INTRODUCTION

1. The concept of “metaphor” and the mechanism of its birth.

1. The concepts of “metaphor” and “political metaphor”.

2. Classification of metaphors.

3. “Political metaphor” in domestic and foreign studies.

2. Socio-political metaphor in modern media (using the example of “ Russian newspaper"for 2012).

1. A variety of metaphors using the example of various articles.

2. Do newspaper genres need metaphors? Journalist's opinion.

CONCLUSION

Bibliography

Excerpt from the text

Phraseological units (their use in modern media (using the example of Novaya Gazeta)

First of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the term itself, for example, microeconomic equilibrium is interconnected with psychological connotations: inclination, aversions, preferences, expectations, etc. This is a reflection of objective reality, where a living person acts with his inherent passions and inclinations. A linguistic tool that helps to explicate, represent interest and preference for a certain social group and its members, metaphor often appears in economic discourse, because the language of metaphor finds a greater emotional response in the listener than ordinary language.

Specifics of the regional policy of the federal publication using the example of Rossiyskaya Gazeta

The thesis contains two chapters. The first chapter reveals the theoretical foundations of PR technologies. The second chapter examines the results of the study and offers recommendations for improving the use of PR technologies.

Work structure. The study includes an introduction, two chapters - theoretical and practical, a conclusion and a list of references, consisting of

5. points, including sources of practical material.

In our country, the issue of social inclusion of people with disabilities will not lose its relevance until a truly effective program for ensuring equal rights and opportunities is created at the state level.

Today, the printed press is losing its position to online media, mobile applications and electronic versions of its own publications. In order to increase the popularity of printed media, when compiling their layouts, much attention is paid to their design: photographs, graphs, navigation, links, tables, highlighting the most important fragments of text. In many publications, video sequences even prevail over text content. In the field of nonverbal communication, and in particular the choice of graphic means, their formation and application, the problem of choosing means of expression that accurately illustrate the meaning of the message and are properly interpreted by the majority of representatives of the target audience is especially important. Aspects of print design and layout are covered in many journalism, photojournalism, or design textbooks.

However, previously there was no general classification of these funds according to any parameters. This problem is very relevant these days, given the current need for high-quality and accessible information. However, graphic non-verbal means of conveying information can help the reader better navigate the flow of information printed on the pages of the publication, because the pages can accommodate several articles at once. To avoid this problem and reduce the time it takes to search for information of interest, and speed up its sifting, various visual means are used. At an ever-accelerating pace modern life The speed of access to information plays an important, and sometimes decisive, role. Also, graphic tools used in print media serve an entertainment function. By nature, a person primarily assimilates visual information, which is more accessible to our consciousness. Photographs give a clearer and more vivid picture of the event, and graphs and tables are much nicer than dry numbers. The video sequence not only complements the textual information, but can also have an impact on the reader, reinforcing or even strengthening the impression of what was read. Based on the “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, a classification of the graphic means of communication presented in it by function was made.

The empirical basis of the study included various issues of the Rossiyskaya Gazeta, the People's Daily newspaper with information material on the history of Russia and China; articles about modern political events in the global space. A number of documents were used in the work, the document of Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao, including a collection of documents of the Communist Party of China on People's Daily. The work also used information from electronic sources in Russia and China - Internet newspapers: “Russian newspaper and the newspaper “People's Daily”.

Bibliography

1. Arutyunova N.D. Metaphor and discourse//Theory of metaphor. - M., 1990.

2. Baranov A.N. Political metaphors of journalistic text: possibilities of linguistic monitoring // Media language as an object of interdisciplinary research. M., 2003.

3. Baranov A.N., Karaulov Yu.N. Russian political metaphor. Materials for the dictionary. M.: Institute of Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1991.

4. Baranov A.N., Karaulov Yu.N. Dictionary of Russian political metaphors. M.: Pomovsky and partners, 1994.

5. Budaev E.V., Chudinov A.P. Metaphor in political communication. M.: Nauka, Flinta, 2008.

6. Gusev S.S. Science and metaphor. - L. 2004.

7. Lakoff J., Johnson M. Metaphors by which we live: Trans. from English / Ed. and with a preface. A.N. Baranova. M: Editorial URSS, 2004.

8. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary // Ch. ed. V.N. Yartseva, - M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1990.

9. Maidanova L.M. Practical stylistics of media genres: Textbook. allowance / L.M. Maydanova, S.O. Kalganova. - Ekaterinburg: Humanitarian University, 2006. - 336 p.

10. Moskvin V.P. Russian metaphor: parameters of classification // Philological sciences. - 2000. - No. 2. - P. 66−74.

11. Ricoeur P. Metaphorical process as cognition, imagination and sensation // Theory of metaphor. - M., 1994.

12. Baranov A.N., Mikhailova O.V., Satarov G.A., Shipova E.A. “Political discourse”: methods of analysis of political structure and metaphors", p. 10, M-2004

13. E.V. Budaev, A.P. Chudinov, “Foreign political metaphorology”, Ekaterinburg, 2008

14. Appendixes: clippings of articles from Rossiyskaya Gazeta for 2012.

bibliography

Description

The purpose of this work is to analyze the metaphors that correspondents of the newspaper Izvestia use in the headlines of their materials. It is interesting to consider this topic using examples from the Izvestia newspaper because the publication is the leader among daily socio-political and business newspapers in Russia, including in sales. The materials of this newspaper, published since 1917, are distinguished by depth, seriousness, high level and professionalism of journalistic skill.

1. Introduction………………………………….…………………………2
2. The essence and properties of metaphor….……….……………………………..5
2.1. The essence of metaphor………………………………………………………5
2.2. Classifications of metaphors…………………………..................................9
2.3. Practical part. Consideration of examples…………………………13
3. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..29
4. List of used literature…………………………

The work consists of 1 file

1. Introduction …………………………………… . ………………… ……………2

2. Essence and properties metaphors... ………. ………………………………. . 5

2.1. The essence of metaphor………………………………………………………5

2.2. TO classification of metaphors………………………… ............. ........................9

2. 3 . Practical part. Consideration of examples………………………… 13

3. Conclusion……………………………………………… …… …………..29

4. List of used literature ……………………………………31

1. Introduction

Subject " Use of metaphor in headlines in the newspaper Izvestia» It was not by chance that she was chosen for the course work. This question relevant today. Nowadays one can observe fierce competition between print media.IN to a large extent the popularity of a particular publication depends on the journalist’s ability not only to qualitatively collect and process information on a topical issue and write the material well, but also on the author’s ability to succinctly and vividly title his text . Brightness and accuracy for title O is especially important, because the headline is the first thing a newspaper reader encounters, the first thing he pays attention to when looking through a newspaper page; by headings they navigate the contents of the newspaper.

The headline is the first signal that prompts us to read the newspaper or put it aside. Preceding the text, the title carries certain information about the content of the journalistic work. At the same time, the title of a newspaper page or newspaper issue has an emotional connotation that arouses the reader's interest and attracts attention. Research I psychologists have shown that about 80% of readers pay attention only to headlines. That's why it's soIt is important for a journalist to create a brighttitle for your publication. In a few words or in one sentence you need to not only convey the main meaning of the article, its content, but also to attract, to intrigue reader. However, aboutvery often under sensational and Cree thicket My headlines are worth nothing. The reader becomes disappointed not only in a particular article or publication, but also in the publication as a whole. It’s not worth risking the reader’s trust for the sake of a beautiful and loud word. The headline is the face of the entire newspaper; it influences popularity andcompetitiveness publications

In order to effectively influence the mass audience and retain their attention, journalists use various stylistic techniques and visualexpressive means of language. One of the important constructive in principle the language of the newspaper refers a combination of standard and expression.Dynamism and expressiveness of headingsachieved by various means, one of which is– metaphor.

In order to thoroughly understand the essence of metaphor and its use in texts, the work used articles L. I. Rakhmanov oh and V.N. Suzdaltsev oh, N. D. Arutyunov, A. B. Anikina, A. F. Losev, D. E. Rosenthal, L. L. Resnyan skoi, as well as various explanatory dictionaries.

