If you require specific information, please contact information genres: note, report, interview, report.
Information note tells about where, when, what event happened, is happening, will happen. In the extended information, commentary parts are added, clarifying why, why, under what circumstances, and how exactly.
Reportage characterized by the presence of the author at the scene of the event. Modern reporting is often a mixed genre - informational and analytical, which combines descriptions of the active actions of a journalist to clarify the issue (interviews with eyewitnesses, participants in the event) and analysis of the problem.
Modern interview- multifunctional genre. It can be either informational (questions asked to an informed person about events), analytical (conversation about a problem) or journalistic (portrait interview).
If you are interested in analyzing current events, then you will read texts of analytical genres: conversation, article, correspondence, review, review.
Purpose analytical genres is the analysis by a journalist socially significant actual problem, the current state of affairs, events from the author’s point of view. The most common analytical genre is the problem article. It is characterized by logical presentation; it is based on reasoning, which is constructed as proof of the main thesis. An article can be either deductive reasoning - from the main thesis to evidence, or inductive reasoning - from premise to conclusion. Unlike reasoning in a scientific article, reasoning in a newspaper article is emotional in nature, its main goal is to influence the reader. Various episodes of events and mini-interviews can be used as factual evidence. The author expresses his opinion and evaluates what is happening.
To obtain a figurative, concrete sensory idea of a fact or problem, texts written in artistic and journalistic genre: sketch, essay, feuilleton, pamphlet.
Colloquial speech has the greatest influence on journalistic style, especially in the genres of radio and television journalism. This - oral journalism. Occupies a special place in journalism oratory speech. In it, the effort is made to persuade, i.e. There is not only logic, but also an impact on feelings, a call to action. Maximum proximity of the text to the interlocutor enhances its impact.
Therefore, in the journalistic style there is a large selection of means that help bring the author closer to the interlocutor. Addressing the interlocutor is especially typical for television programs. The author (presenter) tries to attract the attention of the audience and make them comprehend what is happening.
IN last years Significant changes have occurred in the genre system of journalism. So, it disappeared in almost all newspapers editorial. Essays and feuilletons have almost disappeared. began to occupy more space in the newspaper than before genre of investigative journalism. At the same time, genres based on dialogue are becoming popular: interviews, round tables, conversations, express interviews, allowing you to find out information and opinions “first hand”.
| Genres of written journalism | Definition |
| Essay | Usually the essay is autobiographical, personal, presents a view of the world, various phenomena, the author shows his value position through memories, diaries, and impressions. To convey personal perception and mastery of the world, the author of the essay selects analogies, draws on numerous examples, draws parallels, and uses all kinds of associations. The essay has its own style. He is characterized by imagery and aphorism. The essay uses a variety of vocabulary - from high to colloquial. Various means artistic expression: metaphors, allegorical and parable images, symbols, comparisons. |
| Feature article | The genre nature of the essay is determined by three principles - sociological, journalistic and figurative. The first two relate the essay to journalism, the third – to fiction. The sociological beginning of the essay lies in its focus on research public relations and problems in considering the social aspects of individual activity. The journalistic principle is manifested in reliance on facts, in openness, undisguised author’s position, in the directness of the expressed opinion and assessment. The artistic beginning of an essay is to create a figurative picture of reality in which situations, phenomena and characters are socially typified. The essay may include statistical data, documents, quotes, newsreel inserts, interviews, lyrical digressions, etc. The semantic and stylistic feature of the essay is the image of the author. The author leads the narrative, organizes the plot, and shapes the audience’s view of the events described. |
| Interview | Interview is a multifunctional genre. These can be texts of news journalism, i.e. a dialogical form of presenting a just-completed or current event. These can be analytical texts that present a dialogic discussion of the problem. All these works, which are far from each other in content (just as a note is far from an article), are united by only one thing - the form of dialogue conducted by a journalist with an informed person. |
| Feuilleton | The feuilleton combines three principles: journalistic (relevance, topicality, pronounced evaluation), artistic (use of figurative means from the arsenal of fiction) and satirical. The satirical beginning serves as a differentiating genre feature of the feuilleton. Its essence lies in comic allegory, to which all other elements of the genre are subordinated. The main task of the feuilleton as a satirical genre is to expose the negative facts of reality and their subsequent eradication from the life of society. The satirical orientation of the feuilleton determines the specificity of its use of linguistic means that create a comic effect: hyperbole (exaggeration), grotesque (distortion), fantastic, irony, litotes (understatement), parody. |
| Journalistic investigation | This is a difficult and dangerous analytical genre for a journalist, very common in the press, in which the author, on his own initiative, reveals the cause-and-effect relationships of “flagrant” events, and their participants deliberately hide facts and documents, trying to make them inaccessible. The subject of the investigation is phenomena, events that attract public attention: cases of corruption, political, economic, social and everyday crimes that are hidden from society. The purpose of the investigation is to reveal what is hidden, to expose it by providing undeniable evidence. |
| Reportage | A report is a message from the scene. A genre of journalism, the specificity of which is efficiency. In addition, this genre is characterized by impartial (without judgment) coverage of events and it is assumed that the reporter is an eyewitness or participant in what is being described. The author of the report is not necessarily the protagonist of the event, but he is always an active observer and commentator of the action. The events in the report are not staged (as is sometimes commonly thought), but are reproduced in their entirety. In other words, reportage is a genre that gives a visual representation of an event through the direct perception of the author - an eyewitness or participant in the event. |
Currently, the system of genres as a whole is characterized by the abolition of genre barriers and the emergence of hybrid genres.
The style of journalism and the press is a style of propaganda and agitation. The population is not only informed about current events in politics, public life, art, literature, science and technology, information is presented from a particular point of view to influence and persuade the reader. (Dronyaeva, 2004:33)
The main means of journalistic style are designed not only for message, information, logical proof, but also for the emotional impact on the listener (audience).
Characteristic features of journalistic works are the relevance of the issue, political passion and imagery, sharpness and vividness of presentation. They are determined by the social purpose of journalism - by reporting facts, forming public opinion, and actively influencing the mind and feelings of a person.
Each journalistic text belongs to a specific genre.
Informing citizens about the state of affairs in socially significant areas is accompanied in journalistic texts by the implementation of the second most important function of this style - the function of influence. The goal of the publicist is not only to talk about the state of affairs in society, but also to convince the audience of the need for a certain attitude towards the facts presented and the need for the desired behavior. Therefore, the journalistic style is characterized by open bias, polemicism, and emotionality (which is caused by the desire of the publicist to prove the correctness of his position).
It widely uses, in addition to neutral, high, solemn vocabulary and phraseology, emotionally charged words, the use of short sentences - chopped prose, verbless phrases, rhetorical questions, exclamations, repetitions.
