Completely new epidemiological and sanitary standards and rules regarding the disposal of such medical waste like needles and syringes.
It is worth noting that syringes and needles belong to class B, since they are in direct contact with fluids of the human body. In this regard, the disposal of needles and syringes in Moscow and the Moscow region must be carried out in specially equipped places and with strict adherence to all safety measures.
The management of medical institutions determines the responsible persons who will be responsible for collecting used syringes and needles and storing them. Particular attention is paid to class B syringes and needles, that is, those that have been in direct contact with infected patients and can cause the spread of infection.
Preparation for disposal
Before disposal, used needles and syringes are sorted into different containers depending on the class of waste. Waste of classes B and C can under no circumstances be stored together. Before storage, disinfestation of waste material is carried out. Only after this are the needles and syringes sent for storage and subsequent removal for disposal. Employees may carry out transportation and disposal work only if the following conditions are met:
- Age over 18 years.
- Availability of vaccinations.
- Passed a medical examination.
- Having been immunized against serum hepatitis.
- Have undergone appropriate training.
Prices for removal and disposal of syringes and needles
Get a FREE estimate for the cost of collection and disposal of syringes and needles
1. Rinse the syringe in a container with disinfectant No. 1 - “wash water”.
2. Fill the needle channel with disinfectant from container No. 2 - “for disinfecting needles”, remove the needle from the needle cone and place it in container No. 2 (for the time specified in the instructions for use of this product).
3. Disassemble the syringe and place it in container No. 3 - “for disinfection of syringes” (for the time specified in the instructions for use of this product)
4. Make a mark on the tags of containers No. 2 and No. 3 about the start time of disinfection, put your full name. nurses.
5. After disinfection is completed, put on gloves.
6. Remove the products from the disinfectant and place the cylinders and pistons in different disposable bags, make a mark on the tags of containers No. 2 and No. 3 about the end of disinfection.
7. Fill disposable bags to ¾ of their volume, remove air, tie, put in a second bag, tie.
8. Place the needles in disposable hard packaging.
9. Label bags and solid packaging “waste”, indicate the date of disinfection, full name.
10. Hand over the bill to the senior nurse for disposal.
Disinfection of disposable systems
1. Release the contents of the system into container No. 1 - “wash water”.
2. Remove the needle from the system and rinse it with a syringe in container No. 1 - “wash water”.
3. Fill the needle channel with a syringe with disinfectant from container No. 2 - “for disinfecting needles” and place it in this container.
4. Cut the system into pieces no more than 10 cm.
5. Immerse the sections in a container with disinfectant No. 4 - “for disinfection of systems” until completely immersed using a weight.
6. Make a mark on the tags of containers No. 2 and No. 4 about the start time of disinfection, put your full name. nurse
7. After disinfection is completed, put on gloves.
8. Remove the parts of the system from the disinfectant with tweezers and place the sections of the system in disposable bags and the needles in a box.
9. Fill the bags to ¾ of the volume, remove the air, tie and place in a second bag, tie.
10. Make a time stamp indicating the end of disinfection, put your full name. nurse
11. Label the bags and box “Waste”, put the date, full name. nurse
12. Remove gloves, wash hands.
13. Hand over the needles to the senior nurse for disposal.
3.1. Prevention infectious diseases
Guidelines MU 3.1.2313-08
"Requirements for disinfection, destruction and disposal
single use injection syringes"
Date of introduction: from the moment of approval
2.12. Instructions for the collection, storage and delivery of scrap medical devices for single use (approved by the USSR Ministry of Health on March 24, 1989).
3. General provisions
3.1. In order to prevent the spread of human infectious diseases and eliminate the possibility of infection of medical personnel, it is necessary to promptly and fully carry out preventive measures provided for by sanitary rules, incl. disinfection, destruction and disposal of single-use injection syringes.
3.2. Single-use injection syringes made of plastic, used in medical institutions for injections (manipulations), after therapeutic and diagnostic procedures are classified as medical waste, potentially dangerous in relation to the spread of infectious diseases, and are medical waste of classes B and C.
