Etiquette of speech behavior. Speech etiquette: features of speech etiquette. Russian speech etiquette. Stages of business communication

No matter who we communicate with, no matter where we are, we should obey certain rules. For example, the rules govern traffic, behavior in in public places, school, at a business meeting or at a party. Oral speech also has its own rules, the absence of which would not allow for a competent and polite conversation. People’s comprehension of the basic rules of speech etiquette, which allow them to make communication pleasant and understandable for their interlocutors, occurs in childhood. Through various situations and observation of others, people learn behavior rules accepted in society.

Why do you need to observe speech etiquette?

In our fast-paced times, we have to be in public more and more often, communicate in the most different topics and make new acquaintances. Modern people are becoming more free in terms of communication, often forgetting about the basic rules of decency and tact, which is unacceptable. It is just as important to observe as other types of etiquette, because it will allow you to better understand people and successfully conduct any dialogues with them. In addition, by the way a person communicates, one can judge the degree of breadth of his soul, education and positioning of himself in society. D. Likhachev very accurately noted at one time when he said the following: “Our speech is the most important part of not only our behavior, but also our soul and mind.”

In any society it is customary to observe behavior rules and pay special attention to speech culture. But in order to master it, you need to have a clear understanding of what the concept means Russian. It is a system of linguistic signs, as well as the rules for their use, which are accepted in society. All this is necessary in order to establish verbal contact between the people leading the conversation and maintain communication in an emotionally positive tone, regardless of external circumstances. Using certain words and expressions that can reflect the national specifics of verbal politeness, a person can fulfill the task assigned to him - in the most tactful and helpful manner to convey to the interlocutor the meaning of his words.

What does the concept of speech situation mean?

For a speech situation to arise, certain conditions must be met. The main element of a speech situation is the appearance of the speaker and the listener. The second point is the presence of a conversation topic (what will be discussed). The third condition is the presence of the interlocutors in a certain space and time (where/when). And finally, there must be a motive for the speech act (why) and a goal (why the opponents started this conversation). All this can be accomplished by using a special code - language. Proper management of it will allow you to win the favor of listeners, form a positive impression of the speaker and arouse interest in continuing the conversation. The use of etiquette formulas and politeness are a necessary condition for culture. And etiquette– the concepts are very close and manifest themselves as a friendly attitude towards others. The use of verbal and non-verbal signs of politeness is etiquette, the rules of which not only can, but also must be required to be followed by everyone.

The most famous and commonly used are the following rules of speech etiquette :

greetings;
acquaintance;
gratitude;
apologies;
approval/compliment;
farewells;
sympathy/condolences;
wishes;
invitations;
requests;
conducting .

When communicating with each other, people try to convey certain information: to communicate something, to convey the meaning of their words to the interlocutor, to encourage someone to do something, to ask or give advice. To cope with the task, they resort to performing speech acts. But before you start exchanging information, you should make verbal contact with the person. This must be done in accordance with certain rules. Many people don’t notice them because they have become habitual. But their violation is noticeable immediately. For example, a seller addressing a buyer on a first-name basis is perceived by the latter as the height of tactlessness. You can talk about disrespect if one of your acquaintances does not say hello when you meet. From the outside, a person’s reluctance to thank someone for help, a service rendered, etc., looks ugly. And people who systematically do not admit their mistakes or do not offer a word of apology seem completely ignorant.

imposes a number of restrictions and prohibitions on emotions, foul language during communication and conducting a conversation in a raised voice. This is not only unsightly, but can also be perceived ambiguously by others. There are a huge number of forms of manifestation of rudeness. We are talking about arrogance, arrogance, arrogance, insult, use of offensive words, etc. The following can be considered a manifestation of impoliteness:

choosing an inappropriate expression for a particular situation or for the interlocutor ( greeted young teacher the phrase “Hello!”);
failure to comply with the rules of speech etiquette (when leaving the person did not apologize, squeezing through the crowd);
offending the interlocutor by using rude words (sit here, put it on yourself).

You should not become like a rude person and engage in verbal polemics. It's not welcoming. It is important to address the person correctly and as politely as possible and put him in his place. An opponent who is familiar with etiquette rules will calm down and admit that he was wrong. In this case speech etiquette will be the best and effective means, which will remove speech aggression.