The linguistic features of this style are affected by the breadth of the topic: there is a need to include special vocabulary that requires explanation. On the other hand, a number of topics are in the center of public attention, and vocabulary related to these topics takes on a journalistic connotation. (Brandes, 1990: 126)
As A. A. Tertychny notes, the concept of “genre” is constantly changing and becoming more complex, and different researchers offer their own “set” of genres. He himself calls the three main genre-forming factors the subject, the goal and the method of display, realized consciously or unconsciously by a specific
journalist in the process of creating a particular text. Taken together, three characteristics form a “type of reflection of reality,” and three types of journalistic texts correspond to three types—factual, research, and artistic research. In other words, these are the same informational, analytical and artistic-journalistic genres. (Tertychny, 2000: 144)
Each genre of journalism has its own display object. This is the area of reality that the author of the text explores.
A strict division into genres exists only in theory and, to a certain extent, in information materials. In general, genres tend to interpenetrate, and in practice the boundaries between them are often blurred.
Newspaper genres differ from each other in the method of literary presentation, style of presentation, composition, and even simply the number of lines. (Kadykova, 2004: 35)
Analytical genres are a wide canvas of facts that are interpreted, generalized, and serve as material for posing a specific problem and its comprehensive consideration and interpretation. Analytical genres include: correspondence, article, review.
Artistic and journalistic genres - here a specific documentary fact fades into the background. The main thing is the author’s impression of the fact, event, the author’s thought. The fact itself is typified. Its figurative interpretation is given. This includes an essay, feuilleton, pamphlet.
The significance of information genres is that they “act as the main carriers of operational information, allowing the audience to carry out a kind of constant monitoring of the most significant, interesting events in a particular area of reality.” (Tertychny, 2000: 145)
The purpose of information genres is to report a fact; the basis of differentiation in this group of genres is precisely the way of covering facts.
The journalist knows or intuitively comprehends the intended purpose of various genres and addresses them in accordance with the task he is solving. The wrong choice of the genre of his speech in the newspaper may prevent him from successfully completing the task received. (Gurevich, 2002: 127)
The concept of “reporting” arose in the first half of the 19th century and comes from the Latin word “reportare”, meaning “to convey”, “to report”. Initially, the reporting genre was represented by publications that informed the reader about the progress of court hearings, parliamentary debates, various meetings, etc. Later, this kind of “reporting” began to be called “reports.” And “reports” began to be called publications of a slightly different type, namely those that in their content and form are similar to modern Russian essays. The essay is the most typical genre for journalism, built according to the laws of drama and based on facts, it comes as close as possible to artistic genres. The depth of the author's understanding is a distinctive feature of the essay. He not only describes, comments or analyzes a fact, but also melts it into the creative consciousness of the author. The personality of the author is no less important in an essay than a fact or event. This includes a creative portrait.
The essence of the essay is largely predetermined by the fact that it combines reportage (visual-figurative) and research (analytical) principles. Moreover, the “expandedness” of the reportage principle is perceived as the predominance of the artistic method, while the author’s emphasis on analyzing the subject of the image and identifying its interrelations acts as the dominance of the research, theoretical method. Accordingly, in the course of their application, either a predominantly artistic or predominantly theoretical concept of the displayed object is created. And already within the framework of this or that concept, empirical facts are collected or “processed”. It is the lack of clarity of this circumstance for a long time served as the starting point for heated debates about whether to classify a newspaper (magazine) essay as a work of fiction or as a documentary-journalistic one.
Thus, outstanding Western reporters John Reed, Egon Erwin Kisch, Ernest Hemingway, Julius Fucik and others were, in our understanding, essayists rather than reporters. And now, when a European journalist says something about a report, he means what we call a feature story. It is Western essays, from the point of view of their “name,” that are the genetic predecessors and closest “relatives” of the current Russian reportage. This, of course, must be taken into account in the case of using the theoretical reflections of Western researchers in the domestic theory of reporting.
In modern Russian journalism theory, there is relative agreement in fundamental views on reporting. Practitioners who insist on the need to simplify formulations do not change the essence of these formulations. Reporting is interpreted by everyone as an information genre.
L.E. Krojczyk calls reportage, reports and interviews as genres of journalism “operational research texts”, where the interpretation of information comes to the fore. In these genres, “analysis is not an end in itself, but a naturally occurring result of the reproduced event or its commentary.” (Kroychik, 2005: 167)
He defines the genre as follows:
“Reporting is a journalistic genre that gives a visual representation of an event through the direct perception of the author - an eyewitness or participant in the event.” (Krojczyk, 2005: 170)
Krojcik also says that reporting is one of the most effective forms of journalism, since it combines the advantages of prompt transmission of information with its analysis. The core genre element in a report is a reflection of the event as it actually happened. Like any journalistic genre, reporting is characterized by a specific reproduction of time and space. He calls reporting a fabular genre: the basis of the narrative is a sequential description of the event. (Krojczyk, 2005: 170)
Shibaeva expresses the same opinion. In her article, she calls the subject of the report the course of the event. “We need to organize the collection of material in such a way as to be able to personally observe the event. Other ways of adding information are not excluded at all. It is useful to read something close to the topic. You can ask questions, reconstruct the course of the event based on eyewitness accounts. But as a result, the effect of presence should be created for the reader (the reader seems to see what is happening for himself).” (Shibaeva, 2005: 48)
Shibaeva calls subject, function and method genre-forming factors. The only difference from Tertychny’s formula is that the “goal” is replaced by the “function” of the genre. Other stable features of the genre are the scale of display of reality and stylistic features. “The constancy of connections between a certain subject, function and method provides the very stability of form that makes the genre recognizable even when comparing works written by different authors from different countries and different times." The subject is treated in the article as a theme, the function as a creative task facing the journalist. (Shibaeva, 2005)
Kadykova writes: “A report is a visual representation of a particular event through the direct perception of an eyewitness journalist or actor. The report combines elements of all information genres (narration, direct speech, colorful digression, characterization, historical digression, etc.). It is advisable to illustrate the report with photographs. Reporting can be: event-based, thematic, staged.” (Kadykova, 2007: 36)
E.V. Rosen is of the following opinion: “The report describes with documentary precision the events, the author’s meetings with people, his personal impressions of what he saw. In the hands of a talented journalist, a report turns into an effective weapon of journalism. The reporting necessarily combines accuracy in the depiction of facts with some literary artistry.” (Rosen, 1974: 32)
But A. Kobyakov gives his definition of a report: “A report is a presentation of current factual material obtained from the “scene of the incident.” The narrator is a direct participant in the event or an observer. Emotionality, interjections, and subjective feelings are acceptable here. Direct speech and short dialogues are often used. The volume of a newspaper report is from 100 lines.” A. Kobyakov also believes that “a report combines elements of all information genres (narration, direct speech, colorful digression, characterization, historical digression, etc.)” (Kobyakov)
Gurevich believes that the specificity of the reportage is also manifested in his style - emotional, energetic. It is characterized by the active use of means and techniques of figurative representation of reality - a vivid epithet, comparison, metaphor, etc. And, if required, even some satirical means. The effect of presence, as it were, includes the effect of empathy: the report will achieve its goal if the reader, together with the reporter, admires, is indignant, and rejoices. And it is no coincidence that a report is often defined as an “artistic document.” (Gurevich, 2002: 95)
According to S.M. Gurevich, the task of any reporter is, first of all, to give the audience the opportunity to see the event being described through the eyes of an eyewitness (reporter), i.e. create a “presence effect”. And this becomes most possible only if the journalist talks about substantive situations, events (and best of all, rapidly developing ones). (Gurevich, 2002: 251)
So, domestic researchers identify the following features of reporting:
Sequential playback of an event;
Visualization - creating a figurative picture of what is happening by using a substantive description of details, providing details of the situation, reproducing the actions and remarks of the characters;
Dynamism;
Creating a “presence effect”;
An emotionally charged narration style that gives the story additional persuasiveness;
Figurative analyticity - answering the question of how the event took place, the publicist acts as a researcher;
Extreme documentary - reporting does not tolerate reconstruction, retrospection, or creative fiction;
The active role of the personality of the reporter himself, which allows not only to see the event through the eyes of the narrator, but also encourages the audience to independent work imagination;
The subject of a report is always the course of an event, combining visual and oral forms of expression of its content. Therefore, the author of the report must organize the collection of material in such a way as to be able to personally observe the event. Other ways of adding information are not excluded at all. It is useful to read something close to the topic. You can ask questions, reconstruct the course of the event based on eyewitness accounts. But as a result, a “presence effect” should be created for the reader (the reader seems to see what is happening for himself). According to S.M. Gurevich, “the role of a reporter is great: he conducts a report, sometimes becoming not only a witness to an event, but sometimes even its initiator and organizer.” (Gurevich, 2002: 115)
In Germany, reporting is considered one of the main genres of journalism. Materials in the reporting genre are widely represented in the media, and the theory of the genre is the subject of debate.
