now, regarding the dissolution of the battalion and two hundred defenders. There is something about this in the book cited by reference. The very training of the battalion as a whole was completed by October 1917. Main Directorate Gen. headquarters informed the Supreme Commander that the formation of the 1st Petrograd Women's Battalion was completed and it could be sent to the army on October 25. It was supposed to be sent to the Romanian front. However, further events in Petrograd dramatically changed the plans of the command. On October 24, the women's battalion was instructed to board the wagons and arrive at Palace Square for a solemn parade. Feeling the tense situation in St. Petersburg, A.F. Kerensky wanted to use the women's battalion blindly, planning to enlist it to fight the Bolsheviks if necessary. That is why, immediately upon arrival in Petrograd, the women were given clips of cartridges in case riots broke out during the parade. It should be noted that the solemn parade on Palace Square did take place, and Kerensky himself greeted the shock women. At this time, the real purpose of the battalion's stay in the capital became clear. Having soberly assessed the situation, the battalion commander, staff captain A.V. Loskov arbitrarily decided to withdraw the women's battalion from the capital, realizing the senselessness and fatality of his participation in the St. Petersburg turmoil. Most of the battalion was withdrawn from Petrograd in the city of Kerensky, only the 2nd company of the battalion, consisting of 137 people, was left under the pretext of delivering gasoline from the Nobel plant. M.V. Bocharnikova recalled: “After the parade, the 1st company went straight to the station, and ours was led back to the square with the right shoulder. We see how the entire battalion, after passing through a ceremonial march, also goes to the station after the 1st company. The square is empty " ... Vasiliev, in his study of the history of the battalion, writes - "After the defenders of the Winter Palace laid down their arms, the women were sent to the Pavlovsky barracks, and the next day to the Levashovo station. The women's battalion, after returning to the barracks of the officers, was again armed from the reserves of the arsenal and dug in, ready for defense. required amount ammunition saved the battalion from complete destruction in a skirmish with revolutionary soldiers. On October 30, the battalion was disarmed by the Red Army soldiers who arrived in Levashovo. 891 rifles, 4 machine guns, 24 checkers and 20 revolvers, as well as various equipment were seized. Women scouts delivered boxes of ammunition half an hour after the Red Guards left the military camp.
After the disarmament, the 1st Petrograd Women's Battalion continued to exist for another two months, by inertia, discipline was maintained, guards were posted and various outfits were performed. Losing all hope of being sent to the front, the volunteers began to go home or make their way to the front. It is known that some of the women still managed to get to the front in various units, mostly in the women's company of the Turkestan division, some began to care for the wounded in military hospitals. Most of the personnel of the battalion dispersed in various directions in November-December 1917. The Petrograd battalion finally ceased to exist on January 10, 1918, when staff captain A.V. Loskov submitted a report on the dissolution of the battalion and the surrender of property to the commissariat and headquarters of the Red Guard.

Bochkareva Maria Leontievna (née Frolkova, July 1889 - May 1920) - often considered the first Russian female officer (produced during the 1917 revolution). Bochkareva created the first female battalion in the history of the Russian army. Cavalier of the George Cross.

In July 1889, the third child, daughter Marusya, was born to the peasants of the village of Nikolskoye, Kirillovsky district, Novgorod province, Leonty Semenovich and Olga Eleazarovna Frolkov. Soon the family, fleeing poverty, moved to Siberia, where the government promised the settlers large plots of land and financial support. But, apparently, it was not possible to get away from poverty here either. At the age of fifteen, Mary was married. The following entry was preserved in the book of the Resurrection Church dated January 22, 1905: “Afanasy Sergeevich Bochkarev, 23 years old, of the Orthodox faith, living in the Tomsk province, Tomsk district of the Semiluk volost of the village of Bolshoe Kuskovo, married the maiden Maria Leontievna Frolkova, of the Orthodox faith…” . They settled in Tomsk. Married life went wrong almost immediately, and Bochkareva broke up with her drunken husband without regret. Maria left him for the butcher Yakov Buk. In May 1912, Buk was arrested on charges of robbery and sent to serve his sentence in Yakutsk. Bochkareva followed him on foot to Eastern Siberia, where they opened a butcher's shop for cover, although in reality Buk hunted in a gang of hunghuz. Soon the police came on the trail of the gang, and Buk was transferred to a settlement in the taiga village of Amga.