The purpose of this work is to analyze metaphors that correspondents of the newspaper Izvestia use in the headlines of their materials. Consider this the topic using examples from the Izvestia newspaper is interesting because publication - leader among daily socio-political and business newspapers in Russia, including sales. Materials of this newspaper published since 1917,distinguished by depth, seriousness, high level And professionalism journalist skilful craftsmanship. The newspaper "Izvestia", published in addition to Russia in forty-two countries of the world, including the CIS countries, the USA, Japan, England, Germany, Spain, Sweden, Israel, France, is included in the group of quality newspapers, which is explained by its focus on the status audience and stylistic parameters of the quality type. The quality of its audience encourages this publication to be an exclusive source of information for its readers.To conduct independent research on specified more than sixty examples were taken from the regular columns of the newspaper " News", "Politics", "Economy", "In the World", "Expertise", "Internet", "Culture", "Health", "Television", "Sports", "Money", "Society" and others, as well as from published with different frequency of thematic tabs " Tourism", "Insurance", "Real Estate", "Banks", " Telecommunications"and others – all examples are from issues published between September last year and April of this year.What role does metaphor play in the titles of this publication?what place does this trope take among such techniques characteristic of modern journalism as the transformation of speech clichés,and rhetorical and stylistic devices will be considered below .

2. Essence and properties metaphors

2.1. The essence of metaphors

The term metaphor (from the Greek μεταφορά - transference) belongs to Aristotle and is associated with his understanding of art as an imitation of life. Aristotle's metaphor is essentially almost indistinguishable from hyperbole-exaggeration, from synecdoche-allegory, and from simple comparison or personification and likening. In all cases there is a transfer of meaning from one to another. The extended metaphor has given rise to many genres.In art, metaphor often becomes an aesthetic end in itself and displaces the original original meaning of the word. In Shakespeare, for example, what is often important is not the original everyday meaning of a statement, but its unexpected metaphorical meaning - a new meaning. Metaphor not only reflects life, but also creates it. For example, the Nose of Major Kovalev in a general's uniform in Gogol is not only personification, hyperbole or comparison, but also a new meaning that did not exist before. Futurists did not strive for the verisimilitude of the metaphor, but for its maximum distance from the original meaning. During the years of the dictatorship of socialist realism, metaphor was actually expelled from literature as a device that led away from reality. In the 70s it appeareda group of poets who inscribed on their banner “Metaphor in a square” or metametaphor (term by Konstantin Kedrov).

Metaphor also occupies an important place in journalistic texts. Now in articles devoted to state analysis Russian politics and economics, metaphors are particularly common. Usually politicians political parties and movements are compared with any living creature, with its characteristic manners.

As D. E. Rosenthal notes, mmetaphor is a word or expression that is used figuratively based on the similarity in some respect of two objects or phenomena. Like comparison, metaphor can be simple and extensive, built on various associations of similarity.

A. F. Losev, reflecting on pictorial imagery in literature, deciphers the concept of metaphor in great detail - against the background of concepts"allegory" and "personification". "ABOUT common feature of metaphor and allegories is their pronounced opposition to the indicator imagery in the language. Indicative imagery is not at all fixed as such, but exists in living speech completely unnoticed along with other prosaic devices, not standing out in any way from ordinary literature. In contrast, allegorical and metaphorical imagery is created intentionally by the author and is perceived consciously by the reader, with a more or less sharp separation from the stream of everyday speech. Both of these types of imagery are always evaluated in one way or another. They are characteristic either of a given literary genre, or of a given poet, or of a given period of its development, and sometimes, perhaps, for an entire historical period or for some movement. In a word, in contrast to the indicator image, both allegorical and metaphorical imagery is of a certain kind artistic image, intentionally created and evaluated and specially recorded, and always artistically reflected» .

A metaphor is created due to the fact that a word can have several lexical meanings y, that is, to have polysemy: “The ability to call different objects, actions, signs with the same word is based on the ability of our thinking to discover some kind of connection between these differentobjects, actions, signs. By discovering the connection between them and naming different things in one word, a person uses the dictionary of his language sparingly, which means that the vocabulary of the language does not expand limitlessly.”. In journalism, correspondents widely usepolysemy of words, involving the reader in a word game.A lot of scientific works is devoted to the consideration of the process of metaphorization of words. Metaphor, first of all, acts as a means of creating imagery. This type of trope is especially valuable for a journalist because it has the ability to develop new - linguistic and occasional - meanings.About the essence of metaphor, about the principle, aboutby whom it was built, argues A. B. Anikina in the educational manual “Imaginative Word in the Text» . When analyzing the role of a figurative word in a journalistic text, the focus of her attention is on the content side of the figurative word, its individual meaning. Based on the works of academicians V.V. Vinogradov, A.R. Luri And , A. A. Leontyev, L. S. Vygotsky, the author writes about the difference between the meaning and meaning of a word.“By meaning, in contrast to meaning, we understand the individual meaning of a word, isolated from this objective system of connections; it consistsof those connections that are related to thisat the moment and to the given situation. Therefore if " meaning " words are an objective reflectionsystems of connections and relationships, then “ meaning " - this is the introduction of subjective aspects of meaning according to a given moment and situations" - quoted by author A.R. Luria. Thus, a person, having both aspects of a word - both its meaning and its meaning, can, in the process of speech, in a specific communication situation, create individual meanings for words, which can only be revealed with the help of context. From here it becomes clear how the word acquires imagery.

But to the words that create the image(within the framework of the topic discussed in this work,it is more appropriate to talk about a “micro-image”- a concept introduced by M. N. Kozhina) include words-epithets, allegories and other types of tropes. MoreThe features of metaphor are analyzed in detail in the work of N. D. Arutyunova “Language metaphor”. Despite the closeness of metaphor to metonymy, the constant interaction of metaphor with comparison, and the similarity with metamorphosis in some aspects, this type of trope has a number of individual qualities.TV “Metaphor,” notes the author, “in emerges when between the compared objectsthere are more differences than similarities. Name transferwithin natural childbirth, i.e. within a class stereotype, is not usually regarded as a metaphor.Metaphor is a constant breeding ground for the illogical in language - it allows you to compare the incomparable - elements of different natures - concrete and abstract, time and space.".

It is conventionally accepted that four components are involved in the construction of a metaphor:, only partially expressed in its surface structure: two entities (two objects), the main and auxiliary subjects of the metaphor and some properties of each object. When combined, these elements createa figurative metaphor, ambiguous, leaving the addressee the opportunity for creative interpretation.

2.2. Metaphor classifications

The similarity between objects, on the basis of which it becomes possiblemetaphorical transfer of the meaning of one word to another, can be very diverse.Each researcher gives his own classification in his work., each of which is worth considering in order to then competently analyze the examples selected for this work.So, for example, the author s books “Metaphor in language and text” is considered Yu t that during the “semantic-comparative analysis of metaphop it is advisable to distinguish: 1) types transfer, reflecting transfers between general spheres of extra-linguistic reality, for example, human-animal; types of transfers are universal; 2) subtype s transfers limited to a certain lexical-semantic group of words (LSG): metaphors formed from verbs of motion, from terms of kinship". Transfers of this type are less comprehensive, and we can highlightLSG, producing metaphors, and LSG, replenished due to this. The author considers even less universal« 3) types metaphors that combine two words expressing certain concepts» . In general, the use of metaphors in language and in speech is so different that it can be classified according to a variety of criteria.

N. D. Arutyunov, having considered many examplesfrom artistic and journalistic textsand exploring the process of metaphorization in them , suggests highlightingthe following types of linguistic metaphor:« 1) I am nominative metaphor (the actual transfer of the name), consisting in replacing one descriptive meaning with another and servingpressing on the source of homonymy; 2) I'm figurative a metaphor born as a result of the transition of an identifying (descriptive) meaning into a predicate one and serving the development of figurative meanings and synonymous onesmeans of language; H) cognition in na i a metaphor that arises as a result of a shift in the compatibility of predicate words (transfer of meaning) and creating polysemy, 4)generalizing I metaphor (as the final result of a cognitive metaphor), erasing the boundaries between logical orders in the lexical meaning of a word and stimulating the emergencelogical polysemy» .

Slightly different criteria for classification metaphors are highlighted L. I. Rakhmanova and V. N. Suzdaltsev in their m textbook for students of faculties and departments of journalism at universities “Modern Russian Language”. First of all, they note, that metaphors differ both in the nature of similarity and in the degreeprevalence and imagery; Also they divide metaphors by topic. There are incredibly many types of similarities that can be identified. Most often, metaphors arise as a result of the similarity of objects in shape, size, color, sound, location, function, degree of value, degree of mobility, degree of density,the nature of the impression made on our senses and many other characteristics.Moreover, one metaphor can contain several features at once. Precisely due to X cognitive metaphors can create interesting multifaceted images, create intriguing and attention-grabbing headlines for articles, captivating the reader with word games.It should be borne in mind that although metaphor is in constant interaction with comparison, it differs from it in that it indicates a constant featuresubject, while comparison can draw attention to both a permanent and a temporary feature. The connection between metaphor and subject O m is constant and straight. This helped this trope become a specific linguistic technique for transforming meanings, as a result of which the metaphorized word no longer appears in a sentence as a sign of the class of objects it names. Metaphor penetrates the sphere of semantics and this distinguishes it from metamorphosis, which is not capable of generating new meanings.

