1. Spent sulfuric acid. Waste is generated in the garages of the enterprise when replacing the electrolyte and draining it when writing off lead-acid batteries.

The approximate annual amount of waste electrolyte generated at the enterprise is calculated by the formula:

E = ∙0,8,

where E is the amount of spent electrolyte;

V – battery capacity;

n – quantity;

t – standard battery life;

0.8 is a coefficient that takes into account the reduction in electrolyte volume due to evaporation.

See Table 1 for all necessary data.

Table 1

Battery type	Quantity of electrolyte	Number of batteries, pieces	Life time,
	in one battery, kg

Theoretical annual quantity of waste with average density

1.2 t/m3 is:

(3,6 ∙ 3/2 + 5,5 ∙ 1/2 + 8,0 ∙ 3/2 +10,6 ∙ 2/2 +14,5 ∙ 5/2) ∙ 0,8 ∙ 103 = 0.06 t/year.

The source data is shown in Table 2. The option number is selected based on the last digit of the grade book.

Initial data table 2

Battery type	Option number; number of batteries, pieces

2. Other chemical waste (used brake fluid). Carryover residue from waste previous years not available at the enterprise. Waste is generated when replacing used brake fluid in the brake systems of vehicles with a hydraulic brake system. Calculation of the annual amount of waste (M, t/year) is carried out using the formula:

M = V ∙ n ∙ h ∙ p ∙ 10 3 ,

where V is the total capacity of vehicle brake systems, dm 3 ;

n is the number of brake fluid changes per year, brake fluid is replaced once every 2 years, n =1/2;

h - waste brake fluid collection coefficient, h = 0.9;

p – brake fluid density, kg/dm 3, paverage = 1 kg/dm 3.

The capacity of the brake systems of the company's vehicles is as follows:

KAVZ-3270 (1 unit) - 1.02 dm 3

GAZ-3102 (1 unit) - 0.52 dm 3

UAZ-31514 (1 unit) - 0.52 dm 3

UAZ-2206 (1 unit) - 0.52 dm 3

GAZ-33021 (1 unit) - 0.77 dm 3

The total capacity of the brake systems is 3.35 dm.

M = 3.35 ∙ ½ ∙ 0,9 ∙ 1 ∙ 10 3 = 0.0015 t/year.

If generated, the waste will accumulate and be stored in a plastic or glass bottle in the garage.

The initial data for the calculation are given in Table 3. The option number is selected based on the last digit of the grade book.

Initial data Table 3

Option No.	Cars enterprises, units	Option No.	Cars enterprises, units
	UAZ-2206 (2 units) GAZ-33021(2 units)		KAVZ-270 (2 units) UAZ-2206 (1 unit)
	UAZ-2206 (3 units) UAZ-1514 (3 units)		UAZ-1514 (3 units) GAZ-33021(1 unit)
	UAZ-1514 (1 unit) GAZ-3102 (1 unit)		GAZ-3102 (1 unit) KAVZ-270 (3 units)
	GAZ-3102 (2 units) KAVZ-270 (4 units)		UAZ-2206 (2 units) UAZ-1514 (4 units)
	GAZ-33021(3 units) KAVZ-270 (1 unit)		UAZ-1514 (3 units) GAZ-3102 (2 units)

3. Used lead batteries, not disassembled, with drained electrolyte. Waste is generated in the enterprise's garages when lead batteries are discarded and replaced.

The approximate mass of lead batteries to be disposed of at the enterprise is calculated using the formula:

E =
,

where E is the mass of used batteries;

M is the mass of one battery;

n - number of batteries;

t - battery life.

The following brands of batteries are installed on the company's vehicles (Table 4):

Table 4

battery	Battery weight, kg	Number of batteries	Service life, years	Waste weight, kg

The waste is 100% of the weight of the “dry” battery, i.e. the amount of waste generated at the enterprise is 0.293 t/year.

The initial data for the calculation are given in Table 2. The option number is selected based on the last digit of the grade book.

4. Used motor oils. There is no carryover waste from previous years at the enterprise. Waste is generated in vehicle and tractor maintenance areas when replacing motor oils.

The waste includes:

Motor oils for carburetor engines;

Motor oils for diesel engines.

The amount of oil waste from vehicles and equipment is determined based on the capacity of the oil crankcases and the frequency of oil changes in them according to the formula:

M =
(l/year),

V is the volume of oil in the units;

The annual amount of used motor oils poured into the engine lubrication system is determined based on the data given in Table 5.

Table 5

Brand of equipment	Quantity	Filling tanks of the engine lubrication system, l	Annual mileage, operating time of motorcycle/hours	Standard mileage	M = , l/year

The estimated weight of used motor oils will be (with an oil density of 0.9 kg/l):

0,499 ∙ 0.9 = 0.449 t/year.

5. Used transmission oils. There is no carryover waste from previous years at the enterprise.

Waste is generated at vehicle maintenance areas when replacing transmission oils.

The amount of oil waste from vehicles is determined based on the capacity of various units of cars, railcars and the frequency of oil changes in them according to the formula:

M =
(l/year),

where S is the total mileage of cars of the same brand per year;

T - standard mileage for changing oils in units;

V is the volume of oil in the units;

0.9 - oil drain coefficient.

The annual amount of used transmission oils poured into the gearbox housing, steering gear and rear axle is determined based on the data given in Table 6.

Table 6

Brand of equipment	Quantity	Refill tanks for the lubrication system of gearboxes and axles, l	Annual mileage, operating time of motorcycle/hours	Standard mileage	M = , l/year

The estimated weight of used transmission oils will be (with an oil density of 0.9 kg/l):

0,067 ∙ 0.9 = 0.06 t/year.

The initial data for solving this problem are given in Table 3. The option number is selected based on the last digit of the grade book.

6. Waste (sludge) from mechanical and biological treatment Wastewater(sludge from car washes). Washing cars also produces waste in the form of sludge. Place of formation: car wash site.

The water consumption for washing one vehicle unit is assumed to be 0.6 m 3 - for trucks; 0.4 m 3 - for passenger cars.

Suspended substances (mechanical impurities) for cargo 0.0009-0.0013 t/m 3, accepted 0.0011 t/m 3; for cars - 0.0004-0.0006 t/m 3; accepted - 0.0005 t/m3;

Petroleum products for trucks - 0.00002-0.00005 t/m 3; accepted 0.000035 t/m3; for passenger cars - 0.00002-0.00004 t/m3; 0.00003 t/m3 is accepted.

Washing frequency: once a month for trucks; Once a week - for passenger cars.

The company has 7 trucks and 4 cars.

Annual volume of suspended solids formation:

(7 ∙ 12 ∙ 0,6 ∙ 0,0011) + (4 ∙ 52 ∙ 0,4 ∙ 0.0005) = 0.097 t/year.

Annual volume of petroleum products formation:

(7 ∙ 12 ∙ 0,6 ∙ 0,000035) + (4 ∙ 52 ∙ 0,4 ∙ 0.00003) = 0.0043 t/year. The total annual calculated volume of waste generation, taking into account its water content, is 85%: (0.097 + 0.0043)/0.85 = 0.119 t/year; The estimated amount of sludge waste after washing vehicles is 0.119 t/year.

The initial data for solving this problem are given in Table 7. The option number is selected based on the last digit of the grade book.

Initial data Table 7

Option No.	Motor transport enterprises, units	Option No.	Motor transport enterprises, units
	2 cargo 4 cars		3 cargo 3 cars
	5 cargo 6 cars		3 cargo 4 cars
	3 cargo 2 cars		7 cargo 4 cars
	1 cargo 6 cars		5 cargo 6 cars
	4 cargo 4 cars		5 cargo 5 cars

7. Residues of ethylene glycol that have lost its consumer properties (used coolant). Waste is generated when replacing used coolant in cars. Calculation of the annual amount of waste (M, t/year) is carried out using the formula:

M = V ∙ n ∙ h ∙ p ∙ 10 3 ,

where V is the total capacity of vehicle cooling systems, l;

n is the number of coolant changes per year.

The coolant is replaced once every 2 years, n = ½.

h - waste coolant collection coefficient, h = 0.9;

p - coolant density, kg/dm 3: p = 1.1 kg/l.

The coolant is used in the following company vehicles:

GAZ-3110 (1 unit) - 11.5 l/automatic.

GA333021 (1 unit) - 13.0 l/automatic.

UAZ-31514 (1 unit) - 13.0 l/automatic.

The total capacity of the cooling systems is 37.5 liters.

The estimated annual amount of waste is:

M = 37.5 ∙ ½ ∙ 0,9 ∙ 1,1 ∙ 103 = 0.019 t/year.

The initial data for solving this problem are given in Table 3. Calculations are carried out only for those vehicles for which there is data in this problem. The option number is selected based on the penultimate digit of the grade book.

8. Remains of diesel fuel that has lost its consumer properties. Waste is generated in the garage when car components and parts are washed in a washing bath. The annual amount of spent diesel fuel is calculated using the formula:

M dt = V dt ∙ k ∙ p dt ∙ n ∙ 10 3 ,

where V dt is the working volume of the washing bath, l;

k - coefficient of completeness of discharge, k = 0.9;

n is the annual number of replacements of the washing solution;

p dt - density of diesel fuel, kg/l; p = 0.85 kg/l. .

Estimated annual amount of spent diesel fuel:

M dt = 20 ∙ 0,9 ∙ 6 ∙ 0,85 ∙ 103 = 0.092 t/year.

The waste is collected in a special container V - 0.2 m 3.

The initial data for solving this problem are given in Table 8. The option number is selected according to the penultimate digit of the grade book.

Initial data Table 8

	Option No.

9. Waste of complex combined composition in the form of products, equipment, devices not included in other items (used filter materials). Calculation of the standard for the formation of waste filter materials is carried out using the formula:

M = ∑
(t/year),

where N is the number of cars of the i-th model, pcs.;

n - number of filters installed on the vehicle model, pcs.;

L - average annual mileage of the i-th model, thousand km;

L - mileage rate of the 1st car of the i-th model before replacing the filter;

m is the weight of one filter on the i-th model.

Table 9

	Quantity	Annual mileage, thousand km.	Mileage before replacement, thousand km.	Filter weight, kg			Filter consumption, t/year
				Oil filters	Air filters	Fuel	Oil filters	Air filters	Fuel

The increase in the mass of used filter materials due to contamination is:

For oil filters up to 50%;

For fuel filters up to 30%;

For air filters up to 20%.

The estimated annual amount of waste is:

0,019 ∙ 1,5 + 0,056 ∙ 1,3 + 0,003 ∙ 1,2 = 0,028 + 0,073 + 0,004 = 0.105 t/year.

The initial data for solving this problem are given in Table 10. The option number is selected according to the penultimate digit of the grade book.

Initial data Table 10

Option No.	Cars enterprises, units	Option No.	Cars enterprises, units
	KAMAZ (2 units) GAZ-33021 (2 units)		KAMAZ (2 units) UAZ-1514 (1 unit)
	UAZ-1514 (3 units)		UAZ-1514 (3 units) GAZ-33021(1 unit)
	UAZ-1514 (1 unit) GAZ-3102 (1 unit)		GAZ-3102 (1 unit)
	GAZ-3102 (2 units) KAMAZ (4 units)		UAZ-1514 (4 units)
	GAZ-33021 (3 units)		UAZ-1514 (3 units) GAZ-3102 (2 units)

LITERATURE

Federal target program "Waste", 1996

Rules for the development and approval of waste generation standards and limits for their disposal, 2000.

