1. General characteristics of conversational style, its stylistic features
2. Language features of conversational style
3. Rules of conversation
List of sources used

1. General characteristics of conversational style, its stylistic features

Conversational style refers to the features of spoken speech of native speakers of a literary language. The colloquial style is characteristic of the oral form of a literary language, but can be found in the written form of the language in some genres, for example, in private letters, advertisements, explanatory notes, notes, etc.

The conversational style manifests itself mainly in the sphere of everyday relationships, but some of its features can also be observed in informal professional communication. This style is uniquely reflected in different types everyday and professional speech, for example, in family speech, in friendly conversation, in small talk, in conversation between professional colleagues, etc. Even in family everyday speech, its varieties are distinguished based on the division of the family by age, gender, in relation to the family (direct and indirect relatives, household members), as well as on the basis of the educational, religious characteristics of the family (peasant family; enlightened intelligent family; religious family - non-religious).

The conversational style in its various manifestations is characterized by some common stylistic features: informality, ease of communication; unprepared speech; automaticity of speech; predominance of the oral form; the predominance of dialogic speech, when speakers take direct part in the conversation (although a monologue is also possible); accompaniment of speech with gestures and facial expressions; specific character of speech; emotional-evaluative information content, affectivity of speech; elliptical speech (word omissions are explained by the influence of the situation); intermittency, often logical inconsistency of speech; expression of personal attitude towards what is being expressed (usually); availability of speech standards; idiomaticity of speech (phraseologisms). The concept of conversational style is narrower than colloquial speech, since non-literary elements (colloquial speech, dialects, jargon, etc.) can also be used in colloquial speech. The stylistic features of colloquial style are expressed in linguistic means.

2. Language features of conversational style

The stylistic features of the colloquial style are manifested at all levels of the language (phonetic, lexical, morphological and syntactic). At the phonetic level, the stylistic features of the colloquial style are manifested in a variety of intonation, rhythm, tempo of speech, and ellipticality of speech. Colloquial speech is characterized by increased tempo, expressiveness (expressiveness), emotionality (expression of feelings) of speech, incomplete pronunciation of sounds and syllables, increased reduction (weakening) of vowel sounds, assimilation of consonant sounds (likening adjacent consonants) For example: 1. “One and a half thousand in total gave!” - the mother spoke with some strange triumph... (YuNagibin) [Thousands instead of thousands] 2. “Hello, Van Vanych” [Instead of hello, Ivan Ivanovich]. At the lexical level, the originality of the conversational style is manifested in the following. In speech, vocabulary (words) with a specific meaning, often of everyday content, is widely used; there are no book words with an abstract meaning, terms, new borrowed words that have not yet been mastered by native speakers.

In conversational style, words expressing evaluation are frequent. For language in general, and especially for spoken language, a predominance of negative evaluation is characteristic. G. Pavlov writes: “Colloquial speech is unusually generous with humor: the Zhiguli car is called “Zhiguli” and “Zhiguli”, “babble” is bad wine, “get-together” is clubbing... There are joke words, mocking words, words- parodies…” [Does the word grow on the asphalt? // Litergaz., 1981, No. 40]. The colloquial style is characterized by the use of phraseological units (stable combinations) that make speech expressive, for example: knee-deep sea, stick to the throat with a knife, heavy to lift, ears wither, in broad daylight, give a bath, play the fool, lip is not a fool, thing in yourself, wash your hands, get into trouble, rack your brains, honestly, I can’t imagine, grated roll, pour from empty to empty, Sisyphean work, Achilles’ heel, a mile away from Kolomna, etc.

Author's new formations are often found in colloquial (literary) speech, the meaning of which is determined by the conditions of communication and the speech situation. In the colloquial style, polysemy of words is developed, with a rethinking of words known in the language, the so-called individual-occasional change in the meaning of words. Word-formation features of colloquial speech are associated primarily with the expression of evaluation. The colloquial style is characterized by the use of nouns and adjectives with evaluation suffixes (affectionateness, disdain, diminutive, augmentative), for example, -ushch- (-yushch) (huge, healthy), -enk- (-onk-) (white, healthy) , -eshenek-, -eshenek-, -ekhonk- (-okhonk-) (sedekhonek, sedeshenek, healthy), -ik, -chik (soup, lemon), -ek, -ok (gulls, onion), -ets ( soup), -k- (milk), -tse (tree), etc. In addition, a large number of suffixes, forming a word, also express an evaluation attitude and are of a purely colloquial nature. Let's give a few examples: -aga (-yaga) (hard worker, hard worker), -ukha, -ushka (simple, excited), -yga (hurry), -un (nesun, flyer), etc. There are also colloquial suffixes among verbs, for example, -anu-: banged, knocked. For example, the prefix raz- (ras-) has a colloquial connotation, indicating a high degree of what is named in the generating word: beautiful, cheerful, amiable. In colloquial literary speech frequency Difficult words, formed by the repetition of one word, words of the same root or words close in meaning: food-food, walking-going, walking-walking, quietly-quietly, quietly-peacefully, quietly-quietly. In the field of morphology, one can also note the specificity of the conversational style. So , for example, even AkL. VShcherba wrote: “Our colloquial speech strives to extend the plural forms to the stressed -a from the well-known category of masculine names” Compare: professors, teachers instead of outdated professors, teachers, as well as sweaters (colloquial) and sweaters, jumpers (colloquial) and jumpers, engineers and engineer (colloquial), winds and winds, years and years (colloquial), editors and editors (colloquial) and many others.

In the masculine singular genitive case, the endings -a and -y occur. Words with the ending -a are neutral (that is, characteristic of any style), and words with the ending -u are a sign of a conversational style, cf.: analgin tablet - analgin tablet, a plate of soup - a plate of soup, a bottle of kefir - a bottle of kefir.

In colloquial speech, short adjectives are rarely found (such as beautiful, good, etc.); simple forms are rarely used superlatives adjectives (such as the most beautiful, the most interesting), they are replaced by a complex superlative form (the most beautiful, the most interesting); complex shapes comparative degree(like more beautiful, more intelligent) are often replaced by simple forms like more beautiful, smarter; belonging to colloquial speech are possessive adjectives with the suffixes -in, -ov, indicating ownership of an individual: father's house, father's character, mother's shawl, grandfather's hat.

A striking feature of numerals in colloquial speech is the loss of inflection of simple and especially complex (such as five hundred, fifty) and compound numerals (such as one hundred and forty-five, five hundred and eighty-two). Pronouns in colloquial speech have their meaning weakened and they are used to express expression (to create expressiveness of speech), for example: This, your, tall one came. There is a lot of originality in the use of verb forms in colloquial speech. Thus, in colloquial speech verbs with the suffixes -yva-, -iva-, -va- are used, denoting a repeated action in the past such as walked, he used to say, he sat.

These verbs were widely used in the book language of the 18th-19th centuries, but in modern language they are preserved only in colloquial speech (cf. A. Pushkin: Here the master sat and modern: I have been to Moscow more than once). Colloquial speech is characterized by the use of interjections verbs like grab, jump, jump, bang.

These verbs found in fiction, reflect colloquial speech (they are a sign of stylization of folk speech), Krylov’s shit: Grab a friend in the forehead with a stone, from Pushkin: Tatyana - jump into another canopy Wed: He was riding a bicycle and suddenly - a thump in a ditch. To express expression (increase the expressiveness of speech), the figurative use of tense forms is used.

Thus, present tense forms are used in stories about past events to make the story of a past event visual and figurative.

For example: Yesterday I was walking down the street and I saw columns of cadets walking along the street. Present tense forms are also used in the sense of the near future, to denote an action that will definitely take place in the future: Tomorrow I am going on a business trip; I'm going to study at the university; I'm applying this year Faculty of Law. Forms of the present tense can acquire a timeless meaning, denoting a generalized action, characteristic of many.