The theoretical understanding of reporting in Germany is carried out by Walter von La Roche, Kurt Reumann, a group of scientists “Projektteam Lokaljournalisten”, Karl-Heinz Pührer, Horst Pöttker and many other scientists. One of the most thorough studies of the reporting genre belongs to Michael Haller. In the book “Die Reportage,” he analyzes the theory and practice of reporting in Germany and compares various interpretations of the genre given by his colleagues.
There are a number of definitions of reporting that journalism teachers in Germany rely on when preparing their own reporting courses, and practitioners rely on in their everyday work. However, there is no one generally accepted definition.
Michael Haller, who has divided all attempts to define reportage into two groups, values more the developments associated with the practice of journalism - based on it and contributing to it. “Scholars are mistaken because they want to establish a self-contained, downright nominalist definition of reporting. They would like to tell aspiring journalists once and for all what exactly a report is, instead of saying what happens in a report with a topic, with an event, with a state of affairs, how facts and experiences are framed in a report, how incidents are conveyed, in short, how to functionally evaluate a report.” (Haller, 1997: 79)
German researchers call reporting “one of the outstanding means of journalism” (Haller, 1999: 76), “the most wide-ranging journalistic genre” (Reumann, 1999: 105), “the king of genres” (Büscher, 1998: 13)
“Reporting is a fact-oriented report, but at the same time individually colored.” (Reumann,1999:104)
This is also the opinion of Haller, who writes that “reporting refers to facts, but reports them as experienced events.” (Haller, 1997: 56).
At the same time, the report should be as specific and imaginative as possible.
In a recent survey, German newspaper editors answered the question “How do you define reporting?” as follows: “Subjective perception and depiction of a segment of reality limited in time and space” (“General-Anzeiger”, 2005), “a report of what was personally seen” (“Augsburger Allgemeine”, Augsburg, 2005), “a personally oriented genre characterized by visibility” (“Sudkurier”, Konstanz, 2005).
Boelke speaks of reportage as a specific, highly personalized, colored form of presenting a situation and event. “Traditional reporting as a journalistic genre...has as its goal to convey information. The reporter's temperament and perspective intertwine with each other to create the framing of the report. The reporter portrays events through the eyes of an eyewitness and with personal passion, but always in strict accordance with the facts. The reporter seeks to shock and captivate the reader. Therefore, the report is syntactically easy, written in simple language." (Behlke, 1973: 95)
Thus, there are similarities in the interpretation of the reporting genre by German and Russian researchers.
The main function of reportage is the communication of specific events by the author to the general public.
The most important components of the report are:
The central role of the reporter in publication;
The relative emotionality of the report as the main difference from other genres;
The presence of other participants in the event in the text;
General information (background, background, numbers, dates, facts);
Original documents;
The unity of time and place in the report, its limitation to the coordinates “here” and “now”.
German researchers agree that reportage has many similarities with other genres of journalism, especially the essay and correspondence.
However, the essay, more than a report, concentrates on the task of transforming the abstract into the concrete and showing the characteristic features of the situation. One example of the difference between a feature and a report in German journalism looks like this: if there is a major car accident, then the report describes what the scene of the accident looks like from the reporter's point of view, and the feature gives analysis, expert opinions, statistics. (Haller, 1995:154)
As for correspondence (Bericht), unlike reportage, it is more objective and “documents an objective presentation of events according to clear and relatively strict rules, in impartial language.” (Haller, 1995: 85)
Haller still does not deny that in practical use, reportage does not need to be limited as a type of text, since there is no specific genre in its pure form. (Haller,1995:85)
Based on the above, we can give the following definition of reporting. Reporting is an information genre of journalism, which, on the one hand, strives for objectivity, and on the other hand, is permeated with individual impressions of what was seen, which affects the reader’s perception.
The specificity of the report is also manifested in its style, in the use of means and techniques of figurative disclosure of the topic, in the emotionality of the presentation. The reporting language combines documentary and artistic expression. An imbalance results in dull reporting. If artistry predominates, then the sense of reality is lost.
However, reporting is not always recognized as having the right to independence. An operational news event should be reflected in a newspaper or magazine in the genre of news or correspondence. A newspaper report can be an addition to the news or its continuation, but in no case a replacement. On the other hand, when a reporter does not have time to search for information, lacks special knowledge or training, reporting can become an alternative to an interview. (Haller, 1995: 120)
Whatever classification this or that German researcher adheres to, everyone recognizes the informational nature of the report. There is an understanding of the subtle but clear boundary between the “personal coloring” of the text of the report and the assessment. The reporter does not evaluate events and even, if possible, conveying the mood, does not impose his own opinion.
Reports in major newspapers with national distribution (“Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung”, “Suddeutsche Zeitung”) are given a third page, which is considered to attract attention immediately after the first. The report is considered an integral part of the regional tabs of central newspapers. In almost all private journalism schools in Germany, graduates write reportage as an exam task, since this genre gives the journalist the opportunity to show that he knows how to observe and tell an engaging story.
