What are the pencils 16.09.2017 21:52
Pencil (Turk. Karadaş, "Kara" - black, "Dash" - stone, literally - black stone) - a tool in the form of a rod made from writing material - coal, graphite, dry paints and the like used for writing, drawing Drawing. Often, in order to convenience, the writing rod of the pencil is inserted into a special frame.
Types of pencils: graphite, metal, mechanical
In stationery stores, there is always a huge choice of pencils, and it would seem that choose ... But it turns out the pencils are different: simple, metal, mechanical, graphite, color and so on.
Graphite pencils
They are the most common types of pencils, as a rule, in wooden housings. They are made of a mixture of clay and graphite and their hardness (black) varies from light gray to black.
Graphite pencils vary on the hardness of the griffel, which is usually indicated on the pencil and denoted by the letters M (or b - from the English. Blackness) - soft and t (or h - from the English Hardness) - hard. The standard (firm-soft) pencil in addition to the combinations of TM and HB is indicated by the letter F (from the English. Fine Point). The degree of softness of the pencils is denoted by the letter M (soft) or 2m, zm, etc. The large letter in front of the M indicates a large softness of the pencil. Solid pencils are denoted by the letter T (solid). 2t harder than T, it is harder than 2t, etc.
Metal pencils
Eternal pencil - an amazing know-how, which can be compared with the eternal engine. Its significant advantage over the usual stylist pencil is the fact that it is practically not written off and does not need sharpening. An infinite handle that writes with metal (this is the second name of the perpetual pencil), consists of a metal case and a rod leaving a trace of the smallest metal particles on paper.
A trail that leaves a metal pencil on paper is almost identical to the "simple" black pencil, which can be bought almost in any store. The authors of the invention managed to even get different types of alloys "solid" and "firm-soft", which on paper leave different from each other on the saturation of traces. It is like a pencil with the most common HB hardness and, for example, softer 2B. Thanks to a specially selected alloy, the recipe of which the author stores secret, the wear of the writing tip occurs through a longer period, without loss of brightness, in comparison with pure lead.
The shade left, the metal pencil on paper can be more saturated with gray or blue tones. Color saturation depends on abrasive properties and density of paper. These properties provide huge opportunities for various styles of letters and drawing.
Mechanical pencils
The definition of the "mechanical pencil", which gives GOST sounds like this: This is a hand tool for drawing and writing, which is fixed and can replace the griffel.
If you read the story of the emergence of a mechanical pencil, then it is necessary to thank American Alonso Townsenda Cross. He noticed that almost 2/3 of the material that makes up a simple pencil, goes into waste when it sharpened. It came across it to create a metal pencil in 1869. The graphite rod was placed in a metal tube and could easily be extended to the corresponding length.
History pencils
Starting from the XIII century, artists used for drawing a thin silver wire, which soldered to the handle or stored in a case. Such a type of pencil was called "Silver Pencil". This tool demanded a high level of skill, as it is impossible to erase the stacked. Another characteristic feature was that with time gray strokes applied with a silver pencil became brown.
There was a "lead pencil", which left a nonsense, but a clear trace and was often used for the preparatory sketches of portraits. For drawings made by silver and lead pencil, a thin dashed manner is characteristic. For example, Dürer used like pencils.
Also known is the so-called "Italian pencil", which appeared in the XIV century. He was a rod made of clay black slate. Then it began to make it from a powder of a grazing bone bonded by vegetable glue. This tool allowed to create an intensive and saturated line.
Interestingly, artists and now sometimes silver, lead and Italian pencils are used when they need to achieve a certain effect.