Golden rules of argument and defending your point of view

Since the conversation has turned to polemics, discussions, debates, it is worth knowing that there are ways to conduct such a conversation in a polite manner. It is not at all necessary to enter into a passionate argument, proving something to your opponent and accompanying your speech with active gestures and a loud voice. Do you want to be heard? - Speak more quietly! So it says folk wisdom, proven over centuries. Really. Politicians, who often appear on television and answer provocative questions or objections from opponents, rarely allow themselves to behave outside the bounds of etiquette. It’s easy to piss someone off, but keeping yourself under control and correctly responding to your opponents’ comments is the responsibility of not only public people, but each of us. There is no need to behave like you are in war. A conversation, whatever it may be, is primarily a process of interaction between two or more people seeking to show respect to each other. Lack of desire to rise above his interlocutors and competent speech are signs of a polite and tactful person. These qualities increase the degree of trust in such people, help keep the conversation on the same wavelength, achieve the goal and effectively transmit information.

Expressiveness of speech and adherence to the rules of speech culture are signs of a cultured and educated person. The main task of any of us is not only the ability to apply the necessary etiquette formulas and observe Russian speech etiquette , but also improving speech. Must be observed etiquette in any situation, develop oral speech, master communication tactics and strategies that allow you to prevent and resolve conflicts. Language is the most powerful means of communication, which is a system of signs and rules accepted in society. Know basicsspeech culture, as well as being able to apply them in practice is the responsibility of every citizen.

IN modern world is of great importance. Human speech is one of the main characterological features that give an idea of the degree of education of an individual, his responsibility, and culture. The manner of communication allows you to understand how a person positions himself in society, how he relates to the people around him and his affairs. Despite the fact that we learn the basics in childhood, to achieve success in communicating with people we need to constantly work on our own speech. Knowing the basic rules and norms of communication with other people will allow you to better understand your interlocutors and establish trusting relationships with them.

What is speech etiquette and how did it arise?

Speech etiquette is usually understood as a stable system of communication accepted in society along with culture. This is an unspoken set of rules that must be followed by all people who want to build good relationships with others. These behavior rules installed over many centuries. Even our distant ancestors communicated with each other, adhering to an unwritten code. It was then, in ancient times, that things began to happen, its foundation began to be laid. Compliance with etiquette rules for ancient people was a kind of ritual that helped interlocutors understand that they were not hostile and were ready for constructive dialogue. Over time, many of the original actions have lost their power, but to this day some rituals and their verbal forms have been preserved and continue to be reproduced.

Rules of communication: speech etiquette and its formulas

To master the etiquette of speech communication, you need to have knowledge from various sciences, such as linguistics, culture, etc. You can master the skills of a culture of communication through the use of speech etiquette formulas, that is, certain words, set expressions and phrases that are used depending on the stages conversation. In total, it is customary to distinguish 3 stages:

welcome;
main;
final one.

The beginning of any conversation is accompanied by a greeting, which in turn can be done at the verbal and levels. It is worth remembering that its order is of particular importance here. It is assumed that the one who is younger in age or position greets the interlocutor first. When meeting people of opposite sexes greetings the gentleman says it first, but if we're talking about about an adult man and a young lady, the girl should be the first to greet her acquaintance. Depending on the chosen form of greeting (respectful, specific, indicating the time of the meeting, helping to create an emotional mood, or emphasizing a wish for health), certain words of greeting are said, such as, for example, “My respect!”, “I wish you good health!”, “ Good morning!”, “Glad to see you!”, “Hello!”. It is customary to end a conversation with phrases that can be expressed as:

wishes - “See you!”, “All the best!”, “Good luck!”, “Happy!”, “Be healthy!”;
hopes of meeting soon - “See you tomorrow!”, “See you!”, “We’ll call you”;
doubts about future meetings - “Farewell!”, “Don’t remember badly!”

The transition to the main part of the conversation is based on the use of speech formulas, which are used depending on the type of situation:

solemn (involving the use of phrases and expressions emphasizing the desire to congratulate the interlocutor or invite somewhere);
worker (based on reprimand/gratitude, appeal to colleagues/superiors);
mournful (accompanied by words of sympathy, empathy, consolation).