Research on reporting in modern Germany is carried out at a high level and, importantly, with the participation of many people directly interested in the theory of the genre - practicing journalists.
In the practice of modern journalism in Germany and Russia, we also observe The general trend: losing in efficiency to the electronic media, the press relies on the advantage of analytics and a more balanced consideration of events. In this regard, firstly, reporting turns out to be a very popular genre, and secondly, it is its analytical variety that is developing.
Genres of journalistic style
– certain “relatively stable thematic, compositional and stylistic types” of works” ( MM. Bakhtin), operating in means mass media. Typically, three groups of genres are distinguished: informational (note, report, interview, report); analytical (conversation, article, correspondence, review, overview, review) and artistic-publications. (essay, sketch, feuilleton, pamphlet). In the listed genres, those features and characteristics that the function contains are realized. style.
Journalistic texts perform two main functions: communicating information and influencing the mass addressee. The complex stylistic picture of this style is due to the duality of its functional nature. This duality predetermines the basic stylistic principle of journalism, which V.G. Kostomarov calls unity, the combination of expression and standard. The first, informing, function is manifested in such style features as documentary, factual, formal presentation, objectivity, restraint. Another influencing function is determined by open, social evaluation (see. social evaluation) and emotionality of speech, appealing and polemic, simplicity and accessibility of presentation. Information genres are characterized to a greater extent by the function of message, while analytical genres are characterized by the function of influence.
However, the listed features give rise to many variations in different genres. The expression of the author's origin is modified in genres. For example, the note genre does not imply an open manifestation of the author's presence, while in the reportage genre the event is conveyed through the author's perception of it. The action of the constructive principle varies in different genres. So, for example, expression increases from information materials to artistic and journalistic ones, while, accordingly, the standard decreases.
Due to such differences, some researchers deny the unity of newspaper-publics. style and consider public. only analytical and artistic-publications. texts, excluding them from publication. informational texts, however, it seems that this approach is inappropriate. One cannot but agree with the statement: “The basis for the distinction between the concepts of journalistic style - the language of journalism is a narrow understanding of style, in which the relationship of the named units turns out to be more quantitative than qualitative. A broader interpretation of style, taking into account two types of indicators (intralinguistic and extralinguistic - auto), turns out to be preferable, since it allows us to characterize linguistic entities in detail and thereby establish their similarities and differences, as well as what is specific in their composition" ( I.A. Veshchikov, 1991, p. 24). Consequently, not only analytical and artistic-journalistic texts, but also informational texts are journalistic: “The long-standing debate - whether news information is journalism - is meaningless: any message published in the media, designed for a certain perception by the audience and bearing the stamp of the author’s personality - journalistically" ( Kroychik, 2000, p. 141). Thus, despite the fact that stylistic differences differences between genres can be quite significant; this does not contradict the idea of unity of journalistic style. On the contrary, the function style "specifies the general setting for the use of language means and the way speech organization" (G.Ya. Solganik), therefore, without such a general approach to research that allows us to implement the concept of functional. style, impossible to open character traits individual genres. But, on the other hand, it is possible to reveal the features of the functional style as a whole only as a result of a thorough study of the specifics of its genre implementation.
Let's consider the stylistic features of the most common genres of newspaper journalism.
Chronicle– a genre of news journalism, secondary text, which is a collection of messages stating the presence of an event in the present, near past or near future. A chronicle message is a text of one to three or four sentences with the general meaning of “where, when, what event happened, is happening, will happen.” The main indicators of time are the adverbs “today”, “yesterday”, “tomorrow”, which allow us to correlate an event with the date it was reported. The timing signal may be implicit: meaning" just now, now, soon" is given by the genre itself, its stating content. In the same way, an indication of the place may be implicit; for example, in a chronicle of city events there is no need to mention the name of the city in every message (an expression like " There will be a bike ride today"will be clearly understood as" will take place in our city", if the message contains one or two more sentences, a more specific indication of the place of action may appear). The presence of an event is fixed by an existential verb in different forms(took place, will take place, open, planned, happening, going to, will gather, working, etc.). Typical formulas at the beginning of a chronicle message: “Yesterday an exhibition opened in Moscow”, “Today a meeting is being held in Yekaterinburg”, “Tomorrow there will be an opening in Perm”.
A selection of chronicle messages is compiled on a thematic or temporal basis, for example: "Crime Chronicle", "Relevant", "Official Chronicle", "News in the middle of the hour" etc. The title very often represents the name of the section and moves from issue to issue, from issue to issue.
The X genre is used in all media, i.e. in newspapers, radio and television. Announcements and conclusions of television and radio news are drawn up in the form of this genre. Ascertaining messages are often introduced into the headline complex of newspaper materials, so a newspaper page can be read as a kind of scattered chronicle recording the main current events.
Reportage- in the narrow sense of the word, this is a genre of news journalism in which a story about an event is conducted (in electronic media) or, as it were, conducted (in the press) simultaneously with the unfolding of the action. In radio and television reporting, all means that convey the presence of the speaker at the scene of the event are used naturally, as the only possible ones, for example: “we are in the hall of the regional museum”, “now the rescuer is attaching the ladder”, “right in front of me” etc. In written speech, the same means are used to imitate the simultaneity of an event and a story about it: this is present. verb tense in combination with the perfect, such as "I see that the rescuer has already climbed to the third floor", elliptical and one-part sentences ( we are on a rocky plateau, today it is cloudy), the author's "I" or "we" in the meaning of "me and my companions."
R.'s composition provides for recording the natural course of an event. However, very few events, and even then only in electronic media, are transmitted in real time from beginning to end (football match, military parade, presidential inauguration). In other cases, time has to be compressed by selecting episodes. This raises the problem of editing episodes. A complex event consisting of a number of parallel actions such as the Olympics is transmitted in real time as a sequence of episodes of different actions, for example: “Russian gymnasts are now doing floor exercises, they’re going out on the mat...”, “and now we’re being shown the performances of Romanian gymnasts on the uneven bars.”. In the recording, the event is also conveyed as a sequence of edited episodes; through editing, one can achieve clear emphasis on important moments of the event and expand the author’s commentary. A written text, in principle, is not capable of reflecting the entire event, so the author of the report has to present only the most striking episodes of the event, trying to convey this brightness in words by selecting the most significant details. And the greater the role of editing, the more increasing the possibility of including a detailed and extensive author’s commentary in the text, as a result of which a special type of genre may appear - analytical R. Such a text is an alternation of reported fragments of an event and various kinds of commentary inserts, reasoning, which, however, should not obscure from the reader the moment of the journalist’s presence at the scene of the event. The reporter can entrust the commentary to a specialist who is a participant in the event, then the report contains an element of an interview about the current event as a whole or about its individual moments. This is an important way to dynamize the presentation, enrich the content and form of the text. Using linguistic means, the addressee can be involved in the presentation, for example: "you and I now...".
