Weapons from Heckler and Koch. What's wrong with Heckler&Koch? Technical characteristics of the Heckler&Koch P30L pistol

Heckler&Koch

Fighters! The "Great Gunsmiths" section continues to tell you about famous designers firearms. Today our guest is the legendary German company "Heckler&Koch", whose fame has spread all over the world.

Marauders

"H&K" is a relatively young company, founded on December 28, 1949 by German engineers Edmund Heckler, Theodor Koch and Alex Sidel in the city of Oberndorf am Neckar. Before this, all three designers worked at the Mauser plant, where they gained extensive experience in the arms business. The enterprise of Peter Paul and Wilhelm Mauser was destroyed by French troops towards the end of World War II, so the engineers based their production on equipment that was saved from destruction.

First legend

The first years of activity of Heckler & Koch are notable for the fact that the company was engaged in the production of small household appliances, sewing machines, measuring and engineering equipment. But everything changed in 1956, when the Bundeswehr (German armed forces) needed new weapons, and the leadership announced a state tender to replace the Belgian FN FAL. As you might guess, the H&K company won, offering everyone the well-known G3 assault rifle, which, in turn, was created on the basis of the Spanish CETME rifle. The weapon had a low cost due to the fact that stamping was used during production, and during the design, H&K engineers took the developments of the Mauser company as a basis.

Entering service in 47 countries, the G3 became a real hit of its time. And this is not surprising - Heckler and Sidel studied weapons making from the Mauser brothers, and Theodor Koch at one time studied precision mechanics, so the success of the rifle was guaranteed. The design turned out to be so successful that the weapon was produced until 2001, despite the fact that back in 1995 the Bundeswehr switched to the new HK G36 assault rifle.

Derivatives

Based on the HK G3, the G3SG1, PSG-1 and MSG90 sniper rifles were created, which were used by both civilians and the military. Also worth mentioning are the HK21 machine gun and the legendary MP5 submachine gun, released by the company in 1966 as a smaller copy of the HK G3 chambered for the 9x19 mm Parabellum cartridge. New machine caught the attention of the German special forces unit GSG 9, thanks to which the MP5 gradually gained popularity among other intelligence agencies around the world. Currently, there are more than 10 varieties of submachine guns, which can be quickly customized and modified, depending on the assigned combat mission. An interesting fact is that the MP5 is not in service with the Bundeswehr, which uses the Israeli ultrasound.

Hi-tech

At the end of the 60s, the Heckler&Koch company began to create a fundamentally new rifle G11. The weapon was designed according to the “bull-pup” design and used a caseless cartridge as a charge. However, the tense situation within the country, international NATO standards for the unification of ammunition and the lack of government orders for the finished G11 caused the closure of the project and large financial losses for the company. You can read more about this in our special article dedicated to the HK G11 rifle:

Ups and downs

The Royal Ordnance concern was able to save H&K from bankruptcy, which acquired the company in 1991, and by 2000 entrusted it with the modernization of new assault rifles L85A1. From 1994 to 1995, Heckler&Koch worked on a government order for the creation and production of an assault rifle for the Bundeswehr, according to updated requirements. As a result, German engineers developed Project HK50, later designated HK G36. The rifle turned out to be extremely successful due to the use of durable polymers in its body, as well as the design features of the automation inherent in most of the company’s creations. By 2002, largely thanks to the adoption of the G36 and, as a consequence, orders for rifle supplies, the company was bought out by the HK Beteiligungs-GmbH holding.

The commercial success of Heckler & Koch was also facilitated by the creation of a line of pistols and submachine guns, which later became " business card» companies:

Heavy weapons

In addition to firearms, Heckler&Koch has developed several grenade launchers, which were appreciated by the military of many countries. Thus, the well-known M320, created as an alternative to the M203 under-barrel grenade launcher, can also be used as a separate weapon. Wherein launcher from H&K has a built-in night vision device, a laser rangefinder, as well as a number of other design features that distinguish the M320 from its competitors.

The most interesting in the company's line of heavy weapons is the self-loading hand grenade launcher XM-25. So far, the weapon is undergoing military tests, including in real combat conditions - several samples were used by American soldiers in Afghanistan, who noted the good combat effectiveness of the grenade launcher. However, the XM-25 weapon is not cheap - the first hand-assembled copies cost about 35 thousand dollars, and reducing the price to 25 thousand, if mass production is organized, will not solve the problem of high cost, so there is no need to talk about the widespread use of the grenade launcher in the army.