Speech etiquette of any country has its own characteristics, characteristic of representatives of a certain culture and language. main feature Russian speech etiquette consists in the absence of personal addresses that are neutral in terms of social status. The revolution led to the loss of many universal words, such as “sir/madam”, “Your Grace”, “father/mother”, and the communist era ended with the disappearance of the word “comrade” from everyday life. Today, people using these appeals seem old-fashioned. Although in some cases they are returned to give speech an ideological coloring or for the purpose of constructing phrases through the use of impersonal forms. As for slang phrases and obscene language, the fashion for which appeared in the 90s of the last century, many words are firmly entrenched in everyday speech, entered the media and even literary works. Nowadays there is practically no discernible difference between these words and expressive expressions.

The uniqueness of Russian speech etiquette also lies in the use of first and patronymics, emphasizing respect for the person. In the modern world, analogues of such treatment are rare. And through the use of diminutive forms of names and words, it is possible to emphasize the family/close connection with the interlocutor (daughter, little wife, Sashenka).

Another difference in speech etiquette is the use of plural pronouns during formal communication. The polite form "You" is used when talking to a stranger or when necessary to emphasize a person's authority. The emergence of closeness or commonality of views between interlocutors allows for the transition to the “you” form.

Speech etiquette in Russia it does not require greeting passers-by or neighbors. This explains the absence of neutral speech structures in the language. But if an acquaintance has taken place and communication has begun, it is worth addressing the interlocutor, expressing feelings of gratitude and deep respect.

The richness of the Russian language is difficult to overestimate. Thanks to the use of phraseological units, idioms, and sayings, as well as catchphrases, which are not easy to translate into other languages, Russian speech stands out noticeably in general background. And the speech of a person who uses such phrases becomes much more interesting, demonstrates the erudition of the interlocutor and allows him to convey the feelings, emotions of the speaker or the meaning of the words as clearly as possible.

Summarizing all of the above, it is worth adding that the rules of speech etiquette have a lot of differences depending on where the interlocutors live. The norms of communication that representatives of one culture consider appropriate may not fit into the framework of speech etiquette of residents of other countries. Speech etiquette is a complex system that serves to use various language techniques. When building relationships with people based on trust, it is extremely important to observe speech etiquette.

Polite rules Communication is based on such components as courtesy, respect, correctness, tact, and courtesy. The desire to demonstrate your goodwill and emphasize your opponent’s individuality will help to avoid the occurrence of sensitive moments. The main thing is to use understandable social group language formulas and techniques.

- I'm sorry!
Unfortunately, we often hear this form of address. Speech etiquette and communication culture- not very popular concepts in the modern world. One will consider them too decorative or old-fashioned, while another will find it difficult to answer the question of what forms of speech etiquette are found in his everyday life.

Content:

Meanwhile, the etiquette of verbal communication plays a vital role for a person’s successful activity in society, his personal life and the building of strong family and friendly relationships.

The concept of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette is a system of requirements (rules, norms) that explain to us how to establish, maintain and break contact with another person in a certain situation. Speech etiquette norms are very diverse, each country has its own peculiarities of communication culture.

speech etiquette - a system of rules

It may seem strange why you need to develop special rules of communication and then stick to them or break them. And yet, speech etiquette is closely related to the practice of communication; its elements are present in every conversation. Compliance with the rules of speech etiquette will help you competently convey your thoughts to your interlocutor and quickly achieve mutual understanding with him.

Mastery etiquette of verbal communication requires acquiring knowledge in the field of various humanitarian disciplines: linguistics, psychology, cultural history and many others. To more successfully master communication culture skills, they use such a concept as speech etiquette formulas.

Speech etiquette formulas

The basic formulas of speech etiquette are learned at an early age, when parents teach their child to say hello, say thank you, and ask for forgiveness for mischief. With age, a person learns more and more subtleties in communication, masters various styles speech and behavior. The ability to correctly assess a situation, start and maintain a conversation with a stranger, and competently express one’s thoughts distinguishes a person of high culture, education and intelligence.

Speech etiquette formulas- these are certain words, phrases and set expressions used for three stages of conversation:

starting a conversation (greeting/introduction)
main part
final part of the conversation

Starting a conversation and ending it

Any conversation, as a rule, begins with a greeting; it can be verbal and non-verbal. The order of greeting also matters. youngest first greets the elder, the man greets the woman, the young girl greets the adult man, and the junior greets the elder. We list in the table the main forms of greeting the interlocutor:

IN ending a call use formulas for stopping communication and parting. These formulas are expressed in the form of wishes (all the best, all the best, goodbye), hopes for further meetings (see you tomorrow, I hope to see you soon, we’ll call you), or doubts about further meetings (goodbye, farewell).