In modern journalism, a report is often called an analytical text that emphasizes the active actions of the journalist taken to clarify the issue, even if there is no attempt by linguistic means to create the effect of the speaker’s presence at the scene of the action. Such a work includes interviews with experts, presentation and analysis of documents, often with a message about how the author managed to obtain them, stories about a trip to the scene of the event, and meetings with eyewitnesses. Since R. presupposes the active actions of the author, the compositional core turns out to be event elements, although the content of the text is aimed at analyzing the problem. This technique of dynamization in presenting a problem enriches the arsenal of ways to present analytical material to the reader.
Interview– multifunctional genre. These can be texts of news journalism, i.e. a dialogical form of presenting a just-completed or current event. These can be analytical texts that present a dialogic discussion of the problem. All these works, which are far from each other in content (just as a note is far from an article), are united by only one thing - the form of dialogue conducted by a journalist with an informed person.
“News”, information information is essentially a short or extended note, i.e. it states the event and reports brief information about its details. The journalist asks questions about some details of the event, and the informed person answers them briefly.
Analytical I. - a detailed dialogue about the problem. In his questions, the journalist asks different aspects of its consideration (essence, causes, consequences, methods of solution), an informed person answers these questions in detail. The role of the journalist is by no means passive. His knowledge of this problem helps him pose substantive questions and thus participate in the formation of the concept of the text, in the formulation of theses, which are formed from the premise of the journalist’s question and the interlocutor’s answer.
Between the described extremes there is an infinite variety of information, different in topic, in volume and quality of information, in tone, etc. For example, portrait interviews and interviews that combine the characterization of a person and the disclosure of a problem are popular in all media (the hero against the backdrop of the problem, the problem through the prism of the hero’s character).
I. in electronic media is a dialogue that implements the laws of public spontaneous speech. From the journalist’s side, this is a combination of prepared and freely arising questions during the conversation; expression of evaluation of the answers, a lively, often very emotional reaction to them (agreement, disagreement, clarification, etc.); expressing your own opinion on the topic under discussion. The journalist makes sure that the interlocutor does not deviate from the topic and explains details (including terms) that might be incomprehensible to listeners or viewers. On the part of the interviewee, this is a deep awareness of the problem, ensuring the formation of the substantive side of the speech, the spontaneity of which is manifested only in the lack of preparation of a specific form of answer. The answer is structured in accordance with the current conversation, depends on the form of the question, on what was said earlier, on the momentary remark of the journalist. At the level of form, all the features of dialogical spontaneous oral speech are manifested: a special rhythm provided by syntagmas that are close in length, pauses, word search, incompleteness syntactic constructions, repetitions, picking up replicas, asking again, etc.
I. in the press is a written text that conveys oral dialogue and retains some signs of spontaneous oral speech. For example, at the junction of replicas, the structural incompleteness of the second replica, the repetition of the first replica, the use of demonstrative pronouns, the meaning of which is revealed in someone else’s previous remark. Moments of word search, understatement, etc. are stored inside the replicas.
I. very often is integral part journalistic text of another genre: report, article, essay, review.
Article– an analytical genre in which the results of a study of an event or problem are presented. The main stylistic feature of the genre is the logical nature of the presentation, reasoning unfolding from the main thesis to its justification through a chain of intermediate theses with their arguments, or from premises to conclusions, also through a chain of secondary theses and their arguments.
In linguistic terms, at the syntax level, there is an abundance of means expressing the logical connections of statements: conjunctions, introductory words of a logical nature, words and sentences denoting the type of logical connection, such as “let’s give an example”, “consider the reasons”, etc. At the morphological level, the genre is characterized by grammatical means that allow expressing the formulation of patterns: present abstract, singular with a collective meaning, abstract nouns. At the level of vocabulary, we observe the use of terms, including highly specialized ones with explanations, as well as words naming abstract concepts. Thus, language means are used to formalize the result of the author’s analytical activity, which reveals the patterns of development of the phenomenon, its causes and consequences, its significance for the life of society.
Publ. S., however, this is not scientific. articles. These are works whose forms are varied. The main sources of variation in the form of a newspaper text are the composition and stylistic orientation of the text. A argument can be constructed as a reasoning from thesis to evidence or from premises to conclusions. Compositionally, C. is enriched by various inserts in the form of vividly written episodes of an event, included as factual arguments and reasons for reasoning, or in the form of a mini-interview, which also performs an argumentative function, cf., for example, the argument “to authority.”
S. are especially diverse in style orientation. S., oriented towards a scientific style, most often maintain this orientation only in terms of the logical nature of the text. The reasoning in them can be emotionally colored. In accordance with the general bookish nature of the presentation, figures of oratorical syntax appear, but not for the sake of whipping up pathos, but for the sake of emphasizing the idea. Bookish emotional and evaluative vocabulary is also included.
Acceleration orientation is widely used. style. At the same time, in S. the number of techniques imitating friendly, interested oral communication with the reader on a serious issue sharply increases. In the syntax, constructions appear that imitate colloquial speech: non-union sentences conveying cause-and-effect relationships, colloquial-type additions. The length of sentences is reduced. The text is filled with colloquial vocabulary that expresses an emotional assessment of the subject of speech.
Analytical texts of a critical nature can combine oratorical syntax and irony, elements of conversational syntax and reduced emotional-evaluative vocabulary, comic techniques (puns, parody of famous texts, etc.).
Feature article– artistic-publicist. a genre that requires a figurative, concrete, sensory representation of a fact and problem. Thematically, the essays are very diverse: they can be, for example, problematic, portrait, travel, event. Since O. is a work with a high degree of generalization of life material, the hero and the event are drawn by the author in the process of analyzing a current social problem. O.'s text harmoniously combines vividly, expressively conveyed events, convincingly drawn images of heroes and deep, demonstrative reasoning. The combination of event, subject and logical elements of essay content depends on a number of factors. First of all, it is determined by what type of composition is chosen by the essayist. If an event composition is used, then the story is constructed as a story about an event, in the presentation of which, as in a fiction story, the plot, the development of the action, the climax, and the denouement are distinguished. The author's reasoning and description of the characters interrupt the action for some time, but then the unfolding of the text again obeys the course of the event. If logical composition is used, the construction of the text is determined by the development of the author's reasoning; episodes of one event or several different events are included in the presentation as a reason for reasoning, a thesis argument, an association by similarity or contrast, etc. Occasionally, essayistic composition is used in O., in which the development of the text is carried out through associations and sharp transitions from one subject of speech to another. It must, however, be taken into account that the seemingly chaotic presentation hides the purposeful development of the author’s thought, the course of which the reader must understand through the interpretation of the associative connections of text elements.