3.3. Measures for disinfection, destruction and disposal of single-use injection syringes must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of sanitary rules and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation in all medical institutions, regardless of their profile.
3.4. Monitoring compliance with measures for disinfection, destruction and disposal of single-use injection syringes, and the quality of their disinfection is included in the program (plan) of production control of health care facilities.
4. Requirements for the collection and disinfection of single-use injection syringes
4.1. Single-use injection syringes are medical devices that provide injection and therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. After use, syringes are hazardous (class B) or extremely hazardous (class B) waste from healthcare facilities due to their contamination with infected or potentially infected biological fluids.
4.2. Single-use injection syringes cannot be reused for injections.
4.3. Collection, disinfection, temporary storage, transportation, destruction and disposal of used single-use injection syringes are carried out in accordance with the “Rules for the collection, storage and disposal of waste from medical institutions” (SanPiN 2.1.7.728-99).
4.4. To disinfect single-use injection syringes, chemical and physical methods are recommended.
4.4.1. Chemical method of disinfection.
4.4.1.1. To disinfect used single-use injection syringes using a chemical method, a disinfectant solution is first prepared and poured into two special labeled containers with lids: “Container for disinfecting needles” and “Container for disinfecting syringes.” A needle remover can be used as a “Container for disinfecting needles” when filled with a disinfectant solution. The needle remover is a hard, puncture-proof, disposable plastic container that has a lid with a specially configured hole suitable for removing needles from syringes of different diameters. The “container for disinfecting syringes” must be equipped with a perforated tray and pressure.
4.4.1.2. After the injection (manipulation), the medical worker, without covering the needle with a cap, performs separate disinfection of the used needle and syringe using a chemical disinfection method, for which he draws a disinfectant solution from the “Container for disinfecting syringes” into the syringe using a piston. Then the medical worker disconnects the needle from the syringe in one of the following ways, depending on the availability of special devices in the medical institution:
Removing the needle using a needle puller;
Needle cutting using a needle cutter with integrated puncture-proof needle container;
Destruction of a needle using a needle destructor - a device for burning needles by impact high temperature.
4.4.1.3. After disconnecting the needle, the syringe body with the piston is placed in a container with a disinfectant solution, marked “for disinfecting syringes,” and the required exposure time is maintained according to the instructions for use of the disinfectant used. Then the disinfectant solution is released from the syringe body using a piston, after which the disinfected pistons and syringe bodies are placed in a bag attached to a trolley stand, or a disposable container with color marking corresponding to class B or C medical waste. Capacity (bag, container) after filling 3/4 of the volume, they are packaged, placed in a mini-container with color markings corresponding to the class of medical waste, and stored in a room for temporary storage of medical waste until the end of the work shift for the purpose of subsequent transportation to the place of destruction or disposal.
When the needle stripper is filled to 3/4 of the volume with needles and the required disinfection exposure time is observed, the solution is carefully drained, the container is closed with a lid, placed in a mini-container with color markings corresponding to the class of medical waste, and stored in a room for temporary storage of medical waste until the end of the working period. shifts for the purpose of subsequent transportation to the place of neutralization or disposal.
4.4.1.4. If the medical institution does not have devices for removing, cutting off or destroying needles (needle pullers, needle cutters, needle destructors), separation of the needle from the syringe should be carried out only after disinfecting the syringe with the needle. Disinfection is carried out by withdrawing the disinfectant solution through a needle into the syringe and immersing the syringe with the needle in the “Containers for disinfecting syringes” with a disinfectant solution for the required exposure time.
After the end of the disinfection time, the needle is separated from the syringe using tweezers and placed in a solid package (puncture-resistant sealed container for single use) in accordance with the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.7.728-99 "Rules for the collection, storage and disposal of waste from medical institutions."
The disinfectant solution is released from the syringes using a piston, then they are placed in a bag attached to a trolley stand, or a disposable container with color marking corresponding to medical waste class B or C. The container (bag, container) after filling 3/4 of the volume packaged, placed in a mini-container with color markings corresponding to the class of medical waste, and stored in a room for temporary storage of medical waste until the end of the work shift for the purpose of subsequent transportation to the place of destruction or disposal.