Korobkin V.I., Peredelsky L.V. Ecology. – Rostov n/d: publishing house “Phoenix”, 2008 – 745 p.

Garin V.M., Klenova I.A., Kolesnikov V.I. Ecology for technical universities. - Rostov n/d: publishing house "Phoenix", 2001 - 384 p.

Rozanov S.I. General ecology: Textbook for technical areas and specialties. 3rd ed., erased. – St. Petersburg: Lan Publishing House, 2003 – 288 p.

Korobkin V.I., Peredelsky L.V. Ecology. – Rostov n/d: publishing house “Phoenix”, 2000 – 576 p.

CALCULATION OF WASTE GENERATION STANDARDS

Guidelines and tasks to be completed

independent work on the course “Ecology” for students

engineering specialties of all forms of education

RUSSIAN JOINT STOCK COMPANY OF ENERGY AND ELECTRIFICATION
"UES OF RUSSIA"

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT

ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRAFT EDUCATION STANDARDS AND
WASTE DISPOSAL LIMITS FOR ELECTRIC NETWORK ENTERPRISES

RD 153-34.3-02.206-00

Date of introduction 2002-02-01

Developed Section "Energy" of the Russian Academy of Engineering

Approved Department of Scientific and Technical Policy and Development of RAO UES of Russia 09.18.2000

First Deputy Chief A.P. BERSENEV

Introduced for the first time

The recommendations determine the procedure and methodology for developing standards for the generation and limits of waste disposal for designed, operating and under construction enterprises of electrical networks of any capacity in the electric power industry.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

To establish waste disposal limits, the natural resource user must submit for approval and approval materials containing an application, justification and primary information based on current regulations, technological regulations, standards, technical conditions, etc., the results of calculations of draft limits and action plans to achieve them .

For this purpose, a draft of waste generation standards and waste disposal limits is being developed.

Law Russian Federation“On production and consumption waste” dated June 24, 1998, No. 89-FZ;

Law of the Russian Federation “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population” dated April 19, 1991 No. 52-FZ;

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated August 3, 1992 No. 545 “On approval of the procedure for developing and approving environmental standards for emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment, limits on the use of natural resources, and waste disposal”;

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated August 28, 1992 No. 632 “On approval of the procedure for determining fees and their maximum amounts for environmental pollution, waste disposal and other types of harmful effects”;

Temporary rules for environmental protection from production and consumption waste in the Russian Federation. / Approved Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation (M.: 1994);

This section describes the main types of waste generated at electrical grid enterprises.

5.1 Waste fluorescent lamps

The calculation is carried out in accordance with the formula

Where About l.l- number of fluorescent lamps to be recycled, pcs.;

K l.l- number of installed fluorescent lamps at the enterprise, pcs.;

Ch l.l- average operating time of one fluorescent lamp (4.57 hours per shift);

WITH- number of work shifts per year;

N l.l- standard service life of one fluorescent lamp, hours.

The standard service life of one fluorescent lamp according to GOST is 12,000 hours.

The mass of waste fluorescent lamps is determined ( M l.l):

M l.l = O l.l ×Gl.l,

Where Gl.l- mass of one fluorescent lamp.

Waste fluorescent lamps must be sent to specialized enterprises for their acceptance.

5.2 Waste mercury lamps

The amount of spent mercury lamps used for indoor lighting is calculated using the formula in Section 5.1 with a standard service life of one lamp of 8000 hours.

The amount of waste mercury lamps used to illuminate the area is calculated using the formula

Where About r.l- number of mercury lamps to be disposed of, pcs.;

K r.l- number of installed mercury lamps at the enterprise, pcs.;

Ch r.l- average operating time of one mercury lamp (8 hours);

N r.l- standard service life of one mercury lamp, hours.

The standard service life of one mercury lamp according to GOST is 8000 hours.

The mass of spent mercury lamps is determined ( M r.l):

M r.l = O r.l ×Gr.l,

Where Gr.l- mass of one mercury lamp.

Spent mercury lamps must be sent to specialized enterprises for their acceptance.

5.3 Waste transformer oil

Transformer oil collection volume ( M wt.tr) is determined by the formula

Where S i - norm for the collection of used oil collected during major or current repairs of equipmenti-th type; accepted by ;

t i - service life of oil in equipmenti-th type, accepted by ;

m i - amount of equipmenti-th type taken out for repair, pcs.;

R- number of types of this equipment, units;

l- number of types of equipment, units.

Purified transformer oil is used at the enterprise in accordance with the directions given in.

Used oil with an acid value of more than 0.25 mg KOH/g is waste.

If used oil is not purified and used on other equipment, then the collection standard is 60%.

5.4 Industrial waste oil

Oil is formed when changing the lubricant of various machines.

The planned volume of industrial oil collection is determined by multiplying the planned consumption from which collection is possible by the collection rate. The collection rate for oil without additives is 50%, for oils with additives - 35%.

5.5 Used motor oil

Oil is formed during the operation of vehicles with carburetor and diesel engines.

Information on the availability of motor transport equipment necessary to determine the volume of waste motor oil generation is given in the appendix to the Project.

Amount of used motor oil M wt. mot (t/year) is determined in accordance with the formulas:

where is gasoline consumptioni-th type of equipment, l/year;

specific indicator of the formation of used motor oili

0,885 - density of engine oil, kg/l;

10 -3

It is advisable to summarize the initial data and results of calculating the standard amount of waste motor oil formation in Table 4.

Table 4

Type of equipment	Fuel consumption, l/year		Volume of waste motor oil formation, t/year
Equipment running on gasoline and liquefied gas
Cars
Trucks
Buses
Equipment running on diesel fuel
Trucks
Buses
Off-road vehicles Dump trucks and other similar equipment
Total...

5.6 Used transmission oil

The amount of used transmission oil (M wt.trans) generated during the operation of motor vehicles (t/year) is determined in accordance with the formulas:

For equipment running on gasoline and liquefied gas,

where is gasoline consumptioni-th type of equipment, l/year;

Specific indicator of the formation of used transmission oili-th type of equipment, l/100 l of fuel;

0,93 - density of transmission oil, kg/l;

10 -3 - conversion factor from kilograms to tons;

For equipment running on diesel fuel,

The initial data and results of calculating the standard amount of waste transmission oil formation should be summarized in Table 5.

Table 5

Type of equipment	Fuel consumption, l/year	Specific indicator of waste oil formation, l/100 l	Volume of waste transmission oil generation, t/year
Equipment running on gasoline and liquefied gas
Cars
Trucks
Buses
Equipment running on diesel fuel
Trucks
Buses
Off-road vehicles
Dump trucks and other similar equipment
Total...

5.7 Used compressor oil

5.8 Waste battery sulfuric acid

Waste battery sulfuric acid is generated when replacing used batteries installed in motor vehicles. Calculation of the standard volume of education is carried out in accordance with. The amount of waste electrolyte formed ( M ob.e) is calculated using the formula

Where R- annual mileage of the car, km;

na.b- specific indicator of the formation of waste battery acid, l/10,000 km;

1,1 - acid density, t/m3.

It is advisable to summarize the initial data and results of calculating the standard amount of waste battery acid formation in Table 6.

Table 6

Spent sulfuric acid is also formed when replacing batteries installed at an electrical network enterprise. Its quantity is determined based on average statistical data for 3 years.

5.9 Cooling lubricants and used emulsions

An aqueous emulsion of emulsol is used as a cutting fluid (coolant) used to cool cutting tools and parts processed on machine tools. The total yield of spent emulsion ( M sozh) is calculated using the formula

M coolant =VcoolantN coolant,

Where Vcoolant- annual emulsion consumption, t;

N coolant- collection standard (13%).

5.10 Oil sludge from vehicle wash installations

Calculation of the amount of oil sludge ( M n.sh) is produced according to the formula

Where QV

From ref- concentration of petroleum products in source water, mg/l;

Very good- concentration of petroleum products in purified water, mg/l;

R- water cut of oil sludge, %;

g - density of oil sludge, g/cm3.

Data for calculation are taken based on the results of analyzes for the content of petroleum products in water before and after installing a vehicle wash,

5.11 Oily rags

Oily rags are generated during the maintenance and repair of main and auxiliary equipment, machine tools and vehicles.

The volume of generation of this type of waste from motor vehicles is determined in accordance with the formula

Where M vet.aut- total quantity of oily cleaning rags;

R

N vet- specific consumption rate of cleaning material per 10 thousand km of vehicle mileage, kg/10,000 km.

The initial data and results of calculating the required amount of wiping rags for the operation of motor vehicles should be summarized in Table 7.

Table 7

Type of equipment	Number of equipment, units	Annual mileage, km	Specific indicator of waste generation, kg/10000 km	Total amount of waste generated, t
Cars
Trucks
Buses

The amount of oily rags during maintenance and repair of machine tools (M vet.st) is determined by the formula

M vet.st = Ci × Ni,

Where WITH i- number of job changes per yeari-th type of machines;

Ni- rate of rag formation per shift, g.

5.12 Used oil filters

Number of used oil filters About f.o(t) when operating motor vehicles is determined in accordance with the formulas:

Where About f.o- total number of used oil filters, t;

P- annual vehicle mileage, km;

P mot- annual operating time of equipment, engine hours;

N- standard mileage for filter replacement, thousand km;

N mot- standard operating time for filter replacement, engine hours;

M f- filter mass, t.

The initial data and results of calculating the amount of waste oil filter formation are summarized in Table 8.

Table 8

5.13 Oily wood waste (sawdust)

Oily sawdust is formed during the maintenance and repair of vehicles, and the elimination of oil spills and stains in production premises and on the industrial site. The amount of clean sawdust is determined according to average statistical data. The annual amount of waste generated in the form of oiled sawdust, taking into account the increase in their mass due to oiling, is calculated as:

M sawdust replacement = M sawdust clean 1.05 t/year.

5.14 Vehicle wash installation sludge

Sediment is formed during the purification of water contaminated with petroleum products.

The amount of oil sludge sediment ( M n.sh) is calculated using the formula

Where QV- consumption of oil-containing waste, m 3 /year;

With loaded ref.- concentration of suspended substances in source water, mg/l;

With excitement- concentration of suspended substances in purified water, mg/l;

R- sediment water content, %;

g oc- sediment density, g/cm3.

Data for calculation are taken based on the results of analyzes for the content of suspended substances in water before and after installation.

5.15 Used tires

Standard quantity and weight of worn tires M ap.iz(t) is determined in accordance with the formula

Where K y- tire recycling coefficient K y = 0.85;

n- number of types of cars at the enterprise;

P Wedi- average annual mileage of the cari-th type, thousand km;

Ai- number of carsi-th type, pcs.;

TOi- number of movable wheels installed oni- type of car, pcs.;

Mj- weight ith tire model, kg;

Nj - standard mileagei- th tire model, thousand km.

The initial data and calculation results should be summarized in Table 9.

Table 9

Car type	Number of cars, units	Average annual vehicle mileage, thousand km	Standard tire mileage, thousand km	Number of moving wheels, pcs.	Weight of the i-th tire model, kg	Number of worn tires, pcs.	Weight of worn tires, t

Note - Car tires are divided into tires with a metal cord and tires with a textile cord.