Considering metaphors from the point of view of the degree of prevalence and imagery, L. I. Rakhmanova and V. N. Suzdaltseva identify five groups of metaphors. The mostcommon metaphors can be described as general linguistic and dry , that is, metaphors-names, the imagery of which is absolutely not is felt today. Allegorical, figurative, pictorial designations of objects, phenomena, signs, actions can be combined into the second group -commonly used (or common linguistic) figurativemetaphors. The tropes of this group are characteristic words that are widely used in both written and oral speech.The authors highlight in a separate categorygeneral poetic figurativemetaphors, the main difference of which is that they are more characteristic of artistic - poetic and prosaic - speech.In explanatory dictionaries, these meanings of words are often marked with the mark trans. or poet. The fourth group includes metaphors that are actively used in means mass media and are not characteristic, as a rule, of ordinary everyday speech or language fiction- This general newspaper metaphors. It is these metaphors that will be given much attention in this work. "Some of the general newspaper metaphors are reflected in modern explanatory dictionaries, although they are not always qualified in the same way: some are marked publ. (public) , others - litters book or high. and sometimes left without any litter» . The last group in this classification are individual metaphors are unusual figurative use since catches of this or that author, which have not become national or general literary (or general newspaper) property.It should be noted that it is the author’s metaphors that are of particular interest for the study. They can only be recorded ina dictionary of the language of a particular writer, poet, for example, in the “Dictionary of the Pushkin Language”.

L. I. Rakhmanova and V. N. SuzdaltsevaThey also propose a division of metaphors according to thematic criteria, which can be considered a variation of the above methods.

Before moving on to considering the selected examples, it is worth noting another important function of metaphor in addition to meaning production - the expressive-evaluative function. Numerous metaphors whose meaning has nothing to do with the assessment, but also Among the metaphorical expressions there are many thatwhich contain evaluative meanings. Such uh expressive n o-evaluative , or emotively colored new metaphors have more its complex construction compared toother linguistic metaphors And : " The possibility of occurrence is estimated directly the main meaning of metaphorization is related to the very nature of metaphor... H In order for emotiveness to be effective, that is, to evoke in the recipient of the metaphor an emotional attitude towards its signified, it is necessary to preserve psychological tension in the metaphor, namely -awareness of the “duality” of her plans and the transparency of the image, which in fact evokes one or another emotional attitude”. Typically, an expressive-evaluative metaphor is based on some stereotypical (or standard) figurative-associative complex for a given national-cultural collective.

A metaphor often contains an accurate and vivid description of a person. This is a verdict, but not a judicial one. This is exactly how she is perceived. No reference to misclassification weakens the power of the metaphor. Ivan Ivanovich Pererepenko, when he was called a gander, vainly referred to his nobility, recorded in the registry register, while a gander cannot be recorded in the registry register. Swear words and insultsstriking words (scoundrel, fool) do not stick to a person as firmly as a metaphorical image: the fact that Ivan Ivanovich himself called his friend a fool was immediately forgotten.

The evaluative function of metaphor is actively used by journalists.Metaphors allow you to create bright, memorable headlines and accurately characterize an event or hero. Certainly,what kind of metaphors are used by the authors, in many ways depends from the specialization, the audience to which the media is aimed. Below we will look atwhat metaphors are typical for the socio-political newspaper “Izvestia”.

2.2. Practical part. Consideration of examples

In the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova about the title says that this"Name any work (literary, musical), or a section of its parts» , as the title of a literary work, V revealing its content to one degree or another.In the famous dictionary V.I. Dahl's title is defined somewhatwider - like an output sheet, first th a sheet of book or essay, where it is indicatedits name. The title also denotes the name of the department, chapter of the book, and in business papers the designation at the beginning of the sheet of the department, place A , from where and where the paper goes. This is a broad concept of a title.

A newspaper headline has its own specifics; it reflects characteristics newspapers. Many newspaper headlines in short, in a compressed form reflect the essence of the events taking place. The main, deep and invaluable source for headlines is life itself. You need to choose the most striking, convincing and interesting This present. To create such a headline, journalists can use all known lexical and syntactic means of expression. The title can use proverbs, sayings, phraseological units, names of famous songs, films, plays, quotes from these works, colloquial elements, various phonetic and morphological means.But don't forget thatThe headline is the face of the newspaper, and therefore, for the sake of a catchy title, one cannot sacrifice the connection between the text and its title, which is quite common. For example, the title of an article about the first forum of scientific and creative intelligentsia of the CIS countries “Intellectuals don’t cry over their hair”(“Izvestia” 04/17/2006), of course, attracts attention and contains a semantic play, but does not reflect the essence of the text, leaving the reader ultimately perplexed.Having delved into the text, the reader will understand that the reason for this name was a proverb said by Putin: “having taken off your head, you don’t cry for your hair,” which in no way reflects the main idea of ​​the text. Unfortunately, the headline told the reader only what struck the journalist’s imagination the most.

In the sea of ​​press, the reader will fix his gaze on the one that interests himtitle. Some will be attracted by catchy headlines with little-used jargon, some by ambiguous and promising headlines built on the ambiguity of words, others by simple, serious and informative titles. Everyone will choose a publication to their liking.

One of the most popular printed publications is the Izvestia newspaper, its Friday issue is especially interesting. IN published in the newspaperthe most interesting articles of the week, main events of the country, news from abroad. Friday editionilluminates literally all areas of life. He talks practically about everything: about political news, about shows- business, about sports, about culture, about the latest in fashion, cinema, about the development of technology and about many other things.

"Izvestia", according to journalism researcher L.L. Resnyanskaya, are distinguished by their immeasurable detachment, emphasizing the role of an observer of the events of political life: “Even in “Saturday feuilleton” by M. Sokolov, strongly made up and dressed under the ironic narrator, no articulated assessments are found. The assessment is more evident in the headlines. In Izvestia there is a discrepancy between the title and the content of the material, although such a discrepancy is often found in other publications. The argumentation of the assessments within the text is very weak. One gets the feeling that the newspaper strives to be radically impartial. Due to such an accentuated objectification of the presentation of information, the persuasiveness of the argument disappears.”. Despite a rather critical assessment of the nature of the publication by L. L. Resn yan skaya, many journalists, among whom, for example, Matvey Yuryevich Ganopolsky, consider Izvestia one of the best newspapers today and appreciate her precisely for objectivity. Everyone will find something interesting for themselves in this newspaper. But first all people read the title.

According to Yu. M. Lotman (“Inside thinking worlds: Man – text – semiosphere – history”) , the relationship between the text and the audience is characterized by mutual activity: the text seeks to liken the audience to itself, to impose its own system of codes on it, and the audience responds in kind. Text seems to include the image " his " ideal audience. Thus, the use of metaphor (like any other trope) depends on the structures of codes that form the semiotic identities of the author and the intended interpreter (reader). These semiotic personalities are not identical, and therefore the author, focusing on the recipient, recodes his original thought in accordance with his interpretation of the potential reader’s code system. Such recoding turns out to be most accurate from the point of view of the expected reaction of the recipient if it is targeted - when the author has a fairly good idea of ​​the system of texts, myths, subculture, tradition to which the recipient belongs. The absolute accuracy of such recoding is impossible even in the case of a personal letter to a well-known person, and even more so in the case of the media, when the text is addressed to macrogroups, entire subcultures. But more or less unambiguous interpretative codesTraditions are still inherent. In contact with the author's code, the codes of tradition come to life, updating previously hidden semantic potentials.

Newspaper headings provide additional mental operations for the reader,among which are such asrestoration of any missing level (due to incomplete syntactic construction And), extraction additional information taking into account the context,background and pragmatic knowledge,determination of the potentialities of an utterance unrealized in a given text, identification" back meaning " .

« To understand a metaphor means to unravel which of the properties of the designated object are highlighted in it and how they are supported due to the associative complex implied by the main and auxiliary objects metaphors. Ambiguity of readings is present in the metaphor, since its main object is hidden behind the auxiliary, but both of them ultimately form a single alloy - a new meaning» .