4.4.1.5. To disinfect single-use injection syringes, use disinfectants that have a certificate of state registration, a certificate of conformity and guidelines (instructions) for their use. The concentration of the disinfectant and the exposure time are determined in accordance with the guidelines (instructions) for its use, taking into account the regime effective against pathogens of infectious diseases that the healthcare institution is focused on, and the regimes recommended for the disinfection of medical devices for viral infections.
The disinfectant solution in containers is changed at the end of the work shift. The frequency of changing the solution in containers can be determined in accordance with the guidelines (instructions) for using the disinfectant.
The container for storing the disinfectant solution must indicate its name, concentration, purpose and date of preparation (for ready-to-use products approved for repeated use, indicate the start date of use).
4.4.2. Physical methods disinfection.
4.4.2.1. The method of disinfecting single-use injection syringes with saturated water vapor in steam sterilizers (autoclaves) is used in accordance with the "Guidelines for disinfection, pre-sterilization cleaning and sterilization of medical devices" dated December 30, 1998 No. MU-287-113 and "Instructions for collection, storage and delivery of scrap disposable medical products", approved by the USSR Ministry of Health on September 24, 1989.
When using this disinfection method, the syringe bodies and pistons are placed in a special, vapor-permeable, disposable bag that is resistant to high temperatures and intended for sterilization of medical products. This bag is secured on a trolley rack inside a disposable bag intended for collecting waste with color and text markings corresponding to hazard classes B and C, or placed on a disposable container (container with a lid) with color and text markings corresponding to waste class B and C .
After filling the bag to 3/4 of its volume, it is sealed and delivered in a container (container) with a closed lid or in a bag intended for collecting medical waste of the appropriate color marking, using a trolley stand to the disinfection site.
After delivery to the disinfection site, a vapor-permeable bag with syringes without needles is removed from the container (container) or outer bag intended for collection, transportation and temporary storage of waste of classes B and C, placed in an autoclave and kept at a temperature of 121 ° C for 30 minutes.
Needle strippers (containers of needle cutters) with removed (cut off) non-disinfected needles, after filling them to 3/4 of the volume, are closed with a lid and delivered using a trolley stand to the disinfection site.
Needle strippers (containers of needle cutters) with needles are placed in an autoclave, having previously opened the covers of the needle strippers (needle cutters) so that steam can penetrate inside the container.
After the disinfection cycle, the needle removers (needle cutters) are tightly closed with lids (sealed). Syringes without needles, located in a vapor-permeable bag, are packaged in a disposable outer bag intended for collecting waste with color and text markings corresponding to hazard classes B and C, sealed and delivered via a trolley stand to the temporary waste storage room (in a mini-container) before the end of the work shift for the purpose of subsequent transportation to the place of destruction or disposal.
4.4.2.2. Method for disinfecting single-use injection syringes in the UOMO-01/150 (UOMO-02/90) installation by exposure to electromagnetic radiation ultra-high frequency and wet steam at a temperature of 100 ° C for 60 minutes are used in accordance with the methodological recommendations "Use of electromagnetic radiation of ultra-high frequency for the disinfection of infected medical waste", approved by the Federal State Institution "Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology" of Rospotrebnadzor dated 05/06/06 No. 02.007- 06.
When using this method of disinfection, after separating the needle, the bodies and pistons of the syringes are placed in a disposable bag attached to a disposable container (container) or a trolley stand and intended for collecting waste with color and text markings corresponding to hazard classes B and C. When the bag is filled to 3/4 of its volume, it is sealed and delivered via a trolley stand directly to the disinfection site.
Syringes in disposable bags are placed in a special polypropylene tank, which is attached to the UOMO-01/150 (UOMO-02/90) installation, with a polypropylene bag pre-inserted into it. 2 liters of a special sensitizing solution are added to the polypropylene bag.
Needle strippers (containers of needle cutters) with removed (cut off) non-disinfected needles, after filling them to 3/4 of the volume, are closed with lids and delivered via a trolley stand to the disinfection site.
