Contour map of geography climate. Climatic zones and climatic regions of the Earth. Description, map and characteristics. Brief overview of transitional natural zones

Climate zones. The cycle of heat, moisture and general circulation of the atmosphere form the weather and climate in the geographic envelope. The types of air masses and the characteristics of their circulation at different latitudes create the conditions for the formation of the Earth's climate. The dominance of one air mass throughout the year determines the boundaries of climate zones.

Climate zones- these are territories that encircle the Earth in a continuous or intermittent strip; They differ from each other in temperature, atmospheric pressure, amount and regime of precipitation, prevailing air masses and winds. The symmetrical distribution of climatic zones relative to the equator is a manifestation of the law of geographic zonation. Highlight basic And transitional climatic zones. The names of the main climatic zones are given according to the dominant air masses and the latitudes in which they are formed.

There are 13 climatic zones: seven main and six transitional. The boundaries of each zone are determined by the summer and winter positions of climate fronts.

There are seven main climatic zones: equatorial, two tropical, two temperate and two polar (Arctic and Antarctic). In each of the climatic zones, one air mass dominates throughout the year - equatorial, tropical, temperate, arctic (Antarctic), respectively.

Between the main zones in each hemisphere, transitional climate zones are formed: two subequatorial, two subtropical and two subpolar (subarctic and subantarctic). In transition zones, seasonal changes in air masses occur. They come from neighboring main belts: in summer the air mass is from the southern main belt, and in winter from the northern one. The proximity of oceans, warm and cold currents, and topography influence climatic differences within zones: climatic regions with different types climate.

Characteristics of climatic zones. Equatorial belt formed in the region of the equator in an intermittent strip, where equatorial air masses. Average monthly temperatures range from +26 to +28 sC. Precipitation falls 1500-3000 mm evenly throughout the year. The equatorial belt is the wettest part of the earth's surface (the Congo River basin, the coast of the Gulf of Guinea in Africa, the Amazon River basin in South America, the Sunda Islands). There are continental and oceanic climate types, but the difference between them is small.

For subequatorial belts , encircling the equatorial belt from the north and south, is characterized by monsoon air circulation. A feature of the belts is the seasonal change of air masses. In summer, equatorial air dominates, in winter - tropical. There are two seasons: wet summer and dry winter. In summer, the climate differs slightly from the equatorial one: high humidity, abundance atmospheric precipitation. During the winter season, hot, dry weather sets in, grasses burn out, and trees shed their leaves. average temperature air in all months ranges from +20 to +30 °C. The annual precipitation is 1000-2000 mm, with maximum precipitation falling in summer.

Tropical zones are between 20¨ and 30¨s. and Yu. w. on both sides of the tropics, where trade winds prevail. (Remember why in tropical latitudes the air sinks and high pressure prevails.) Throughout the year, tropical air masses with high temperatures dominate here. The average temperature of the warmest month is +30...+35 ¨C, the coldest month is not lower than +10 ¨C. In the center of the continents the climate is tropical continental (desert). Cloud cover is insignificant, precipitation in most parts is less than 250 mm per year. Low rainfall causes the formation of the greatest deserts in the world - the Sahara and Kalahari in Africa, the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula, and Australia.

In the eastern parts of the continents, which are influenced by warm currents and trade winds blowing from the ocean, intensified by the monsoons in the summer season, a tropical humid climate. The average monthly temperature in summer is +26 ¨C, in winter +22 ¨C. Average annual precipitation is 1500 mm.

Subtropical zones (25-40¨ N and S) are formed under the influence of tropical air masses in summer and moderate ones in winter. IN western parts The continents have a Mediterranean climate: summers are dry, hot, the average temperature of the warmest month is +30 ¨C, and winters are wet and warm (up to +5...+10 ¨C), but short-term frosts are possible. On the eastern coasts of the continents, a subtropical monsoon climate is formed with hot (+25 ¨C) rainy summers and cool (+8 ¨C) dry winters. The amount of precipitation is 1000-1500 mm. Snow rarely falls. In the central parts of the continents, the climate is subtropical continental, with hot (+30 ¨C) and dry summers and relatively cold winters (+6...+8 ¨C) with little precipitation (300 mm). The subtropical humid climate is characterized by more uniform temperatures and precipitation. In summer +20 ¨С, in winter +12 ¨С, precipitation falls 800-1000 mm. (Use the climate map to determine the differences in the climates of the subtropical zones.)