Main part of the conversation

Following the greeting, a conversation begins. Speech etiquette provides for three main types of situations in which different speech formulas communication: solemn, mournful and work situations. The first phrases spoken after the greeting are called the beginning of the conversation. There are often situations when the main part of the conversation consists only of the beginning and the ending of the conversation that follows.

speech etiquette formulas - stable expressions

A solemn atmosphere and the approach of an important event require the use of speech patterns in the form of an invitation or congratulations. The situation can be either official or informal, and the situation determines what formulas of speech etiquette will be used in the conversation.

A mournful atmosphere in connection with events that bring grief suggests condolences expressed emotionally, not routinely or dryly. In addition to condolences, the interlocutor often needs consolation or sympathy. Sympathy and consolation can take the form of empathy, confidence in a successful outcome, and be accompanied by advice.

In everyday life, the work environment also requires the use of speech etiquette formulas. Brilliant or, conversely, improper performance of assigned tasks can become a reason for criticism or reproach. When carrying out orders, an employee may need advice, for which it will be necessary to make a request to a colleague. There is also a need to approve someone else’s proposal, give permission for implementation or a reasoned refusal.

The request must be extremely polite in form (but without ingratiation) and understandable to the addressee; the request must be made delicately. When making a request, it is advisable to avoid the negative form and use the affirmative. Advice should be given uncategorically; giving advice will be an incentive to action if it is given in a neutral, delicate form.

For fulfilling a request, providing a service, helpful advice It is customary to express gratitude to your interlocutor. Also an important element in speech etiquette is compliment. It can be used at the beginning, middle and end of a conversation. Tactful and timely, it lifts the mood of the interlocutor and encourages a more open conversation. A compliment is useful and pleasant, but only if it is a sincere compliment, said with a natural emotional overtones.

Speech etiquette situations

The key role in the culture of speech etiquette is played by the concept situation. Indeed, depending on the situation, our conversation can change significantly. In this case, communication situations can be characterized by a variety of circumstances, for example:

personalities of the interlocutors
place
time
motive

Personalities of the interlocutors. Speech etiquette is focused primarily on the addressee - the person being addressed, but the personality of the speaker is also taken into account. Taking into account the personality of the interlocutors is implemented on the principle of two forms of address - “You” and “You”. The first form indicates the informal nature of communication, the second - respect and greater formality in the conversation.

A place of communication. Communication in a certain place may require the participant to have specific rules of speech etiquette established for that place. Such places can be: a business meeting, a social dinner, a theater, a youth party, a restroom, etc.

In the same way, depending on the topic of conversation, time, motive or purpose of communication, we use different conversational techniques. The topic of conversation can be joyful or sad events; the time of communication can be conducive to being brief or to an extensive conversation. Motives and goals are manifested in the need to show respect, express a friendly attitude or gratitude to the interlocutor, make an offer, ask for a request or advice.

Any national speech etiquette makes certain demands on representatives of its culture and has its own characteristics. The very appearance of the concept of speech etiquette is associated with an ancient period in the history of languages, when each word was given a special meaning, and faith in the effect of the word on the surrounding reality was strong. And the emergence of certain norms of speech etiquette is due to the desire of people to bring about certain events.

But for speech etiquette different nations Some common features are also characteristic, with the difference only in the forms of implementation of speech norms of etiquette. Each cultural and linguistic group has formulas for greeting and farewell, and respectful addresses to elders in age or position. In a closed society, a representative of a foreign culture, unfamiliar with the peculiarities national speech etiquette, appears to be an uneducated, poorly brought up person. In a more open society, people are prepared for differences in the speech etiquette of different nations; in such a society, imitation of a foreign culture of speech communication is often practiced.

Speech etiquette of our time

In the modern world, and even more so in the urban culture of the post-industrial and information society, the concept of the culture of verbal communication is changing radically. The speed of changes occurring in modern times threatens the very traditional foundations of speech etiquette, based on the idea of the inviolability of social hierarchy, religious and mythological beliefs.