Needle strippers (containers of needle cutters) with removed (cut off) non-disinfected needles are placed in the center of the tank above bags with disposable syringes without needles. Before placing needle removers (needle cutter containers) with needles in the tank, a sensitizing solution is added to them so that the needles are completely immersed in the solution.
After the disinfection cycle, disposable syringes, needle removers (containers for needle cutters), located in a polypropylene bag, are packaged in a disposable outer bag designed for collecting waste with color and text markings corresponding to hazard class B and C, which is then sealed and delivered via a trolley stand to the temporary waste storage room (in a mini-container) until the end of the work shift for the purpose of subsequent transportation to the place of destruction or disposal.
4.4.3. Medical workers disinfecting single-use injection syringes draw up a final disinfection report for the entire batch of used syringes accumulated over a certain period and prepared for delivery to specialized organizations licensed to work (handle) hazardous (medical) waste (Appendix) .
4.4.4. Quality control of disinfection of single-use injection syringes is carried out in accordance with the production control plan of health care facilities.
5. Requirements for temporary storage and transportation of used single-use injection syringes
5.1. Temporary storage (accumulation) of needles, pistons and syringe barrels collected in the departments of a medical institution, packaged in single-use sealed containers, is carried out in mini-containers of the appropriate color marking, placed in a specially designated room for this purpose or on open area, using inter-hull containers marked in accordance with the hazard class. Open storage and contact of personnel with waste that has an epidemiological hazard is not permitted.
5.2. Premises for temporary storage of waste must be equipped exhaust ventilation and a sink for washing hands with hot and cold water. The internal lining of these premises must prevent desorption and withstand repeated wet cleaning using disinfectants.
5.3. If there are no conditions in the health care facility for the use of decentralized methods of disposal of epidemiologically hazardous waste authorized in the established order, the health facility enters into an agreement for the removal of used single-use injection syringes with a specialized organization licensed to handle epidemiologically hazardous medical waste (collection, transportation , placement, destruction, disposal). Small health facilities may enter into waste destruction contracts with larger health facilities that have facilities for the collection and temporary storage of additional waste.
5.4. An agreement between a healthcare facility and a specialized organization for the removal of used single-use injection syringes must include a waste removal schedule.
5.5. Transportation of reusable containers with used single-use injection syringes by specialized organizations is allowed only in the closed bodies of special vehicles intended for the transportation of medical waste of class B and C, with its subsequent daily disinfection. In case of emergency situations, if open (without sealed packaging) waste is found inside containers or vehicles, disinfection of the vehicle is carried out immediately.
Special vehicles must have a sanitary passport. The use of this special vehicle for other purposes is not permitted.
6. Requirements for recycling (disposal) and destruction of used single-use injection syringes
6.1. Only decontaminated single-use injection syringes are subject to recycling (disposal). When recycling (disposing of) single-use injection syringes, thermal methods should be used to guarantee complete epidemiological safety of the resulting secondary raw materials.
It is prohibited to manufacture medical products, products for children, or products that come into contact with food from the resulting secondary raw materials.
6.2. For the destruction of medical waste of hazard class B and C, incl. single-use injection syringes, thermal methods are recommended.
6.2.1. The priority is the method of high-temperature thermal destruction (combustion) of medical waste in pyrolysis furnaces, which involves the afterburning of the resulting combustion products at a temperature of 1200 - 1300 ° C, ensuring the complete decomposition of dioxins.
The advantages of the method are its environmental and epidemiological safety, a significant reduction (5-10 times) in the volume and mass of destroyed waste. The method is universal - any waste can be loaded into the installation without any preliminary sorting.
6.2.2. It is permissible to use combined technologies for the destruction of medical waste based on a combination of mechanical grinding of medical waste and thermal (chemical) disinfection methods in special installations of domestic and foreign production, registered and approved for use in the Russian Federation.
The disadvantages of these developed technologies are their non-universality - in these installations it is not recommended to destroy bioorganic and pathological-anatomical waste; medical waste requires additional sorting. The knives used in the installations cannot withstand large objects and must be replaced periodically. During operation, additional consumption of disinfectant compounds and forced ventilation equipment at the places of their installation are required. At the same time, continuous loading of medical waste is not ensured, low productivity is noted, and the mass of waste does not decrease.