Temperate zones stretched in temperate latitudes from 40¨ n. and Yu. w. almost to the polar circles. Temperate air masses dominate here throughout the year, but arctic and tropical air masses can penetrate. In the Northern Hemisphere in the western continents they predominate westerly winds, cyclonic activity; in the east there are monsoons. As you move deeper into the territory, the annual amplitude of air temperature increases (the coldest month is from +4...+6 °C to –48 °C, and the warmest month is from +12 °C to +30 °C). IN Southern Hemisphere The climate is mainly oceanic. There are 5 types of climate in the Northern Hemisphere: maritime, moderate continental, continental, sharply continental, and monsoon.

The maritime climate is formed under the influence of westerly winds blowing from the ocean (Northern and Central Europe, western North America, Patagonian Andes South America). In summer temperatures are about +15…+17 °C, in winter - +5 °C. Precipitation falls throughout the year and reaches 1000-2000 mm per year. In the Southern Hemisphere, the temperate zone is dominated by an oceanic climate with mild summers, mild winters, heavy rainfall, westerly winds, and unstable weather (“roaring” forties latitudes).

Continental climate is characteristic of the interior regions of large continents. In Eurasia, a moderate continental, continental, sharply continental climate is formed, in North America - moderate continental and continental. On average, July temperatures vary from +10 °C in the north to +24 °C in the south. In a temperate continental climate, the January temperature drops from west to east from –5° to –10 °C, in a sharply continental climate - to –35…–40 °C, and in Yakutia below –40 °C. The annual precipitation in a temperate continental climate is approximately 500-600 mm, in a sharply continental climate - about 300-400 mm. In winter, as you move eastward, the duration of stable snow cover increases from 4 to 9 months, and the annual temperature range also increases.

The monsoon climate is best expressed in Eurasia. Prevails in summer steady monsoon from the ocean, temperature +18…+22 °С, in winter - –25 °С. At the end of summer - beginning of autumn, typhoons from the sea with gusty winds and heavy precipitation are frequent. Winters are relatively dry as the winter monsoon blows inland. Precipitation in the form of rain predominates in summer (800-1200 mm).

Subpolar belts (subarctic and subantarctic) located north and south of the temperate zone. They are characterized by seasonal changes in air masses: moderate air masses dominate in summer, and arctic (Antarctic) air masses dominate in winter. Continental subarctic climate is characteristic of the northern margins of North America and Eurasia. Summer is relatively warm (+5…+10 °C) and short. Winter is severe (up to –55 °C). Here is the pole of cold in Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk (–71 °C). Small amount of precipitation - 200 mm. Permafrost and excessive moisture are widespread, and large areas are swamped. The oceanic climate in the Northern Hemisphere is formed in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas, in the Southern Hemisphere - around Antarctica. Cyclonic activity is widespread throughout the year. Cool summers (+3…+5 °C), floating sea and continental ice, relatively mild winters (–10…–15 °C). Winter precipitation is up to 500 mm, fog is constant.

Rice. 16. Characteristic types of annual

Polar belts (Arctic and course of air temperatures of different Antarctic) located around the climatic zones of the poles. Continental climate predominates in Antarctica, Greenland, and the islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. There are negative temperatures all year round.

Oceanic climate is observed mainly in the Arctic. Temperatures here are negative, but during the polar day they can reach +2 °C. Precipitation - 100-150 mm (Fig. 16).

Bibliography

1. Geography 8th grade. Tutorial for 8th grade institutions of general secondary education with Russian as the language of instruction / Edited by Professor P. S. Lopukh - Minsk “People's Asveta” 2014

Climate is decisive for geographical location natural areas. Where deserts are dry and hot, where it rains and the sun shines all year round, there is lush vegetation. equatorial forests. But, in one climatic zone there may be boundaries of several natural zones.

Climatic zones and natural zones

First of all, let's look at the table.