In addition to the type of composition, the type of narrator influences the combination, as well as the linguistic design of the meaningful elements of the story. Narration is used in third and first person form. In third person form, the narrator may act as a voiceover observer or voiceover commentator. In the first case, the event being narrated appears to the reader as occurring as if by itself, the author’s presence is revealed only indirectly - in the choice of words denoting the details of the essay world and evaluating them, in pausing the narrative to introduce formulations that reveal the journalistic concept. The narrator - voice-over commentator is more active. Without revealing himself in the form of “I,” he can energetically interfere with the action, interrupting it with retreats into the past (retrospections) or looking ahead (prospections, i.e., a statement of future events that the hero cannot yet know about). Such a narrator often comments at great length on what is happening and evaluates it.
The most diverse functions of the narrator are in the first person form. Sometimes the journalist uses the hero's "I", i.e. O. is constructed as the hero's story about himself. But most often the author’s “I” is used, in which the narrator acts as a textual embodiment real personality journalist. The functions of such a narrator are varied. Thus, he can act as a participant in the event, the analysis of which O is dedicated to. What attracts journalists most of all is the form of a narrator-researcher. In this case, the basis for the composition of the essay material is a story about the study of an event, which, as a result, unfolds before the reader not as it actually happened, but in the order in which the researcher learned about it.
Thus, O. can be built, firstly, as a story about real event, which unfolds in its natural sequence or with its violation in the form of retrospections and prospections and which is interrupted or framed by the author’s reasoning, conveying the journalistic concept to the reader. In this case, the author can act as an off-screen observer, a voice-over commentator, a participant in the event, or an interlocutor of the hero talking about the event. Secondly, an O. can be constructed as a story about a journalistic investigation, and in the form of a presentation of conversations with the characters, the content of documents read and thoughts on what he saw, the reader learns about the events and people who participated in them, as well as about the problem that the journalist sees in given facts. Thirdly, O. may represent an emotionally charged reasoning by a journalist about a problem. In the course of the argument, events are presented and characters are described, which allows such a reflective narrator to reveal the problem using visual material from life.
O. is characterized by visual writing: to represent the hero and the event, specific, vivid, visual details are required, which in some cases are depicted as actually observed by the narrator during research, travel, meeting with the hero, etc.
And the narrator observing, commenting, participating in the event, and exploring the situation cannot be dispassionate. Current social problems, events and people appear before the reader in the light of the author's emotional assessment, as a result of which the essay text is colored in one tone or another.
At different types narrators communicate with the reader differently. Presentation in the form of a third person or in the form of the hero’s “I” dispenses with direct appeal to the reader. On the contrary, the author’s “I” is most often combined with active communication with the reader, especially in the form of “we” with the meaning “I, the author, and my reader.”
Various combinations of types of composition, types of narrator, tonality and ways of communicating with the reader create a wide variety of essay forms.
Feuilleton– an artistic-public genre that presents an event or problem in a satirical or, less commonly, humorous light. F. can be targeted, ridiculing a specific fact, or unaddressed, exposing a negative social phenomenon. The text may consider one event or several events, attracted by the author on the basis of the similarity between them and thereby demonstrating the typicality of the analyzed phenomenon.
F.'s form is determined by several factors. Its composition is determined by which content component of the text becomes the basis of the presentation. If the author makes an event the core of the text, we get an eventful feuilleton, which is a story about an incident filled with comic details. If reasoning becomes the basis of the presentation, event elements are introduced as arguments to the author’s judgments. In both cases, events can be not only real, but also imaginary, often fantastic. Between event-based and “reasoning” f. there are a lot of texts that combine analytical and event-based elements in different ways.
The connection of content elements and their linguistic design depend on the type of narrator. For example, a f. can be constructed as a story about an event with a final formulation of the author’s assessment of what was stated. The author chooses the form of a third person and does not seem to interfere with the course of the event. F. can be constructed as a story about the study of an event. In this case, a first-person narrator is used, subordinating the presentation of information about the event and the expression of assessment to the story about the progress of the investigation. The first-person narrator can also be a participant in the event. The reflective narrator constructs the text as a reasoning about a phenomenon, while, as it were, recalling the events that led him to this or that thought.
All these compositional and speech techniques determine the general structure of the text and in themselves do not contain anything comic, which is why they are used not only in feuilleton, but also in other genres, for example, in an essay, report, review. But F. is a comic genre, and he resorts to various sources of comic effect. The main ones are comic narrator, situation comedy and verbal comedy.
A comic narrator can be a participant or researcher of an event, appearing in the mask of a simpleton, a loser, a bungler, a fool and other unsympathetic personalities; his absurd actions make it possible to reveal the real shortcomings of those situations that are condemned by the feuilletonist. The comic reasoning narrator builds his reasoning as proof by contradiction, i.e. he warmly praises what is actually exposed in the feuilleton. The comedy of situations is either discovered in a real situation, or is achieved by transforming a real situation through exaggeration, emphasizing its shortcomings, or is introduced into the text by creating an imaginary situation that models the shortcomings of a real situation. Verbal comedy is irony, sarcasm, pun, stylistic contrast, parody of styles and famous works and other techniques for creating a comic effect. It is necessarily present in feuilleton of any type and any composition.
In the last decade and a half, significant changes have occurred in the genre system of the newspaper (see Linguistic and stylistic changes in modern media).
Presentation on the topic: Genres of journalistic style. Travel essay
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Presentation on the topic: Genres of journalistic style. Travel essay
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Just like fiction, journalism is thematically inexhaustible, its genre range is enormous. The genres of journalistic style include speeches of lawyers, speakers, appearances in the press (article, note, report, feuilleton); as well as travel sketch, portrait sketch, essay. Today we will dwell in detail on the features of the essay genre and its varieties. Journalism, which is called the chronicle of modern times, since it fully reflects current history, is addressed to topical problems of society: political, social, everyday, philosophical, etc., is close to fiction.
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The word "essay" came into Russian from French and historically goes back to the Latin word exagium (weighing). The French ézai can literally be translated by the words experience, trial, attempt, sketch, essay. This is a prose work of small volume and free composition, expressing individual impressions and considerations on a specific occasion or issue and obviously not claiming to be a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject.
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The main purpose of an essay is to convey information or explain something. The essay accomplishes this task through the author's direct statement, which means that neither characters nor plot are created in the essay. Typically, an essay assumes a new, subjective opinion about a situation and can be of a philosophical, journalistic, critical, popular science, etc. nature.
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The presence of a specific topic or question. A work devoted to the analysis of a wide range of problems, by definition, cannot be written in the essay genre. Some features of an essay An essay expresses individual impressions and thoughts on a specific issue and does not pretend to be a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject. As a rule, an essay involves a new, subjectively colored word about something; such a work can be philosophical, historical-biographical, journalistic, literary-critical, popular science or purely fictional in nature. The content of the essay evaluates, first of all, the personality of the author - his worldview, thoughts and feelings.