6.3. In the absence of locality organizations involved in the collection, destruction or disposal of used single-use injection syringes, as well as specialized installations intended for the destruction of medical waste in health care facilities, it is preferable to disinfect used single-use injection syringes (class B and C waste) in a steam sterilizer specially designated for these purposes (autoclave) at a temperature of 132 ° C (20 min) in order to subject them to destruction (change appearance and loss of consumer properties). After disinfection, healthcare waste can be removed and buried in landfills for solid waste. household waste(MSW).
7. Requirements for organizations involved in transportation, disinfection, placement, recycling (disposal) and destruction of used single-use injection syringes
7.1. Transportation of medical waste (used single-use injection syringes) from medical institutions (organizations), disinfection, disposal, recycling(disposal) and destruction are carried out by specialized organizations licensed to handle epidemiologically hazardous medical waste.
7.2. Specialized organizations carrying out this activity must have their own vehicles designed for transporting medical waste that is epidemiologically hazardous (classes B and C). Special vehicles must have a sanitary passport. Vehicles are disinfected daily.
7.3. The final stage of the activities of specialized organizations for handling used single-use injection syringes is their destruction (burning) or recycling (disposal) at specialized facilities owned by these organizations, or export under contracts with other enterprises and organizations specializing in destruction (burning) or recycling (disposal) of used single-use injection syringes.
7.4. All employees of specialized organizations are required to:
Complete special training on the rules for handling epidemiologically hazardous medical waste;
Comply with safety precautions when working with medical waste, requirements for the operation of installations for destruction (incineration) or recycling (disposal) of used single-use injection syringes;
Use personal protective equipment;
Be immunized against viral hepatitis B.
7.5. Specialized organizations licensed to handle epidemiologically hazardous medical waste must be provided with the necessary technological equipment, consumables and disinfectants in sufficient quantities.
8. Requirements for compliance with safety precautions by health care facility personnel when collecting, disinfecting, temporary storage and transportation of disposable injection syringes
8.1. Medical workers who collect, disinfect, temporarily store and transport used disposable injection syringes must have special training in safety precautions for this work, be able to use special equipment and disinfectants in accordance with the functional responsibilities approved by the head of the healthcare institution. Personnel must be immunized against hepatitis B and have a corresponding entry in the medical record.
8.2. Persons under 18 years of age and who have not undergone preliminary training are not allowed to work related to the collection, disinfection, temporary storage and transportation of used disposable injection syringes.
8.3. Personnel training in the rules of safe handling of used disposable injection syringes is carried out by specialists responsible for organizing waste management in each health care facility.
8.4. A specialist (deputy chief physician for technical issues, epidemiologist, chief nurse) responsible for organizing medical waste management is appointed by order of the head of a healthcare institution after completing a specialized training cycle.
8.5. Medical workers collecting, disinfecting, storing, and transporting medical waste are strictly prohibited from:
Pour the collected single-use injection syringes from one container to another;
Place containers for collecting single-use injection syringes near electric heating devices (both in places of formation and in temporary storage rooms);
Compact waste from single-use injection syringes with your hands;
Collect waste from single-use injection syringes without gloves or special clothing.
8.6. The head of the healthcare institution is responsible for training staff in the rules of safe handling of medical waste.
8.7. If an employee is injured when handling used syringes, emergency preventive measures must be taken in relation to him in accordance with the current instructions and methodological documents. All such cases are recorded in injury reports indicating the date, time, place, nature of the injury, describe in detail the situation, the use of personal protective equipment, compliance with safety regulations, indicate the persons who were at the scene of the injury, as well as the method used for treating the skin, mucous membranes (adj.).
8.8. At the workplace of personnel involved in the collection and transportation of waste, there must be a first aid kit (5% alcohol tincture of iodine, 70° alcohol, weighed potassium permanganate and water for dissolution, sterile wipes, bandages, plaster and bactericidal plaster) .