Table “Natural zones of climatic zones”

Features of the climate of natural zones of the world

Equatorial forests

It is very hot here all year round and there are tropical rains. The average temperature in winter is +15°, in summer about 30°. More than 2000 mm of precipitation falls annually. There is no clear division into seasons; all months are warm and humid.

Savannah

Winter is tropical, summer is equatorial. There are two distinct periods: drought in winter and rainy season in summer. About 500 mm of precipitation falls annually. The average temperature in winter is +10°, in summer about 26°.

TOP 4 articleswho are reading along with this

Rice. 1. Drought in the savannah

Deserts

The climate is arid, with rapid temperature changes observed throughout the day. In winter, it can even be below zero at night. In summer, the sun warms the dry air by 40-45°.

Rice. 2. Frost in the desert

Steppes and forest-steppes

Winters are moderate, summers are dry. Even during the warm period of the year, at night the air temperature can drop to below zero. Precipitation falls mainly in winter - up to 500 mm per year. Feature steppe zone are cold, piercing winds blowing from the north.

Deciduous and mixed forests

They are characterized by pronounced winters (with snow) and hot summers. Precipitation falls evenly throughout the year.

Rice. 3. Winter in a deciduous forest

Taiga

It is characterized by cold, dry winters, but hot summers, which last 4-5 months. Precipitation falls approximately 1000 mm. in year. The average temperature in January is 25°, in summer +16°.

Tundra and forest-tundra

The climate is harsh. Winter is long, cold, dry, about 9 months. Summer is short. Arctic winds often blow.

Arctic and Antarctic deserts

Eternal winter zone. Summer is very short and cold.

Record low temperatures were recorded in Antarctica – 89.2° and -91.2°. In Russia, the lowest temperature was in the city of Verkhoyansk - 67.8°.

What have we learned?

Climatic zones define natural areas. Some zones may contain the boundaries of several natural zones. Vegetable and animal world largely depends on the weather conditions of the region.

Test on the topic

Evaluation of the report

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The amount of solar radiation decreases from the equator to the poles, and air masses are formed along thermal zones, i.e. depending on latitude. Latitude also determines the climatic zone - huge territories within which the main climate indicators practically do not change. Climatic zones were defined by the Russian climatologist B.P. Alisov. Their definition is based on the dominant types of air masses, from which the climatic zones received their name.

Climatic zones are divided into main and transitional. Where the influence of one type of air mass predominates throughout the year, the main climatic zones have formed. There are only seven of them: equatorial, two tropical, two temperate, Arctic and Antarctic. Four types of air masses correspond to the seven main climatic zones.

In the equatorial climate zone, low atmospheric pressure and equatorial air masses predominate. The sun here is high above the horizon, which contributes to high air temperatures, and due to the predominance of rising air currents and the influence of moist oceanic air masses that come with the trade winds, a lot of precipitation (1000-3500 mm) falls in this belt.

IN tropical zones Tropical air masses, high pressure and low air masses dominate. Tropical air masses are always dry, because the air that comes from the equator in the tropics at an altitude of 10-12 km already contains little moisture. As it descends, it heats up and becomes even drier. Therefore, it does not rain here often. The air temperature is high. Such climatic conditions contributed to the creation of zones here tropical deserts and semi-deserts.

The temperate climate zone is influenced by westerly winds and moderate air masses. There are clearly defined four seasons here. The amount of precipitation depends on the distance of the territory from the ocean. Thus, the most precipitation falls in the western part of Eurasia. They are brought by westerly winds from the Atlantic Ocean. The further you go to the east, the less precipitation, i.e. the continental climate increases. In the far east, under the influence of the ocean, the amount of precipitation increases again.

Arctic and Antarctic climate zones are areas high pressure, which are influenced by katabatic winds. The air temperature rarely rises above 0⁰C. Climatic conditions in both zones they are very similar - it is always cold and dry here. Precipitation falls less than 200 mm for the whole year.

Territories where air masses change seasonally twice a year belong to transitional climatic zones. In the names of transitional zones the prefix “sub” appears, which means “under”, i.e. under the main belt. Transitional climatic zones are located between the main zones. There are only six of them: two subequatorial, two subtropical, subarctic and subantarctic.