5.16 Used automobile cameras

The number of tubes corresponds to the number of worn tires. On average, the weight of a passenger car camera is 1.6 kg, and that of a truck is 4.0 kg. Based on this, it is determined total weight worn cameras.

5.17 Used rubber products

Waste rubber products are generated when replacing worn rubber parts (bushings, cuffs, gaskets, drive and fan belts, etc.) of enterprise equipment and road transport.

The quantity of rubber products is determined according to the consumption of these parts per year (certificate of consumption of raw materials).

5.18 Used acid batteries (assembled)

Calculation of the standard volume of battery waste generation is carried out in accordance with the formula

Where M a.b- mass of used batteries per year, t;

To a.b.i- number of installed batteriesith brand at the enterprise;

M a.b.i- average weight of one batteryi th brand, kg;

N a.b.i- service life of one battery, years;

n- number of brands of batteries at the enterprise;

10 -3

It is advisable to summarize the initial data and results of calculating the number of used batteries for motor vehicles in Table 10.

Table 10

Battery brand	Number of batteries	Battery weight		Battery life, year	Number of used batteries, t
		one, kg

The number of used batteries can also be calculated based on vehicle mileage.

Used batteries are also generated at the electrical grid plant itself. Their number and weight are determined based on average statistical data for three years.

5.19 Electrode stubs

Electrode cinders are formed during welding work.

The number of electrodes received by the enterprise per year is determined according to average statistical data (certificate of consumption of raw materials). When replacing the electrode, the remaining cinder is 10-12% of its length.

The mass of cinders is: M g = M el × 0.11 t/year.

5.20 Welding slag

Waste in the form of slag is equal to 10% of the mass of the electrodes.

The weight of welding slag is:

M shl = M el × 0.1 t/year.

5.21 Asbestos-containing waste

Asbestos-containing waste is generated when replacing the thermal insulation of equipment, as well as when replacing used brake linings of vehicles.

5.22 Waste thermal insulation materials

These types of waste (fireclay bricks, refractory clay, etc.) are generated during repair work.

The amount of waste used is determined by the annual consumption of these materials (certificate of consumption of raw materials and materials).

5.23 Ferrous metal scrap

5.23.1 Metal shavings

This type of waste is generated during mechanical processing of parts.

To calculate the amount of metal shavings, it is necessary to have data on the machine park (type of machines and their number by type) and the operating time of the machines per year.

The calculation is carried out according to the formula

Where TO i- number of machinesi-th type, pcs.;

N i shavings- chip formation standardith type of machines, kg/shift;

INi- number of job changes i- type of machines, shifts/year;

10 -3 - conversion factor from kilograms to tons.

5.23.2 Small piece scrap

This type of waste (pieces, scrap) is generated during metalworking, installation and repair of equipment.

In metalworking, the amount of small-piece scrap can be calculated as:

M piece = M h.metNmet.ex.- M chips/year,

Where M h.met- amount of ferrous metal purchased for metalworking, tons;

Nmet.ex.- standard for the generation of ferrous metal waste (pieces, shavings, rejects) - 180-195 kg per 1 ton of processed metal.

There is no standard for the generation of small-piece scrap during installation and repair of equipment, so its quantity is taken according to average statistical data.

5.23.3 Dimensional crowbar

This type of waste is generated during the repair or dismantling of metal structures.

5.24 Non-ferrous metal scrap

5.24.1 Metal shavings

This type of waste is generated during metal processing of non-ferrous metals. Metal shavings are calculated using the formula in clause 5.23.1.

5.24.2 Small piece scrap

This type of waste is generated during the repair of power lines and equipment containing non-ferrous metals.

There is no standard for the generation of small-piece scrap of non-ferrous metals, so its quantity is taken based on average statistical data for three years.

5.24.3 Dimensional crowbar

This type of waste is generated during equipment repair or dismantling.

There is no standard for the generation of dimensional scrap during installation and repair of equipment, so its quantity is taken according to the annual consumption of this material (certificate of consumption of raw materials and supplies).

5.25 Used air filters

Used air filters are formed as a result of the operation of motor vehicles.

The number of used air filters is taken according to their annual consumption (certificate of consumption of raw materials).

5.26 Scrap abrasive wheels

Spent abrasive tools are formed during mechanical processing of parts on sharpening, grinding and cutting machines. The amount of this type of waste is determined based on the mass of wheels received to replace used ones (certificate of consumption of raw materials and supplies), multiplied by a factor of 0.5, since according to, the mass of used wheels is equal to 50% of new ones.

5.27 Abrasive metal dust

Abrasive-metal dust is formed when metal parts are processed with abrasive tools.

The amount of this type of waste is calculated by the formula

M abr.met = M dust.abr + M dust.met t/year,

Where M dust.abr- dust from abrasive wheels, equal to the mass of their wear (see section 5.26);

M dust.met- metal dust, calculated according to the ratio

M dust.met = M dust.abr × t/year

(here 0.0333 and 0.0142 g/s, respectively, the yield of metal and abrasive dust when processing parts).

5.28 Clean wood waste (lumber waste)

These types of waste are calculated based on the amount of wood received for processing (certificate of consumption of raw materials) and the standard for their formation.

5.29 Cullet

This type of waste is calculated based on the mass of glass used to replace broken glass (certificate of consumption of raw materials).

5.30 Break of porcelain insulators

The amount of this type of waste is calculated based on average statistical data for three years.

5.31 Construction waste

Determined based on the average statistical data of the enterprise for three years.

5.32 Estimates from the territory

Estimates from the territory of the enterprise, which has a hard surface, are determined by the formula

Mcm = FTV x Hcm× 0.5,

Where FTV- area of ​​hard covering of the PES territory, m 2 ;

N cm- specific education standard estimate, 5 kg/m 2 /year (adopted according to Moskompriroda data),

0,5 - coefficient provided that the area is swept for 6 months. per year.

5.33 Solid household waste

The amount of solid household waste is determined as the product of the number of employees of the enterprise by the education standard.

APPENDIX to “Temporary
methodological recommendations for drawing up draft standards for maximum waste disposal for an enterprise"

Saint Petersburg

The methodological recommendations provide calculation formulas for determining waste generation standards typical for motor transport enterprises (ATE), gas stations (gas stations), service stations (STO), as well as some typical production and consumption waste.

The material provided is intended for developers of waste disposal projects. workers of environmental services of enterprises and organizations, Lenkoecology specialists, employees of executive authorities and municipal bodies, students of the additional education system.
Content

PREFACE 5

1. Calculation of education standards
production and consumption waste 6

1.1. Scrap of ferrous metals generated during vehicle repairs 6

1.2. Waste batteries 6

1.2.1. Used lead batteries

starter with electrolyte 6

1.2.2. Used lead-acid starter batteries

without electrolyte 6

1.2.3. Lead plates 6

1.2.4. Plastic (plastic battery case) 7

1.2.5. Spent electrolyte 7

1.2.6. Residue from electrolyte neutralization 7

1.3. Used filter elements

car engine lubrication systems 8

1.4. Waste car tires 8

1.5. Used brake pad linings 8

1.6. Waste oils 9

1.6.1. Engine and transmission oils 9

1.6.2. Used industrial oil 9

1.6.3. Emulsion from compressor oil trap 10

1.7. Oil sludge from cleaning fuel storage tanks 10

1.8. Waste treatment facilities storm drains
and vehicle washing installations 11

1.8.1. Sludge from sewage treatment plants 11

1.8.2. Pop-up oil products 11

1.9. Metal shavings 11

1.10. Metal dust 11

1.11. Abrasive metal dust and scrap abrasive products 12

1.12. Welding electrode stubs 12

1.13. Oily rags 12

1.14. Tara 13

1.15. Solvent waste 13

1.16. Sludge from hydraulic filters of spray booths 13

1.17. Rubber dust 13

1.18. Coal slag, coal ash 13

1.19. Wood waste 14

1.19.1. Lump wood waste 14

1.19.2. Wood shavings, sawdust 14

1.20. Waste fluorescent and mercury lamps 15

1.21. Sewage waste 15

1.22. Household waste 15

1.23. Food waste 17

1.24. Estimates from territory 17

LITERATURE 27

PREFACE

Methods for determining the amount of generated production and consumption waste must be mastered to solve the following issues in the field of waste management: selective collection, selection of temporary accumulation sites on the enterprise site, rationing, transportation, disposal.

General provisions on methods for determining the quantities of generated waste are given in the “Temporary Rules for the Protection of environment from production and consumption waste in the Russian Federation", M., 1994 and in the "Temporary guidelines for drawing up draft standards for maximum waste disposal for an enterprise."

The methodological recommendations contain calculation formulas for determining waste generation standards typical for motor transport enterprises (ATP), gas stations (gas stations), service stations (STO), as well as some typical production and consumption waste.

1.Calculation of education standards
production and consumption waste

1.1.Scrap ferrous metals generated during vehicle repairs

The amount of ferrous metal scrap generated during vehicle repairs is calculated using the formula:

M =  n i õ m i x L i / L n i x k h.m. / 100, t/year

where: n i - number of cars of the i-th brand, pcs.

m i - mass of the car of the i-th brand, t,

L i - average annual mileage of a car of the i-th brand, thousand km/year,

L n i - norm of rolling stock mileage before repair, thousand km.

k h.m. - specific standard for replacement of ferrous metal parts during repairs, %,
k h.m. = 1-10% (according to inventory data).

100 is the conversion factor.

The summation is made for all car brands.

1.2.Wasted batteries

As an example, we consider the calculation of the number of used lead batteries.

Used batteries can be recycled assembled or disassembled. If batteries are disassembled, the following types of waste are generated: lead-containing plates (lead-containing scrap), plastic (plastic battery case), sediment from electrolyte neutralization.

Currently, there are enterprises that accept used batteries with electrolyte for recycling.

1.2.1. Used lead batteries
starter with electrolyte

The number of used batteries generated during the operation of vehicles is determined by the formula:

N =  N auto i * n i / T i , (pcs/year)

where: N av i - the number of vehicles equipped with batteries of the i-th type;
types of batteries for cars of this brand are given in;

ni - number of batteries in the car, pcs; (usually for carburetor

cars - 1 pc., for diesel - maybe 2 pcs.),

Ti - operational service life of batteries of the i-th brand, year

T i = 1.5-3 years depending on the brand of car.

The summation is carried out for all brands of batteries.

The weight of the resulting waste batteries is:

М =  N i * m i * 10 -3 , (t/year)

where: N i - number of used batteries of the i-th brand, pcs./year,

m i is the weight of one battery of the i-th brand with electrolyte, kg.

1.2.2. Used lead-acid starter batteries
without electrolyte

The mass of used batteries without electrolyte is calculated using the formula given in clause 2.2.

where: m i is the weight of the i-type battery without electrolyte, kg

1.2.3. Lead-containing plates

The amount of lead-containing scrap is determined using the formula:

where: m i - mass of lead-containing plates in the battery
i-type, kg,

1.2.4.Plastic (plastic battery case)

The amount of plastic generated is calculated using the formula:

M =  m i * N i * 10 -3, t/year,

where: m i is the mass of plastic in the i-type battery, kg;
the value is given in GOSTs or data sheets for this type
battery,

N i - number of batteries of the i type, pcs.

1.2.5. Spent electrolyte

1). The amount of spent electrolyte is calculated using the formula:

М =  m i * N i * 10 -3

where: m i is the weight of the electrolyte in the i-th brand battery, kg;

N i - number of used batteries of the i-th brand, pcs.;

The summation is carried out for all brands of batteries.