I would like to begin to “unravel” the metaphors found in the headlines of the Izvestia newspaper, noting that the selected examples can beconsider in groups.

First of all, I would like to consider the most interesting examples that appeared on the pages of the Izvestia newspapers. These include the following dexterous:

“Hit the pumpkin.

Moscow schoolchildren were banned from celebrating Halloween"(Izvestia" 30.1 1.2005).

In this title the word" pumpkin " implies two meanings. First - “garden, melon plant with large round and oval edible fruits, as well as the fruit itself» . Conceptual meaning recorded in dictionary eat , acquires numerous connotations - additional, semantic and evaluative shades, which are not always reflected in dictionaries, but which are unmistakably recognized by all speakersof this speech culture.The language game is given title is created due to the fact that in modern colloquial speech A common expression is “to hit the pumpkin,” meaning “to hit you on the head.”

The headline “The alcohol market has split into pieces” (Izvestia, 12/27/2005) is also interesting. IN in this example as the meaning of “to be divided into parts by being struck by something sharp or piercing”, so is the meaning " to divide, to lose unity due to disagreement", which is marked with marks trans. and publ. , clearly expressed. These are the headlines that grab the reader's attention because they contain ambiguity.and understatement, which the reader becomes interested in understanding, and for this he needs to read the material.

In the vocabulary of journalism, there is a tendency to use metaphors of certain thematic categories.Dividing the examples according to the topics in which they are used in the newspaper, you can find that this type of trope is most often found in articles on economic, political and social topics.

For example, such a headline in the social issues section “The consumer basket has risen sharply in price” (“Izvestia” 02/08/2006)reminds us that metaphor often acts as a supplier of new terms. A basket, as defined in the explanatory dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov, is a wicker product that serves as a container for something, for example, for storing and packaging things. In this context, according to the explanatory dictionary edited by G. N. Sklyarevskaya, a basket denotes a set of goods and services necessary to satisfy the physical and social needs of a person, as well as the assessment of this set in current prices. Having arisen as a result of metaphorization, the phrase “ consumer basket“has long become a stable expression.

Using the following example can be traced like using metaphorical transfer of meaning from one word to another into vocabulary, politically charged, pop ad words , characteristic e for other areas:Gazprom will revive Zenit (Izvestia 12/23/2005). The word "reanimate" referring to"medical" vocabulary in Russian , borrowed from Latin language and literally means “to revive the body; restore fading or recently extinguished vital functions of the body". Obviously, in this title, this word is used figuratively based on functional similarity.

A lot of metaphors based on similarity in the degree of mobility, in function, are used in the titles of materials devoted to economicquestions. These are the so-called general linguistic dry metaphors, which have become a kind of linguistic cliches:

“Georgia and Armenia were cut off from Russian gas” (“Izvestia” 01/23/2006);

“Business is thriving in Moscow in the cold” (“Izvestia” 01/23/2006);

“The London Stock Exchange has come to Moscow” (“Izvestia” 02/08/2006);

“Russia has demonstrated to the world its financial purity” (“Izvestia” 02/06/2006);

“Russian gas will reach Jerusalem” (“Izvestia” 02/06/2006);

“Gas prices can be set free” (Izvestia, November 30, 2005);

“Gasoline prices will freeze until spring” (“Izvestia” November 30, 2005);

“Russia will measure its strength with OPEC (“Izvestia” 01.11.2005);

“Moderate optimism reigns in the market” (“Izvestia” 12/14/2005);

"Gazprom became a pioneer"(“Izvestia” 12/19/2005).

In these examples, particularly interesting word game not visible, and therefore the metaphors used in them do not need detailed commentary, but use evengeneral linguistic dry or commonly used figurative metaphorsadd dynamism to the newsreflecting the rapidity of developments, thereby attracting the reader's attention.

Having found exactly the right word, journalist maybe quite successfully beat the topic of the material in its title, using only a general linguistic metaphor, and conquer reader's attention. For example, the title becomes very bright"Sberbank shares and " Aeroflot "took off" (“Izvestia” 01/12/2006) due to the dry metaphor “they took off "(direct meaning - having risen, fly), used in context with the name of the airline.

Nowadays in newspaper speech there is an interaction between book and colloquial variants literary language, as well as the strong influence of vernacular and jargon on the language of the media. Recently in the media as metaphors vocabulary that was previously unacceptable in the language of the media is increasingly being used: youth slang, criminal slang, prosespoken words, vocabulary of others " lower "levels of language. An example of this is the header“The dollar has crashed, but there is no need to panic” (“Izvestia” 01/11/2006). Even the direct value of g lagol a “to crash” - to fall with noise, used here in a figurative sense, has the mark decomposition V explanatory dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov. Such " respectable» newspapers like Izvestia, designed for a more educated reader, colloquial words appear as something unexpected.A similar example is the headline“The stock market exploded"("Izvestia" 04/12/2006), where the word “rushed” is used in a figurative sense “to move sharply or start quickly”and marked in the dictionary decomposition This title also attracts the reader’s attention by the fact that exactly what meaning the author intends in this case becomes clear only from the further text: “Yesterday, everyone expected another impressive record from the stock market… But there was no record - stockthe market took a break before the next breakthrough.” It should be noted that the material, like the title, is full of metaphors.

The stylistic contrast with the surrounding neutral vocabulary increases their expressiveness in the eyes of the reader. P falling into the texts of the so-called “ quality" newspapers, everyday words find themselves in an environment alien to them- on Against the background of a neutral literary language, they retain the attention of readers, add color to the text, and contribute to the transmission of evaluative information.Another proof of this isno need for comment title using spoken word“Yuri Dolgoruky “pretended” to be Santa Claus” (“Izvestia” 12/27/2005).This is a consequence of a conscious shift in style, the need for which is dictated by the new situation in society.

Despite the neutrality of most headlines, which is explained by the publication’s desire for objectivity, the newspaper also contains headlineswith expressive-ovalue metaphors. For example, in the title“The budget will be washed clean of oil” (“Izvestia” 04/04/2006) is clearly expressed negative attitude the author to what is being described.Such a headline, before reading the newspaper material, prepares the reader to perceive the ideological meaning of the publication; it is immediately understood in a certain way.Although in the literal sense the verb to wash means “1. Wash to clean (from dirt, impurities). 2. Remove something from something by washing» , V modern language The combination “to launder/launder (dirty) money” has been established, meaning the illegal legalization of income received by investing it in industry, making contributions to charitable purposes, etc. From the subtitle, the journalist’s position becomes clear: “Russia’s budget will soon be laid out in a new way - without taking into account “oil” revenues. This means that in the main financial document of the country every year there will be a gaping “hole” in the form of a deficit. And revenues from oil sales will go to a separate fund to cover this deficit.”Of course, you can feel the subjective opinion of the author, his view and attitude towards what is written. Ideological meaning such a header is interpreted twice: first time - before familiarization with the text, the reader perceives the title, tunes in to certain information, dying your attitude to the event, and the second– after reading the material.As an independent speech unit the the title can be perceived as an assessment.Evaluation is the transfer of the subjective plan of speech. The subjective plan is created using emotional and expressive means. Evaluative statements are associated with the sphere of human feelings, and main feature feelings - their vagueness. That is why metaphors that well express the subjective attitude of the speaker (writer) to the subject of speech are often used as assessments. The properties underlying the metaphor are filled with extra-linguistic associations of colloquial speech, which reflects the emotional reaction of a person.

Title forms in the reader a certain attitude towards the event. The title influences the reader, convinces him through the facts (presented in the title) and through the author’s assessment of these facts.

Often, quotation marks serve as a signal that a metaphor is used in a title, only if they do not indicate a quotation. So, for example, in the title“Alexey Kudrin will charge the G8 with energy” (“Izvestia” 02/07/2006)Several “micro-images” were used at once, one of whichindicated by quotation marks. “Big Eight” is a stable combination that appeared as a result of metaphorization, meaning cooperation senior managerseight most economically developed countries, as noted in the explanatory dictionary edited by G.N. Sklyarevskaya. The expression “energizes” in this context also takes on many different meanings. Firstly, S.I. Ozhegov notes in his dictionary,"charge" in the meaning of “to convey a certain supply of energy, to cheer up” has a figurative meaning and is characteristic of colloquial speech. IN secondly, this combination becomes polysemantic because the article says thatfinance ministers of the most developed countries in the worldmeet on the issue of energy security, as well as inIn the future system, Russia assigns itself the role of a world energy leader.Thus, due to the successful selection of words, the title acquires many meanings and becomes attractive to the reader.It's interesting to comparethis example with the title "Big Three" conquered Russia» (“Izvestia” 04/28/2006), where the journalist builds play of meanings, finding similarities to create a metaphor between the Big Eight and the leaders of consumer preferences - in and other direct-to-consumer companies: Nemiroff, Absolut and Smirnoff. The author manages to make such a comparison due to connotations, that is, those associations , which a native speaker associates with a given word. The evaluative nature of a linguistic unit is often the result of such connotative meaning, and not of its basic semantics. Connotation, without entering directly into the lexical meaning of a word, simultaneously gives the reader a certain evaluative image of the described object and thereby contributes to e t effectively conveying assessments without the use of special evaluative words and expressions, and therefore influencing the readership.