New era

The latest most famous and successful developments of Heckler&Koch are: complex small arms XM8, as well as the HK416 and HK417 assault rifles, which were developed at the same time.

It is interesting that the XM8 gained wide popularity only as an assault rifle, while the series includes a submachine gun, sniper rifle and even a machine gun. It is known that the rifle complex, designed on the basis of the HK G36, is the fruit of cooperation between the German H&K and the American ATK (Alliant Techsystems). In 2004, the rifle successfully passed tests and by 2005 was supposed to enter service with the US Army, but the commercial war of competitors who wanted to get a government tender for the supply of weapons forced the command of the Armed Forces to announce an additional competition, which was soon stopped for several reasons. As a result of this process, a promising and generally good project was closed, thereby becoming a victim of military intrigue and unfair competition. At the moment, the fate of the rifle complex is unknown.

In parallel with the XM8, Heckler&Koch developed the NK416, an assault rifle more familiar to US law enforcement officers, chambered for the 5.56x45 NATO caliber. Some design features, design and ergonomics of the American M4 and M16 samples were taken as a basis, which was reflected in the name of the new weapon. Largely thanks to this decision, the company was able to conclude a contract to supply its product to the US Army - when destroying Osama Bin Laden, Navy SEALs used NK416.

However, the new rifle is a clone of famous American guns only in appearance - German engineers did a fair amount of work on the internal mechanisms of the weapon, using their best technical solutions and developments. The result justified itself - the NK416 barrel alone can withstand more than 20 thousand shots. The rifle entered service by 2005, and in 2007 the NK417 saw the light of day, using a more powerful cartridge - 7.62x51 NATO. Thus, H&K was able to recover from the failure associated with XM8. Moreover, the company has squeezed out its competitors - the Belgian Fabrique Nationale, which has launched large supplies of its newest FN SCAR assault rifle to the US Army.

Modern realities

Over its short history, Heckler&Koch has loudly declared itself by releasing many weapons, each of which has become a legend. However, the company's reputation is spoiled from time to time by various kinds of scandals. For example, in 2011, information was made public that HK G36 KV assault rifles were found in the possession of Libyan rebels who captured Tripoli and the residence of Muammar Gaddafi, who took them from the palace guards. It was alleged that H&K sold its assault rifles to the leader's fighters, thereby violating German law prohibiting the export of weapons to countries where fighting is taking place.

« Heckler& Koch" AndCombatArms

Combat Arms has many Heckler&Koch weapons:

A Bundeswehr soldier and is designed to defeat enemy personnel.

The G11 Heckler rifle is the development of West German designers, which replaced the G3 rifle. In the mid-60s of the 20th century, the concept of armament of motorized infantry units of NATO armies began to change, incl. and units of the Bundeswehr. According to NATO analysts, the main strike “self-defense forces,” as the arms race businessmen liked to call themselves, are armed with an assault rifle that is not light enough to meet the requirements of modern times.

Development of new standard weapons

G11 - this is the name given to the new assault rifle; it was developed by the German company Heckler and Koch in the late 1960s. The German government approved this project and instructed the shortest possible time manufacture the required type of weapon.
During the design and survey work, the designers settled on a light, small-caliber and compact rifle in the “bullup” version with high accuracy. In this case, the clip is structurally attached above the barrel, the cartridges in it are defined in diameter to the barrel bore. The effectiveness of hitting a target was achieved by hitting it with several shots, so the designers settled on the option of using a 43 mm caseless cartridge in the new weapon (later they chose a 47 mm caliber). The updated rifle could fire single shots and fire in automatic mode, both in long and short bursts of 3 shots. According to the developed concept, the Heckler-Koch company was entrusted with the creation of the new G11, and the Dynamite-Nobel company was responsible for creating a new shot without a shell.