1.2.6.Sediment from electrolyte neutralization

Neutralization of the electrolyte can be done with slaked or quicklime.

1). Determination of the amount of sediment formed during electrolyte neutralization quicklime

M os vl = M + M pr + M water

where: M is the amount of precipitate formed in accordance with the reaction equation,

Neutralization of the electrolyte with quicklime takes place according to the following reaction equation:

H 2 SO 4 + CaO + H 2 O = CaSO 4 . 2H2O

.

where: M e - amount of spent electrolyte, t

172 - molecular weight of calcium sulfate crystalline hydrate,

M from = 56 * M e * S / 98 / R

where: 56 is the molecular weight of calcium oxide,

lime varieties.

M pr = M from * (1 - P)

M water = M e * (1 - C) - M e * C * 18 / 98 = M e * (1 - 1.18 C)

M os vl = M + M pr + M water

2). Determination of the amount of sediment formed during electrolyte neutralization slaked lime is produced according to the formula:

M os vl = M + M pr + M water

where: M is the amount of sediment formed in accordance with the equation
reactions,

M pr - the amount of lime impurities that have passed into sediment,

Neutralization of the electrolyte with slaked lime takes place according to the following reaction equation:

H 2 SO 4 + Ca(OH) 2 = CaSO 4 . 2H2O

The amount of CaSO 4 precipitate formed . 2 H 2 O in accordance with the reaction equation is equal to:

M = 172 * M e * S / 98, t/year

where: M e - amount of spent electrolyte, t

C - mass fraction of sulfuric acid in the electrolyte, C = 0.35
172 - molecular weight of calcium sulfate crystalline hydrate,

98 is the molecular weight of sulfuric acid.

The amount of lime (M of) required to neutralize the electrolyte is calculated by the formula:

M from = 74 * M e * S / 98 / R

where: 74 is the molecular weight of calcium hydroxide,

P - mass fraction of the active part in lime, P = 0.4-0.9 depending on the brand and

lime varieties.

The amount of lime impurities (M pr) that has passed into sediment is:

M pr = M from * (1 - P)

M water = M e * (1 - C)

The amount of wet sediment formed, taking into account impurities in lime, is equal to:

M os vl = M + M pr + M water

Sediment humidity is equal to: M water / M os water * 100

1.3. Used filter elements
car engine lubrication systems

Calculation of the standard for the formation of spent filters generated during the operation of vehicles is carried out according to the formula:

n i - number of filters installed on the car of the i-th brand, pcs.;

m i is the weight of one filter on a car of the i-th brand, kg;

L n i - mileage rate of rolling stock of the i-th brand before replacement
filter elements, thousand km.

1.4. Waste car tires

Calculation of the number of waste tires with metal cord and fabric cord is carried out separately. The number of used tires (t/year) from vehicles is calculated using the formula:

M =  N i x n i x m i x L i / L n i x 10 -3 (t/year),

where: N i - number of cars of the i-th brand, pcs.

n i - number of tires installed on the car of the i-th brand, pcs. ;

m i is the weight of one worn tire of a given type, kg;

L i - average annual mileage of a car of the i-th brand, thousand km/year,

L n i is the mileage rate of rolling stock of the i-th brand before tire replacement, thousand km.

It is more convenient to present the calculation in the form of a table, general form which is presented in Table 1.

Table 1.

Brand vehicle	Number of vehicles i-th brand, PC	Number of tires per vehicle, pcs.	Tire brand	Cord type	Average annual vehicle mileage, thousand km	Vehicle mileage before tire replacement, thousand km.	Used tire weight, kg	Number of used tires, pcs.	Weight of used tires, t
	N i	n i			L i	L n i	m i		M

1.5. Used brake pads

Replacement of brake pad linings is carried out during maintenance-2.

The number of used brake pads (t/year) is calculated using the formula:

M =  N i x n i x m i x L i / L n i x 10 -3, t/year

where: N i - number of cars of the i-th brand, pcs.

n i - number of brake pads on vehicles of the i-th brand, pcs.;

m i is the mass of one brake pad lining for a car of the i-th brand, kg;

L i - average annual mileage of a car of the i-th brand, thousand km/year,

L n i - mileage rate of rolling stock of the i-th brand before replacement

brake pad linings, thousand km.

1.6.Waste oils

1.6.1.Motor and transmission oils

(MMO group in accordance with GOST 21046-86)

The amount of used engine and transmission oil can be calculated using two options.

1). The amount of used engine and transmission oil through fuel consumption is calculated using the formula:

M =  N i * q i * L i * n i * H *  * 10 -4 (t/year),

where: N i - number of cars of the i-th brand, pcs.

q i - fuel consumption rate per 100 km, l/100 km;

L i - average annual mileage of a car of the i-th brand, thousand km/year,

n i - oil consumption rate per 100 l of fuel, l/100 l;

engine oil consumption rate for a carburetor engine
n mk = 2.4 l / 100 l;
engine oil consumption rate for diesel engine
n md = 3.2 l / 100 l;
transmission oil consumption rate for a carburetor engine
n tk = 0.3 l / 100 l;
transmission oil consumption rate for a diesel engine
n td = 0.4 l / 100 l;

H - rate of collection of waste petroleum products, fractions of 1; H = 0.12 - 0.15;

2). The amount of used engine and transmission oil through the volume of lubrication systems is calculated separately by type of oil using the formula:

M =  N i * V i * L i / L n i * k *  * 10 -3, t/year

where: N i - number of cars of the i-th brand, pcs.

V i - volume of oil poured into a car of the i-th brand during maintenance, l,

L i - average annual mileage of a car of the i-th brand, thousand km/year,

L n i - the mileage rate of the i-th brand of rolling stock before an oil change, thousand km,

k - coefficient of completeness of oil drainage, k=0.9,

 - density of used oil, kg/l, =0.9 kg/l.

1.6.2. Used industrial oil

1). Industrial oils formed during the operation of thermal departments (MIO group in accordance with GOST 21046-86)

Amount of used oil used in heat treatment details is determined by the formula:

M =  V * n * k s * , t/year

where: V is the working volume of the bath used for hardening parts, m3,

n is the number of oil changes per year,

k с - waste oil collection coefficient (according to inventory data),

 - density of used oil, kg/l, =0.9 kg/l.

2). Industrial oils generated during the operation of machine tools, compressors, presses (MMO group in accordance with GOST 21046-86)

The amount of used oil drained from the equipment is determined by the formula:

M =  N i * V * n * k s *  * 10 -3, t/year

where: N i - number of units of equipment of the i-th brand, pcs.,

V - oil sump volume of equipment of the i-th brand, l, crankcase volumes

are given in the passports for this type of equipment,

n is the number of oil changes per year,

k с - waste oil collection coefficient, k с = 0.9

 - density of used oil, kg/l, =0.9 kg/l.

1.6.3.Emulsion from the compressor oil trap

The emulsion from the compressor oil trap is calculated using the formula:

M =  N i * n i * t i / (1-k) * 10 -6, t/year

where: N i - number of compressors of the i-th brand, pcs.,

n i is the rate of compressor oil consumption for lubrication of the i-th brand compressor, g/hour;

oil consumption rates for lubrication are given in the data sheets for this type
equipment,

t i - average number of operating hours of compressors of the i-th brand per year, hour/year,

1.7.Oil sludge from cleaning fuel storage tanks

Calculation of the amount of oil sludge generated from cleaning fuel storage tanks can be carried out according to two options.

1). Calculation of the amount of oil sludge generated from cleaning fuel storage tanks through the height of the sediment layer is carried out in accordance with.

For tanks with diesel fuel, which is classified as oil products of group 2, and for tanks with fuel oil, which is classified as oil products of group 3, the amount of oil sludge formed consists of oil products adhering to the walls of the tank and sediment.

For tanks with gasoline belonging to group 1 petroleum products, in the calculation it is permissible to neglect the amount of petroleum products adhering to the walls of the tank.

The mass of oil product adhering to the internal walls of the tank is calculated by the formula:

M = K n * S, t

where: Kn - coefficient of oil product adhesion to vertical
metal surface, kg/m2;

for oil products of groups 2-3 K n = 1.3-5.3 kg/m2;

S - surface area of ​​adhesion, m2.

The sticking surface area of ​​vertical cylindrical tanks is determined by the formula:

S = 2 *  * r * N, m2

H - height of the cylindrical part, m.

The sticking surface area of ​​horizontal cylindrical tanks is determined by the formula:

for tanks with flat bottoms:

S = 2 *  * r * L + 2 *  * r 2 = 2 *  * r (L + r), m2

where: r - radius of the tank bottom, m,

L is the length of the cylindrical part of the tank, m.

for tanks with conical bottoms:

S = 2 *  * r * L + 2 *  * r * a = 2 *  * r (L + a), m2

a is the length of the generatrix of the conical part of the tank, m.

for tanks with spherical bottoms:

S = 2 *  * r * L + 2 *  * (r 2 + h 2) = 2 *  (r * L + r 2 + h 2), m2

where: r - radius of the cylindrical part of the tank, m,

L - length of the cylindrical part of the tank, m,

h is the height of the spherical segment of the tank, m.

The mass of sediment in a vertical cylindrical tank is determined by the formula:

P =  * r 2 * h * , t

where: r - internal radius of the tank, m,

h - sediment height, m,

 - sediment density equal to 1 t/m3.

The mass of sediment in a cylindrical horizontal tank is determined by the formula:

P = 1 / 2 * *  * L, t

where: b is the length of the circular arc limiting the sediment from below, m,

b =  a 2 + (16 h 2 / 3)

r - internal radius of the tank, m,

a is the length of the chord limiting the surface of the sediment from above, m,

a = 2  2 h r - h 2

h - sediment height, m, (accepted according to inventory data),

 - sediment density equal to 1 t/m3,

L - tank length, m.

2). Calculation of the amount of oil sludge generated from cleaning fuel storage tanks, taking into account specific standards for formation, is carried out using the formula:

M = V * k * 10 -3, t/year

where: V is the annual volume of fuel stored in the tank, t/year,

k - specific standard for the formation of oil sludge per 1 ton of stored

fuel, kg/t,

• 
  for tanks with gasoline k = 0.04 kg per 1 ton of gasoline,

• 
  for tanks with diesel fuel k = 0.9 kg per 1 ton of diesel fuel
• 
  for tanks with fuel oil k = 46 kg per 1 ton of fuel oil.

1.8.Waste from storm water treatment plants
and vehicle washing installations

1.8.1.Sludge from wastewater treatment plants

The amount of sludge from treatment facilities (in the absence of reagent treatment), taking into account its moisture content, is calculated using the formula:

where: Q - annual wastewater flow, m3/year,

From to - concentration of suspended solids before treatment facilities, mg/l,

C after - concentration of suspended solids after treatment facilities, mg/l,

B - sediment moisture content, %.

When using reagents for purification, it is necessary to take into account the amount of sediment formed from the amount of reagents used.

1.8.2. Floating oil products

The amount of floating oil products, taking into account humidity, is calculated by the formula:

M = Q x (C before - C after) x 10 -6 / (1 - B / 100), t/year

where: Q - annual wastewater flow, m3/year

C to - concentration of petroleum products before treatment facilities, mg/l,

C after - concentration of petroleum products after treatment facilities, mg/l,

1.9.Metal shavings

The amount of metal shavings generated during metal processing is determined by the formula:

M = Q * k page / 100, t/year

where: Q is the amount of metal supplied for processing, t/year,

k page - standard for the formation of metal shavings, % (approximately 10-15%, more accurately determined from inventory data).