Bright for others An example of the use of metaphor is the title “Black caviar will be removed from the “black” market.”(“Izvestia” 01/10/2006). Interest in this title is growing Not only thanks to adjective "black" ", which according to Ozhegov’s dictionary has seven meanings,used herefiguratively« criminal, malicious», having a contemptuous connotation, but the author is also in the same sentencecompares with itAnother meaning of this word is the meaning of color.

The headline “Gasoline will be kept in suspense”(“Izvestia” 04/17/2006) The journalist deliberately puts the metaphor “in tension” in quotation marks in order to immediately cut off the unnecessary meanings of this ambiguous word. From the text: “ The government continues to influence oil workers so that they do not increase gasoline prices" - it becomes clear what is here based on functional similarity to the wordthe meaning of “making efforts, increasing activity” is transferred.

You can find in the newspaperdifferent signs of metaphors.Not the best metaphorpicked up by the journalist in the headline“When phones lose weight” in price("News" 10.02.2006) . The word “lose weight”, meaning “to become thin, skinny”, when transferred to an economic text, takes on a new meaning,there is a violation of semantic connections, and because of thistitle of the textturns out less bright than it could have been if the journalist had chosen a more appropriate word.

Confirmation that in the newspaper headlines of Izvestia, words are often used to replace words such as reduction, abbreviation,more typical for the medical environment, the title serves“The capital is on an energy diet” (“Izvestia” 01/19/2006). Moreover, this reflects not only the meaning of “a certain diet and diet”, borrowed from the Greek [ diaitalifestyle, regime], but also the meaning of “daily or monthly allowance received by members of parliament in some countries”, whichroots go back to the Latin word [lat.diesday].

The headlines of articles on political topics are no less rich in metaphors.

For example, in the title “The US Administration “buried” Fidel Castro”(“Izvestia” 04/04/2006) the verb “to bury” is used in a figurative meaning, which the journalist emphasizes by putting this word in quotation marks. The word "bury"with littertransfer. , interpreted by S. I. Ozhegov as« consigned to oblivion, considered obsolete» , has a negative connotation and thus immediately forms in the reader a certain attitude towards the event, aboutwhichhe learns from the further text: “Cuban leader Fidel Castro has no more than four years to live. This is the conclusion of American experts, voiced by an anonymous representative of the George W. Bush administration in an interview with the magazineU. S. newsandWorldreport».

Headlines of political materials often use stylistically charged words as metaphors.It is impossible not to note the large numberborrowings, used by journalists to attractattention to the article. Borrowings from in English can rightfully be considered the most striking feature of Russian journalism in the second half of the 90s.

One striking example is the title“The authorities have compiled a price list for Moscow schoolsnikov" (“Izvestia” 01/12/1006), where the word “price list”, borrowed from English, is used in a figurative sense. In the literal sense, as noted in the explanatory dictionary of linguistic changes of the twentieth century, this noun, equipped with the markspecialist., means a list of prices for all goods (including shares, securities) and services provided by any organization, firm,enterprise, etc.

In the example“False start of the Prime Minister’s resignation” (“Izvestia” 02.14.2006) authorfiguratively uses the word “false start”, literally – an incorrect start, borrowed from English and usually used in sports. Anothera similar example of borrowing words from sports vocabulary is “January Records” (“Izvestia” 02/15/2006).The text says thatMutual funds were not ready for the influx of clients. The use of chess terms is also popular, for example, “Spanish Gambit” (“Izvestia” 02/08/2006). Initially, a gambit means the beginning of a chess game in which a piece or pawn is sacrificed in order to quickly go on the attack.. In the article, the correspondent says that Putinthe day beforevisit to Madrid, he promised Spanish journalists to find out why Khodorkovsky was being kept in a punishment cell.Words from sports vocabulary bring dynamism and a competitive nature to political texts, captivating the reader.

Journalists draw many metaphors from vocabulary related to cooking:

"The Liberal's Cookbook"

A manual on conducting street protests has been published."(“Izvestia” 01/13/2006);

"Recipe for hazing" - a high self-evaluation"(Izvestia" 01/30/2006).

Now we can observe how terms, by transferring meaning based on some similaritymove into the category of words constantly used in journalism. Such examples include the word “vector”.

“This is a vector of action for society and the army” (“Izvestia” 02/01/2006)

“American vector of Azerbaijani policy” (“Izvestia” 04/24/2006)

In S.I. Ozhegov’s dictionary this word is defined as a special word - “a mathematical quantity depicted by a straight segment, characterized by a numerical value and direction”. In the explanatory dictionary edited by G. N. Sklyarevskoy this noun is marked with a markpubl.Anddeciphered as “about the ideological orientation of something, ideological orientation in something”.

Also, you can notice that oftenturning to the vocabulary of that iland andnew thematic seriesconnectionbut to a large extent with events, problems, phenomena that are in the spotlight of society in this moment, which occupy a significant place in the life of society, with the attitudesociety to certain phenomena and problems. A lot of material this winter was devoted to two main topics: bird flu and the Olympics.

Thus, in the headlines of materials devoted to sports and especially the Olympics, journalists often use the words, Withwarlike military themes:

“Russia intends to win 25 medals at the Olympics” (“Izvestia” 02/03/2006);

“The Russians have reserved a springboard for victories at the Olympics” (“Izvestia” 01.11.2005);

“The Premier League spared the foreign players” (“Izvestia” 02.11.2005);

“The Dynamo legionnaire went AWOL” (“Izvestia” 02/08/2006);

“Russian youth rolled out the Swedes” (“Izvestia” 12/28/2005);

“Swimmers will forge a winning mentality in Switzerland”(“Izvestia” December 27, 2005);

“Russian women fired back with golden bullets” (“Izvestia” 02/14/2006).

A large number of metaphors gave rise to the material from which the medals for the winners are made. Journalists, using the figurative meanings of these ambiguous words, created remarkable titles for their texts, telling about the achievements of athletes at the Olympics in Turin. This is evidenced by both the previous example and the subsequent ones:

“The standard bearer Dorofeev reached the silver” (Izvestia, 02/14/2006);

“You are our golden one!” (“Izvestia” 02/15/2006).

In the materials devoted to the problem of bird flu, there was also a play on the polysemic adjective “golden”:

"Ourchickens lay golden eggs

Despite bird flu, poultry farmers' incomes have increased by 90 percent."(“Izvestia” 06.12.2005);

"The dead crow lays golden eggs

The loud statement of the chief state sanitary doctor of Russia Gennady Onishchenko about the upcoming shooting of crows and vaccination of the entire population of wild birds in large Russian cities shocked Moscow veterinary services and scientists. According to experts, the vaccination of wild birds, which no one can control, promises millions in profits for private companies that work under state sanitary services, as well as for manufacturers of avian flu vaccines. And the extermination of crows is not only senseless, but also dangerous - about which the sanitary doctor is ready to arguenAny ornithologist can tell you about it.”(“Izvestia” 03/16/2006).

In these examples, as is clear from the subheadings, the authors play on a “micro-image” taken from a fairy tale, and now given the meaning “profit”.

The author's ironic attitude towards what is happening is felt in the metaphorical title“The chicken is coming out of its crisis dive" The journalist achieves a comic effect by using specialized word"peak" in figurativesense, placing it next to the word “chicken” - a bird that cannot fly. The author’s position is explained by the content of the material:« Importers of chicken meat proposed to the Ministry of Agriculture to reduce the supply of raw materials from abroad by a third in order for the domestic poultry industry to survive. But this will not make it any easier for the average buyer.… Wholesale pricesgrew upfor chicken by more than 20%"(Izvestia" 04/13/2006).