Although Bochkareva again followed in his footsteps, her betrothed took to drink and began to engage in assault. At this time the First World War broke out. Bochkareva decided to join the ranks of the army and, having parted with her Yashka, arrived in Tomsk. The military refused to enroll the girl in the 24th reserve battalion and advised her to go to the front as a nurse. Then Bochkareva sent a telegram to the tsar, which was unexpectedly followed by a positive response. So she got to the front.
At first, a woman in uniform caused ridicule and harassment by her colleagues, but her bravery in battle brought her universal respect, the St. George Cross and three medals. In those years, she was given the nickname "Yashka", in memory of her unlucky life partner. After two wounds and countless battles, Bochkareva was promoted to senior non-commissioned officer.

In 1917, Kerensky turned to Bochkareva with a request to organize a "women's death battalion"; his wife and St. Petersburg institutes were involved in the patriotic project, with a total number of up to 2000 people. In an unusual military unit, iron discipline reigned: subordinates complained to their superiors that Bochkareva "beats their faces like a real sergeant major of the old regime." Not many survived such treatment: in a short time, the number of female volunteers was reduced to three hundred. The rest separated into a special women's battalion that defended the Winter Palace during the October Revolution.
In the summer of 1917, Bochkareva's detachment distinguished itself at Smorgon; his steadfastness made an indelible impression on the command (Anton Denikin). After the shell shock received in that battle, warrant officer Bochkareva was sent to the Petrograd hospital for recovery, and in the capital she received the rank of second lieutenant, but soon after returning to her position she had to disband the battalion, due to the actual collapse of the front and the October Revolution.
Maria Bochkareva among the defenders of Petrograd

In winter, she was detained by the Bolsheviks on the way to Tomsk. After refusing to cooperate with the new authorities, she was accused of having relations with General Kornilov, the matter almost went to the tribunal. Thanks to the help of one of her former colleagues, Bochkareva broke free and, dressed in the outfit of a sister of mercy, traveled the whole country to Vladivostok, from where she sailed on a campaign trip to the USA and Europe.

In April 1918, Bochkareva arrived in San Francisco. With the support of the influential and wealthy Florence Harriman, the daughter of a Russian peasant crossed the United States and was awarded an audience with President Woodrow Wilson at the White House on July 10. According to eyewitnesses, Bochkareva's story about her dramatic fate and pleas for help against the Bolsheviks moved the president to tears.
Maria Bochkareva, Emmeline Pankhurst (British public and political figure, women's rights activist, leader of the British suffragette movement) and a woman from the Women's Battalion, 1917.

Maria Bochkareva and Emmeline Pankhurst

Journalist Isaac Don Levin, based on the stories of Bochkareva, wrote a book about her life, which was published in 1919 under the title "Yashka" and was translated into several languages.
After visiting London, where she met with King George V and secured his financial support, Bochkareva arrived in Arkhangelsk in August 1918. She hoped to raise local women to fight the Bolsheviks, but things went badly. General Marushevsky, in an order dated December 27, 1918, announced that the conscription of women for military service unsuitable for them would be a shame for the population of the Northern Region, and forbade Bochkareva to wear an officer's uniform self-appointed to her.
The following year, she was already in Tomsk under the banner of Admiral Kolchak, trying to put together a battalion of nurses. She regarded Kolchak's flight from Omsk as a betrayal, voluntarily appeared before the local authorities, who took a written undertaking not to leave her.
Siberian period (19th year, on the Kolchak fronts...)