1.10.Metal-containing dust

1). If there is an agreed volume of MPE, the amount of metal-containing dust generated during the operation of metalworking machines and collected in the hopper of the dust collecting apparatus is determined by the formula:

where: M MPE is the gross emission of metal dust according to the project MPE data, t/year,

2). In the absence of an agreed volume of MPE, the amount of metal-containing dust generated during the operation of metalworking machines and collected in the hopper of the dust collecting apparatus is determined by the formula:

M =  3.6 * K i * T i *  / (1 - ) * 10 -3, t/year

where: K i - specific release of metal dust during operation

machine of the i-th type, g/s,

T i - number of operating hours per year of the i-th type of machine, hour/year,

 - degree of cleaning in the dust collecting apparatus, fractions of 1.

The summation is made for all types of equipment from which air is removed into a given dust collection apparatus.

1.11.Abrasive metal dust and scrap abrasive products

1). If there is an agreed volume of maximum permissible value, the amount of abrasive-metal dust generated during the operation of sharpening and grinding machines and collecting in the hopper of the dust collection apparatus is determined by the formula:

M a-m = M MPE *  / (1 - ), t/year

where: M MPE - gross emission of abrasive metal dust according to the project MPE data, t/year,

 - degree of purification in the dust collecting apparatus (according to the MPE project data), fractions of 1

The amount of scrap abrasive products (if there is a MPE volume) is determined by the formula:

M scrap = M a-m /  * k 2 (1 - k 1) / k 1, t/year

where: M a-m - abrasive-metal dust captured in the cyclone, t/year,

 - degree of purification in the dust collecting apparatus (according to the MPE project data), fractions of 1,

• 
  
• 
  

2). In the absence of an agreed volume of MPE or in the absence of emissions of abrasive-metal dust into the atmosphere, the amount of abrasive-metal dust generated during the operation of sharpening and grinding machines and collecting in the hopper of the dust collecting apparatus is determined by the formula:

M a-m =  n i * m i * k 1 / k 2 *  * 10 -3, t/year

k 1 - wear coefficient of abrasive wheels before their replacement, k 1 = 0.70,

k 2 - the proportion of abrasive in abrasive-metal dust, ,

• 
  for corundum abrasive wheels k 2 = 0.35,
• 
  for diamond abrasive wheels k 2 = 0.10,

 - degree of cleaning in the dust collecting apparatus, fractions of 1.

The amount of scrap abrasive products is determined by the formula:

M scrap =  n i * m i * (1 - k 1) * 10 -3, t/year

where: n i - the number of abrasive wheels of the i-th type consumed per year, pcs/year,

m i is the mass of the new abrasive wheel of the i-th type, kg,

k 1 - wear coefficient of abrasive wheels before their replacement, k 1 = 0.70,

1.12.Cinders of welding electrodes

The number of welding electrode cinders formed is determined by the formula:

M = G * n * 10 -5, t/year

where: G - number of used electrodes, kg/year,

n - standard for the formation of cinders from the consumption of electrodes,%, n=15%.

1.13.Oily rags

The amount of oiled rags is determined by the formula:

M = m / (1- k), t/year

where: m is the amount of dry rags consumed per year, t/year,

1.14.Container

When unpacking raw materials and materials, container waste is generated, which is barrels, cans, boxes, sack containers, glass containers, etc.

The amount of packaging waste generated is determined by the formula:

Р =  Q i / M i * m i * 10 -3 ,

where: Q i - annual consumption of raw materials of the i-th type, kg,

M i - weight of raw materials of the i-th type in packaging, kg,

m i - weight of empty packaging of raw materials of the i-th type, kg.

1.15.Waste solvents

The amount of waste solvent used when washing parts is determined by the formula:

M =  V * k * n * k s * , t/year

where: V is the volume of the bath used for washing parts, m3,

k is the coefficient of filling the bath with solvent, in fractions of 1,

n is the number of solvent changes per year,

k с - waste solvent collection coefficient (according to inventory data), in fractions of 1,

 - density of waste solvent, t/m3.

1.16. Sludge from hydraulic filters of spray booths

The amount of sludge extracted from the hydraulic filter baths of painting booths is calculated in accordance with the formula:

M = m k *  a /100 * (1 - f a /100) * k/100 / (1 - B/100), t/year

where: m k - consumption of paint used for coating, t/year,

 a - the proportion of paint lost in the form of an aerosol, %, is taken according to table 2,

f a - the share of the volatile part (solvent) in the paintwork material, %, is taken according to table 1,

k - air purification coefficient in the hydrofilter, %, is assumed to be 86-97% in accordance with,

B - humidity of sludge extracted from the hydrofilter bath, %, is accepted

1.17.Rubber dust

The calculation of the amount of dust for machines equipped with ventilation and a dust collection unit is provided.

Rubber dust is formed at enterprises of the profile in question during the roughening of worn-out car tires or cameras.

The amount of rubber dust collected in the cyclone is determined by the formula:

M = M MPE *  / (1 - ), t/year

where: M MPE - gross emission of rubber dust according to the MPE project, t/year,

 - degree of purification in the dust collecting apparatus (according to the MPE project data), fractions of 1

1.18.Coal slag, coal ash

The amount of ash and slag generated when burning coal in boiler rooms is calculated in accordance with.

The amount of slag formed is calculated by the formula:

G shl = 0.01 * B *  sh (A r + q 4 * Q r n / 32.6), t/year

The amount of ash settling in the boiler flues is determined by the formula:

G flue = 0.01 * B * k (A p + q 4 * Q p n / 32.6), t/year

The amount of ash settling in the ash catcher is determined by the formula:

G ash catches = 0.01 * B * (1 -  w - k) [A p + q 4 * Q r n / 32.6] * , t/year

where: B - fuel consumption, t/year,

A p - ash content of fuel, %,

Q р n - calorific value of fuel, MJ/kg,

q 4 - loss with mechanical incomplete combustion, %,

 w is the fraction of fuel ash that turns into slag, in fractions of 1,

k is the proportion of fuel ash, fly ash deposited on the boiler flues, in fractions of 1.

 - cleaning efficiency in the ash catcher, in fractions of 1.

The ash content (A p) and calorific value (Q p n) of the fuel are determined from Table 1-1 or from the fuel certificate.

The yield of slag and ash when burning solid fuel is determined according to Table 7-2 given below:

Fuel combustion method	Slag fraction ( sh), %	The share of fly ash settling on boiler flues (k), %	The share of fly ash carried into ash collector, %
Flare with dry slag removal:
coals	20	10	70
brown coals	30-20	10	60-70
Flare with liquid slag removal:
coals	30-20	10	60-70
brown coals	40-30	10	50-60

1.19.Wood waste

1.19.1. Wood scraps

The amount of lump wood waste generated during the woodworking process is determined by the formula:

M k = Q *  * C / 100, t/year

where: Q is the amount of wood processed, m3/year,

wood,

C - amount of lump wood waste from raw material consumption, %,

accepted depending on the type of product according to Table 11.8. .

The volume of generated lump wood waste is determined by the formula:

V = M k /  / k, m3/year

where: M k - the amount of generated lumpy waste, t/year,

k - coefficient of full wood of lumpy waste (pieces
lumber), k = 0.57,

1.19.2. Wood shavings, sawdust

1). The amount of wood shavings and sawdust in the absence of local suction and dust collection equipment is determined by the formula:

M st, op = M st + M op = Q *  * C st / 100 + Q *  * C op / 100, t/year

where: M st - amount of chip waste, t/year,

M op - amount of sawdust waste, t/year,

Q - amount of wood processed, m3/year,

 - wood density, t/m3, =0.46-0.73 t/m3 depending on the type

wood,

C st - amount of waste chips from raw material consumption, %,

C op - amount of sawdust waste from raw material consumption, %,

accepted depending on the type of product according to Table 11.8. ,

The volume of sawdust and shavings formed is determined by the formula:

V = M st /  / k st + M op /  / k op, m3/year

where: k st - coefficient of full wood chips, k = 0.11,

k op - sawdust full wood coefficient, k = 0.28.

2). The amount of wood shavings and sawdust in the presence of local suction and dust collection equipment is determined by the formula in accordance with:

M st, op = [ Q *  /100 (C st + C op) ] * [ 1 - 0.9 * K p * 10 -2 * (1-) ], t/year

where: 0.9 is the efficiency coefficient of local suction,

K p - coefficient of dust content in waste depending on the method
mechanical processing of wood (sawing, planing, sanding
etc.), %, is determined according to Table 11.9. ,

 - efficiency coefficient of dust collection equipment, in fractions of 1.

1.20.Waste fluorescent and mercury lamps

The calculation of the number of waste lamps is carried out separately for tubular fluorescent lamps and mercury lamps for outdoor lighting.

The number of used lamps is determined by the formula:

N =  n i * t i / k i , pcs./year

where: n i - number of installed lamps of the i-th brand, pcs.,

t i - actual number of operating hours of lamps of the i-th brand, hour/year,

k i - operational service life of lamps of the i-th brand, hour.

For fluorescent lamps, the service life is determined in accordance with.

For mercury lamps, the service life is determined in accordance with.

1.21.Sewage waste

Sewage waste is generated during cleaning sewer wells. The amount of sewage waste generated depends on the method of cleaning the wells.

1). When cleaning wells manually, the amount of sewage waste generated is calculated using the formula:

M = N * n * m * 10 -3, t/year

m is the weight of waste removed from one well during manual cleaning, kg.

1). When cleaning wells with a sewage disposal machine, the well is filled with water, the sediment is stirred up, then all contents are pumped out of the well into the sewage disposal machine. The amount of sewage waste pumped into a sewage disposal truck is calculated using the formula:

M = N * n * V * , t/year

where: N is the number of sewer wells to be cleaned, pcs./year,

n is the number of cleanings of one well per year, once a year,

V is the volume of waste pumped from one well into a sewage disposal machine, m3,

 - waste density, =1 t/m3.

1.22.Household waste

The amount of generated household waste is determined taking into account specific standards of generation in accordance with. When new regulatory documents are issued, specific standards for the generation of household waste are adopted in accordance with these documents.

1). The amount of household waste generated as a result of the life activities of enterprise employees is determined by the formula:

M = N * m, m3/year

where: N is the number of employees at the enterprise, people,

m is the specific rate of household waste generation per 1 worker per year, m3/year.

2). The amount of household waste generated as a result of cooking in the dining room is determined by the formula:

M = N * m, m3/year

m is the specific rate of household waste generation per 1 dish, m3/dish.

3). The amount of household waste generated in warehouses is determined by the formula:

M = S * m, m3/year

where: S - storage area, m2,

m is the specific rate of household waste generation per 1 m2 of warehouse space, m3/m2.

4). The amount of household waste generated in a clinic (health center) is determined by the formula:

M = N * m, m3/year

where: N - number of visits per year, pcs./year,

m is the specific rate of household waste generation for 1 visit, m3/visit.