Some titles devoted to this topic were made using common language dry metaphors:

“Bird flu has taken hold of people” (“Izvestia” 01/10/2006).

For the vocabulary of articles telling about cultural news, show business, introducing gossip columns, characterized by metaphorical transfers based on similarity in the degree of mobility, in the degree of value, function:

“Russian beau monde rocks” Courchevele" (“Izvestia” 01/10/2006);

“The billionaire was shot with champagne” (“Izvestia” 01/10/2006);

“Chaif” brought the Moscow public to a boil” (“Izvestia” 02/07/2006);

“Stars are falling” (“Izvestia” 01/12/2006);

“Chinese porcelain will beat Aivazovsky” (“Izvestia” 03/02/2006);

“Faberge will compete with Monet and Matisse”(“Izvestia” 02.11.2005).

Such metaphors give headlines life; with the help of them, the journalist sets a certain mood for the reader.

Found in cultural news and headlines usinggeneral poetic figurative metaphors.“Singer of spiritual departures” (“Izvestia” 04/11/2006) is called a review of new book Grishkovets.

Particularly successful examples in this thematic section include the title"The naked truth of art” (“Izvestia” 04/04/2006), where the author plays on three meanings of the word “naked”: “having no clothes on, naked”, and “given by itself, without additions, without embellishment”, and “pure, without all sorts of impurities” - all the meanings associatively pop up in the reader’s head when he sees this heading. The title of the article itself deciphers: “Conceptual Erotic Theater by Kirill Ganin stood up for students all over the world. The other day, theatergoers in the capital got acquainted with the next premiere of the only “naked” theater in all of Moscow.».

Overall, a metaphorfound everywhere. In ordinary coherent speech, we will not find even three sentences in a row that do not contain a metaphor. Even in the strict language of the exact sciences, one can do without metaphor only at the cost of great effort: in order to avoid metaphors, one must first detect them.The headlines of Izvestia are simply replete with metaphors, although most of them are rather dry:

"The Decline of CDs

CDgive wayflash» ("News" 05. 12.2005) ;

“Sergei Ivanov looked “beyond the horizon” (“Izvestia” 02/07/2006);

“New horizons in the quality and speed of telecommunications” (“Izvestia” 02.12.2006) ;

“The Olympic capital is suffocating in traffic jams” (“Izvestia” 01/24/2006);

“The third coming of the “high-speed highway” (“Izvestia” 01.11.2005);

“Werewolves with and without shoulder straps” (“Izvestia” 01.11.2005);

“Kindergartens are rising in price” (“Izvestia” 01/19/2006);

“By 2010, the average flow rate will increase.

Russian road workers are switching to new principles of work"(Izvestia" 01/24/2006);

“Frosts are coming to Moscow again” (“Izvestia” 01/31/2006);

“Telephonization of the country has stumbled over Cor.yakiyu” (“Izvestia” December 28, 2005);

“Vodka did not return from vacation” (“Izvestia” 01/12/2006).

In newspaper headlines one can also find a reflection of the transition of specialized vocabulary into journalistic vocabulary and vice versa:

“Man is the focus of telecommunications” (“Izvestia” 12/27/2005)– an example of the transition of a term to journalistic vocabulary;

"Carefully! Computer worm" (Izvestia 02/01/2006)– an example of the origin of the term (worm – virus);

Two-thirds of Russians are ready to “get sick”(“Izvestia” 02/01/2006);

“Kirilenko denied the doctors’ forecasts» (“Izvestia” 12/01/2005).

You can see in the pressand the formation of an “identifying” metaphor, constituting a nomination resource, and not a way of nuanced meaning:

"Disappearing green"

Multi-colored $10 bills coming in March 2006"(“Izvestia” 05.12.2005);

“Fraudsters have learned to beat “one-armed bandits” (“Izvestia” 02/09/2006);

“Werewolves with and without shoulder straps” (“Izvestia” 01.11.2005).

This is where I would like to complete the analysis of metaphors used in the headlines of the Izvestia newspaper.. Leftsummarizeand the work done, understand the use of which metaphors are typical for the Izvestia newspaper, find out, what this is connected with, what influences the choice of such metaphors. The examples considered make it possible to get a complete pictureon the role of metaphors in headlines.

3. Conclusion

Examples of the use of metaphors in the headlines of the Izvestia newspaper confirm the importance of metaphor in language.Researchers have long paid attention to the ability of metaphor to suggest and interpret. Metaphor can be considered a tool for understanding reality, since many operations for processing knowledge are associated with it: their assimilation, transformation, storage, transmission. The purpose of the title isgive initial information about the text.The informative capabilities of the title are quite large.The title can indicate the topic and evaluate the material presented. But the main function of a headline in the modern press is to attract the reader's attention.for publication. A wide variety of metaphors are used for this, but we can note the main trends in journalism that are characteristic of both the Izvestia newspaper and the “quality” press in general.Metaphors are most often used ininformative-tropical headings thatcombine the desire for a designation of its topic that is adequate to the meaning of the text, on the one hand, and on the other– wishsome artistic name for the problem under consideration.Since “serious” publications strive for objectivity, they are dominated by emotionally neutral metaphors or metaphors that have a very subtle hint of the author’s position.Texts on political, economic and social topics are especially replete with metaphors.The use of scientific terms as metaphors is typical. In materials about sportsoften words used in military topics are chosen for metaphors,and political articles rarely avoid “sports” vocabulary.Many borrowed words are used figuratively in newspaper headlines.Often the title plays on the polysemy of the word, creating some ambiguity. The word is used not in a literal, but in a figurative sense. The author's imagination is not limited.Journalists are tryingmaximumuse figurative wordsand a figurative word is a word, content, the meaning of which in the context of the whole work is not exhausted by its ordinary linguistic meaning.

Generally,oneof the main goals"quality" publications, whose interests are dominated by politics, sociology, economics, business, statistics, culture and similar areas,istargeted impact on the reader (who is simultaneously a voter, buyer, etc.) in terms of shaping his political preferences and consumer demand. ZheadersIzvestia newspapers shape people's right attitude To public life and specific cases, actualize problemsmodernity of interest to society (political, economic, philosophical, moral, cultural issues, etc.). ABOUTshowing its impact on the reader, the title not only provides orientation in these events, but also seeks to influence the reader’s opinion.And journalists use metaphor as a universal means to achieve this goal.In the approach to titles, their selection and evaluation, the moral position of the author is always revealed, which introduces an emotional element into the statements.

5. Listusedliterature

1.

2. Arutyunova N.D. Language metaphor. Linguistics and poetics. - M., 1979.

3. Newspaper "Izvestia". Numbers for the period from September 2005 to April 2006.

4. Dal V.AND. Dictionary living Great Russian language (modern spelling of words). Ed.« Citadel» , Moscow city,1998.

5 .

6 . Lotman Yu.M. Inside thinking worlds. Man - text - semiosphere - history. - M., 1996.

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8 . Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. Ed. 8th, stereotype. M., “Sov.Encyclopedia", 1970.

9 . Rakhmanova L. I., Suzdaltseva V. N. Modern Russian language. – M.: Aspect Press, 2003 (series “Classical University Textbook”).

10 . ResnyanSkaya L.L. Public dialogue and political culture of society: Textbook. –M.: Pulse, 2003 p. 36.

1 1 . Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1998.

1 2 . XXcenturies. – M.: Astrel: AST: Transitkniga, 2005.

1 3 .

1

Losev A.F. The problem of variable functioning of pictorial imagery in literature // Literature and painting: Collection of articles. - L., 1982.

Rakhmanova L. I., Suzdaltseva V. N. Modern Russian language. – M.: Aspect Press, 2003 (series “Classical University Textbook”). P. 40.

Anikina A. B. Figurative words in the text: Educational method. special course manual. M., Publishing house Mosk. Univ., 1985.With. 7.

“Microimage” is the minimum unit of speech imagery. The basis of a minimal speech image is a word with an objective, specific meaning. The minimal context is a phrase in which

actual meaning of the figurative word(Kozhina M.N.On the specifics of artistic and scientificspeechesin aspectfunctionalonflaxOth stylistics. Perm, 1966, p. 62-I58).

Arutyunova N.D. Language metaphor // Linguistics and poetics. - M., 1979. p. 170.

: The science, 1988. c. 26

Metaphor in language and text. M.:The science, 1988. c. 26

Arutyunova N.D. Language metaphor// Linguistics and poetics. - M.: The science, 2003 . With. 168

Rakhmanova L. I., Suzdaltseva V. N. Modern Russian language. – M.: Aspect Press, 2003 (series “Classical University Textbook”). P. 46.