Study of norms speech etiquette in the modern world turns into a practical goal focused on achieving success in a specific act of communication: if necessary, attract attention, demonstrate respect, inspire trust in the addressee, his sympathy, create a favorable climate for communication. However, the role of national speech etiquette remains important - knowledge of the peculiarities of foreign speech culture is a mandatory sign of fluency in a foreign language.

Russian speech etiquette in circulation

Main feature Russian speech etiquette One can call it its heterogeneous development throughout the existence of Russian statehood. Serious changes in the norms of Russian language etiquette occurred at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The previous monarchical system was distinguished by the division of society into classes from nobles to peasants, which determined the specifics of treatment in relation to the privileged classes - master, sir, master. At the same time, there was no uniform appeal to representatives of the lower classes.

As a result of the revolution, the previous classes were abolished. All addresses of the old system were replaced by two - citizen and comrade. The citizen's appeal has acquired a negative connotation; it has become the norm when used by prisoners, criminals, and detainees in relation to representatives of law enforcement agencies. The address comrade, on the contrary, was fixed in the meaning of “friend”.

During communism, only two types of address (and in fact, only one - comrade), formed a kind of cultural and speech vacuum, which was informally filled with such addresses as man, woman, uncle, auntie, guy, girl, etc. They remained and after the collapse of the USSR, however in modern society are perceived as familiarity, and indicate a low level of culture of the one who uses them.

In post-communist society, the previous types of address gradually began to reappear: gentlemen, madam, mister, etc. As for the address comrade, it is legally enshrined as an official address in law enforcement agencies, the armed forces, communist organizations, and in the collectives of factories.

In preparing the article, materials from the Online Encyclopedia Around the World and the RGUI Library were used.

In order to always be on top and not lose face, it is worth knowing the basic rules of speech etiquette perfectly. In the Russian language, like in any other culture in the world, there are certain subtleties and features of speech etiquette. Yes, there are not so few of them. However, knowledge of the rules of behavior in various speech situations will help you make brilliant speeches, negotiate, and conduct personal conversations. You will learn to negotiate and avoid various incidental situations that may cast doubt on your reputation.

What is speech etiquette?

It’s worth starting with what the term “speech etiquette” itself means. Do you need to draw up rules of speech etiquette for yourself or is there a specific written set of norms?

In short: speech etiquette usually means the ability to communicate politely and tactfully.

If you constantly use these rules in everyday life, you will easily be able to build good relationships with colleagues, neighbors, relatives, partners, friends, etc.

In short, speech culture of behavior is not only a set of certain norms. This is also everyday communication. In a way, this is also a litmus test that allows you to determine at the first communication how literate, polite, and tactful a person is. The level of speech etiquette helps to assess the social status and level of human development.

Despite the fact that every country, every culture has its own rules, which help us understand what kind of person he is, it is very difficult to outline all the rules of speech etiquette - there are so many of them.

Basic rules of speech etiquette

The main, basic rules of speech etiquette in the Russian language are varied. But it won’t be difficult for you to understand them if you grew up in this country and you were instilled with basic formulations or “starting formulas” from childhood. What it is? It's actually not that complicated.

By starting formulas, linguists and psychologists usually mean habit:

greet the interlocutor correctly and in accordance with the situation;

be sure to say goodbye;

thank you for the help offered;

apologize.

Many people learned such norms at an early age. But over the years, a person develops his own rules of speech etiquette, which he strives to follow strictly. What does this mean? It’s not that adults can be rude to their interlocutor or say a bad word. Not at all like that! With experience, a person learns to politely carry on a conversation even if he has little knowledge of the topic.

It is important here not to abruptly interrupt the conversation or abandon it. This is uncivilized! Also, over the years, we learn to express our point of view competently and correctly. Even if it does not coincide with generally accepted standards, it is important to convey it politely.

The main stages of each speech situation

Following the basic rules of speech etiquette, every person should understand that any conversation is divided into 3 stages:

Introduction (or greeting).
Main part.
Conclusion.

Each stage has certain characteristics. It would seem that everyone knows what rules of speech etiquette “work” in the first part of the conversation. But still, it wouldn’t hurt to repeat them. It is very important to choose the right phrases for greetings. They depend on your interlocutor. His age, social status, and gender should be taken into account. But there are no clear frameworks and restrictions here. That is, you can say “Good morning!”, “Hello!”, “Hello!”. The first and last options are universal. They are applicable in any situation. After all, their meaning indicates a polite attitude. "Hello!" and similar phrases are permissible only in dialogue with friends and some relatives.