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Design features of G11
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The automatic circuit of the weapon operates due to the kinetic energy of the powder gases released after the shot and the short stroke of the barrel. The initial placement of cartridges in the clip above the barrel with bullets down. The G11 rifle is equipped with a special rotating breech chamber, where before the start of fire the cartridge is fed vertically downwards. After this, the breech is turned at a right angle, and when the cartridge is aligned with the line of the barrel, a shot is fired, while the cartridge is not fed directly into the barrel. Because the cartridge is without a shell (the capsule burns out when fired), then the operation of the automation is simple: there is no need for the mechanism to throw out the spent cartridge case. After the shot is fired, the breech chamber turns back to receive the next ammunition. If it misfires, the defective cartridge is thrown down under the influence of the feed force of the next ammunition. The mechanism is cocked using the rotary handle located on the left. The handle does not move when shooting.

The barrel part, the trigger (except for the safety flag and trigger), the rotating breech with mechanisms and the clip are assembled on one base, which moves translationally inside the body of the weapon. When firing single shots or automatic non-fixed shooting, the mechanism completes the entire shot cycle, and the recoil becomes less. When firing automatically in fixed bursts, after every third shot the movable system comes to the rearmost position, while the recoil force acts after the end of the shooting, thereby achieving greater accuracy of fire (by analogy with the domestic AN-94 “Abakan” assault rifle).
The first modifications of the G11 were equipped with a fixed, single-magnification optical sight, which is also used when carrying the rifle.

Ammunition

For standard use, shellless cartridges with dimensions of 4.73x33 mm, manufactured by Dynamit Nobel AG, have been developed. The prototype ammunition for the Heckler & Koch G11 had a square-shaped powder charge, coated with a moisture-proof varnish, an igniter primer in the bottom and a bullet recessed in the powder charge. Next, they created a modified version of the ammunition for the Heckler & Koch G11, where the bullet and powder charge are completely encapsulated along with the igniter primer in the bottom part and the lid in the upper part of the capsule.

Modifications

The Bundeswehr has two types of such weapons:
-Rifle Heckler Heckler&Koch G11K2 - an updated version of the G11. The body has been shortened, a bayonet mount and a clip for 45 shots have been developed. The sight is a removable weapon handle; it is possible to install standardized ones instead sighting devices adopted by NATO troops.

Heckler Heckler&Koch LMG11 - light machine gun based on the Heckler&Koch G11

Caliber: 4.7x33 mm, unjacketed cartridge
Automation: gas-operated, with rotating breech
Length: 0.750 m
Barrel length: 0.540 m
Weight: 3.6 kg without ammunition
Clip: 50(45) shots

The Heckler&Koch SLB 2000 is an example of a utilitarian European semi-automatic weapon. Although it does not have an exquisite finish, it nevertheless differs from mass-produced North American firearms in its impeccable workmanship and excellent ergonomics, corresponding to all the canons of shooting art.

Semi-automatic carbine with detachable box magazine. The reloading mechanism works on the principle gas engine, by selecting part of the powder gases from the barrel bore. Shutter with rotating cylinder. The stock is semi-pistol, with a steeply set, well-defined grip.

A set of external sighting devices consists of a Batyu rail or a folding rear sight and an open metal front sight on a high bracket. It is possible to install a Weaver or Picatinny rail, for which holes with metric threads are made on the receiver cover.

About what it isHeckler&Koch SLB 2000, this video will tell you:

Advantages and disadvantages

Almost legendary high quality workmanship, characteristic of all samples of the Heckler&Koch brand.

Good shooting qualities, obtained not only due to the precision manufacturing quality of the barrel, but also the use of a bolt with a rotating cylinder, on which there are two rows of lugs, three in each. Thanks to this design solution, the breech locking density of the Heckler&Koch SLB 2000 is no worse than that of bolt-action rifles.
The gas engine design consists of four parts: a piston, a return spring and two bolt carrier rods. Therefore, this semi-automatic is more reliable than both the Browning Bar and the Benelli Argo.
However, the SLB 2000 cannot be called an expedition gun, which is capable of trouble-free operation without seeing a normal cleaning for months. Judging by reviews on the Internet, the only type of ammunition with which this carbine works flawlessly is Dynamite Nobel brand cartridges.
The ergonomics of the weapon are well thought out, very comfortable for shooting from any position of the stock, all controls are accessible without any extra effort. It is relatively light and compact.
The fuse box is located on the buttplate of the receiver; it can be operated without being distracted from the aiming line. The force on the trigger is adjustable. Its size is classic for hunting weapons– from 1.5 to 1.8 kilograms.
The standard magazine capacity is five rounds, which is not typical for European semi-automatic weapons. However, it can optionally be equipped with a ten-round removable hopper. The cartridges are stacked in two rows, which speeds up the loading process.