A few days later, during a church service, 31-year-old Bochkareva was taken into custody by security officers. Clear evidence of her betrayal or collaboration with the whites could not be found, and the proceedings dragged on for four months. According to the Soviet version, on May 16, 1920, she was shot in Krasnoyarsk on the basis of the resolution of the head of the Special Department of the Cheka of the 5th Army, Ivan Pavlunovsky, and his deputy Shimanovsky. But in the conclusion of the Russian prosecutor's office on the rehabilitation of Bochkareva in 1992, it is said that there is no evidence of her execution.
Women's battalions
M. V. Rodzianko, who arrived in April on a propaganda trip to the Western Front, where Bochkareva served, specifically asked to meet with her and took her with him to Petrograd to agitate the "war to a victorious end" in the troops of the Petrograd garrison and among the delegates of the congress of soldiers deputies of the Petrosoviet. In a speech to the delegates of the congress, Bochkareva for the first time voiced her idea of \u200b\u200bcreating shock women's "death battalions". After that, she was invited to a meeting of the Provisional Government to repeat her proposal.
“I was told that my idea was excellent, but I need to report to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Brusilov and consult with him. Together with Rodzyanka, I went to Brusilov’s Headquarters. Brusilov told me in the office that you rely on women, and that the formation of a women’s battalion is the first in the world. Can't women dishonor Russia? I told Brusilov that I myself am not sure about women, but if you give me full authority, then I guarantee that my battalion will not dishonor Russia. Brusilov told me that he believes me, and will do her best to help in the formation of the women's volunteer battalion."
Battalion recruits

On June 21, 1917, on the square near St. Isaac's Cathedral, a solemn ceremony of presenting a new military unit of a white banner with the inscription "The first women's military command of the death of Maria Bochkareva" was held. On June 29, the Military Council approved the regulation "On the formation of military units from female volunteers."

“Kerensky listened with obvious impatience. It was obvious that he had already made a decision on this matter. He had only one doubt: whether I could maintain high morale and morality in this battalion. Kerensky said that he would allow me to begin formation immediately<…>When Kerensky escorted me to the door, his eyes rested on General Polovtsev. He asked him to give me any help needed. I almost suffocated with happiness."
The commander of the Petrograd Military District, General P. A. Polovtsov, conducts a review of the 1st Petrograd Women's Death Battalion. Summer 1917

First of all, front-line soldiers, who were still in the imperial army, some of them were Knights of St. George, and women from civil society - noblewomen, students, teachers, workers, were recorded in the ranks of the "shocks". The percentage of soldiers and Cossacks was large: 38. In the battalion of Bochkareva, both girls of many famous noble families of Russia, as well as simple peasant women and servants were represented. Maria N. Skrydlova, the daughter of the admiral, served as Bochkareva's adjutant. By nationality, the volunteers were mostly Russian, but there were also other nationalities - Estonians, Latvians, Jews, and an Englishwoman. The number of women's formations ranged from 250 to 1500 fighters each. The formation took place exclusively on a voluntary basis.

Women's Battalion. Camp life training.

At the training camp in Levashevo

Mounted scouts of the Women's Battalion

Volunteers during rest hours

Officially, as of October 1917, there were: 1st Petrograd Women's Death Battalion, 2nd Moscow Women's Death Battalion, 3rd Kuban Women's Shock Battalion (infantry); Maritime women's team (Oranienbaum); Cavalry 1st Petrograd Battalion of the Women's Military Union; Minsk separate guard squad of female volunteers. The first three battalions visited the front, only the 1st battalion of Bochkareva was in the battles
The mass of soldiers and the Soviets perceived the "women's battalions of death" (however, like all other "shock units") "with hostility." Front-line shock workers were not called anything other than prostitutes. In early July, the Petrograd Soviet demanded the disbandment of all "women's battalions", both because they were "unsuitable for military service" and because the formation of such battalions "is a covert maneuver of the bourgeoisie that wants to wage war to a victorious end"
Solemn farewell to the front of the First Women's Battalion. Photo. Moscow Red Square. summer 1917