5). The amount of household waste generated as a result of the activities of small retail trade enterprises is determined by the formula:

M = S * m * k, m3/year

where: S - serviced area of ​​the enterprise, m2;

m - specific rate of household waste generation per 1 m2 of serviced area

enterprises, m3/m2 (standards are taken in accordance with Table 2 1 below);

k - coefficient taking into account the location of the enterprise.

table 2

STANDARDS

accumulation of solid household waste generated as a result of activities

small retail trade enterprises

Education object	Standards for accumulation of solid waste
	kg per year	m3 per year
1	2	3
Small retail trade object:
- kiosk, pavilion m/g 2;	150	0.911
- pavilion k/g 3;	132	0.8
- trays, counters, tonars;	196	1.191
- clothing, shoes, radio components, auto parts.	11	0.064
Small retail trade complex:
- food,	114	0.69
- industrial goods.	58	0.35
Shopping area	140	0.84
Clothing market (fair)	17	0.104

The standards are based on 365 working days per year. The presented standards apply to enterprises located in moderately populated areas. For enterprises located in an area of ​​dense residential development with adjacent transport hubs, the coefficient k = 1.0-1.8 is applied. For enterprises located in the area adjacent to metro stations, the coefficient k = 1.5-1.8 is applied. The standards are indicated without taking into account the implementation of selective collection.

1.23.Food waste

The amount of food waste generated during the preparation of dishes in the dining room is determined by the formula:

M = N * m * 10 -3, t/year

where: N is the number of dishes prepared in the canteen per year, pcs./year,

m is the specific rate of food waste generation per 1 dish, kg/dish.

1.24. Estimate from the territory

The amount of waste from the territory generated when cleaning hard surfaces is determined by the formula:

M = S * m * 10 -3, t/year

where: S - area of ​​hard surfaces to be cleaned, m2,

m c - specific rate of formation of estimates per 1 m2 of hard coatings, kg/m2,

m s = 5-15 kg/m2.

LITERATURE

1. Brief automobile reference book. M., Transport, 1985.

2. Regulations on the maintenance and repair of rolling stock of road transport. M., Transport, 1986.

3. Methodology for conducting an inventory of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere for motor transport enterprises (calculation method). M., 1991.

4. Fuel and fuel consumption standards. M., "Prior", 1996.

5. Secondary material resources of the forestry and woodworking industries (education and use). Directory. M., Economics, 1983.

6. Standards technological waste and losses of raw materials, materials, fuel and thermal energy in production (inter-industry purposes). M., Economics, 1983.

7. Secondary material resources of the Gossnab nomenclature (education and use). Directory. M., Economics, 1987.

8. Reference materials on specific indicators of the formation of the most important types of production and consumption waste. M., NITSPURO, 1996.

9. Low pressure discharge lamps. 09.50.01-90. M., Informelektro, 1990.

10. V.V. Fedorov. Fluorescent lamps. M., Energoatomizdat, 1992.

11. V.F. Efimkina, N.N. Sofronov. Luminaires with gas discharge lamps high pressure. M., Energoatomizdat, 1984.

12. A.Yu.Valdberg, L.M.Isyanov. Dust collection technology. L., Mechanical Engineering, 1985.

13. V.N. Serdechny, N.A. Byzov, A.K. Khaimusov. Consumption standards for fuel and lubricants in the forest industry. Directory. M., Timber Industry, 1990.

14. Roddatis K.F. Poltaretsky A.N. Handbook of low-capacity boiler installations. M., Energoatomizdat, 1989.

15. All-Union norms of technological design of automobile transport enterprises. ONTP-01-91 Ministry of Autotrans of the RSFSR. M., 1991.

16. Guidelines for regulating the collection of used oils in motor transport enterprises Ministry of Road Transport of the RSFSR.
MU-200-RSFSR-12-0207-83. M., 1984.

17. Norms of technological losses when cleaning tanks (Instead

RD 112-RSFSR-028-90). 1994

18. Yakovlev V.S. “Storage of petroleum products. Problems of environmental protection". M., Chemistry, 1987.

19. Methodology for calculating emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere during mechanical processing of metals (based on specific indicators), approved by order of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection dated April 14, 1997 No. 158.

20. GOST 12.3.028-82 “Processes of processing with abrasive and CBN tools.” Safety requirements.

21. GOST 2270-78 “Abrasive tools. Main dimensions of fastening elements."

22. ONTP-14-93 “Norms for technological design of mechanical engineering, instrument making and metalworking enterprises. Machining and assembly shops. M., Giprostanok, 1993.

23. Methodology for calculating emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere when applying paints and varnishes (based on specific indicators). St. Petersburg, 1997.

24. T.A. Fialkovskaya, I.S. Seredneva. Ventilation when painting products. M., Mechanical Engineering, 1986.

25. Yu.P. Soloviev. Design of heat supply installations for industrial enterprises. M., Energy, 1978.

26. Standard indicators of specific emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere from the main types technological equipment industry enterprises. Kharkov, 1991.

27. Instructions for the organization and technology of mechanized cleaning of populated areas. Ministry of Housing and Utilities of the RSFSR. AKH named after K.D. Panfilov. M., 1980.

29. Order No. 128 of September 27, 1994 of the City Management Committee of the St. Petersburg City Hall. Appendix 1. Standards for accumulation of solid household waste.

30. Sanitation and cleaning of populated areas. Directory. M., AKH, 1997.

31. SNiP 2.07.01-89. Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements.

1 Approved in 1998:

1. State Committee for Environmental Protection of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region;

2. State sanitary and epidemiological surveillance for St. Petersburg;

3. Committee for Improvement and Road Maintenance of the Administration of St. Petersburg.

2 Small-sized,

3 Large

One of the most important tasks in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region is the problem of waste collection and disposal.

Current legislation of the Russian Federation, regulatory documentation federal level determine the legal basis for the management of production and consumption waste and establish responsibilities for all individuals and legal entities in matters of environmental management, compliance sanitary standards and rules.

Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste”; “Temporary rules for environmental protection from production and consumption waste” apply to enterprises, associations, organizations, institutions, regardless of their form of ownership and departmental subordination, individuals, as well as foreign legal entities (hereinafter referred to as users of natural resources) carrying out any type of activity on the territory of the Russian Federation, as a result of which production and consumption waste, with the exception of radioactive waste, is generated, used, neutralized, stored and buried.

According to the Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste”, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities When operating enterprises, buildings, structures, structures and other objects related to waste management, you are obliged to:

Comply with environmental, sanitary and other requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection and human health;

Develop draft standards for waste generation and limits on waste disposal in order to reduce the amount of waste generation.

The projects being developed contain information that is the basis for establishing standards for waste generation and limits on their disposal, which must be established for each use of natural resources in accordance with the new Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” (Article 24). The resulting standards serve as the basis for payment for negative impact on the environment, which must be carried out in accordance with Art. 16 of the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”.

Enterprises are obliged to promptly remove generated waste, since long-term storage of waste on their territory leads to deterioration of land quality and pollution of natural environments.

These requirements are declared in the new Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”, according to which production and consumption wastes are subject to collection, use, neutralization, transportation, storage and burial, the conditions and methods of which must be safe for the environment (Article 51). In accordance with the same article of the law, prohibitive conditions for waste management are defined.

At motor transport enterprises, as well as enterprises that have a significant number of vehicles on their balance sheet and independently carry out maintenance and repair of vehicles, the problem of waste management is especially relevant, since in the process of their work more than 15 types of production waste are generated, including II and III hazard class.

Production waste at the enterprises under consideration is generated during the repair and maintenance of vehicles. As a rule, enterprises carry out work on repairing engines, troubleshooting vehicle components, manufacturing and repairing parts and components of vehicles. Inspection and diagnostic, fastening, adjustment and other work is carried out, as well as oil changes in automobile oil systems.

Appendix 1 provides a list of production waste generated at a motor transport enterprise. Let us dwell in more detail on the analysis of the waste listed in the appendix.

When repairing and maintaining vehicles, individual parts and components of vehicles that have expired are replaced. At the same time, ferrous metal scrap (used metal car parts), industrial waste (used non-metal car parts), filters contaminated with petroleum products (fuel and oil filters), cardboard filter (air filters), used brake pad linings, tires with metal cord, tires with fabric cord.

Used batteries can be recycled either assembled or disassembled. Depending on this, the enterprise may generate different types of waste. If used batteries are disassembled, the following types of waste are generated: scrap non-ferrous metals (depending on the type of battery), polymer waste (plastic battery case), spent battery electrolyte after its neutralization or sediment from neutralization of the electrolyte. If the electrolyte is not neutralized at the enterprise, used batteries are generated as waste.

When replacing used oils, the following types of waste are generated: used motor oil, used transmission oil. When changing oil in hydraulic systems of excavators, waste hydraulic oil is generated.

To clean up oil spills in garages, sawdust and sand can be used, resulting in sawdust contaminated with petroleum products or soil containing petroleum products as waste.

During vehicle maintenance, rags are used to wipe oily surfaces. The oily rags resulting from this are sent to waste.

Car washes are carried out at individual transport enterprises. At the same time, treatment of contaminated wastewater after washing vehicles must be organized. One of the requirements for organizing vehicle washing is their transfer to treatment facilities. As a rule, treatment facilities for car washes are a sump with an oil trap or filters. Here the separation and sedimentation of suspended substances and purification from petroleum products take place. Suspended substances settling to the bottom of wells (vehicle wash residues) and floating oil products from oil traps are regularly removed, forming waste. Filters contaminated with petroleum products must be replaced and also go to waste.

In addition to the above production waste, at motor transport enterprises, as well as at others, consumer waste is generated - household waste, waste tubular fluorescent lamps, waste mercury lamps for outdoor lighting (in the case of using mercury lamps to illuminate the territory and premises of the enterprise), waste from the territory, sewage waste that does not contain toxic metals.

The generation of industrial waste is calculated based on the standard service life of the corresponding vehicle parts adopted in the automotive industry.

Calculation of used batteries is made based on the number of batteries of each type installed on vehicles, the weight of the batteries together with the electrolyte, and the operating life of the batteries. The summation is made for all brands of batteries. The operating life of batteries and the weight of batteries by brand are indicated in reference books. An example of calculating used batteries is given in Appendix 2.

If the spent electrolyte is drained from the batteries, the weight of the battery is taken without electrolyte, and the calculation of the spent electrolyte of the batteries is carried out separately using reference data given in the reference literature. Examples of calculations of used battery electrolyte and used battery electrolyte after its neutralization are given in Appendix 3.

The calculation of used oil, fuel and air filters is made based on the number of vehicles on the enterprise's balance sheet, the number of filters installed on each vehicle, the weight of the filters, the average annual mileage of vehicles and the mileage rate of each brand of rolling stock before replacing filter elements. The standard mileage of rolling stock before replacing filters is taken from reference data. An example of calculating spent filters is given in Appendix 4.

Calculation of the amount of ferrous metal scrap generated during the repair of motor vehicles is made based on the average annual mileage of each vehicle, the standard mileage of rolling stock before repair, and the specific standard for the replacement of ferrous metal parts during repair. The rolling stock mileage rate before repair is indicated in the reference literature. The specific replacement standard for parts made of ferrous metals is usually 1 - 10% and is determined based on inventory data.

The standard quantity of used brake pads is determined based on the number of cars, the number of brake pads installed on one car, the weight of one pad, the average annual mileage of cars of each brand, the standard mileage of rolling stock before replacing the brake pads, which is determined from reference data. An example of calculating used brake pads is given in Appendix 5.