Thus, the subarctic zone is located between the Arctic and temperate, the subtropical - between temperate and tropical, the subequatorial - between tropical and equatorial belts. In transitional zones, the weather is determined by air masses that come from neighboring main zones and change with the seasons. For example, the climate of the subtropical zone in summer is similar to the climate of the tropical zone, and in winter - to the climate of the temperate zone. And the climate of the subequatorial zone in summer has characteristics of an equatorial climate, and in winter - of a tropical climate. In the subarctic zone, the weather in summer is determined by moderate air masses, and in summer by arctic ones.

Thus, climate zones are located zonally and this is due to the influence of solar radiation. Thus, the type of climate on Earth varies zonally. Climate type is understood as a constant set of climatic indicators characteristic of a certain period of time and a certain territory. But the earth's surface is heterogeneous, therefore, different types of climate can form within climate zones.

The boundaries of climate zones do not always coincide with the direction of the parallels. And in some places they deviate significantly to the north or south. This is primarily due to the nature of the underlying surface. Therefore, within the same climate zone, different types of climate can form. They differ from each other in the amount of precipitation, the seasonality of its distribution and the annual amplitudes of temperature fluctuations. For example, in the temperate zone of Eurasia there are maritime, continental and monsoon climates. Therefore, individual climatic zones are also divided into climatic regions.

Thus, 13 climatic zones are conventionally distinguished on Earth: 7 of them are main and 6 are transitional. The determination of climate zones is based on the air masses that dominate the region throughout the year. Individual climatic zones (temperate, subtropical, tropical) are also divided into climatic regions. Climatic regions are formed under the influence of the underlying surface within the boundaries of one climate zone.

1. Label the climatic zones of the world on the map, underline the names of the main climatic zones. Indicate the difference between the main and transitional climatic zones.
2. Write the names of the continents. Indicate which of them has the coldest climate, which has the hottest, which has the driest, and which has the wettest. Which continent has all the climatic zones?
3. Highlight with different types of shading the areas where the annual amplitude of air temperature can reach maximum values ​​and where it is equal to O "C.
4. Indicate the areas of the globe where westerly winds (blue arrows) prevail throughout the year, and where trade winds prevail (red arrows).
5. Highlight the boundaries of solar illumination zones on the map and label their names. What is the reason for uneven lighting and heating of the earth's surface?
6. Indicate on the map the high and low belts using the letter indices “B” and “H” atmospheric pressure. Where does the most rainfall occur? Highlight areas with maximum precipitation.

Answers:

answer to a geography assignment

Outline of a lesson on the geography of continents and oceans

Topic of the lesson: “Climatic zones and regions of the Earth. Climate map».

Target: deepen and systematize students’ knowledge about climatic zones and regions; to form in students an understanding of the process of formation of climate zones; improve students’ practical skills in working with the “Climate Zones of the World” map

Equipment: physical map world, climate map, textbooks, reference notes, laptop, atlases, TV.

Form of conduct: learning new material

Progress of the lesson

ORGANIZING TIME

UPDATED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS OF STUDENTS

Conversation on issues.

What is climate? What climate-forming factors can you name?

What determines the amount of solar radiation entering the earth's surface?

What is albedo?

What is air mass circulation? What main zonal circulation types do you know?

What is a cyclone? Anticyclone?

MOTIVATION OF LEARNING AND COGNITIVE ACTIVITIES OF STUDENTS

Teacher's story.

You already know what factors influence climate formation. It is the combined effect of these factors that determines the wide variety of climates on the planet. Areas with a relatively uniform climate are distributed zonally and form climatic zones. The patterns of distribution of climatic zones are reflected in the map “Climatic zones and regions of the world,” which you are already familiar with from the previous class. Today in the lesson we will remember how to work with this map, why it looks exactly like this, and this will help us through certain time determine the climatic features of continents and oceans.

LEARNING NEW MATERIAL

Teacher's story.

Consider the map “Climatic zones and regions of the world.” You see that on the surface of our planet there are 7 main climatic zones (Arctic, 2 temperate, 2 tropical, equatorial, Antarctic) and 6 transitional (2 subequatorial, 2 subtropical, 2 polar). Each climate zone corresponds to certain air masses that have their own characteristics. Thus, the humidity and temperature of equatorial air masses are very high. Tropical air masses are characterized by high temperatures and low humidity. Temperate zone characterized by the presence of four clearly defined seasons. The Arctic and Antarctic belts are characterized by low temperatures and little rainfall.