It is no coincidence that this present generalized tense is used in proverbs and sayings: The slower you go, the further you will go; If you love to ride, you also love to carry a sled; The ringing of bells does not cure diseases; They don’t die from sadness, they only dry out. From colloquial speech: You used to walk through a spring forest and see how everything around you wakes up. In figurative meanings, along with forms of the present tense, the future tense of verbs is used: I see, they are leading him, and when he starts to fall, they will catch him under his arms. Forms of the past tense in special, expressive, conversational type sentences can have the meaning of the present tense, cf.: I didn’t care gossip, instead of: I don’t care about gossip; may have the meaning of the future tense: If there is no answer from him, I died (instead I will die). In figurative meanings, forms of moods are used to enhance the expressiveness of speech. Thus, forms of the imperative mood often have a conditional meaning in colloquial speech, for example: If such an opportunity happened to me, if a mad dog bit me, I would immediately shoot myself in the forehead [From a letter from A.P. Chekhov]. Forms of the imperative mood are also used to indicate the only way out of some situation (often in combination with the particle at least): My handwriting is like that, even if you become a minister [From a letter from A.P. Chekhov; She has neither a home nor a family, whether you like it or not, sit and listen to conversations. Forms of the subjunctive mood (conditional) are used in the imperative sense to express a softening of a request, advice, order, for example: Would you go to sleep - instead of: Go to sleep; Would you read - instead of: Read! Read it! Since colloquial speech usually expresses the speaker’s opinion, the use of verb forms with personal pronouns is typical: I will go; I'll bring; I learned, etc. In this regard, the frequency of personal pronouns in conversational style is much higher than in other styles. Conversational style is characterized by a peculiar quantitative relationship between parts of speech.

Thus, participles and gerunds are not characteristic of colloquial speech and are usually replaced by personal verbs (instead of: seeing, said, we use: saw and said; instead of: the boy who read the book - the boy who read the book). Unlike other functional styles, colloquial interjections are frequent, expressing a variety of emotions: Alas! Oh! ABOUT! etc. In colloquial speech, particles are widespread, for example, such as: well, here, after all. The syntactic features of the conversational style are the most specific and striking Prof. A.M. Peshkovsky wrote: “The stylistic possibilities in syntax are much more diverse and significant than in morphology. Due to the conditions of space, only a list of the most important categories of syntactic synonyms can be given here, leaving the reader to think about the internal differences himself when the need arises.

Our task is to highlight the fundamental importance of this work” [Principles and techniques of stylistic analysis and evaluation of literary prose] It is in the syntax that the ellipticality, emotionality, and expressiveness of the conversational style are most clearly manifested. Characterizing colloquial speech, A.M. Peshkovsky wrote: “...We always do not finish our thoughts, omitting from speech everything that is given by the situation or the previous experience of the speakers. So, at the table we ask: “Are you coffee or tea?”; Having met a friend, we ask: “Where are you going?”; Having heard boring music, we say: “Again!”, offering water, we say: “Boiled, don’t worry!” etc. Thus, the conversational style is characterized by the widespread use of incomplete sentences, in which the main members of the sentence, imperative and interrogative, declarative and exclamatory sentences are most often omitted, for example: Where are you from?; Water here!; Was there?; Oh, good!; Oh, how good! Wherein great importance in oral speech has intonation.

The sentence “Well, you helped!”, pronounced with different intonations, can have a direct, positive meaning, or it can express an ironic assessment, like the sentence “Oh, good!”

In colloquial speech there is a freer word order than in the book and written speech of A.M. Peshkovsky pointed out that the main treasure trove of syntactic synonymy in the Russian language is free word order: “Thanks to it, a combination consisting, for example, of 5 full-valued words (let’s say, “I’ll go for a walk tomorrow morning”) allows for 120 permutations. And since each permutation slightly changes the meaning of the entire phrase, we get 120 synonyms” [A. MPeshkovsky, Decree]. The fast pace and unpreparedness of spoken language determine the predominance of short sentences, in which usually the number of words does not exceed 5-7 units. Among complex sentences, complex and non-union sentences are typical. Complex sentences make up 10% of colloquial speech, while in other styles there are about 30% of them. Most often, complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses are used, which are attached to a few verbs: speak, say, think, hear, see, see, feel and under: He saw that...; I said that…; He realized that... and under.

In colloquial speech, interjection sentences are common, making speech emotional and expressive: Fathers!; Well well!; Here you go!; Oh my! and under; sentences expressing agreement (affirmation) or disagreement (denial): Yes.; No.; Certainly.; Undoubtedly. In colloquial speech there are usually a lot of introductory words expressing assertion, doubt, assumption: maybe, it seems, certainly, really and under. Thus, the colloquial style has distinct linguistic features that distinguish it from other functional styles of the literary language.

3. Rules of conversation

A.P. Chekhov wrote: “For an intelligent person, speaking poorly should be considered the same indecency as not being able to read and write.” K. Paustovsky believed that “...by the attitude of each person to his language, one can accurately judge not only his cultural level, but also his civic value. True love for one’s country is unthinkable without love for one’s language.” The need for good speech for business people, politicians, and writers was emphasized above. However, it should also be said about the role of speech skills in everyday life. We find interesting material in the article by V. Iannushkin. [Russian speech - 1990- No. 1- p83-87] Here are some thoughts from this article. Traditionally, there are general rules for conducting and constructing speech. They are created by people's practices and passed on from generation to generation. It is interesting that they can be found in folklore materials, in particular, in proverbs and sayings.

Although these rules are simple at first glance, the behavior of an adult largely depends on how he uses them. Violation of the conditions of speech can lead to various troubles; it is not for nothing that there are warnings: “My tongue is my enemy,” “All a person’s troubles come from his tongue,” as well as parting words: “A good word is half of happiness.” Any dialogue is possible under the condition of being polite to each other. Folklore rules remind: “The tongue will not wither from pleasant words”, “One good word“Better than a thousand words of swearing” Impoliteness can vary - from outright rudeness to an outwardly benevolent tone that hides complete disdain for the interlocutor (remember the meeting of Maxim Maksimych and Pechorin, their dialogue).

Speech relationships should be based on goodwill and the ability to listen: “Speech is red by listening.” It is very important in communication to hear each other: “The tongue is one, the ear is two. Say once, listen twice” Attention to the interlocutor and the audience is also necessary in order to start speaking. Paradoxically speaking, speech begins with listening, understanding the situation, and correctly assessing the situation. The speaker must always remember that he is “caught” by the listener making mistakes. And this is evidenced by folk wisdom: “Answers when not asked.”

Speech behavior is very important in the relationship between a man and a woman. Classic example This is the book of the Roman orator and publicist 1 vnePublia Nazon Ovid “The Art of Loving”, whose advice to men and women on how to win and how to maintain love concerns mainly speech behavior. Here are tips for conversation when meeting: “Then try to start a conversation with her. First, talk about indifferent things...” The two most significant classics of world and domestic rhetoric, Aristotle and Lomonosov, began their discussions with the “philosophy of love”, and then proposed ways to awaken this feeling in the “audience” (interlocutor) M.V. Lomonosov wrote: “Love is the inclination of the spirit towards another person in order to derive pleasure from his well-being. This passion can rightly be called the mother of other passions... Love is strong as lightning, but penetrates without thunder, and its strongest blows are pleasant. When a rhetorician arouses passion in his listeners, then he can triumph over them. “[Lomonosov M.V. A short guide to eloquence // Complete collected works T.VIIM-L., 1952, p.176] Classics offer us the history of dialogue styles, a unique typology of the Russian family, if we consider the relationships of Chatsky and Sophia, Onegin and Tatyana, Lensky and Olga, Pechorin and Princess Mary, types of families in the novels of L.N. Tolstoy’s “War and Peace”, “Anna Karenina”, etc. Finally, the union of Andrei Stolts and Olga Ilyinskaya is ideal “for all times and peoples” (it appears exactly like this if you carefully read the pages of I.A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”) : “On the outside, everything was done with them as with others. They got up, although not at dawn, but early; they loved to sit for a long time over tea, sometimes they even seemed to be lazily silent, then they went to their own corners or worked together, had lunch, went to the fields, played music... their conversation did not end, it was often heated. Their sonorous voices rang through the rooms, reached the garden, or they quietly conveyed, as if drawing in front of each other the pattern of their dreams, the first movement elusive to language, the growth of an emerging thought, the barely audible whisper of the soul... And their silence was sometimes thoughtful happiness...