There are also no uniform formulas for communication in the main part of the conversation. A lot depends on the situation, the goals of the conversation and many other factors. To decide on the line of conduct and the rules of speech etiquette, you need to know the facts, that is, the interlocutor himself and the essence of the conversation.

Another important aspect- a well-formed conclusion. There are also certain subtleties here. According to general norms, it is customary to say goodbye and discuss the possibility of a next meeting. There are also universal phrases here. If you don’t know how to end a conversation in a particular situation, then use generally accepted wording. These could be variations of “All the best!” or “Goodbye!”

Principles of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette is based on certain principles. There is nothing difficult in understanding them, since all these are generally accepted moral principles and values.

Accordingly, when conducting any conversation, you should rely on a respectful attitude towards the interlocutor, do not interrupt him, do not raise your voice, do not shout, do not insult, do not speak in parallel.

It would seem that everything is elementary simple. But it’s still worth highlighting the basic principles of the rules of speech behavior in the Russian language:

brevity;

politeness;

accuracy;

literacy;

relevance.

These are the main components of successful communication in a business environment and in everyday interpersonal interaction.

Goodwill and readiness for mutual cooperation are the basics of etiquette. If you follow these laws, then pleasant communication is guaranteed. In addition, this approach provides the opportunity to clearly agree on productive cooperation.

It is important to be able to select phrases that are appropriate in a given situation. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the social status and age of the interlocutor. Don't forget how familiar you are with him.

A person’s speech is a very important characterological feature; it can be used to determine not only the level of education, but also the degree of his responsibility and discipline. His speech reveals his attitude towards other people, himself, and his business. Therefore, any person who wants to achieve success in communicating with other people needs to work on their speech. Rules of speech etiquette, summary which each of us learns in childhood, contribute to better mutual understanding between people and help establish relationships.

The concept of speech etiquette

Etiquette is a set of norms and rules of behavior, usually an unwritten code that each person learns along with culture. Compliance with the rules of speech etiquette is usually not required by anyone to follow in an order or in writing, but they are mandatory for everyone who wants to improve relationships with other people. Speech etiquette prescribes the desired verbal presentation of typical communication situations. No one came up with these rules intentionally; they were formed in the course of human communication over thousands of years. Each label formula has its own roots, functions and variations. Speech etiquette and etiquette rules are a sign of a well-mannered and polite person and subconsciously set up a positive perception of the person using them.

History of origin

The word "etiquette" in French came from Greece. Etymologically, it goes back to the root meaning order, rule. In France, the word was used to refer to a special card on which the rules of seating and behavior at the royal table were prescribed. But during the time of Louis XIV the phenomenon of etiquette itself, of course, did not arise; it had much more ancient origin. The rules of speech etiquette, a brief summary of which can be described by the phrase “successful communication,” begin to take shape when people had to learn to establish relationships and negotiate with each other. Already in ancient times, there were rules of behavior that helped interlocutors overcome mutual mistrust and establish interaction. Thus, the code of good behavior is described in the texts of the ancient Greeks and Egyptians. In ancient times, etiquette rules were a kind of ritual that suggested to interlocutors that they were “of the same blood” and that they did not pose a threat. Each ritual had a verbal and non-verbal component. Gradually, the original meaning of many actions is lost, but the ritual and its verbal presentation are preserved and continue to be reproduced.

Functions of speech etiquette

Modern people often have a question about what are the rules of speech etiquette for? The short answer is to please other people. The main function of speech etiquette is establishing contact. When the interlocutor follows general rules, this makes him more understandable and predictable; we subconsciously trust more what is familiar to us. This goes back to primitive times, when the world around was very uncertain and there were dangers from everywhere; observance of rituals was then extremely important. And when the communication partner performed a familiar set of actions and said the right words, this removed some of the mistrust and facilitated contact. Today, our genetic memory also tells us that a person who follows the rules can be trusted more. The rules and norms of speech etiquette perform the function of creating a positive emotional atmosphere and help to have a favorable influence on the interlocutor. Speech etiquette also acts as a means of demonstrating respect for the interlocutor, helps to emphasize the status distribution of roles between communicants and the status of the communication situation itself - business, informal, friendly. Thus, the rules of speech etiquette are a tool. Part of the tension is relieved by simple etiquette formulas. Speech etiquette, as a formal part of ethics, performs a regulatory function; it helps to establish contacts and influences the behavior of people in typical situations.