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An essay topic should serve its purpose of provoking thought. This may be a controversial thesis or a well-known saying. Therefore, the formulation of the essay topic usually contains a question and a problem, for example: “Are mercy and compassion necessary in modern world? or “Kindness... What is it?” Essay topic
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In an essay, an object or phenomenon serves as a pretext for the writer’s thoughts. Or the writer walks in circles around a specific topic, as if “weaving lace” or a “web” of a narrative. This quality can be observed by analyzing the names. Often the preposition “O” appears in them, since the title only approximately reflects the content of the work, or is the initial point for the author’s reasoning, or is not directly related to the topic of the essay. It is no coincidence that the conjunctions “AS” and “OR” are present. (“On Conscience”, “On the Nature of Words”, “How to Read a Book”). The essay can be devoted to philosophical and historical problems, critical and literary issues, autobiographical facts and much more.
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An essay can be embodied in various literary forms: a moral sermon, an article, a diary, a story, a confession, a speech, and many others. Using their capabilities and crossing genre boundaries, the essay retains its genre independence. ("Confession young man", "Sketch of knowledge of a prose writer", "An unsent letter from an actress").
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1. Title page (used mainly in student essays). 2. Introduction of the essay. The essence and rationale for the chosen topic. At this stage, it is necessary to formulate a question that will be answered during the writing of the essay. In addition, it is important to determine the relevance of the topic and the terms necessary to disclose it 3. The main part of the essay. Statement of the answer to the main question. This part contains an analysis of the available data and argumentation of the author’s point of view. Depending on the question, analysis can be carried out on the basis of various philosophical categories, for example: cause - effect, form - content, part - whole, etc. Each paragraph of your essay should contain only one complete thought. 4. Conclusion of the essay. Summarizing the conclusions already made, summing up the general results. In addition, you can once again repeat the main points of the essay, make an illustrative quote, or end the essay with sublime notes. Essay structure
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The structure of the essay is determined by the requirements for it: The essay author's thoughts on the issue are presented in the form of brief abstracts (T). The idea must be supported by evidence, so the thesis is followed by arguments (A). Arguments are facts, phenomena of social life, events, life situations and life experiences, scientific evidence, references to the opinions of scientists, etc. It is better to give two arguments in favor of each thesis: one argument seems unconvincing, three arguments can “overload” the presentation made in a genre focused on brevity and imagery. Essay structure Thus, the essay acquires a ring structure (the number of theses and arguments depends on the topic, the chosen plan, the logic of the development of thought): introduction, thesis, arguments, conclusion.
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The introduction and conclusion should focus attention on the problem (in the introduction it is posed, in the conclusion the author’s opinion is summarized). It is necessary to highlight paragraphs, red lines, and establish a logical connection between paragraphs: this is how the integrity of the work is achieved. Presentation style: the essay is characterized by emotionality, expressiveness, and artistry. Experts believe that the desired effect is ensured by short, simple, varied intonation sentences, and the skillful use of the “most modern” punctuation mark - the dash. However, style reflects personality characteristics, it is also useful to remember this. When writing an essay, it is also important to consider the following points: Classification of essays From the point of view of content, essays can be: philosophical, literary-critical, historical, artistic, artistic-journalistic, spiritual-religious, etc.
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1.Small volume. Of course, there are no hard boundaries. The volume of the essay is from three to seven pages of computer text. 2. A specific topic and a distinctly subjective interpretation of it. The topic of the essay is always specific. An essay cannot contain many topics or ideas (thoughts). It reflects only one option, one thought. And develops it. This is the answer to one question. Features of an essay
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3. Free composition - important feature essay. Researchers note that the essay, by its nature, is structured in such a way that it does not tolerate any formal framework. It is often constructed contrary to the laws of logic, is subject to arbitrary associations, and is guided by the principle “Everything is the other way around.” 4. Ease of storytelling. It is important for the essay writer to establish a trusting style of communication with the reader; in order to be understood, he avoids deliberately complicated, unclear, and overly strict constructions. Researchers note that a good essay can only be written by someone who is fluent in the topic and sees it with various sides and is ready to present to the reader a not exhaustive, but multidimensional view of the phenomenon that became the starting point of his thoughts.
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5. Tendency to paradoxes. The essay is designed to surprise the reader (listener) - this, according to many researchers, is its mandatory quality. The starting point for reflections embodied in an essay is often an aphoristic, vivid statement or a paradoxical definition, literally confronting at first glance indisputable, but mutually exclusive statements, characteristics, theses. 6. Internal semantic unity. Perhaps this is one of the paradoxes of the genre. Free in composition, focused on subjectivity, the essay at the same time has an internal semantic unity, i.e. consistency of key theses and statements, inner harmony arguments and associations, the consistency of those judgments in which the author’s personal position is expressed.
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7. Focus on spoken language. At the same time, it is necessary to avoid using slang, cliched phrases, abbreviation of words, and an overly frivolous tone in the essay. The language used in essay writing should be taken seriously. So, when writing an essay, it is important to determine (understand) its topic, determine the desired volume and goals of each paragraph. Start with a main idea or catchy phrase. The task is to immediately capture the attention of the reader (listener). Comparative allegory is often used here, when an unexpected fact or event is associated with the main theme of the essay.
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1. A mandatory formal requirement for this work is the title. The rest: content, way of presenting thoughts, statement of the problem, formulation of conclusions, etc. - written at the discretion of the author. 2. The main requirement of a substantive nature is to express the author’s view on the problem under consideration. Options are possible here: a comparison of already known points of view and the opinion of the writer, or only the expression of the author’s subjective thoughts on the issue under consideration. General recommendations:
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3. As a means of artistic expression when writing an essay, the use of various metaphors, associations, comparisons, aphorisms, drawing parallels and analogies, etc. is encouraged. Liveliness and dynamism are usually added to the text of an essay by questions, unexpected transitions, and unpredictable conclusions. 4. When writing an essay, you should avoid phrases such as “In this essay I will talk about...”, “This essay addresses the problem...”, etc. It is much better to replace them with questions, a statement of a problem, or an appeal to the reader, because the main goal of the essay is to interest the reader, convey to him the author’s point of view, make him think about what he read, and draw his own conclusions on the issues under study. The main thing when writing an essay is to express YOUR point of view.
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Dictionary. Essay – 1.short literary work, short description life events (usually socially significant).2. A general statement of a question. Encyclopedic Dictionary. Essay – 1. in fiction, one of the types of story, characterized by great descriptiveness, affects mainly social problems. 2. a journalistic, including documentary, essay presents and analyzes various facts and phenomena of social life, usually accompanied by a direct interpretation of them by the author.