A full set of external sighting devices and the ability to install a rail for optical sights makes this weapon universal, suitable for all types of hunting. The same can be said about the set of calibers offered by the manufacturer. The range from .308 Win to 300 WM allows you to choose a sample with which it is appropriate to go both to roe deer and to large bear.

Carbine HK 2000 SLB (photo)

Purpose

This is a weapon that can be used for running and driven hunts, as well as shooting from ambush and from storage sheds.

Varieties

The manufacturer offers the following set of calibers:

7 X 64 ,
.308 Win,
30-06 Sprg,
9.3×62,
and also 300 WM.

Three models: 2000 L, 2000 K and 2000 L Magnum. The latter has a different design - it is made of black plastic, on which the bipod is mounted. The stock of the Magnum model has a height-adjustable comb, and a compensator brake is installed on the muzzle.

Specifications

			H&K 2000 L Magnum
	Self-loading carbine with gas engine
	With a rotating cylinder having six lugs
	7 X 64, .308Win, 30-06 Sprg, 9.3x62
Barrel length (mm)
Overall Length (mm)
Weight without cartridges

Design

A self-loading repeating rifle that operates using the principle of a gas engine.
The barrel is made of stainless steel, blued, the rifling is obtained by cold forging. Magnum models are equipped with a muzzle brake-compensator.
The receiver is made of thick-walled aluminum, made by milling. The connection to the barrel is threaded. On the top edge of the cover there are holes for attaching a strap for optical sights.
A bolt with a rotating cylinder having six lugs - two rows of three each.
Trigger with the ability to adjust the trigger force from 1.5 to 1.8 kilograms. The fuse box is located on the buttplate of the receiver; it has two positions: Fire – all the way up, a red dot is visible; Stop – all the way down, a white dot is visible.
The magazine is box-shaped, removable, double-row. The latch is located on the right side of the front branch of the trigger guard.
After the last cartridge is fired, the shutter is delayed. To remove it, there is a lever with a corrugated prismatic button on the left side of the receiver.
A set of sighting devices consists of a rear sight (can be either in the form of a Batyu rail or a shield with a slot), as well as a fixed open metal front sight on a high bracket. Magnum models are not equipped with them, they only have a Picatinny rail.
The stock of the basic models is semi-pistol, made of Bavarian walnut wood. The butt plate is non-adjustable, with a shock-absorbing pad. Magnum models are equipped with a black plastic stock, the butt comb of which has an adjustable height, and the butt plate can be moved vertically. A bipod is attached to its fore-end.

UsageThe Heckler&Koch SLB 2000 carbine is demonstrated in this video:

Options and packaging

The weapon comes in a hard case. The delivery set may include a 10-round magazine, cleaning accessories, and an optical sight. Instructions for use and passport are included.

Operating principle

Reloading of the weapon occurs due to the selection of part of the powder gases from the barrel. They act on the piston, which, through rods, pushes the bolt frame back, forcing the cylinder to turn and disengage the lugs from the barrel breech. With this movement, the cartridge case is removed and the striking mechanism is cocked. On the way back, the bolt frame picks up the cartridge from the magazine and sends it into the chamber. After the cartridges are used up, the bolt frame is delayed in the rearmost position.
To load the magazine, press down the hopper latch lever located at the front branch of the trigger guard. The cartridges are stacked in two rows. The magazine is installed in the hopper first with the front edge, and then with the rear, after which it is pressed until it clicks.
To feed a cartridge into the chamber, pull the bolt carrier back by grasping its handle. Then release it so that it returns under the action of the return mechanism spring. If you do not need to shoot immediately, put the weapon on safety by sliding the slider on the butt plate down until a white dot appears.
If the bolt carrier is delayed, it can be returned to the forward position in two ways: remove the magazine; lower the lever located on the left side of the receiver, in front of the magazine hopper.