They did not greet the morning with indifference; could not stupidly plunge into the darkness of a warm, starry, southern night. They were awakened by the eternal movement of thought, the eternal irritation of the soul and the need to think together, feel, speak! But what was the subject of these heated debates, quiet conversations, readings, long walks? Yes, everything... Not a single letter was sent without being read to her, no thought, much less execution, rushed past her; she knew everything and everything interested her because it interested him.” You can also read about the rules of family and everyday dialogue in the books of psychologists. It is curious that the psychologist’s advice turns out to be predominantly rhetorical, that is, related to creating the image of the speaker and listener, and the appropriate construction of dialogue between people. Here is a description of the psychologist's conversations. In Smekhova at the Moscow consultation on family and marriage issues. He “teaches to talk to each other calmly and kindly.

Teaches you to listen without interrupting. And hear. Teaches you to ask and answer questions. Solve problems together…” “Among the main reasons for family quarrels and conflicts, he sees incorrect speech: he failed to establish a dialogue, to open up” [We and our family. A book for young spouses - M., 1989, p85]. Here is a test for observing speech, specific expressions that demonstrate the ability to be cultured in communication and correctly organize family dialogue. He and she are asked to rate how often they use prohibited and desirable expressions. Among the forbidden: “I told you a thousand times that...”, “How many times must I repeat...”, “What are you thinking about...”, “Is it really difficult for you to remember that...”, etc. Among the desirable ones: “You are my smartest...”, “You are my most beautiful...”, “With you it’s so easy for me...”, “You always understand me correctly...”, etc. Letters from readers confirm the idea that family well-being, if not based, is at least expressed in verbal well-being (Agreement is a treasure in the family) Here is one of the letters: “The other day my son yelled at me and said hurtful words . I told him not to call me, and I tell myself: I don’t have a son and I don’t want to talk and I won’t. “Yelling is a prohibited or not recommended speech action, to put it in dry scientific language. Why “forbidden”? Because, according to the rules of conversation, you cannot harm your interlocutor. This harms not only the offended person, but also the offender. Is there a “cure” for this? Of course there is. A harsh word can be responded to in different ways. First: “As it comes back, so it will respond.” But will it be a fair position when offended pride does not allow a sober look at the conflict and resolve it with a soothing word? Or another option: “Do not bear malice against the impudent,” that is, do not hold a grudge, do not remember evil.

The ability to maintain goodwill, the ability not to get irritated - important quality enabling people to understand each other. The basic rules for conducting dialogue are given in the book by Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky “Introduction to General Philology” (1979). They are systematized according to the data of proverbs about speech. The study of proverbs about speech showed that the rules relate to the organization of dialogue, and there are also rules for the speaker and rules for the listener. The rules for organizing dialogue are divided into three categories.

1. The rules determine the attitude of people in dialogue and are as follows.

a) A person is assessed by knowledge of forms of speech behavior (etiquette): “A horse is recognized in riding, a person in communication”;

c) insulting with the word: “I hear from a fool” is prohibited.

2. The second category determines the order of the conversation and contains the following rules.

a) The word precedes other actions: “Smart with the tongue, stupid with the hands”;

b) listening precedes speaking: “Chew before you swallow, listen before you speak”;

c) silence is part of the dialogue: “Silence is also an answer.”

3. The third category of rules determines typical mistakes in dialogue.

a) Error in violating the subject of the dialogue: “Grandfather is talking about chicken, and grandmother is talking about duck” “I’m talking about Thomas to him, and he’s talking about Yerema”;

b) an error in choosing a participant in the dialogue: “The deaf listens to the speech of the mute”;

c) an error in the order of dialogue: “He answers when he is not asked.”

Thus, in a conversation, you need to behave in accordance with the rules of politeness: give preference to conversation over non-speech activities, preference to listen to your interlocutor before speaking, and “be able to remain silent without violating the etiquette of the conversation” [Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky Theory of rhetoric M., 1999, p343-344]

Rules for the speaker are also highlighted.

a) Rules of caution: “If you watch your tongue, it will protect you; if you let it go, it will betray you,” “The word is not a sparrow: if you release it, you will not catch it”;

b) the intention of the speech: “Don’t say everything you know, but know everything you say,” “Before speaking, think about the meaning of the words”; “It is better to be silent well than to speak badly”;

c) typical mistakes: inappropriateness of speech: “It is better to cry at the right time than to laugh at the wrong time,” “You need to straighten the razor and give advice on time”; the triviality of the content of the speech for the listener (lack of novelty): “Teaches the fish to swim”, “Eggs taught the chicken wisely”; verbosity: “A rope is good when it is long, but speech is good when it is short,” “He who talks a lot makes a lot of mistakes.”

There are various rules for the listener, for example:

a) it is necessary to see the difference in speech received from different persons: “One hundred people - one hundred opinions”; “how many heads - so many minds”;

b) it is necessary to distinguish true and false information: “There is no firewood that does not burn, there are no people who do not make mistakes”;

c) it is necessary to determine the sincerity of the speaker: “The hare says “run”, the greyhound says “catch””;

d) it is necessary to see errors in the content of the speaker’s speech: “I started for health, ended for peace (illogicality); “Few words, many reservations” (uncertainty of judgment).”

Rules for conducting a conversation are given in old Russian manuals and new works on speech etiquette. Here are some old, but still not outdated, norms:

– one should reason while observing the qualities of speech;

- to speak by the way;

- bring kindness into the conversation;

– talk about personal things only at the request of the interlocutor;

– do not boast about meeting people of high position;

– do not take someone aside during a general conversation;

– do not ask about origin;

– do not eavesdrop;

– do not use vulgar expressions;

– do not ask intimate questions;

- don't gossip.

The worst thing in conversation is lies, slander, gossip. Of course, not all the rules for conducting a conversation are given here. Let us only emphasize that the rules require compliance with many very specific qualities of colloquial literary speech that ensure its success.

It is in colloquial literary speech that the colloquial style with its striking linguistic features is reflected.

List of sources used

1. Electronic source – http://www.uprav.biz/articles.php
2. Solganik G.Ya. Text stylistics: Textbook. allowance. – M.: Flinta, Nauka, 1997. – 256 p.

Abstract on the topic “Conversational style in Russian” updated: October 21, 2018 by: Scientific Articles.Ru

The conversational style of communication is used in informal settings. It is characteristic of oral speech, but can be expressed in writing (text of a note, personal diary, informal correspondence). In the process of communication, common vocabulary is used. The conversational style is actively accompanied by gestures and facial expressions, and is also influenced by the emotionality of the interlocutors and circumstances.

Main features of colloquial speech:

Reducing sentences to simple ones, and removing some members of the sentence if the meaning of the statement is clear without them. Example: I miss you - I miss you.
Short phrases, abbreviated to one word, are used. An example of a similar word: maternity leave - maternity leave.
Pronunciation of the word in a simplified form. This abbreviation is used in colloquial, familiar communication. An example of a similar word: “right now” instead of “now”.

The linguistic features of the conversational style are expressed in the simplification of statements based on the spontaneity of conversational speech. Few people can speak coherently and beautifully without preparation, and spontaneous speech presupposes a certain development of speech abilities.

To avoid the appearance of unrelated parts, pauses, clauses, and profanity, abbreviations are used. Examples of how the law of “economy of speech” works: a five-story building - a five-story building, a utility room - a utility room.