8.9. Workers involved in the collection and transportation of medical waste must undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations in accordance with current regulations.
8.10. Personnel involved in disinfection, collection and transportation of waste must be provided with protective clothing (robe, cap, shoes) and personal protective equipment (respirators, rubber gloves, sealed goggles, waterproof aprons, which are used in accordance with the instructions).
8.11. In the event of an accident when using, disinfecting, collecting and transporting single-use injection syringes, the following actions are required:
The medical worker immediately informs the head of the organization;
If the injection material gets on the mucous membranes of the eyes, they are washed with plenty of water;
If the injection material gets into contact, the skin is wiped twice with 70° ethyl alcohol, and in case of damage to the skin, the wound is washed with water, treated with tincture of iodine and medical supervision is established for the victim;
Contaminated surfaces and medical clothing are treated with disinfectant solutions;
Upon completion of actions to eliminate the accident, the responsible person draws up an act that reflects the place, time, causes of the accident, measures to eliminate it;
The act is approved by the head of the organization.
9. References
1. Order of the USSR Ministry of Health dated July 31, 1978 No. 720 “On improving medical care for patients with purulent surgical diseases and strengthening measures to combat nosocomial infections.”
2. Order of the Ministry of Health of the USSR dated 09/03/91 No. 254 “On the development of disinfection in the country” with amendments and additions (letter of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation 23-02/733 and GKSEN dated 07/29/92 No. 01-20/104-11).
3. Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated November 26, 1997 No. 345 “On improving measures for the prevention of nosocomial infections in obstetric hospitals.”
4. Order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated November 10, 2002 No. 344 “On state registration of disinfectants, pest control and deratization agents for use in everyday life, in medical institutions and other facilities to ensure the safety and health of people.”
Once a child is diagnosed with diabetes, parents often go to the library for information on the subject and are faced with the possibility of complications. After a period of worry, parents are hit with the next blow when they learn about diabetes-related morbidity and mortality statistics.
Viral hepatitis in early childhood
Relatively recently, the hepatitis alphabet, which already included hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, E, G, was replenished with two new DNA-containing viruses, TT and SEN. We know that hepatitis A and hepatitis E do not cause chronic hepatitis and that hepatitis G and TT viruses are most likely “innocent spectators” that are transmitted vertically and do not affect the liver.
Measures for the treatment of chronic functional constipation in children
When treating chronic functional constipation in children, it is necessary to take into account important factors in the child's medical history; establish a good relationship between the health care professional and the child-family to ensure that the proposed treatment is carried out properly; a lot of patience on both sides, with repeated assurances that the situation will gradually improve, and courage in cases of possible relapses, constitute the best way to treat children suffering from constipation.
Scientists' study findings challenge assumptions about diabetes treatment
The results of a ten-year study have proven beyond doubt that frequent self-monitoring and maintaining blood glucose levels within normal limits leads to a significant reduction in the risk of late complications caused by diabetes mellitus, and reducing their severity.
Manifestations of rickets in children with impaired formation of the hip joints
In the practice of pediatric orthopedists and traumatologists, the question of the need to confirm or exclude formation disorders is often raised. hip joints(hip dysplasia, congenital hip dislocation) in infants. The article shows an analysis of a survey of 448 children with clinical signs of disorders of the formation of the hip joints.
Medical gloves as a means of ensuring infection safety
Most nurses and doctors don't like gloves, and for good reason. Wearing gloves, the sensitivity of your fingertips is lost, the skin on your hands becomes dry and flaky, and the instrument tends to slip out of your hands. But gloves have been and remain the most reliable means of protection against infection.
Lumbar osteochondrosis
It is believed that every fifth adult on earth suffers from lumbar osteochondrosis; this disease occurs in both young and old age.
Epidemiological control over health workers who had contact with the blood of HIV-infected people
(to help medical workers in medical institutions)
IN methodological guidelines The issues of monitoring medical workers who had contact with the blood of a patient infected with HIV are covered. Actions are proposed to prevent occupational HIV infection. A logbook and an official investigation report for contact with the blood of an HIV-infected patient have been developed. The procedure for informing higher authorities about the results of medical observation of health workers who came into contact with the blood of an HIV-infected patient has been determined. Intended for medical workers of treatment and preventive institutions.