Metaphor in language and text. M.: Nauka, 1988.With. 49

. With. 196.

ResnyanskayaL.L. Public dialogue and political culture of society: Textbook. –M.: Pulse, 2003 p. 36.

Metaphor in language and text. M.: Nauka, 1988.With. 48

Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. Ed. 8th, stereotype. M., “Sov. Encyclopedia", 1970. With. 804.

Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. Ed. 8th, stereotype. M., “Sov. Encyclopedia", 1970. With. 649.

Sklyarevskaya G.N. Explanatory dictionary of modern Russian language. End language changesXXcenturies. – M.: Astrel: AST: Transitkniga, 2005. p. 660.

Modern dictionary foreign words. – M.: Rus. Yaz., 1992. p.514.

Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. Ed. 8th, stereotype. M., “Sov. Encyclopedia", 1970. With. 662.

Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. Ed. 8th, stereotype. M., “Sov. Encyclopedia", 1970. With. 464.

Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. Ed. 8th, stereotype. M., “Sov. Encyclopedia", 1970. With. 68.

Sklyarevskaya G.N. Explanatory dictionary of modern Russian language. End language changesXXcenturies. – M.: Astrel: AST: Transitkniga, 2005. p. 112.

2.1 Metaphors in newspaper publications

The sphere of political language games, in theory, should be poor in metaphors, because the speech of a public politician to a large extent consists of commissive acts (election promises, etc.), the degree of subsequent implementation of which must be controlled. But, as soon as the center of gravity shifts to the emotional impact, which happens extremely often in political life (due to the low political, economic, etc. literacy of the electorate), the ban on metaphor is lifted. Thus, when in speech an ultimatum degenerates into a threat aimed at intimidation, it can be expressed metaphorically. The sphere of expression of emotions and emotional pressure introduces an element of artistry, and with it metaphor, into both everyday and political speech.

Various metaphorical models of political discourse are presented in the “Dictionary of Russian Political Metaphors” by A.N. Baranova and Yu.N. Karaulova (hereinafter referred to as SRPM). At the same time, not everyone has the “property” of insult and mockery. From the list of the most frequent metaphorical models, in accordance with the objectives of our research, we selected those where the object of metaphorical understanding is political leaders and leaders, as well as political life generally.

1. The concept of “theater”: politicians are actors, and political life is a theater, a game, a circus, an attraction. The metaphorical model actualizes the meaning of “unreal” life, a game intended for the viewer, and the insincerity of the characters in a political play.

(1) In the populist play “New Deal,” Gaidar prepared for himself a springboard to evade responsibility for everything he had done (Komsomolskaya Pravda. 1995. May 25).

(2) For more than 6 years, Gorbachev performed the trick of a sophisticated tightrope walker (Komsomolskaya Pravda. 1994. January 21).

2. The concept of “criminal world”: political leaders - punks, bosses, leaders, overseers, “Kremlin fathers”, fraters.

(3) A. Sobchak is the “godfather” of the city (SRPM, p. 281).

3. The concept of “unreal (infernal) world”: politicians are supernatural (evil) creatures (idols, devils, fallen angels, devils, false prophets, zombies).

(4) He (Yeltsin) seduced... the young Russian democracy. ...The devil in the flesh, and that's all. (SRPM, p.271).

(5) Ordinary “democratic” zombies... (SRPM, p.295).

4. Concept " animal world": politicians are predators, a herd.

(6) Other ignoramuses gather around him, like hungry piranhas around a piece of living meat (SRPM, p. 237).

5. The concept of “subject of power”: king, king, sovereign, royal person, nobleman.

(7) The king of perestroika is naked, dazzlingly naked, and the tailors who sew him a tail-coat pair are packing their suitcases (SRPM, p.253).

(8) Yeltsin wants... to sit as an appanage prince in Russia (SRPM, p.264).

6. Concept " sexual relations": politicians are prostitutes, sex bombs, sexual giants.

(9) Yeltsin, you are a political prostitute (SRPM, p.268).

(10) Get any plumber or driver out of bed at night and entrust him with organizing a coup d'etat - he will do everything much better than the sex bomb Yanaev (SRPM, p. 274).

7. The concept of “death”: leaders are political corpses.

(11) Not wanting to come to terms with the role of a political corpse, the former chairman of the Council of Ministers Ryzhkov agreed to play... a contender for the post of Russian president (SRPM, p. 272).

Thus, in the metaphorical models presented above, political life appears as a world of behind-the-scenes games, a world of criminal showdowns, inhuman relations, animal passions, and politicians - as typical representatives of this unreal world. Of course, the presented sample does not reflect all metaphorical models that have an “offensive” potential (for example, a politician is sick, a patient, etc.) - the most productive ones are demonstrated here.

A type of metaphor (if we understand metaphor in a broad sense) can be considered an allusion - a special technique of text formation, which consists in correlating the content of the text with a precedent fact, historical or literary.

(12) And Yeltsin, for the capture of the House of Soviets, for the copious blood of Russian people alien to the general, awarded him (Grachev) an order invented by Burbulis. And it shines on the rook’s chest as dazzlingly as the Order of Victory on the chest of Marshal Zhukov, received for the capture of fascist Berlin (New Time. 1993. June 16).

The illocutionary force of this statement lies in the accusation: Yeltsin rewarded the murderer. Allusion to historical fact built on the principle of a hidden antithesis: Zhukov took the enemy’s stronghold, and Grachev... the House of Soviets in his country. The perlocutionary effect - an insult - is enhanced by the lexical meaning of the word “put on” (negative connotation: put on without any reason) and the non-standard word-formation model “on the rook’s chest” (instead of Grachev’s or Grachev’s chest).

An allusion can be not only historical, but also literary. It is built on an associative connection with any literary work, character, episode.

(13) The Supreme Council fought Yeltsin according to certain rules proposed in the Constitution. When Boris Nikolaevich saw that he was being checkmated, he took this “chessboard” and fucked the one with whom he was playing on the head (Commercial News. 1994. March 28).

The text contains a clear allusion to the famous episode from the novel “The Twelve Chairs” that happened to the false grandmaster Ostap Bender. The allusion leads to the conclusion: the president does not play by the rules, cheats, and prefers to act from a position of strength. The image of Ostap Bender is repeatedly used in political discourse to expose dishonesty and uncleanliness.

(14) Having thought in your spare time about the fruits of your titanic labor in the field Russian economy and remembering the commandments of the famous literary hero- “the main thing in the profession of a thief is to get away on time,” E.T. Gaidar decided that it was time for him to “take his feet in his hands” (Omsk time. 1994. April 25)

metaphor politics language newspaper

Introduction 3
1. The role of metaphor in journalistic style 5
1.1 Features and functions of journalistic style 5
1.2 General characteristics and typology of metaphors 11
2. The use of metaphors in English-language media 20
2.1 Semantic classification 21
2.2 Structural classification 26
2.3 Cross-cutting metaphors 29
Conclusion 31
List of sources used 33
Sources of empirical material 34

Introduction

The life of society is constantly changing. The language serving this society quickly responds to any changes. Social transformations, as in a mirror, are reflected in language. The journalistic style, to a greater extent than all other styles of language, perceives these changes.
The journalistic style, as one of the functional styles of speech, has repeatedly attracted the attention of specialists, both domestic and foreign. In domestic linguistics these are the names of V.G. Kostomarova, V.V. Vinogradov, N.D. Arutyunova, V.P. Moskvina. Among foreign researchers, the names of Charles Bally, Francesca Rigotti, Michel Prandi and Patrick Bacri are significant.
The topic of our research is the role of metaphor in English-language media.
The relevance of the work is related to the need to record those changes that arise in the language of journalism, including at the level of use of means artistic expression.
The purpose of the work is to analyze the role of metaphor in English-language media based on newspaper articles.
This goal defines the following tasks:

characterize the features of journalistic style;
define the concept of metaphor and identify the types of this means of artistic expression;
analyze the use of metaphors in the media.

The object of our research is metaphor as a linguistic device.
The subject of the study is the functioning of such a stylistic device as metaphor in newspaper texts.
In our work we used the following methods: analysis of literature on the topic, description, lexical-semantic analysis, contextual analysis, frequency statistical analysis, generalization. We partially resorted to the continuous sampling method. To compare the features of the use of metaphor in different types print media, we used a comparative method.