Label cliches. A set of template phrases used in recurring situations of daily communication. Example: “Are you going out? Hello".
Close contact of communicating people. Information is transmitted verbally and non-verbally.
Expressiveness or specific expressiveness of statements with the use of reduced expressions (example: go crazy, go crazy).
Everyday content.
Imagery.

Linguistic features of conversational style are expressed in specific pronunciation (example: emphasis on the wrong syllable), lexical heterogeneity, morphology and syntax. Everyday style is not used for writing scientific literature, when preparing documents.

Signs of everyday style

Main features of conversational style:

a relaxed, familiar form of communication;
evaluativeness;
emotionality;
inconsistency, from a logical point of view;
intermittency of speech.

The conversational style is most clearly manifested in oral speech in the form of dialogue.

The signs that determine the conversational style are situational, informal and natural communication. This includes the lack of preparatory thinking about speech, the gestures and facial expressions used. Particles, sentence words, interjections, introductory words, connecting constructions, and repetitions are actively used.

Everyday style involves the use of a polysemantic word, word formation is evaluative in nature: suffixes of diminutive or augmentative, disdainful, and endearing are used.

Functions and purpose of everyday style

Main functions of conversational style:

transfer of information;
communication;
impact.

The goal pursued by the everyday style of interaction between people is communication, mutual exchange of impressions and feelings.

Analysis of conversational genres

Characteristics of conversational style is a narrower concept than colloquial speech. In colloquial speech, non-literary components are used (examples: vernacular, slang words, dialect). Conversational style is expressed by linguistic means.

Genres of colloquial speech characterize interactions between people. These include:

Conversation. A popular genre, it represents communication for communication. This is an exchange of impressions, emotions, points of view. The conversation is characterized by a calm manner, it is a pleasant pastime.
Story. A monologue dedicated to some event. All aspects of the event are covered in detail and an assessment is expressed.
Dispute. Here, each interlocutor defends his own view. In colloquial speech, a dispute is characterized by the informality of the relationship between the disputants and the ease of communication.
Letter. The text of the letter has a specific purpose: reporting events, conveying feelings, establishing or maintaining contact, calling for something. It is assumed that the etiquette formula must be used - greeting and farewell; further content of the text is free. This is one of the written genres of colloquial speech, informal epistolary interaction. The topics of such texts change arbitrarily, incomplete sentences and expressive expressions are used.
A note. A distinctive feature of the genre is brevity. This is a small everyday text, the purpose of which is a message about what needs to be done, a warning, an invitation, gestures of politeness. Example text: “I’ll be there soon, don’t forget to buy milk.” Sometimes the text of a note is presented as a hint of something.
Diary. The genre differs from the others in that the recipient and the author are the same person. The text of the diary is an analysis of past events or one’s own feelings, creativity that contributes to the improvement of words and the personality itself.

Analysis of conversational genres contributes to understanding the style of speech behavior and the structure of natural communication.

Functional speech styles help determine the type of language used in various areas of communication. The sphere of interaction between people at the everyday level presupposes the included functions of the conversational style of statements or texts.

Content

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….3

Features of conversational style…………………………….……… 5

Colloquial vocabulary………………….………………………….……… 7

Morphology of conversational style…………….……………………….. 9

Conversational style syntax…………………………………………...… 11

Intra-style features of colloquial speech……………………………14

The use of colloquial style in a literary work...16

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………..18

List of references………………………………………………………19

Introduction

Everyday vocabulary is vocabulary that serves non-productive relationships between people, that is, relationships in everyday life. Most often, everyday vocabulary is represented by colloquial speech. Colloquial speech is a functional type of literary language. It performs the functions of communication and influence. Colloquial speech serves a sphere of communication that is characterized by informality of relations between participants and ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family settings, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss and a subordinate, etc.

An important feature of colloquial speech is its unpreparedness and spontaneity (Latin spontaneus - spontaneous). The speaker creates, creates his speech immediately “completely”. As researchers note, linguistic conversational features are often not realized and not recorded by consciousness. Therefore, often when native speakers are presented with their own colloquial utterances for normative assessment, they evaluate them as erroneous.

The next characteristic feature of colloquial speech is the direct nature of the speech act, that is, it is realized only with the direct participation of speakers, regardless of the form in which it is realized - dialogical or monological.

The activity of the participants is confirmed by statements, replicas, interjections, and simply sounds made.

The structure and content of conversational speech, the choice of verbal and non-verbal means of communication are greatly influenced by extralinguistic (extra-linguistic) factors: the personality of the addresser (speaker) and the addressee (listener), the degree of their acquaintance and proximity, background knowledge (the general stock of knowledge of the speakers), the speech situation (context of the utterance). Sometimes, instead of a verbal answer, it is enough to make a gesture with your hand, give your face the desired expression - and the interlocutor understands what your partner wanted to say. Thus, the extra-linguistic situation becomes an integral part of communication. Without knowledge of this situation, the meaning of the statement may be unclear. Gestures and facial expressions also play an important role in spoken language.

Colloquial speech is uncodified speech; the norms and rules of its functioning are not recorded in various kinds of dictionaries and grammars. She is not so strict in observing the norms of literary language. It actively uses forms that are classified in dictionaries as colloquial. “The litter does not discredit them,” writes the famous linguist M.P. Panov. “The litter warns: do not call a person with whom you are in strictly official relations a darling, do not offer to shove him somewhere, do not tell him that he is lanky and sometimes grumpy. In official papers, do not use the words look, to your heart's content, away, penny. Sound advice, isn't it?" Zaretskaya E.N. Rhetoric: Theory and practice of speech communication. - M.: Delo, 2001 In this regard, colloquial speech is contrasted with codified book speech. Colloquial speech, like book speech, has oral and written forms. Active study of spoken language began in the 60s. XX century. They began to analyze tape and manual recordings of relaxed natural oral speech. Scientists have identified specific linguistic features of colloquial speech in phonetics, morphology, syntax, word formation, and vocabulary.

conversational style speech Russian

Features of conversational style.

Conversational style is a style that serves the field of oral communication or oral communication.

Conversational style (colloquial speech) is used in a wide range of personal, i.e., informal, non-work relationships. This style is more often called colloquial-everyday, but it would be more accurate to call it colloquial-everyday, since it is not limited only to the everyday side, but is used as a means of communication in almost all spheres of life - family, industrial, socio-political, educational, scientific , cultural, sports.

The function of the conversational style is the function of communication in its “original” form. Speech is generated by the needs of direct communication between two interlocutors or more and acts as a means of such communication; it is created in the process of speaking and depends on the response of the interlocutor - speech, facial expression, etc.

Intonation, logical stress, tempo, and pauses play a huge role in spoken speech. In conditions of relaxed communication, a person, to a much greater extent than in the presence of official relationships, has the opportunity to express his personal qualities - temperament, emotionality, sympathies, which saturates his speech with emotional and stylistically colored (mainly stylistically reduced) words, expressions, morphological forms and syntactic structures.

In colloquial speech, the communication function can be supplemented by the message function or the influence function. However, both the message and the impact are manifested in direct communication, and therefore occupy a subordinate position.

The most common factors of the colloquial style are the personal, informal nature of the relationship between the participants in communication; their direct participation in communication; continuation of speech during communication without prior preparation.

Although these factors are closely related to each other, their role in the formation of the actual linguistic features of the conversational style is far from uniform: the last two factors - direct participation in communication and lack of preparation for communication - are closely related to the oral form of speech and are generated by it, while the first factor - the personal, informal nature of the relationship also applies to written communication, for example in personal correspondence. On the contrary, with oral communication, the relationship between its participants can be official, official, “impersonal”.

Linguistic means used during personal, everyday, informal relationships between speakers are characterized by additional shades - ease, a sharper evaluative moment, greater emotionality compared to neutral or book equivalents, i.e. these linguistic means are colloquial.

Such linguistic means are widely used outside of colloquial speech - in artistic and journalistic, as well as scientific texts.