Chlamydial infection in obstetrics and gynecology
Chlamydia of the genitals is the most common sexually transmitted disease. All over the world, there is an increase in chlamydia among young women who have just entered the period of sexual activity.
Cycloferon in the treatment of infectious diseases
Currently, there is an increase in certain nosological forms of infectious diseases, primarily viral infections. One of the directions for improving treatment methods is the use of interferons, as important nonspecific factors of antiviral resistance. These include cycloferon, a low molecular weight synthetic inducer of endogenous interferon.
Dysbacteriosis in children
The number of microbial cells present on the skin and mucous membranes of a macroorganism in contact with the external environment exceeds the number of cells of all its organs and tissues combined. The weight of the microflora of the human body is on average 2.5-3 kg. The importance of microbial flora for a healthy person was first noticed in 1914 by I.I. Mechnikov, who suggested that the cause of many diseases are various metabolites and toxins produced by various microorganisms that inhabit the organs and systems of the human body. The problem of dysbacteriosis in last years causes a lot of discussions with an extreme range of judgments.
Diagnosis and treatment of infections of the female genital organs
In recent years, throughout the world and in our country, there has been an increase in the incidence of sexually transmitted infections among the adult population and, which is of particular concern, among children and adolescents. The incidence of chlamydia and trichomoniasis is increasing. According to WHO, trichomoniasis ranks first in frequency among sexually transmitted infections. Every year, 170 million people worldwide become ill with trichomoniasis.
Intestinal dysbiosis in children
Intestinal dysbiosis and secondary immunodeficiency are increasingly encountered in the clinical practice of doctors of all specialties. This is due to changing living conditions, the harmful effects of preformed environment on the human body.
Viral hepatitis in children
The lecture “Viral hepatitis in children” presents data on viral hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, F, G in children. All clinical forms of viral hepatitis, differential diagnosis, treatment and prevention that currently exist are presented. The material is presented from a modern perspective and is intended for senior students of all faculties medical universities, intern doctors, pediatricians, infectious disease specialists and doctors of other specialties who are interested in this infection.
This article will focus on the SAFE USE of pen needles and syringes, as well as lancets and infusion set cannulas - at home, at work and while traveling. The following will also be useful to read for those who are forced to give injections for other diseases (allergies, arthritis, hepatitis, HIV, osteoporosis, blood clotting disorders, psoriasis, etc.) or for their pets.
How to dispose of used sharps, which are abundant in the daily life of a person with diabetes?
The easiest way is to throw it in the trash and forget about it. BUT: when throwing away, it is important to make sure that no one can be injured by needles (at risk are your loved ones, children, employees of waste disposal companies, housekeepers, janitors) - this is dangerous not only due to cuts or damage, but also infection, including if the user has diseases such as viral hepatitis B, C or HIV.
To avoid accidental cuts/damage, needles and other sharp objects must be placed in special CONTAINERS after use - they are made of puncture-resistant plastic with a tight-fitting lid. In some countries, these containers can be purchased at pharmacies, medical supply stores, or online. If there are NO such containers, you can use a suitable container for detergent or other household chemicals made of durable plastic. Label the container stating that it contains sharps. Always place the container in the middle of the trash bag.
Safe disposal of used needles/syringes/lancets/cannulas is needed everywhere - at home, at work, at school, while traveling and others. in public places such as hotels, parks and restaurants.
Never leave needles or other sharps (outside a sharps container) in the open or in public trash cans, and never flush them down the toilet!
And in conclusion - 8 simple rules to prevent injuries from sharp objects:
Do not throw used needles in the trash.
Keep sharps containers out of reach of children.
Do not throw used sharp objects into the toilet.
Do not use glass or plastic bottles, cardboard boxes and tin cans for making containers.
There is no need to “fill the container to the very brim” - when it is two-thirds full, it’s time to throw it away.
Do not wait. Place your sharps in a container immediately after use.
Do not bend or break the needle.
Do not use other people's needles;