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There are short essays published in newspapers, large ones published in magazines, and entire books of essays. Thus, at one time the magazine published M. Gorky’s essays “In America.” An entire book consists of essays by V. Ovechkin about the Russian village of the 50s - “District Everyday Life”. There are books of essays by V. Korolenko, L. Leonov, D. Granin, V. Lakshin, V. Rasputin.
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Travel essays and travel sketches are very popular. Trips, expeditions, meetings with interesting people provide rich material for reliable and at the same time artistic description edges, for a story about interesting people, their everyday life, for thinking about life. A characteristic feature of the essay is documentation, reliability of the facts and events discussed. It names the real names and surnames of the persons depicted, real and not fictitious places of events, describes the real situation, indicates the time of action, the essay, as in a work of art, uses expressive means, and introduces an element of artistic typification. An essay, like other genres of journalism, always raises some important problem. There is a distinction between a travel essay, which tells about impressions on the road: sketches of nature and people’s everyday life are given. A portrait essay reveals a person’s personality, his character, and a problematic essay, in which some socially significant problem is raised, ways of solving it are proposed and analyzed. Often, an essay combines all its varieties: in a travel essay, there are portrait sketches or a problem that worries the author.
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(Description of the hero’s appearance; a story about his business, profession, creativity; individual biographical facts; a description of the characteristics of the hero’s character in his speech; an episode (or several episodes that reveal the main thing in the hero.) What did you learn from the essay about the Russian writer, master of oral storytelling Irakli Andronikov? How do you imagine this person? What do you think are the main parts of an essay?
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As the beginning of an essay, a description of the hero’s appearance, a description of the scene, or a description of the environment can be used. The beginning can also be narrative if the author decided to start the essay with some episode that clearly characterizes the personality of the hero. Everything depends not only on the writing style, but also on the problems that the author solves in his essay. How to start a portrait sketch? An essay is a genre form in which the engine of plot development, the main organizing factor of the material, is the author’s “I”, the image of the author (his attitude to reality, to the subject of the image). Essays can be more or less restrained, strict in the degree of self-expression, in tone (this depends on individual taste and manner), but a mandatory feature of the genre remains the close connection of the presentation with the author’s “I”. What do you think is the place of the author’s position in a portrait sketch?
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What is the place of the author's position in the essay? Let's repeat What genres of journalistic style do you know? What is an essay? What is special about a problem essay? What type of speech is used to construct a problem essay? What is a travelogue? Give examples. What is the difference between a portrait sketch and a portrait characterization in a work of art?
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One of the most common genres of journalism is the essay.
Essay - 1. A short literary work, a brief description of life events (usually socially significant). Documentary, journalistic, everyday. 2. A general presentation of a question. O. Russian history. (Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.)
Essay - 1) In fiction, one of the types of stories is highly descriptive and deals primarily with social problems. 2) A journalistic essay, including a documentary one, presents and analyzes various facts and phenomena of social life, usually accompanied by a direct interpretation of them by the author. (Encyclopedic Dictionary.)
There are short essays published in newspapers, large ones published in magazines, and entire books of essays. Thus, at one time the magazine published M. Gorky’s essays “In America.” An entire book consists of essays by V. Ovechkin about the Russian village of the 50s - “District Everyday Life”. Famous books of essays by V. Korolenko, L. Leonov, D. Granin, V. Lakshin, V. Rasputin.
So, based on dictionary definitions, we can conclude that characteristic feature essay is documentation, reliability of facts, events, which we're talking about. It names the real names and surnames of the persons depicted, real and not fictitious places of events, describes the real situation, and indicates the time of action. An essay, like a work of art, uses visual means and introduces an element of artistic typification.
An essay, like other genres of journalism, always raises some important problem.
Distinguish travel essay, which tells about travel impressions: sketches of nature, people’s life, portrait sketch- reveals a person’s personality, his character, and problem essay, in which some socially significant problem is raised, ways of solving it are proposed and analyzed. Often, an essay combines all its varieties: in a travel essay, there are portrait sketches or a problem that worries the author.
1. Travel sketch.
Very popular travel essay, travel sketches. Trips, expeditions, meetings with interesting people provide rich material for a reliable and at the same time artistic description of the region, for telling stories about interesting people, their way of life, for thinking about life.
A travel essay, a travel diary, travel notes by experts and nature lovers help us better understand the natural environment around us - its sounds, colors, forms, its mysterious language, and penetrate into the deep essence of natural phenomena.
2. Portrait sketch.
The hero of a portrait sketch is a specific person who has certain advantages and disadvantages. In a portrait essay, the author gives not only a portrait in the narrow sense of the word, but also a description of the environment in which the hero of the essay lives and works, talks about his work, interests, hobbies, and his relationships with others. All this together helps to reveal the inner world of the hero of the essay.
An external portrait is not only a description of the face, hands, eye color, hair, hairstyle, clothing, but also gait, gestures, manners, voice characteristics, and laughter. It is very important to talk about the expression of the eyes, gaze, smile. It is not at all necessary to describe all facial features. It is enough to capture and convey the brightest, most memorable, most characteristic of a given person.
An “inner” portrait is a person’s character, his inner world: interests, habits, way of thinking, attitude to business, to people, to himself, his usual moods, behavior in different situations, his beliefs and views, feelings and experiences.
Between the external portrait of a person and his “internal” portrait, i.e. character, there is always a connection, but you need to be able to notice and express it. A person’s character can be expressed in a smile, voice, laughter, in movements, habitual gestures, in characteristic words and turns of speech. To notice and understand this connection, you need to see a person in different situations, meet him more than once, watch him from the outside. And the author of the essay is constantly looking for such linguistic means: words, figures of speech, epithets, comparisons, metaphors that would allow him to most fully, laconicly and at the same time vividly convey the real features of the person depicted and express his attitude towards him.
For completeness and greater authenticity of the portrait, the essay uses biographical data of the person depicted, describes the environment in which the hero operates, the most characteristic and most significant (from the point of view of the main idea, the main plan) episodes from his life.
How to start an essay? Each author solves this question differently in each specific case. In the introduction, the author usually talks about something very important for understanding the personality of the hero of the essay. It should interest and intrigue the reader in order to make him want to read this essay to the end.
3. Problem essay.
At the center of the problematic essay are socially significant issues: political, economic, moral and ethical, etc. The author of the essay tries to intervene in the solution of important problems, enters into polemics with his opponents.
In this genre of journalistic style of speech, portrait sketches can be used, but the main thing here is not the character of this or that person, but his attitude to these issues, different points of view, different views. In such an essay you can also find travel notes and sketches. But they also serve as confirmation of the author’s position in the dispute, an expression of a certain view, and one of the means of proof. An essay of this type is polemical in nature. The problem essay is constructed according to the type of reasoning.
The means of journalistic style (social and moral-ethical vocabulary, rhetorical questions and appeals, appealing intonations, civic pathos, etc.) are used both in fiction and in poetry - classical and modern.