The norms of colloquial style in oral form differ significantly from the norms of other functional styles, for which the written form is decisive (although not the only one). The norms of colloquial style are not established and are not officially regulated, that is, they are not subject to codification, which gives rise to a very widespread illusion among non-specialists that colloquial speech has no norms at all: whatever you say, so be it. However, the very fact of automatic reproduction of ready-made constructions in speech. Phraseological phrases, various kinds of cliches, i.e. standardized linguistic means corresponding to certain standard speech situations indicates the imaginary or, in any case, limited “freedom” of the speaker. Colloquial speech is subject to strict laws and has its own rules and norms, as evidenced by the fact that factors from book and written speech in general are perceived as alien in colloquial speech. Strict (albeit unconscious adherence to ready-made standards is the norm for oral speech that has not been prepared in advance.

On the other hand, the unpreparedness of the speech act, its attachment to the situation, along with the lack of a clear idea of the norm, determine a very wide freedom in choosing options. The boundaries of the norm become unsteady and vague, and normativity itself sharply weakens. Relaxed everyday dialogical speech consisting of short remarks allows for significant deviations from generally accepted norms due to its inherent impulsive nature.

Conversational vocabulary.

Conversational style vocabulary is divided into two large groups:

1) commonly used colloquial words;

2) colloquial words, socially or dialectally limited.

Commonly used vocabulary is in turn divided into:

Colloquial-literary (bound by the norms of literary use),

Colloquial-everyday (not bound by strict norms of use), the latter is adjacent to vernacular.

Colloquial vocabulary is also heterogeneous:

2) extraliterary, rude colloquialism, for example:drive up instead ofto achieve, to plop instead offall, weave instead oftalk nonsense, wander around, wander around instead ofwalk around idle; This includes actual vulgarisms and swear words:thorns (eyes), die, die; weakling, lackey etc. Such words are used for certain stylistic purposes - usually when depicting negative phenomena of life.

Colloquial vocabulary, socially or dialectally limited, includesV themselves such lexical groups as colloquial professionalisms (for example, the names of varieties of brown bear:vulture, fescue, antbird etc.), dialectisms(talk - talk, veksha - squirrel, stubble - stubble), slang vocabulary(pleisir - pleasure, fun; plein air - nature), argotic(split - betray; new guy, new guy - young, inexperienced; crusts - boots). Many jargons arose even before the revolution in the speech of the ruling classes; some argotisms were preserved from the speech habits of declassed elements. Slang vocabulary can also be associated with the age community of generations (for example, in the language of youth:cheat sheet, pair (deuce). All these categories of vocabulary have a narrow sphere of distribution; in terms of expression, they are characterized by extreme reduction. The main lexical layer of the colloquial style consists of commonly used words, both colloquial and colloquial. Both of these categories of words are close to each other, the line between them is unsteady and mobile, and sometimes elusive; it is not for nothing that in different dictionaries many words are labeled with different marks (for example, the wordssquat, really in "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. D. N. Ushakova are classified as colloquial, and in the four-volume “Dictionary of Modern Russian Literary Language” - as colloquial; wordsricher, carminative, sour in "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. D. N. Ushakova are assessed as vernacular, but in the “Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language” they do not have a mark, i.e. they are classified as interstyle - stylistically neutral). In “Dictionary of the Russian Language,” ed. S.I. Ozhegova expanded the boundaries of colloquial vocabulary: many words noted in other dictionaries as colloquial are classified as colloquial. Some colloquial words in dictionaries have a double label - colloquial and regional, since many common dialectisms pass into the category of colloquial words. The colloquial style is characterized by the predominance of words with an emotionally expressive connotation, marked “affectionate”, “playful”, “abusive”, “ironic”, “diminutive”, “contemptuous”, etc.

In a conversational style, words with specific meanings are usually used(storage room, locker room), names of persons(chatterbox, couch potato) and much less often - words with an abstract meaning(superlity, boasting, nonsense). In addition to specifically colloquial words(penny-pinching, dumbfounded), There are words that are colloquial only in one of the figurative meanings, and 8 others are perceived as stylistically neutral (for example, the verbunscrew e meaning “to lose the ability to restrain”). Colloquial words, as a rule, are synonymous with neutral ones and relatively rarely - with book ones. Sometimes there is a complete correspondence of stylistic opposites (for example:eyes - eyes - peepers).

3. Morphology of conversational style.

The distinctive features of the morphology of colloquial style are associated with the peculiarities of the functioning of the parts of speech in it. The relative activity of morphological categories of words and individual word forms in the colloquial style is different than in other functional styles. Verb forms such as participle and gerund are practically not used in colloquial speech. The absence of gerunds can be compensated to some extent by the second predicate, expressing the “accompanying” feature:“And I’m sitting writing”; "They have
they punish me, but I regret not punishing”; “I see: he’s walking unsteadily.”
A well-known analogy (but, of course, not identity) with revolutions like
“Please take out the pliers that are on the shelf.” (or
"lying on the shelf") makes up the design:"Please get it
pliers... they’re on the shelf over there.” (or:"over there on the shelf")

In colloquial speech, forms in -а(-я), (-в)shi(с),
resembling participles:“I haven’t gotten up all day on Monday
lay”, “go further without turning back to the store.” Such forms
are considered adverbs of the adverbial form. Forms of the same type:
“Is he a knowledgeable specialist?” - of course they are adjectives.

The ratio of full and short adjectives in the colloquial style is different than in other styles. Short forms of most qualitative adjectives are not used; preference is given to short adjectives likegrateful, faithful, satisfied, needed, for which full forms are not typical, as well as an adjective meaning that the measure does not correspond to the quality of the type“The dress is too short for you.”

In colloquial and everyday style, non-nominal words (pronouns, particles) have become more common; significant words are used less frequently. With situational attachment of colloquial speech, pronouns with their generalized semantics are used instead of nouns and adjectives:“Please, get me that... well... the one on the top shelf... on the left” (book), “What is he like? - Yes, he’s like that... you know...,” “Hello... it’s you... where is he?” etc. In almost 25% of cases, non-significant words are used not so much to express some shades of meaning, but to fill forced pauses in conversational speech:“Well... since you came... well... be, well... consider yourself a guest”; “Well... I don’t know... do as you want”; “But Pavel is right... but he still... found... that means... solved the problem.”

According to E.A. Stolyarova, there are on average 142 nouns per 1000 words in colloquial speech, whereas in artistic speech- 290, in oral speech - 295, in written speech scientific speech- 386; There are respectively 39-82-114-152 adjectives per 1000 words.

Among the case word forms of the noun, the most active is the nominative case form, which is explained by the peculiarities of colloquial syntax, i.e. prevalence of constructions with “nominative themes”(“buy there... well, kefir, cheese... yes... here’s another... sausage... don’t forget it”; “And the Palace of Congresses... did you get there?”), as well as the use of nouns in the nominative case with various kinds of additions and clarifications(“And you go straight, straight... there’s a house there... so you’re passing by”; “Well, you can’t remember everyone... Sveta... I know her”).

In colloquial speech, a certain group of material nouns is used in countable form in the meaning of “portion of this substance”:two milks (two bags or bottles),two sour cream, two borscht and so on.

The feminine form is also activated when denoting a profession or position:cashier (instead of the official "cashier"),librarian (instead of "librarian"),doctor (instead of “doctor”).

4. Conversational style syntax.

The most unique feature of the colloquial style is its syntax. And this is not surprising: the unpreparedness of spoken language is especially strongly reflected in its syntax.

Direct contact between participants in a speech act, instantaneous consideration of the interlocutor’s extra-linguistic reaction (facial expressions, gestures, etc.), communication in the form of dialogue, and attachment to the situation determine various kinds of incompleteness and understatement of the message.