Types of speech etiquette

Like any speech, etiquette speech behavior is very different in its written and oral form. The written version has more stringent rules, and in this form etiquette formulas are more mandatory. The oral form is more democratic; some omissions or replacement of words with actions are allowed here. For example, sometimes instead of saying “Hello,” you can get by with a nod of the head or a slight bow.

Etiquette dictates the rules of behavior in certain areas and situations. It is customary to distinguish several different types of speech etiquette. Official, business or professional speech etiquette determines the rules of speech behavior when performing job responsibilities, during negotiations, when preparing documents. This type is quite highly formalized, especially in its written form. The rules of Russian speech etiquette in formal and informal settings can be very different; the first signal of a transition from one type of etiquette to another may be a change from addressing “You” to addressing “you.” Everyday speech etiquette is characterized by greater freedom than official etiquette; there is greater variability in key etiquette formulas. There are also such types of speech etiquette as diplomatic, military and religious.

Principles of modern speech etiquette

Any rules of behavior are based on universal principles of morality, and speech etiquette is no exception. The golden rule of speech etiquette is based on the main moral principle formulated by I. Kant: act towards others as you would like them to act towards you. Thus, polite speech should include formulas that the person himself would be pleased to hear. Basic principles speech etiquette are appropriateness, accuracy, brevity and correctness. The speaker must select speech formulas in accordance with the situation, the status of the interlocutor, and the degree of familiarity with him. In any case, you should speak as briefly as possible, but not lose the meaning of what was said. And, of course, the speaker must respect his communication partner and try to construct his statement in accordance with the rules of the Russian language. Speech etiquette is built on two more important principles: goodwill and cooperation. treats other people with an initial attitude of goodness, he must be sincere and friendly. Communicators must do everything on both sides to ensure that communication is productive, mutually beneficial and enjoyable for all participants.

Etiquette situations

Etiquette regulates behavior in various situations. Traditionally, speech differs significantly in formal settings and in everyday life, as well as in different forms of its existence: written or oral. However, there are general rules of speech etiquette in various speech situations. The list of such cases is the same for any sphere, culture and form. Standard etiquette situations include:

Greetings;

Attracting attention and appeal;

Introduction and introduction;

Invitation;

Offer;

Request;

Gratitude;

Refusal and consent;

Congratulations;

Condolences;

Sympathy and comfort;

Compliment.

Each etiquette situation has a stable set of speech formulas that are recommended for use.

National features of etiquette

Speech etiquette is based on universal, universal moral principles. Therefore, its basis is the same in all cultures. Such universal principles, characteristic of all countries, include restraint in the expression of emotions, politeness, literacy and the ability to use standard speech formulas appropriate to the situation, and a positive attitude towards the interlocutor. But the particular implementation of universal human norms can vary significantly in different national cultures. Variability usually manifests itself in the speech design of a standard situation. The general culture of communication influences national speech etiquette. The rules of etiquette, for example, in Russian require maintaining a conversation even with strangers, if you happened to be in a confined space with them (in a train compartment), while the Japanese and the British will try to remain silent in the same circumstances or talk about the most neutral topics. In order not to get into trouble when communicating with foreigners, you should, when preparing for a meeting, familiarize yourself with their etiquette rules.

Contact situation

The basic rules of speech etiquette at the beginning of a conversation are related to the speech format of greetings and addresses. For the Russian language, the main greeting formula is the word “hello”. Its synonyms can be the phrases “I greet you” with an archaic connotation and “good afternoon, morning, evening”, which are more sincere compared to the basic formulation. The greeting stage is one of the most important in establishing contact; words should be pronounced with sincere intonation, with a hint of positive emotionality.

The means of attracting attention are the words: “let me/permit me to address”, “excuse me”, “excuse me” and adding an explanatory phrase to them: ideas, requests, suggestions.