2. The use of metaphors in English-language media

Obviously, both the number and types and functions of metaphors will vary depending on the specific media.
Let's look at a brief classification of newspapers and magazines. By territorial basis, the press is divided into:
- transnational newspapers. Distributed in several countries around the world. There are few such newspapers. The most famous is the English Financial Times;
- national (central) newspapers and magazines. Distributed throughout the country;
- magazines (generally popular and specialized);
- local (regional) publications. Distributed within a certain large populated area and adjacent territories;
- local newspapers. Distributed within one settlement or part thereof.
According to the content of newspapers and magazines there are:
- informational. Mainly contain editorial materials and belong to the traditional type of newspapers;
- advertising. In them, most of the publication is presented for advertising;
- Based on circulation (the total number of copies printed in the printing house), newspapers are divided into short-circulation (tens and hundreds of copies); large-circulation (from thousands to millions of copies). On average, it is believed that each issue of the newspaper is read by 3-4 people.
According to the frequency of publication, newspapers and magazines are:
- daily newspapers. Mainly focused on publishing news;
- weekly newspapers (often supplements to daily newspapers) and magazines. Review and comment on the events of the week. More attention is paid to news of culture, sports, and the entertainment industry;
- monthly magazines 12.
The British press is generally considered to be divided into two types of newspapers: broadsheet established newspapers, including established titles such as the Times and Sunday Observer, and the popular press, or tabloids. The idea of ​​tabloids is to make the newspaper convenient to read in city subway cars. Therefore, in order not to fill the reader’s head with serious thoughts, their pages were filled exclusively with criminal and scandalous chronicles. The Sun and Mirror newspapers, examples from which we will use, are called classics of their genre, i.e. a classic of the British tabloid press. We will also use examples from the English newspaper Guardian, which is a more serious publication that reviews socio-political phenomena 13 .
However, even as a preliminary hypothesis, based on the above classification, it can be assumed that the purposes and frequency of use of metaphors will vary depending on the type of publication.
Let's consider metaphors found in different types of print media and distribute them into groups depending on the type of metaphor. The division into groups will be based on semantic, structural and functional classifications.

2.1 Semantic classification

There are two subtypes here: classification according to the auxiliary subject and classification according to the formula for transferring meaning. Semantic classification allows you to highlight those images that lie on the surface of comparison, and therefore attract attention in the first place.
Thus, the auxiliary subject can be a metaphorical indication of the place of events. Consider this fragment of text from the Sun newspaper: 10 days of fury that left America near the brink of a racial civil war (
etc.................

USE OF METAPHORS IN NEWSPAPER TEXT (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE THEMATIC GROUP “MILITARY VOCABULARY”)

Chepeleva Maria Nikolaevna

1st year master's student, IMCIMO National Research University "BelSU", Belgorod

E-mail: dubro [email protected]

No one doubts the fact that the media play a huge role in modern society. The main types of media include the following types: printed publications, which include, first of all, newspapers and magazines; electronic media, such as online publications, radio, television.

A special feature of newspapers and magazines is that they have a significant influence on the reaction and opinion of people, on current events in the world and the country as a whole, making one or another impression on them, which is achieved through the emotionality of ideas, expressiveness of assessments, and the use of various means of artistic expression, including tropes.

One of the main areas of origin and the most common place of use of most language processes (lexical, word-formation, phraseological, etc.) is the journalistic style. This style has a significant impact on the development of the language norm as a whole. This emphasizes the need for its study, especially from the perspective of stylistic analysis.

Journalism (lat. publicare - “make it a common property, open to everyone” or “explain publicly, make public”) is a special type literary works, which highlight and explain current issues of socio-political life and raise moral issues. [Large Encyclopedic Dictionary: 4987] The specificity of this style lies in the fact that, thanks to mass use, it is here that new meanings are developed and linguistic means are formed to denote new phenomena in modern society.

Among the functions of the journalistic style are the following:

1) informational;

2) influencing;

3) popularization

Among the functions listed above, the main ones are influencing and informational.

The characteristic features of journalistic texts can be called the following: brightness of the image, relevance of the issue, imagery, political urgency, which is determined by the social purpose of the style. On the one hand, journalism has many similarities with artistic style, and on the other - colloquial. The difference is that works of fiction model the fictional world of artistic reality, generalizing reality, conveying it in specific, sensual images. The author of works of art creates typical images through the depiction of a specific thing, and the journalist explores the types common problems, specific and individual facts that are of secondary importance to him, which is associated with a different approach to seeing the world around him. The position of a journalist is the position of a person observing, thinking, evaluating.

A characteristic feature of the language of modern newspapers is the widespread use of metaphors related to military topics. The active use of metaphorical military vocabulary is most often found in materials devoted to socio-political, sports and economic issues.

Among metaphorized military terms, nouns and verbs are used in most cases: weapons, war, defense, landing, attack, blitzkrieg, fight, attack, charge, etc.

Thus, the figurative use of the word blitzkrieg arose under the influence of the thematically close traditional metaphor of offensive:

“... I must give up the temptation of some kind of blitzkrieg, a lightning-fast entry into the history of cinema” [Soviet Sport - 10/21/2011].

“Everyone is counting on a kind of religious blitzkrieg” [KP.-05/23/2013].

Having studied various examples, we noticed that thematic series are constantly developing, replenished, and in motion. Metaphors may experience changes in semantics, lexical compatibility, expressive and stylistic coloring of words.

The most common form of expressing metaphors are two-term phrases built according to the model “nominative case of a noun + genitive case of a noun”:

"health landings" [Med. gas - 03/13/2012].

"war of rumors" [KP - 05/23/2013]

Attributive phrases “adjective + noun” are also popular. The prevalence of metaphors of this type is explained by the fact that the mechanism of metaphorization itself is most clearly revealed in them.

“...in stores in December there is always a pre-New Year’s rush” [Izvestia. - 01/29/2013].

“...used heavy financial artillery” [Soviet Sport. - 09/12/2012]

As the study shows, the figurative meaning of a word and its linguistic environment are not indifferent to each other. From this point of view, the most interesting are the immediate syntactic environment of the metaphor and its components such as adjectives and verbs.

Adjectives can help strengthen the lexical compatibility of metaphors with dependent nouns, for example in contexts:

“...even an explosion of anti-Russian sentiment is possible” [KP. - 09/17/2013].

Adjectives significantly clarify the main meaning of metaphors: undermining the company’s reputation and undermining the company’s business reputation [Izvestia. - 06/03/2014]. An army of fans and an army of Moscow fans [Soviet Sport. - 07/21/2013].

In some cases, the characterization of metaphors by adjectives is used to enhance the evaluative value of the metaphor. Wed: referee wars and malicious referee wars [Soviet Sport. - 09/12/2012]; war of words and a long war of words [KP.-09/17/2013].

The functions of verbs in metaphorical expressions also play an important role. The verb strengthens the compound syntactic construction, contributes to the lexical compatibility of the metaphor with the word being defined, enhancing the imagery of the metaphor and forming an expanded metaphor.

The Yabloko party threw its best forces, heavy artillery into battle" [Izvestia. - 01/29/2013]; "Giannini went mad and declared war on the workers [Izvestia. - 06/03/2014].

In newspaper publications, extended metaphors are often found, the number of links of which is more than 4 components:

“Having landed a second automobile landing in the west of the country last year, blitzkrieg reaching the Volga and luring large VAZ dealers in Togliatti to their side, this year the Chinese have flooded Moscow and are already setting up a camp on our western borders - the Kaliningrad Avtotor is in full swing with them negotiations on the assembly of a number of models. Of course, the battle for such a tasty piece of the domestic market by Chinese automakers has not yet been won" [Izvestia. – 06/03/2014].

An expanded metaphor gives the text a special evaluative expressiveness and is aimed at a certain reader resonance. Most of the metaphorical model discussed above consists of verbs and concepts that characterize active offensive military operations. A figurative and associative idea appears of Chinese manufacturers as enemies who started the war in Russia and are occupying its territories.

Having examined the structural classification of military metaphors, we came to the conclusion that in newspaper publications the most common forms are verbal and substantive metaphors, which are represented by binary phrases (i.e., a closed metaphor). Journalism is practically not characterized by “riddle-metaphors”, in which there is no defined word. Extended metaphors, in which the metaphorical image is realized in several sentences, give newspaper articles particular expressiveness, accuracy and expressiveness.

List of used literature:

1. Large encyclopedic dictionary. Linguistics / chief editor V.N. Yartseva. M.: Scientific. Publishing house "Bolshaya Ros. Encyclopedia", 2000.