In colloquial speech, in particular, they are widespread
structures capable of performing the functions of the missing part
statements, for example, the so-called main independent and independent subordinate clauses. So, at the end of a conversation that touches on complex, conflicting issues, the solution of which turned out to be problematic, or even after a significant time after such a conversation, a person says:“Oh, I don’t know, I don’t know.” Thanks to its special intonation, this structure performs the function
not only the main clause, but also the unsubstituted subordinate clause:“...what will happen next (...what will come of it).” There are even more reasons to talk about the main independent thing when a pronoun is used in a sentencesuch or adverbSo, i.e. demonstrative words, after which, however, in this case there are no subordinate clauses:“Your hands aren’t that dirty...”, “I can sew so well...”

Sentences are used as “independent subordinate clauses” only in cases where the content of the unsubstituted main element included in them is expressed in intonation and a conjunction or a conjunction word or is suggested by the structure of the sentence itself:that she is, that she is not (instead of“It doesn’t matter whether she exists or doesn’t exist” ) .

The colloquial style is distinguished by a variety of types of incomplete constructions or “unsubstituted syntactic positions.” They are studied in particular detail in the monograph “Russian Colloquial Speech”.

For example, the unsubstituted syntactic position of the predicate verb in constructions likehe's home. The fact that such a statement will be correctly understood outside the context proves its systematic linguistic nature. A wide variety of categories of verbs can be unsubstituted - verbs of motion: “Where are you going?" - “Only to the store”; verbs of speech: "Not very interesting - keep it short »; « Well, this is my praise to you »;

Verbs“address”: “We are already talking to the district committee and the newspaper about this”; with a value close to the value“to practice, to study”: “She does gymnastics every morning. Regularly"; with a value close to the value“read, study”: “Well, with my knowledge of German, I’ll probably read this book in a week”; with a value close to the value“beat”: “It’s great that they hit him”, “I think it’s his stick” etc. A verb in an indefinite form can also be unsubstituted:“We should go to the theater tomorrow,” “I couldn’t talk about that.”

It is known that spoken language is different increased emotionality, which is achieved in various ways. Word order and intonation play an important role. So, in order to focus attention on that part of the message that is expressed by the adjective as a predicate, it is made the beginning of the sentence; it takes over the logical stress and is separated from the unstressed noun by a connectivebe: there was a small river; The mushrooms were excellent. How notes O.A. Laptev, of particular interest are constructions in which the only purpose of the adverbial word is to fill the empty stressed link in order to preserve the expression of speech:“I like her so much!”, “Try and take her, she’ll start biting!” Use of stressed pronounssuch as, some, no allows you to maintain the appearance of constant emotional intensity of speech:“It was so hot, terrible”; “there was such a noise”; “And we bought these flowers.”

Expressive constructions are used in colloquial speech in which the informative center of the utterance strives for maximum formal independence from the rest of the utterance, for example, the so-called nominative topic. True, the “nominative theme” is also used in other functional styles, both in written and oral form, representing a stylistic device whose purpose is to attract
the reader's or listener's attention to the most important, from the point of view
the speaker's point of view, part of the utterance. A.M. Peshkovsky suggested that the use of the nominative theme in
lecturer's speech “arises from the desire to highlight a given representation and thereby facilitate the upcoming connection of this representation -
with another. The idea is presented in two steps:
first an isolated object is put on display, and the listeners only know that something will now be said about this object
it is also said that for now this object must be observed; Next
moment the thought itself is expressed.”

In colloquial speech, this process of dividing the utterance into parts occurs automatically. What is done in lecture speech to facilitate the listener, in colloquial speech can be done by the speaker to facilitate himself, for example:The sky/it is all in clouds; Lecture/where will it be?; Nikolai Stepanovich / Nikolai Stepanovich will not be here today; Sausage / cut, please; I really liked her / picture. ABOUT. Sirotina identifies “nominative themes” in “qualitative situations”, widespread not only in oral (literary and dialect) but also in written speech. These constructions are characterized by a pronounced meaning of the qualitative characteristics of the subject:Grandma - she will talk everyone out (i.e. chatty).

Characteristic of colloquial speech and the addition construction(And your daughter, is she a historian?); interrogative constructions with an additional phrasal boundary(You did this on purpose, right? (brought a damp log); non-union subordinating constructions(Do you want a pie - did grandma bake it?); overlay designs(This is a television center, and she - tower, she asked); bipredicative constructions with who(Come in - those who are going to the procedures!).

In colloquial speech there is no strictly fixed arrangement of the components of a phrase, therefore the main means of actual division is not word order, but intonation and logical stress. This does not mean at all that in colloquial speech the order of words does not play a role at all in the expression of actual division. There are certain trends here: the informatively important part of the statement is located as close as possible to the beginning of the sentence; there is a desire for preposition of that part of the syntactic association that is more strongly accented (while bookish-literary speech is characterized by the opposite principle, corresponding to the rhythmic-intonation structure of bookish-literary speech - the postposition of the member that is more strongly accented). For example:I like it very much this theater (in neutral written speech it would probably sound like this:I really like this theater); In Sochi... no... I won’t go to Sochi; It was a difficult year, difficult; Oddly enough, but he gets more tired in the 100-meter race than in the 200-meter race. Active means of actual division of colloquial speech are special emphatic words and repetitions:What about the teachers' council? Today will not be?; For how many years now he has been vacationing in Gelendzhik every year... in Gelendzhik.

Intra-style features of colloquial speech

Speech, as a means of organizing communication between a small number of people nearby and well known to each other, has a number of distinctive features. This is colloquial speech, which is characterized by:

1) personalization of addressing, i.e. individual address of interlocutors to each other, taking into account mutual interests and possibilities for understanding the topic of the message; more careful attention to the organization of feedback with partners, since the addressee of colloquial speech is always present, has the same degree of reality as the speaker, actively influences the nature of verbal communication, the partner’s position is continuously reflected, rethought, reacted to, anticipated and evaluate;

2) spontaneity and ease: the conditions of direct communication do not allow planning the conversation in advance; the interlocutors interfere in each other’s speech, clarifying or changing the topic of the conversation; the speaker can interrupt himself, remembering something, returning to what has already been said;

3) situationality of speech behavior, direct contact of speakers, the fact that the objects about which we're talking about, most often visible or known to the interlocutors, allows them to use facial expressions and gestures as a way to compensate for the inaccuracy of expressions that are inevitable in informal speech;

4) emotionality: situational nature, spontaneity and ease of speech in direct communication inevitably enhance its emotional coloring, bringing to the fore the emotional and individual perception by speakers of both the topic of conversation and the interlocutor, which is achieved with the help of words, the structural organization of sentences, intonations; the desire to be understood encourages interlocutors to privately express personal assessments, emotional preferences, and opinions.

5) Insufficiency arouses INTEREST in a person. At the moment when a person is interested, he actively thinks about this understatement, tries to choose its continuation himself, drawing for himself a huge number of options. In his head, many questions arise and many possible answers. In other words, a person who intrigues makes the other person think and question himself.

6) Incompleteness. The vocabulary of the Russian language is a single, complex system. In this case, a lexical system is an internally organized set of linguistic elements that are naturally interconnected by relatively stable relationships and constantly interact. This definition combines two interdependent aspects of the systematic nature of the vocabulary: the lexical system as a set of nominative means, and the lexical system as a form of organization and interaction of these elements. Therefore, the concept of incompleteness of statements must be considered from the point of view of both vocabulary and semantics, the syntax of the language structure. Lexical incompleteness of utterances manifests itself mainly in colloquial speech (in incomplete and elliptical sentences). And, according to the definition of Fomina M.I. “a stripped-down syntactic structure, justified by the semantic background that arose thanks to the integral lexical system of the dialogue.” In dialogue, as a rule, already named words are not repeated; preceding and subsequent remarks are closely interrelated, therefore, most often in colloquial speech, lexical incompleteness of statements is justified. But the underdevelopment of a person’s speech apparatus cannot be taken for lexical incompleteness of statements.. For this case, A.V. Prudnikova introduces a new concept - lexical inferiority of a statement, which implies distortion of the semantic, lexical, syntactic structure of a sentence.