Heckler & Koch SLB 2000 Target

Disassembly

Unload the weapon by removing the magazine from the hopper and moving the bolt frame.
Using a hex key, unscrew the two screws on the bottom edge of the forend and remove it.
Using two (slotted on both sides of the receiver) hex wrenches, unscrew the two bolts holding the receiver halves.
Separate the upper half of the receiver assembly with the barrel and bolt frame.
Remove the two lock washers securing the bolt carrier rods to the piston.
Using a flathead screwdriver, press the bolt handle latch and remove it forward.
Remove the bolt carrier together with the rods from the receiver, remove the rods.
Unscrew the two screws securing the guide spring, remove it and remove the piston from the gas chamber.
Press the lock on the butt plate of the bolt stem, remove the pin, and remove the firing pin.
Remove the bolt cover.
Remove the larva.

Characteristics
Caliber, mm
Cartridge	4.7x33 HE DE11
Length, mm
Barrel length, mm
Weight, kg
Magazine capacity, cartridges	45 or 50
Rate of fire, rounds/min	600 or 2000
Initial bullet speed, m/s:	930-960
Sighting range, m:

The development of the G11 rifle was started by Heckler and Koch (Germany) at the very end of the 1960s, when the German government decided to create a new, more effective rifle to replace the 7.62 mm G3 rifles.
Based on the results of the research, it was decided that the Bundeswehr needed a light, small-caliber rifle with high shooting accuracy. To ensure reliable destruction of the enemy, it was necessary to ensure that several bullets hit the target, so the decision was made to create a rifle chambered for a caseless cartridge of 4.3 mm caliber (later switched to 4.7 mm caliber) with the ability to fire in single, long bursts and with a cut-off bursts of 3 shots. The Heckler-Koch company was supposed to create such a rifle, with the participation of the Dynamite-Nobel company, responsible for the development of a new caseless cartridge. (In parentheses, I note that the Heckler-Koch company was not the only West German company that developed weapons for a caseless cartridge - it simply achieved the greatest success in this matter.

For example, the Vollmer Maschinenfabrik company in the early 1980s also developed a number of assault rifles of a very original design chambered for a caseless cartridge, but before serial production I never finished them. Similar developments were also carried out in the USA in the 1980s by the AAI corporation in the early stages of the Advanced Combat Rifle program, as well as in France by the GIAT concern).

The main development of the layout and mechanisms of the new weapon was carried out by Heckler-Koch engineers Dieter Ketterer and Thilo Moller, with the participation of Günther Kastner and Ernst Wossner. Army testing of prototypes of the new rifle began in 1981 at the Meppen training ground. In 1983, 25 experimental rifles were tested at the Hammelburg army training ground. These tests continued for about a year.
In 1988, the first pre-production G11 samples were sent to the Bundeswehr for testing. Based on the results of these tests, a number of changes were made to the G11 design, in particular: the sight was made removable, with the possibility of replacing it with other types of sights; The magazine capacity was reduced from 50 to 45 rounds, but it became possible to mount two spare magazines on the rifle on either side of the main (working) magazine; a mount for a bayonet or bipod appeared under the barrel on the body of the weapon. A new version of the rifle, designated G11K2, in the amount of 50 copies, was provided to the German military for military tests at the end of 1989. As part of these tests, 200,000 rounds of ammunition were used - 4,000 rounds per rifle. Based on the test results, a decision was made to introduce the G11 into service with the Bundeswehr in 1990, but deliveries were limited to an initial batch of only 1,000 units, after which the program was closed by decision of the German authorities. The main reasons for the closure of this technically quite successful program are most likely, firstly, a lack of money in connection with the unification of the two Germanys, and, secondly, NATO requirements for the unification of ammunition, which resulted in the adoption of the G36 rifle by the Bundeswehr for standard 5.56 mm NATO ammunition.

In 1988–1990, the G11 was also tested in the United States as part of the ACR (Advanced Combat Rifle) program. The purpose of this program was to test new concepts (caseless ammunition, arrow-shaped sabot bullets, etc.) to identify a potential successor for the M16A2 rifle. During these tests, the G11 proved to be a reliable and easy-to-handle weapon, with good fire accuracy in all modes, but it could not achieve the 100% excess of combat characteristics over the M16A2 required by the Americans.
As part of the G11 program, not only the rifle itself was developed, but a whole range of weapons chambered for a caseless cartridge, including a magazine-fed light machine gun and a personal defense weapon (PDW) in the dimensions of a compact submachine gun. Light machine gun had a magazine located in the butt with a capacity of 300 rounds.