Calculation of the standard quantity of used car tires - tires with fabric cord and tires with metal cord is made based on the number of cars on the balance sheet of the enterprise, the number of tires installed on a car of each brand, the weight of one worn tire of each brand, the average annual mileage of a car of each brand, the mileage rate rolling stock of each brand before tire replacement. Recommended types of tires for vehicles of various brands, as well as the number of tires installed on vehicles of various brands and the weight of the tires are given in the reference literature, or in the technical documentation attached to the supplied tires. An example of calculating used tires is given in Appendix 6.

Calculation of used engine oil and used transmission oil can be done in two ways. In the first case, the calculation is made through fuel consumption. The initial data for the calculation are the fuel consumption rate per 100 km, average annual vehicle mileage, oil consumption rate per 100 liters of fuel, waste oil product collection rate. The fuel consumption rate and oil consumption rate by car brand are determined from reference data or from technical documentation for vehicles. The collection rate for waste petroleum products is, according to 0.9. The calculation is made separately for each type of oil. An example of calculating used oils is given in Appendix 7.

When calculating used engine and transmission oil through the volume of the lubrication system, the initial data for the calculation are the volume of oil poured into cars of each brand during maintenance (determined by ), the average annual mileage of each car, and the mileage of rolling stock before an oil change.

The amount of sludge from vehicle wash treatment facilities and floating oil products from oil traps (in the absence of reagent treatment) is calculated based on the annual wastewater flow rate, the concentration of suspended solids and oil products before the treatment facility, the concentration of suspended solids after the treatment facility, and sludge moisture. When using reagents for purification, it is necessary to take into account the amount of sediment formed from the amount of reagents used.

The annual wastewater consumption is determined taking into account the standard water consumption for washing one car and the number of car washes per year. The standard water consumption for washing one car is indicated in the reference literature.

Concentrations of suspended solids and petroleum products before and after treatment facilities are indicated in the technical documentation for treatment facilities or are determined based on the results of wastewater control analyses.

In the absence of technical documentation for treatment facilities, vehicle washing and the results of wastewater control analyses, the concentration of petroleum products and suspended solids in wastewater for motor transport enterprises is accepted in accordance with reference regulatory data. An example of calculating sludge from treatment facilities, vehicle washes and floating oil products from oil traps is given in Appendix 8.

If the vehicle wash treatment facilities contain filters for removing petroleum products, then when they are replaced, filters contaminated with petroleum products are formed as waste. Their calculation is made based on the weight of the used filter, their quantity and the frequency of replacement according to the passport data for the treatment plant.

Calculation of oiled rags is made based on the amount of dry rags consumed during the repair and operation of vehicles and the content of petroleum products in oiled rags. An example of the calculation is given in Appendix 9.

For a whole range of waste (industrial waste, sawdust contaminated with petroleum products, soil containing petroleum products), the standard amount of waste is determined based on the average actual data of the enterprise for the last 2 years.

Temporary storage of waste generated during the repair and operation of vehicles must be carried out in specially designated places equipped for this purpose. When storing waste, its impact on the soil, surface and ground water, and atmospheric air must be excluded.

Most of the waste generated at motor transport enterprises is subject to disposal at specialized waste processing enterprises (tires with metal cord and fabric cord, soil containing petroleum products, waste oils, floating oil products from oil traps, sludge from treatment facilities of vehicle washes, used batteries, waste battery electrolyte , as well as waste fluorescent lamps).

Spent fluorescent and mercury lamps are disposed of at the following enterprises: Electricity supply service of the St. Petersburg metro, NPO Eneko, located on the territory of the pilot plant of the Russian Research Center Applied Chemistry, Skat LLC and NEP CJSC, renting a facility for demercurization of mercury lamps from the Radium Institute them. Khlopin, MEP "Mercury".

Regeneration of used oils is carried out at the Russian Research Center "Applied Chemistry", VNII "Transmash" and LLC "PTK-TERMINAL".

Soil and water purification from petroleum products is carried out using the biotechnological method of ZAO Ecoprom and ZAO Orlan-Eko.

Waste electrolytes, waste and other waters are disposed of by extracting heavy metal cations from them at JSC NTO "ERG" and the Rossiya enterprise.

Used batteries and other lead-containing waste are accepted for recycling by AOZT ENPC "MKT" and AOZT NPO "Kathod".

Waste tires are accepted for recycling by MPBO Pilot Plant CJSC, MPBO-2 State Unitary Enterprise, Yugo-Zapadnoe State Industrial Plant, Petrogradskoe PZP LLC, and Elast CJSC.

Waste from the operation of motor vehicles that cannot be recycled (oily rags, industrial waste, used brake pad linings, filters contaminated with petroleum products, cardboard filters) is transported to MPBO plants for the purpose of their disposal, taking into account compliance with environmental protection requirements.

Literature:

2. “Temporary rules for environmental protection from production and consumption waste in the Russian Federation”, approved by the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources on July 15, 1994.

4. Brief automobile reference book. M., Transport, 1985.

5. Regulations on the maintenance and repair of rolling stock of road transport. M., Transport, 1986.

6. Zavyalov S.N. Car wash. (Technology and equipment) M., Transport, 1984.

7. Secondary material resources of the Gossnab nomenclature (education and use). Directory. M., Economics, 1987

8. GOST “Worn tires and tubes” TU, GOST 8407-84

9. All-Union norms of technological design of automobile transport enterprises. ONTP-01-91. Ministry of Automobile Transport of the RSFSR. M., 1991

10. Guidelines for rationing the collection of used oils and motor transport enterprises of the Ministry of Road Transport of the RSFSR MU-200-RSFSR-12-0207-83. M., 1984

11. Fuel and fuel consumption standards. M., "Prior", 1996.

12. Geevik D.G. Lubricator's Handbook. M., Mechanical Engineering 1990.

List of waste generated during the operation of vehicles

	Hazard Class	Waste code	Where are they heading?	Name of waste
			disposal/recycling	Pop-up oil products from oil traps
			disposal/recycling	Used motor oil
			disposal/recycling	Used gear oil
			disposal/recycling	Vehicle wash residues
			burial	Wood sawdust contaminated with petroleum products
			burial	Oiled rags
			disposal/recycling
			burial	Filters contaminated with petroleum products
			burial	Waste battery electrolytes
			disposal/treatment facilities	Spent battery electrolyte after its neutralization
			burial	Used brake pad linings
			recycling	Scrap ferrous metals
			recycling	Welding electrode stubs
			recycling	Steel cord tires
			recycling	Fabric tires
			recycling	Used batteries
			burial	Industrial waste
			disposal/recycling	Used hydraulic oil

Used batteries (215.01)
(calculation example)

Calculation of the standard generation of used batteries is carried out based on the number of installed batteries (according to the enterprise), their service life and the weight of the battery. The calculation was carried out according to the formula:

N = aN auto.i ? n i /T i , pcs./year,

where - N cars i - number of cars equipped with batteries of the i-th type;

n i - number of batteries in the car, pcs.;

T i is the operational service life of batteries of the i-th brand, year.

The weight of the resulting waste batteries is:

M = aN i ? m i ? 10 -3 , (t/year),

m i is the weight of the i-type battery without electrolyte.

The initial data and calculation results are presented in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1

The total standard quantity of used batteries at the enterprise is 0.071 t/year.

Literature:

Waste battery electrolytes (043.01)
(calculation example)

M = aN i? m i, l,

where: N i - number of used batteries of the i-th brand, pcs./year;

The initial data and calculation results are presented in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1

Taking into account the density of the spent electrolyte, which is 1.27 kg? l, the amount of spent electrolyte will be 19 kg or 0.02 t.

Spent battery electrolyte after its neutralization (043.04)
(calculation example)

The spent electrolyte is calculated using the formula:

M = aN i? m i, l,

where: N i - number of used batteries of the i-th brand, pcs./year;

m i - weight of electrolyte in the battery i-th brand, l.

The initial data and calculation results are presented in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2.

Taking into account the density of the spent electrolyte, which is 1.27 kg? l, the amount of spent electrolyte will be 86.6 kg or 0.087 t.

The amount of sediment formed during electrolyte neutralization is determined by the formula:

M os.el. = M + M ex. + M water,

where M is the amount of precipitate formed in accordance with the reaction equation;

M pr. - the amount of lime impurities that have passed into sediment;

Neutralization of the electrolyte with quicklime takes place according to the following equation:

H 2 SO 4 + CaO + H 2 O = CaSO 4? 2H 2 O.

the amount of CaSO 4 precipitate formed? 2H 2 O in accordance with the reaction equation is equal to:

M = 172? Uh? С/98, t/year,

where: M e - amount of spent electrolyte, t;

C is the mass fraction of sulfuric acid in the electrolyte, C = 0.35;

172 - molecular weight of calcium sulfate crystalline hydrate;

98 - molecular weight of sulfuric acid

M = 172? 0.087? 0.35/98 = 0.053.

The amount of lime (M from) required to neutralize the electrolyte is calculated by the formula:

M from = (56? M e? S)/(98? P),

where: 56 is the molecular weight of calcium oxide;

P - mass fraction of the active part in lime, P = 0.6

M from = (56 ? 0.087 ? 0.35)/(98 ? 0.6) = 0.029.

The amount of lime impurities (M pr.) that has passed into sediment is:

M pr. = M from. (1 - P)

M pr. = 0.029(1 - 0.6) = 0.011 t

M water = M e? (1 - S) - Uh? WITH? 18/98 = Uh? (1 - 1.18C)

M water = 0.087? (1 - 1.18 ? 0.35) = 0.051 t

The amount of wet sediment formed, taking into account impurities in lime, is equal to:

M os.vl. = M + M pr. + M water = 0.053 + 0.011 + 0.051 = 0.115

Thus, the standard amount of spent electrolyte after its neutralization will be 0.113 t/year.

Literature:

1. Brief automobile reference book. M., Transport, 1985.

Filters contaminated with petroleum products (013.10)
(calculation example)

Calculation of the standard for the formation of spent filters generated during the operation of vehicles is carried out using the formula:

n i - number of filters installed on the car of the i-th brand, pcs.;

m i is the weight of one filter on a car of the i-th brand, kg;

L i is the average annual mileage of a car of the i-th brand, thousand km? year;

L ni is the mileage rate of the i-th brand of rolling stock before replacing filter elements, thousand km.

Initial data and calculation results are presented in Table 4.1

Table 4.1

Car brand	Number of vehicles	Air weight filter, kg	Weight of fuels. filter, kg	Oil weight. filter, kg	Average annual mileage, thousand km	Work weight air filters, kg *	Work weight fuel filters, kg **	Work weight oil filters, kg **
Forklift 4014

* Are air filters replaced after 20 thousand km or 200 MT? hour;

** Oil and fuel filters are replaced after 10 thousand km or 100 MT? hour.

Thus, the standard amount of filter waste contaminated with petroleum products will be 21 kg or 0.021 t/year.

Literature:

1. Regulations on the maintenance and repair of rolling stock of road transport. M., Transport, 1986.

Used brake pad linings (052.01)
(calculation example)

The number of used brake pads is calculated using the formula:

M = aN i? n i? m i ? L i / L n i ? 10 -3 , (t/year),

where N i is the number of cars of the i-th brand, pcs.;

n i - number of brake pads on a car of the i-th brand, pcs.;

m i - the weight of one brake pad on a car of the i-th brand, kg;

L ni is the mileage rate of the i-th brand of rolling stock before replacing the brake pads, thousand km.

The standard mileage of rolling stock before replacing brake pads is 10 thousand km for cars and trucks, and 1000 operating hours for tractors and loaders.