The listed features define the most important functions of speech in interpersonal communication. These include emotive and conative.Emotive function is connected with the subjective world of the addresser (speaker), with the expression of his experiences, his attitude to what is being said, it reflects the speaker’s self-esteem, his need to be heard and understood.Conative function is associated with an orientation towards the addressee (listener), with the desire to influence him, to form a certain nature of relationships, it reflects a person’s need to achieve goals and influence other people; This function is manifested in the structural organization of conversation and the target orientation of speech.

6. Use of colloquial style in a literary work

IN literary works the use of a colloquial style of speech has become widespread. Writers and poets introduce colloquial vocabulary into the text of a work of art with various tasks: a more capacious creation of an image, the ability to more accurately describe a character using his speech characteristics, convey the national flavor of speech, everyday life, etc.

In the process of development of the Russian nationality, and then the nation, everything vital, typical, and necessary for language as a means of communication was selected from the dialect vocabulary.

Thus, the literary language includes the words balka, taiga, foliage, roadside, fishing, ushanka, very, annoying, roach, particulate (type of fish), doha, strawberry, strawberry, spider, plowman, plowing, upper reaches, smile, etc. In In agricultural terminology, the use of dialect words as terms continues in our time: stubble, stubble, harvested field, pull, collect, pull out flax by the roots, etc.

The meanings of many words found in the Russian literary language can only be explained with the help of dialect words. For example, the word careless “stupid, disorderly” becomes understandable if it is compared with the dialect Kalinin alabor “order, arrangement” and the dialect word alaborit “to move things around, turn over, redo, puts in order in one’s own way.”

Dialect words are introduced by writers into the language of literary works for various stylistic purposes. We find them in the works of N.A. Nekrasova, I.S. Turgeneva, I.A. Bunina, L.N. Tolstoy, S. Yesenin, M.A. Sholokhova, V.M. Shukshina and others. Northern Russian dialect vocabulary is used by N.A. Nekrasov in the poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'." Dialecticisms are introduced by the author not only into the speech of the characters, but also into the author’s speech. They perform a nominative-stylistic function and are used for the purpose of outlining the morals and customs of the people, reproducing local color: at ease, strained, from there, pokudova, voster, picuga, ochep, vesmo, blizzard, muzhik (in the meanings of “husband” and “peasant”) and others. South Russian dialect vocabulary is widely represented, for example, in “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev. The writer knew the Kursk, Oryol and Tula dialects well, and from there he drew material for his artistic works. Using lexical dialectisms, I.S. Turgenev often gave them explanations, for example: He was built awkwardly, “sbitem,” as we say (“Singers”). They immediately brought us riding horses; we went to the forest or, as we say, to the “order” (“Burmist”). Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. - M.: Education, 1977 The author’s speech is dominated by words that name things, objects, phenomena characteristic of the life of the characters depicted, i.e. ethnographic vocabulary: He was wearing a rather neat cloth tunic, worn on one sleeve (“Singers”) (chuika - “long cloth caftan”); Women in checkered coats threw wood chips at slow-witted or overzealous dogs (“Burmistr”). In the language of the characters I.S. Turgenev dialect elements serve as a means of socio-linguistic characteristics. “Let him sleep,” my faithful servant remarked indifferently (“Yermolai and the Miller’s Wife”). Jargons are expressive, so they are sometimes used in fiction as a means of creating an image, mostly negative (see the works of L.N. Tolstoy, N.G. Pomyalovsky, V. Shukshin, D. Granin, Yu. Nagibin, V. Aksenov, etc. .).

Conclusion

Everyday vocabulary is vocabulary that serves non-productive relationships between people, that is, relationships in everyday life. Most often, everyday vocabulary is represented by colloquial speech. Colloquial speech is a functional type of literary language. It performs the functions of communication and influence.

Colloquial speech serves a sphere of communication that is characterized by informality of relations between participants and ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family settings, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss and a subordinate, etc., that is, in non-production situations.

The topics of conversation are determined by the needs of communication. They can vary from narrow everyday ones to professional, industrial, moral and ethical, philosophical, etc.

Conversational style is a style of speech that has the following characteristics: used in conversations with familiar people in a relaxed atmosphere; the statement is usually relaxed, lively, free in the choice of words and expressions, it usually reveals the author’s attitude to the subject of speech and the interlocutor; characteristic linguistic means include: colloquial words and expressions, emotional - evaluative means, addresses; is opposed to book styles in general, it has an inherent function of communication, it forms a system that has its own characteristics in phonetics, phraseology, vocabulary, syntax

Conversational style is widely used in literary works.

Bibliography

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Colloquial style vocabulary* includes words characteristic of everyday speech, casual conversation, and in general the speech of people not connected or constrained by official relations, and, as a rule, unusual for written genres (the language of business papers, scientific articles, etc.), oratory speeches, etc.

* Some linguists call this vocabulary “vocabulary of oral speech” (see, for example, the above-mentioned textbook “Modern Russian Language...”). When using this term, it should be borne in mind that we are not talking about all words encountered in oral communication, but only about those that are used in oral speech and are unusual in written speech. This means that the vocabulary of oral speech does not include not only interstyle words that form the basis of both oral and written communication, but also words characteristic of written speech (as mentioned above, they are called the vocabulary of book styles.

The vocabulary of the conversational style is heterogeneous. However, unlike the vocabulary of book styles, where heterogeneity is explained not only by differences in expressive-emotional qualities, but also by differences in the degree of attachment of words to varieties of book styles, vocabulary of conversational style differs in the degree of literaryness and expressive-emotional qualities.

In the vocabulary of colloquial style, colloquial and colloquial words are distinguished*.

* Regional and slang words, although they are found in everyday speech, are, however, not considered here. They belong to a non-popular vocabulary, and the question of their aesthetic qualities and their use is an independent problem, so special sections are devoted to them. (“Dialect vocabulary” “Reflection of slang vocabulary in dictionaries”).

Spoken words

Colloquial words* of colloquial style vocabulary include those words that, while giving speech a relaxed, informal character, are at the same time devoid of rudeness. This: spinner, superlative, imagine, back home, just about, warrior, know-it-all, all kinds, stupid, talkative, dirty, delicate, antediluvian, up to here, ugly, fidgety, skittish, living creature, cutesy, a sight for sore eyes, bully, bullying, waiting too long, binge-watching, zaum, big guy, onlooker, tomorrow, know, in vain, cram, cramming, dodge, mess, trick, personnel officer, tower(about a very tall person) hang around, here and there, here and there, scribble, lazy, slothful, boy, crybaby, fawn, rhyme weaver, poems, scribbling, pocket, prevaricate, hype, hack, what the hell and many others.

* Like the term “bookish,” the term “colloquial” is used both in relation to all words characteristic of casual conversation (as part of the term “colloquial style vocabulary”), and in relation to a certain part of these words.

A considerable part of colloquial words expresses the attitude towards the named object, phenomenon, action, property, attribute and their emotional assessment: grandma, daughter, kids, fidget, baby, boy, cute(affectionate); antediluvian, drip, rhymes, fight, battle(ironic); imagine, brainstorm, cramming, dodge, fawn, scribble, pocket, inveterate, prevaricate, hack(dismissive), etc.

The emotionality of a large number of colloquial words is created by the portability of their meanings - battle("noisy quarrel"), the vinaigrette("about the confusion of heterogeneous concepts and objects"), kennel(“about a cramped, dark, dirty room”), tower("about a very tall man"), stick("to pester with something annoyingly"), dragonfly("O a living, active girl, girl"), etc. – or by the transferability of the meaning of the root of the word – pocket, inveterate, prevaricate etc. In other cases, the emotionality of words is caused by the corresponding suffix: daughter, boy, leg, legs, poems etc.

But not all spoken words can express an emotional assessment. Don't have this ability usherette, take a nap, really, back home, just about, here, tricky, personnel officer, soda, bad luck, undressed, renewed, in an embrace, nickel, smoke break, instantly, chicken out, like, carpentry and etc.