Climatic differences on the Earth's surface are caused primarily by the geographical location of certain areas, solar radiation, atmospheric circulation and the nature of the surface. In mountainous regions, climate is greatly influenced by altitude above sea level.

There are marine (or oceanic) and continental (or continental) types of climates. Thus, the climate of Antarctica is continental, and the Arctic (with the exception of Greenland and other large islands) is oceanic.

At the border of continents and oceans, a monsoon climate prevails, that is, the winds change direction depending on the season: in winter they blow from the land, in summer - from the ocean. You can observe such a climate in the east of Eurasia, where the continent is washed by Pacific Ocean.

Exercise.

Using the map “Climatic zones and regions of the world”, determine the name of the main and transition zones and fill out the table.

Climate zones of the Earth

Question.

How do the air masses of the main climate zones differ from the air masses of transitional zones?

Teacher's story.

In each climate zone, several types of climate are formed, differing in the following indicators: the amount of solar radiation, the average temperatures of the warmest month and the coldest month of the year, the annual amplitude of temperature fluctuations, the predominance of a certain type of air masses, the average annual amount and mode of their precipitation. Differences in these indicators indicate the presence of climatic regions within the same climate zone. Thus, in the equatorial climate zone, these indicators are almost the same, so climatic regions are not distinguished, and there is only one climate type - equatorial. And already in the tropical climate zone they determine (follow the map!) areas of desert tropical and humid tropical climate types.

Exercise.

Using the “Climatic Zones and Regions of the World” map, identify the types of climate in the temperate climate zone. Within what climatic region is the territory located? Russian Federation?

Teacher's story.

The main types of Earth's climates vary zonally, but the heterogeneity of the earth's surface, especially at the border of land and ocean, significantly changes climates and determines their diversity. Let us once again consider a climate map containing data on the main elements of climate - temperatures, precipitation, pressure, wind, climate zones. Why are there several climate maps? Because there are quite a lot of climatic elements, and because of this, sometimes maps reflect only one element, for example, the annual distribution of temperatures or annual precipitation. To show the annual amount of precipitation on different parts of the earth's surface, isolines are used, temperatures are shown using isotherms, wind direction is marked with arrows, etc.

CONSOLIDATING NEW KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS OF STUDENTS

Conversation on questions and assignments.

What is a climate zone?

Name the main and transitional climate zones of the Earth.

Why is it sometimes possible to define climatic regions within one climate zone?

What features are inherent in the temperate climate zone?

Tell us how to use the “Climate Zones and Regions of the World” map.

RESULT OF THE LESSON

Final words from the teacher:

There are seven main climatic zones on Earth and six transitional ones, the main differences of which are their geographical position, solar radiation, atmospheric circulation and the nature of the earth's surface;

The main climatic zones are characterized by the predominance of one zonal type of air masses throughout the year; in transitional climatic zones, different air masses predominate in different seasons;

The diversity of climate-forming factors determines the formation of climatic regions with various types climate.

7. HOMEWORK

1. Work through the corresponding text in the textbook.

2. Draw the Earth’s climatic zones on a contour map.

3. Prepare for the thematic assessment lesson.

Verification work on the topic: "Relief of the Earth."

I.Answer the questions.

What is the earth's crust? What types of earth's crust do you know?

Explain how ancient mountains are formed?

What geological processes occur during the collision of the continental crust and the oceanic crust?

What geological processes occur when lithospheric plates diverge?

How are platforms different from folded areas?

II. Complete the sentences.

Lithospheric plates are... There are 7 large plates. List these slabs.

In the zones of the Mid-Ocean Ridges, ..... occurs, there the mantle material rises along faults, solidifies and the earth's crust is formed ....

When plates, for example, ... and ... collide, the first one sinks and goes into the mantle, as a result, ... are often formed along the boundaries of continents. And island arcs.

When ... and ... collide, mountains are formed.

Explain why earthquakes and volcanic eruptions often occur at the junctions of lithospheric plates.