Such stores were supposed to be equipped only in the factory, and delivered to the troops already equipped and ready for use. Some sources also mention that the CAWS smoothbore combat shotgun, created as part of the US Army program of the same name by Heckler-Koch in collaboration with the American company Olin / Winchester, was also built on the basis of the G11, but this is not so. Despite some external similarities with the G11, the HK CAWS shotgun used cartridges with a traditional metal sleeve and had a fundamentally different automatic device (short barrel stroke combined with an auxiliary gas release mechanism).
As a final touch, it can be mentioned that the G11 rifle received the unofficial nickname “rapid-firing cuckoo clock” among its developers for its very complex mechanism, which had a large number of swinging and rotating parts.

The rifle's automation operates using the energy of powder gases removed from the barrel. The gas release mechanism is located to the left of the barrel and slightly below it. The cartridges are placed in the magazine above the barrel, bullets down, in one row. The G11 rifle has a unique rotating breech chamber into which the cartridge is fed vertically downward before firing. Then, the chamber rotates 90 degrees, and when the cartridge aligns with the barrel line, a shot occurs, but the cartridge itself is not fed into the barrel. The interface between the chamber and the barrel was one of the most weak points in the design of the rifle, having a survivability of only 3000–4000 rounds. In 1989, Heckler-Koch engineers promised to increase the resource of this unit to 6000 rounds, but it is not known whether they managed to achieve this. Since the cartridge is caseless (with a combustible primer), the automatic operation cycle is simplified by eliminating the extraction of the spent cartridge case. In the event of a misfire, the faulty cartridge is pushed down when the next cartridge is fed. The mechanism is cocked using a rotary handle on the left side of the weapon. When firing, the cocking handle remains motionless. It should be noted that on early prototypes the weapon's cocking handle was located in the front of the weapon, under the forend, and only starting with prototype No. 13 (1981) did it take the form of a rotary “key” on the left wall of the receiver.
Interestingly, the Heckler-Koch engineers made significant efforts to protect the rifle's mechanisms from dust, dirt and moisture. The cutout for the trigger was closed with a special movable membrane; the hole for the magazine receiver was automatically closed with a spring-loaded lid when the magazine was removed.

The barrel, firing mechanism (except for the safety/switch and trigger), rotating breech with mechanics and magazine are mounted on a single base made of stamped steel sheet, which can move back and forth inside the rifle body. When firing single shots or long bursts, the entire mechanism performs a full recoil-recoil cycle after each shot, which ensures a reduction in the recoil felt by the shooter (similar to artillery systems). When firing in bursts of three shots, the next cartridge is fed and fired immediately after the previous one, at a rate of up to 2000 rounds per minute. In this case, the entire mobile system comes to the extremely rear position already AFTER the third shot, so that the recoil begins to affect the weapon and the shooter again after the end of the burst, which ensures high accuracy of fire in short bursts (a similar solution was later used in the Russian Nikonov AN- 94).

Early G11 prototypes were equipped with a fixed 3.5X optical sight. The final (pre-production) version of the G11K2 had a quick-detachable 1X optical sight as the main one, with a backup open sight made on the upper surface of the optical sight. The magazines initially had a capacity of 50 rounds and could be loaded from special plastic clips for 10 (later 15) rounds. In the final version, the magazine capacity was reduced to 45 rounds, and there was a transparent window on the side of the magazine to monitor the remaining cartridges. Two spare magazines could be mounted on the body of the weapon, on the sides of the main (working) magazine, since carrying very long magazines on oneself was difficult.
In the final version of the G11K2, at the request of the military, it became possible to install a standard bayonet, and it was not mounted on a movable barrel, but on special mounts located on the body of the weapon below the muzzle and partially recessed into the body. A lightweight removable bipod could be installed on the same mounts for firing from a rest.

The Heckler&Koch SLB 2000 carbine is an example of a utilitarian European semi-automatic weapon. Although it does not have an exquisite finish, it nevertheless differs from mass-produced North American firearms in its impeccable workmanship and excellent ergonomics, corresponding to all the canons of shooting art.

Description of the Heckler&Koch SLB 2000 carbine

Semi-automatic carbine with detachable box magazine. The reloading mechanism operates on the principle of a gas engine, removing part of the powder gases from the barrel bore. Shutter with rotating cylinder. The stock is semi-pistol, with a steeply set, well-defined grip.