Initial data and calculation results are presented in Table 5.1

Table 5.1

The standard amount of used brake pads will be 23 kg/year or 0.023 t/year.

Literature:

1. Regulations on the maintenance and repair of rolling stock of road transport, M., Transport, 1986.

Used motor oil (012.12)
Used gear oil (012.20)
(calculation example)

The amount of used engine and transmission oil is calculated using the formula:

M = aN i? q i ? n i? Li? H? r? 10 -4.

where: N i - number of cars of the i-th brand, pcs.;

q i - fuel consumption rate per 100 km, l/100 km;

L i is the average annual mileage of a car of the i-th brand, thousand km/year;

n i - oil consumption rate per 100 l of fuel, l/100 l;

engine oil consumption rate for a carburetor engine

n mk = 2.4 l/100 l;

engine oil consumption rate for a diesel engine

n md = 3.2 l/100 l;

transmission oil consumption rate for a carburetor engine

n tk = 0.3 l/100 l;

transmission oil consumption rate for a diesel engine

n td = 0.4 l/100 l.

N - norm for collection of waste petroleum products, fractions of 1;

H = 0.13

Density of used oil, kg/l, r = 0.9 kg/l.

Initial data and calculation of used engine and transmission oils are presented in Table 7.1.

Table 7.1

Car make		Fuel consumption rate per 100 km	Average annual vehicle mileage, thousand km/year	engine's type	Number of work oils
				Total

Thus, the standard amount of used motor oil will be 0.032 t/year, used transmission oil - 0.004 t/year.

Steel cord tires (200.02). Fabric tires (200.03)
(calculation example)

The number of used tires with metal cord and fabric cord is calculated using the formula:

M = a(N i ? n i ? m i ? L i)/(L n i ? 10 -3), (t/year),

where N i is the number of cars of the i-th brand, pcs.;

n i - number of tires installed on the car of the i-th brand, pcs. ;

m i is the weight of one worn tire of a given type, kg;

L i - average annual mileage of a car of the i-th brand, thousand km/year;

L ni - norm of mileage of rolling stock of the i-th brand before tire replacement, thousand km.

Initial data and calculation of used tires are presented in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1

Car make	Number of vehicles of the i-th brand, pcs.	Number of tires per vehicle, pcs.	Tire brand	Cord type	Average annual mileage, thousand km	Vehicle mileage before tire replacement, thousand km	Waste tire weight, kg	Number of used tires, pcs.	Weight of used tires, t
"Volga" 31-10
"Volga" 24-10
								Total
								Total

Literature:

1. Brief automobile reference book. M., Transport, 1985.

2. Secondary material resources of the Gossnab nomenclature (education and use). Directory. M., Economics, 1983.

3. Regulations on the maintenance and repair of rolling stock of road transport. M., Transport, 1986.

Used hydraulic oil (012.13)
(calculation example)

The calculation of used hydraulic oil generated during one oil change in the crankcases of hydraulic systems of excavators is determined by the formula:

M = aN i? V? k c ? r? 10 -3 , t,

where: N i - number of units of excavators of the i-th brand, pcs.;

V is the volume of the oil sump of the i-th brand of excavators, l;

k с - waste oil collection coefficient, k с = 0.9;

r - density of used oil, kg/l, r = 0.9 kg/l.

Information on vehicles that have hydraulic systems are presented in Table 7.2.

Table 7.2

The operating time of each excavator is 1500 hours per year. According to the passport data for excavators, the oil is changed after 960 hours of operation, i.e. 1.5 times a year. In 2001, 2003, 2005 2 changes of industrial oil are planned, in 2002, 2004. - 1 replacement.

Thus, the standard amount of used hydraulic oil will be:

2001, 2003, 2005 - 1.364 t/year;

2002, 2004 - 0.682 t/year.

Literature:

1. Fuel and fuel consumption standards. M., "Prior", 1996.

2. All-Union norms of technological design of automobile transport enterprises. ONTP-01-91. Ministry of Automobile Transport of the RSFSR. M., 1991.

3. Guidelines for rationing the collection of used oils in motor transport enterprises of the Ministry of Motor Transport of the RSFSR. MU-200-RSFSR-12-0207-83. M., 1984.

Precipitation o.s. car washes (013.01)
Pop-up oil products of oil traps (012.02)
(calculation example)

The number of washes is: for trucks - 200 washes/year, for cars - 250 washes per year, for buses - 90 washes/year.

The amount of sludge pulp (cake) W retained in the settling tank is calculated according to the formula:

W = w? (C 1 - C 2) ? 10 6 /(100 - V) ? g, m 3,

where: w - volume of wastewater from washing vehicles, m 3 ;

w = q? n? 10 -3 ? 0.9, m 3,

q is the standard water consumption for washing one car;

is 200 l for cars, 800 l for trucks, 350 l for buses;

n is the average number of washes per year.

Water losses during car washing are 10%.

For passenger cars:

w = 200 ? 0.9? 250? 10 -3 = 45.0 m 3

For trucks:

w = 800 ? 0.9? 200? 10 -3 = 144 m 3

For buses:

w = 350 ? 0.9? 90? 10 -3 = 28.35 m 3

C 1 and C 2 are the concentrations of substances, respectively, before and after purification.

For trucks, the content of suspended solids before the settling tank is 2000 mg/l, after the settling tank - 70 mg/l, the content of petroleum products is 900 mg/l and 20 mg/l, respectively.

For buses, the content of suspended solids before the settling tank is 1600 mg/l, after the settling tank - 40 mg/l, the content of petroleum products is 850 mg/l and 115 mg/l, respectively.

B - sediment humidity is 85%;

g - volumetric mass of sludge pulp is 1.1 tons.

Waste quantity:

for passenger cars

G c bb = 45? (700 - 40) ? 10 -3 ? 1.1 = 33 kg/year

G c np = 45 ? (75 - 15) ? 10 -3 ? 1.1 = 3 kg/year

G c bb = G c /(1 - ?) = 33/(1 - 0.85) = 220 kg/year

G c np = G c /(1 - ?) = 3/(1 - 0.50) = 6 kg/year

For trucks:

G c bb = 144 ? (2000 - 70) ? 10 -3 ? 1.1 = 306 kg/year

G c np = 144 ? (900 - 20) ? 10 -3 ? 1.1 = 139 kg/year

Taking into account the moisture content of the sediment? = 0.85 its real quantity will be equal to:

G c in = G c /(1 - ?) = 306/(1 - 0.85) = 2040 kg/year

G c np = G c /(1 - ?) = 139/(1 - 0.50) = 278 kg/year

For buses:

G c bb = 28.35? (1600 - 40) ? 10 -3 ? 1.1 = 49 kg/year

G c np = 28.35 ? (850 - 15) ? 10 -3 ? 1.1 = 26 kg/year

Taking into account the moisture content of the sediment? = 0.85 its real quantity will be equal to:

G c bb = G c /(1 - ?) = 49/(1 - 0.85) = 327 kg/year

G c np = G c /(1 - ?) = 26/(1 - 0.50) = 52 kg/year

The total amount of sediment from the vehicle wash treatment facilities is:

220 + 2040 + 327 = 2587 kg/year = 2.587 t/year.

Total amount of floating oil products from oil traps:

6 + 278 + 52 = 336 kg/year = 0.336 t/year.

Thus, the amount of sediment from the treatment facilities is 2.587 t/year, the amount of floating oil products from oil traps is 0.336 t/year (including humidity).

Literature:

1. Zavyalov S.N. Car wash. (Technology and equipment) M., Transport, 1984.

2. Departmental construction standards of the enterprise for servicing vehicles VSN 01-89. Ministry of Autotrans of the Russian Federation, M., 1990.

Oiled rags (013.07)
(calculation example)

The amount of oiled rags is determined by the formula:

M = m/(1 - k), t/year,

where m is the amount of dry rags consumed per year, t/year;

The company uses 30 kg of dry rags per year.

The standard amount of oiled rags will be:

30/(1 - 0.95) = 0.032 t/year

Problems of waste management at motor transport enterprises. 1 List of waste generated during the operation of vehicles. 5 Used batteries (calculation example) 6 Spent battery electrolytes (calculation example) 6 Spent battery electrolyte after its neutralization (calculation example) 7 Filters contaminated with petroleum products (calculation example) 8 Used brake pad linings (calculation example) 9 Used engine oil and used transmission oil (calculation example) 9 Tires with metal cord. Tires with fabric cord (calculation example) 10 Waste hydraulic oil (calculation example) 11

1.6.1.Motor and transmission oils (MMO group in accordance with GOST 21046-86)

The amount of used engine and transmission oil can be calculated using two options.

1). The amount of used engine and transmission oil through fuel consumption is calculated using the formula:

M =  N i * q i * L i * n i * H *  * 10 -4 (t/year),

q i - fuel consumption rate per 100 km, l/100 km;

n i - oil consumption rate per 100 l of fuel, l/100 l;
engine oil consumption rate for a carburetor engine
n mk = 2.4 l / 100 l;
engine oil consumption rate for a diesel engine
n md = 3.2 l / 100 l;
transmission oil consumption rate for a carburetor engine
n tk = 0.3 l / 100 l;
transmission oil consumption rate for a diesel engine
n td = 0.4 l / 100 l;

H - rate of collection of waste petroleum products, fractions of 1; H = 0.12 - 0.15;

2). The amount of used engine and transmission oil through the volume of lubrication systems is calculated separately by type of oil using the formula:

M =  N i * V i * L i / L n i * k *  * 10 -3, t/year

where: N i - number of cars of the i-th brand, pcs.

V i - volume of oil poured into a car of the i-th brand during maintenance, l,

L i - average annual mileage of a car of the i-th brand, thousand km/year,

L n i - the mileage rate of the i-th brand of rolling stock before an oil change, thousand km,

k - coefficient of completeness of oil drainage, k=0.9,

 - density of used oil, kg/l, =0.9 kg/l.

1.6.2. Used industrial oil

1). Industrial oils formed during the operation of thermal departments (MIO group in accordance with GOST 21046-86)

The amount of waste oil used during heat treatment of parts is determined by the formula:

M =  V * n * k s * , t/year

where: V is the working volume of the bath used for hardening parts, m3,

n is the number of oil changes per year,

k с - waste oil collection coefficient (according to inventory data),

 - density of used oil, kg/l, =0.9 kg/l.

2). Industrial oils generated during the operation of machine tools, compressors, presses (MMO group in accordance with GOST 21046-86)

The amount of used oil drained from the equipment is determined by the formula:

M =  N i * V * n * k s *  * 10 -3, t/year

where: N i - number of units of equipment of the i-th brand, pcs.,

V - oil sump volume of equipment of the i-th brand, l, crankcase volumes
are given in the passports for this type of equipment,

n is the number of oil changes per year,

k с - waste oil collection coefficient, k с = 0.9

 - density of used oil, kg/l, =0.9 kg/l.

1.6.3.Emulsion from the compressor oil trap

The emulsion from the compressor oil trap is calculated using the formula:

M =  N i * n i * t i / (1-k) * 10 -6, t/year

where: N i - number of compressors of the i-th brand, pcs.,

n i is the rate of compressor oil consumption for lubrication of the i-th brand compressor, g/hour;
oil consumption rates for lubrication are given in the data sheets for this type
equipment,

t i - average number of operating hours of compressors of the i-th brand per year, hour/year,