The women's battalion goes to the front

On June 27, the "death battalion" consisting of two hundred volunteers arrived in the active army - in the rear units of the 1st Siberian Army Corps of the 10th Army of the Western Front in the area of the city of Molodechno. On July 7, the 525th Kyuryuk-Darya Infantry Regiment of the 132nd Infantry Division, which included shock women, received an order to take up positions at the front near the town of Krevo. The "death battalion" took up positions on the right flank of the regiment. On July 8, the first battle of the Bochkareva battalion took place. In the bloody battles that lasted until July 10, 170 women participated. The regiment repelled 14 German attacks. Volunteers went on the counterattack several times. Colonel V.I. Zakrzhevsky wrote in a report about the action of the "death battalion":
The detachment of Bochkareva behaved heroically in battle, all the time in the front line, serving on a par with the soldiers. During the attack of the Germans, on his own initiative, he rushed as one in a counterattack; brought cartridges, went into secrets, and some went into reconnaissance; With their work, the death team set an example of courage, courage and calmness, raised the spirit of the soldiers and proved that each of these female heroes is worthy of the title of a warrior of the Russian revolutionary army.
Private of the Women's Battalion Pelageya Saygin

The battalion lost 30 men killed and 70 wounded. Maria Bochkareva, herself wounded in this battle for the fifth time, spent 1½ months in the hospital and was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant.
In hospital

Such heavy losses of volunteers had other consequences for the women's battalions - on August 14, the new Commander-in-Chief L. G. Kornilov, by his Order, prohibited the creation of new women's "death battalions" for combat use, and the already created units were ordered to be used only in auxiliary sectors (security functions, communications , sanitary organizations). This led to the fact that many volunteers who wanted to fight for Russia with weapons in their hands wrote statements asking them to be fired from the "parts of death"
One of the women's death battalions (1st Petrograd, under the command of the Life Guards of the Keksholmsky Regiment: 39 Staff Captain A. V. Loskov), together with cadets and other units loyal to the oath, took part in the defense of the Winter Palace in October 1917. where the Provisional Government was located.
On November 7, the battalion stationed near the Levashovo station of the Finnish Railway was supposed to go to the Romanian Front (according to the plans of the command, it was supposed to send each of the formed female battalions to the front to raise the morale of male soldiers - one for each of the four fronts of the Eastern Front) .
1st Petrograd Women's Battalion

But on November 6, the battalion commander Loskov received an order to send the battalion to Petrograd "for the parade" (in fact, to protect the Provisional Government). Loskov, having learned about the real task, not wanting to involve volunteers in a political confrontation, withdrew the entire battalion from Petrograd back to Levashovo, with the exception of the 2nd company (137 people).
2nd company of the 1st Petrograd women's battalion

The headquarters of the Petrograd Military District tried, with the help of two platoons of volunteers and units of cadets, to ensure the wiring of the Nikolaevsky, Palace and Liteiny bridges, but the Sovietized sailors frustrated this task.
Volunteers on the square in front of the Winter Palace. November 7, 1917

The company took up defensive positions on the first floor of the Winter Palace in the area to the right of the main gate to Millionnaya Street. At night, during the storming of the palace by the revolutionaries, the company surrendered, was disarmed and taken to the barracks of the Pavlovsky, then the Grenadier Regiment, where some shock women were “mistreated” - as a specially created commission of the Petrograd City Duma established, three shock women were raped (although, perhaps, few dared to admit it), one committed suicide. On November 8, the company was sent to the place of its former deployment in Levashovo.
After the October Revolution, the Bolshevik government, which had set a course for the complete collapse of the army, for an immediate defeat in the war and for the conclusion of a separate peace with Germany, was not interested in preserving the "shock units". On November 30, 1917, the Military Council of the still old War Ministry issued an order to disband the "women's death battalions". Shortly before this, on November 19, by order of the Military Ministry, all female soldiers were promoted to officers, "for military merit." However, many volunteers remained in their units until January 1918 and beyond. Some of them moved to the Don and took part in the fight against Bolshevism in the ranks of the White movement.
Women's Death Battalion 1917