Treatment situation

Addressing is one of the difficult etiquette situations, since it can be difficult to choose the appropriate name for the person to whom you need to address. In the Russian language today, the address “Mister/Madam” is considered universal, but in speech they do not always take root well due to negative connotations in Soviet time. The best way to address someone is by first name or patronymic, but this is not always possible. Worst option: using the words “girl”, “woman”, “man”. In a situation of professional communication, you can address the person by the name of the person’s position, for example, “Mr. Director.” General rules Speech etiquette can be briefly described as the desire for the comfort of communicants. In no case should the address indicate any personal characteristics (age, nationality, faith).

Contact termination situation

The final stage in communication is also very important; the interlocutors will remember it and you need to try to leave a positive impression. The usual rules of speech etiquette, examples of which we know from childhood, recommend using traditional phrases for saying goodbye: “goodbye,” “see you later,” “farewell.” However, the final stage should also include words of gratitude for the time spent communicating, possibly for working together. You can also additionally express hopes for continued cooperation and say parting words. Speech etiquette and etiquette rules recommend maintaining a favorable impression when completing a contact, creating an emotional atmosphere of sincerity and warmth. This is helped more firmly by the formula: “it was very pleasant to communicate with you, I hope for further cooperation.” But cliched phrases must be pronounced as sincerely and with feeling as possible in order for them to acquire true meaning. Otherwise, farewell will not leave the desired emotional response in the memory of the interlocutor.

Rules for introduction and dating

The dating situation requires resolving the issue of conversion. Business communication and contacts with unfamiliar people require addressing as “You”. According to the rules of speech etiquette, “you” is allowed only within the framework of friendly and everyday communication. The introduction is formalized by such phrases as “let me introduce you,” “please introduce me,” “let me introduce you.” The presenter also gives brief description to the person being represented: “position, full name, place of work, or some particularly noteworthy detail.” Acquaintances must, in addition to voicing their name, say positive words: “glad to meet you,” “very nice.”

Rules of congratulations and gratitude

Modern rules of speech etiquette in Russian offer quite a large assortment formulas for From simple “thank you” and “thank you” to “infinitely grateful” and “very grateful”. It is customary to add an additional positive phrase to words of gratitude for a great service or gift, for example, “very nice,” “I’m touched,” “you’re so kind.” There are extremely many congratulation formulas. When writing a congratulation on any occasion, it is worth thinking about individual words, in addition to the usual “congratulations,” that would emphasize the specificity of the occasion and the personality of the person being honored. The text of the congratulation must include any wishes; it is advisable that they are not template, but correspond to the personality of the hero of the occasion. Congratulations should be pronounced with a special feeling, which will give the words greater value.

Rules of invitation, offer, request, consent and refusal

When inviting someone to take part in something, you should also follow the rules of speech etiquette. The situations of invitation, offer and request are somewhat similar; in them, the speaker always slightly reduces the status of his role in communication and emphasizes the importance of the interlocutor. Set expressions invitation is the phrase “we have the honor to invite,” which notes the special importance of the invitee. For invitation, offer and request, the words “please”, “please”, “please” are used. In the invitation and proposal, you can additionally say about your feelings towards the invitee: “we will be glad/happy to see you”, “we are pleased to offer you.” A request is a situation in which the speaker deliberately reduces his position in communication, but you should not overdo it; the traditional form of a request is the words: “I ask you,” “could you please.” Consent and refusal require different verbal behavior. If consent can be extremely laconic, then refusal must be accompanied by softening and motivating formulations, for example, “unfortunately, we are forced to refuse your proposal, since at the moment ....”

Rules of condolences, sympathy and apologies

In dramatic and tragic etiquette, the rules of etiquette recommend expressing only. Usually, regret and sympathy should be accompanied by encouraging words, for example, “we sympathize with you in connection... and sincerely hope that...”. Condolences are offered only for truly tragic reasons; it is also appropriate to talk about your feelings and offer help. For example, “I offer you my sincere condolences for... this loss has left me with bitter feelings. If necessary, you can count on me."

Rules of approval and praise

Compliments are an important part of establishing good relations, these social strokes - effective tool establishing good relationships. But giving compliments is an art. What distinguishes them from flattery is the degree of exaggeration. A compliment is just a slight exaggeration of the truth. The rules of speech etiquette in the Russian language state that compliments and praise should always refer to a person, and not to things, therefore the words: “how does this dress suit you” are a violation of the rules of etiquette, and a real compliment would be the phrase: “how beautiful you are in this dress". You can and should praise people for everything: for skills, character traits, for performance results, for feelings.