We will not hide that the reason for writing the article was the viewing of the film directed by Dmitry Meskhiev "Battalion". Moreover, the film itself did not seem as interesting as its real prototypes. Going to the "Battalion", you expect how mean men's tears will well up in your eyes. But in fact, the true drama of those days, filmed in our days, was more cruel and creepy than Meskhiev's picture. So far, we have not learned how to withstand dramatic plots according to all the canons. No matter how much they swear at pictures of foreign production, they know how to make films there. So yes, it's not a sin to shed a tear. But it’s already good that such topics began to rise. The heroes of the First World War, who were undeservedly forgotten and forgotten due to their disagreement with the policies of Soviet and communist ideologists, are now gaining recognition.

Maria Bochkareva

It is with this name that the formation of the first women's death battalion is connected, which, in fact, is the story in Meskhiev's film. Her fate is very indicative, as an example of the traditional Russian character, when from mud through all obstacles a person reached recognition and glory among worthy people, and then paid for it with interest. A peasant woman who became the commander of an entire battalion, received many awards, was recognized by many officers as an equal. What should have happened in the life of this woman so that she turned from a representative of the weaker sex into a soldier.

Born into a poor peasant family, Maria Bochkareva soon left with her parents for Siberia, where they were promised land and state subsidies. But as often happens, they beckoned with bread and butter, but in reality it turned out to be a shish. Poverty could not be overcome, they were managed as best they could. Therefore, the parents had to marry Maria back at the age of 15. But this marriage did not last long. Her betrothed, despite his 23 years, was a fair alcoholic, and in the heat of the coming rabid began to beat his wife. Masha could not stand such behavior and ran away from the unlucky hubby. She ran to the local butcher Yakov Buk. But he also turned out to be a gift of fate. First, he was arrested in 1912 for robbery, and a little later, Yakov received an even longer sentence for participating in a hunghuz gang. His current wife followed him to each of the places of detention, but exactly until he also got drunk and began to repeat the mistakes of the previous chosen one.

Just at this time, the First World War broke out, and Maria Bochkareva (by the way, she got her last name from her first husband) decided to sign up as a volunteer for the front. At first, they did not want to accept her at all, and then they agreed to put the young girl into service in the sanitary troops. For some time, helping the wounded, she did not leave hope of being transferred to the front. Which happened a few weeks later. At the front, Bochkareva became a phenomenon. Experiencing regular portions of cruel mockery from the soldiers, she fought fiercely and selflessly in battle. Therefore, soon the bullying ended, and she was treated as an equal. The result of service in the ranks of the Russian army on the fronts of the First World War was the rank of non-commissioned officer, the St. George Cross, 3 medals of distinction and 2 wounds.

But there were troubled times on the outskirts.

Creation of the Women's Death Battalion

The provisional government could not hold the front. The activities of Soviet agitators undermined the rear support, and in the ranks of the soldiers themselves, rebellion and rebellion were ripening. People, tired of the war, were ready to throw down their weapons and go home. In such an environment, the senior officers demanded that tough measures be taken to introduce disciplinary punishments, up to the execution of deserters. But the chairman of the interim government was General A.F. Kerensky, he had his own opinion on this matter as well. At his request, instead of introducing a strict suppression of disobedience, a decision is made to form a women's battalion in the ranks of the Russian army in order to increase the morale of the soldiers and shame those who laid down their arms without ending the war.

Only Maria Bochkareva could become the best commander for such a unit. At the urgent request of the officers, Kerensky personally instructs Maria to lead the detachment and begin its staffing immediately. Those were desperate times, many had a heart for the Fatherland, even women. So there were enough volunteers. There were many women who served, but there were also civilians. A special influx came from widows and wives-soldiers. There were also noble maidens. In total, the first recruitment to the battalion consisted of about 2,000 women and girls who decided to help their country in such an extraordinary way for them.

Kerensky listened with obvious impatience. It was obvious that he had already made a decision on the case. I doubted only one thing: whether I could maintain high morale and morality in this battalion. Kerensky said he would allow me to start forming immediately.<…>When Kerensky escorted me to the door, his eyes rested on General Polovtsev. He asked him to give me any help needed. I almost suffocated with happiness.
M.L. Bochkareva.

The life of Maria Bochkareva was not sugar, so she had long ceased to consider herself just a woman. She is a soldier, an officer, so she demanded the same approach from her subordinates. There were no women in her battalion, she needed soldiers. Of the 2000 people, 300 were trained, only 200 recovered to the front. The rest could not withstand the loads and the barracks. Before being sent to the front on June 21, 1917, a new unit of troops was presented with a white banner, on which was an inscription that read "The first women's military command of the death of Maria Bochkareva." The women went to the front.

At the front, Bochkareva's battalion heard a lot of "pleasant things" from the soldiers. Gentlemen with red bows in their buttonholes, imbued with the new revolutionary ideology, were especially ranting. They considered the arrival of female soldiers a provocation, which in fact was not far from the truth. After all, women howling and dying with weapons in their hands are a shame for healthy men who laid down their arms, who sat in the rear and drank German swill.

Arriving on the Western Front, the battalion of female soldiers entered its first battle on July 9th. Positions in this part of the front constantly passed from one hand to another. Having repelled the attack of the German troops, Bochkareva's unit took up enemy positions and for a long time kept them. The heaviest battles were accompanied by the same heaviest losses. By the time of direct hostilities, the battalion commander had 170 bayonets at his disposal. By the end of a series of protracted battles, only 70 remained in the ranks. The rest were listed as dead and seriously wounded. Maria herself received another wound.

The detachment of Bochkareva behaved heroically in battle, all the time in the front line, serving on a par with the soldiers. During the attack of the Germans, on his own initiative, he rushed as one in a counterattack; brought cartridges, went into secrets, and some went into reconnaissance; With their work, the death team set an example of courage, courage and calmness, raised the spirit of the soldiers and proved that each of these female heroes is worthy of the title of a warrior of the Russian revolutionary army.

V. I. Zakrzhevsky

Having seen enough of the blood of female soldiers, the commander of the Russian army, General Lavr Kornilov, banned the formation of women's detachments, and sent the current detachments to the rear and for sanitary support. It really was the last battle of the death battalion of Maria Bochkareva.

Warrior Woman's Legacy

Over time, despite the order of Kornilov, other battalions will be created in the army, the numerical and qualitative composition of which will be only women. During civil war Bochkareva, due to the persecution of the new government, will leave the country in search of help for the White movement. Returning to the country and taking up the formation of new detachments to fight the Bolsheviks, she will be arrested and thrown into prison. According to documentary evidence, in 1920 Maria Bochkareva was shot for aiding the White movement and devotion to the ideas of General Kornilov. But according to other sources, she was released from prison, married a third time and lived under a false name on the Chinese Eastern Railway.

During her trip abroad, she met with US President Woodrow Wilson, King George V of England, and shortly before her arrest, she was at the reception of Admiral Kolchak. According to documentary reports, she lived only 31 years, but during this time she saw as much as people would not see in 2 or even 3 lives. Her name is forgotten for complicity with the White movement, but the advantages of the present time are that individuals like her are being rehabilitated. Not only official at the government level, but also popular. Our magazine is dedicated to men, but this woman was more worthy than many of us, so it is our duty to tell about her and remember her.