Colloquial words (especially those that do not contain any emotional evaluation) are close to cross-style vocabulary. However, they are still different from her. This is easiest to detect if you “place” them in a business official context, where they, unlike interstyle words, will turn out to be foreign. And this is explained by those features of colloquial words that make them colloquial, at least slightly, but reduced: either by their evaluativeness, or by some “liberty” and at the same time inaccuracy of form (cf. colloquial soda, which, firstly, is shortened compared to the interstyle sparkling water, and secondly, “imprecise” in the sense that it can refer to anything that is saturated with gas; Wed from this point of view and nickel, nickel And five kopecks etc.).

IN explanatory dictionaries colloquial words are given with the mark “colloquial.”, to which is often added a mark indicating the emotional assessment expressed by the word (“joking.”, “iron.”, “disdainful.”, “affectionate.”, etc.).

An important feature of colloquial vocabulary is that it is one of the literary means of expression.

Colloquial words

Colloquial words are words that go beyond literary norm. The reasons for this are different, and they lie in the qualities and features of colloquial vocabulary.

Some colloquial words are characterized by varying degrees of rudeness and the ability to express an attitude towards the signified and evaluate it. These are the so-called rude and rudely expressive words. These include: bullshit("lie"), belly, jew's harp, vashey, scorching, scooping out, go crazy, dead meat, clunker, big man, toothy, whine, hag, kikimora, squirm, freckled, gobble, loafer, shabby, muss, kill, hang around, smack;vomit, burst into, lean into, stick out, scurry, grub, eat, bend over("die"), zenki, paw, muzzle, mug, snout, slam, bitch, thick-horned, hamlo* and so on.

* The above two “sets” of words illustrate, as is obviously understandable, different degrees of rudeness. The limit of lexical rudeness is unprintable words.

In explanatory dictionaries they are accompanied by the mark “simple.” and "rude-simple." (in the 17-volume Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language there is no addition of “rude.”).

The evaluative nature of a large number of expressive colloquial words arises due to the transferability of the meaning of the word itself, or its root(s), or the word from which the given one is derived, cf., for example: burble, belly, drive in, dead meat, drive in("hit"), muzzle, snout, bend over;loafer, fool, become enraged, talker, miser and etc.

Being synonyms of interstyle words, expressive-colloquial words differ from them not only in their ability to express evaluation. They often contain an additional semantic connotation*, which is not present in the interstyle word and with which the assessment of a given object, action, attribute, etc. is usually associated. For example, let’s compare two messages: “I’m there caught" and "I'm there caught". Pointing like interstyle catch to the unexpected discovery of a person somewhere, its rudely expressive synonym catch will additionally report that the discovered person was taken by surprise and that he was engaged in an unseemly business. This last semantic addition simultaneously contains an assessment (of the person and his actions). The semantic “additive” that many crudely expressive words have in comparison with an interstyle word is often reflected in the interpretation. For example, jalopy(given with the mark “simple-joking.”) has the following explanation in the 4-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language: about an old, rickety carriage, cart; colloquial meaning of the word rake in is interpreted in the same dictionary as receiving, excessively much of something, greedily seizing, etc.

* It is no coincidence that we are talking about “the ability to express an assessment in a specific speech situation” and that they “often” (that is, not always) express an additional semantic connotation. Wed. "well-fed belly deaf to learning", "it took two hours to belly crawl" (where the rudely expressive belly completely coincides in meaning with the interstyle one stomach) and "grew (ate) belly" (Where belly -"big fat belly") or: "you'll have cabbage soup eat?" (=is) and "he doesn't eats and eats" (Where eat, the opposite is, indicates the semantic difference between these words, and also expresses an assessment of the action). It is precisely in the case when a rudely expressive (or rude) word is used as a complete semantic equivalent of an interstyle word that only their rudeness (vulgarity, etc.) is felt, the expressiveness of such words “fades out.”

Other colloquial words do not have rudeness, imagery, do not express (themselves) assessments, they are perceived as incorrect from the point of view of the literary norm, as evidence of insufficient literacy of the one who uses them. Some linguists call them vernacular*, others call them vernacular** (rightly noting the “similarity” with dialect words). These include: certainly, in the heat of the moment, apparently, blame, forward("at first"), wait, allow, cover up, theirs, it seems, cross, mama, mischief, for now, little by little, die, sew("sew") by("all right"), will do, forcefully, help, intimidate, get discouraged, forestall, grub, smart and under.

* Cm.: Kalinin A.V. Vocabulary of the Russian language. 3rd ed. M., 1978. S. 160 – 162.

** Cm.: Gvozdev A.N. Essays on the stylistics of the Russian language. 3rd ed. M., 1965. P. 80.

Since vernacular words themselves do not have figurativeness and do not contain evaluation, they represent the exact semantic equivalent of the corresponding literary words: in the heat of the moment - in the heat of the moment;blame - spades;always - always;theirs - theirs;sew - sew;to frighten - to frighten etc. In explanatory dictionaries, vernacular vocabulary itself is given, as a rule, with such an interpretation, which indicates complete semantic coincidence with the literary synonym. For example:

Allow- allow, allow.

From afar- the same as from afar.

Theirs- the same as them.

Schematically, the stylistic stratification of vocabulary looks like this:

Interstyle
Vocabulary of book styles	Conversational style vocabulary
Book	Official business	Public-journalistic	Poetic	Spoken	Prostorechnaya
emots. painted and unpainted	emots. not painted	emots. not painted	emots. not painted	emots. not painted	actually vernacular (emotional, not colored)
moderately bookish	purely bookish	emots. painted	emots. painted	emots. painted	rude and rudely expressive (emotionally colored)
Vocabulary

Conversational style is a functional style of speech that serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. The usual form of implementation of the conversational style is dialogue; this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no preliminary selection of language material. In this style of speech, extra-linguistic factors play a large role: facial expressions, gestures, environment. In everyday communication, a concrete, associative way of thinking and a direct, expressive nature of expression are realized. Hence the disorder, fragmentation of speech forms and emotionality of style. The conversational style is characterized by emotionality, imagery, concreteness, and simplicity of speech. For example, in a bakery it doesn’t seem strange to say: “Please, with bran, one.” The relaxed atmosphere of communication leads to greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words are used more widely ( be silly, talkative, talkative, giggle, cackle), vernacular ( neigh, weakling, awsome, disheveled), slang ( parents - ancestors, iron, world).

In a conversational style of speech, especially at a fast pace, a smaller reduction of vowels is possible, up to their complete elimination and simplification of consonant groups. Word-formation features: suffixes of subjective evaluation are widely used. To enhance expressiveness, doubling words is used.

Oral speech - form speech activity, including the understanding of spoken speech and the implementation of speech utterances in audio form (speaking). Oral speech can be carried out through direct contact between the interlocutors or can be mediated by a technical means (telephone, etc.) if communication occurs at a considerable distance. Oral speech, in contrast to written speech, is characterized by:

· redundancy (presence of repetitions, clarifications, explanations);

· use of non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions),

· economy of speech utterances, ellipses (the speaker may not name, skip what is easy to guess).

Oral speech is always determined by the speech situation. There are:

· unprepared oral speech (conversation, interview, speech in discussion)

· prepared oral speech (lecture, report, speech, report);

Dialogic speech (direct exchange of statements between two or more persons)

· monologue speech (a type of speech addressed to one or a group of listeners, sometimes to oneself).

The conversational style of speech has its own lexical and grammatical features.

Within a literary language, colloquial speech is contrasted with codified language. (The language is called codified because work is being done in relation to it to preserve its norms, its purity). But codified literary language and colloquial speech are two subsystems within the literary language. As a rule, every native speaker of a literary language speaks both of these varieties of speech.

The main features of the conversational style are the already indicated relaxed and informal nature of communication, as well as the emotionally expressive coloring of speech. Therefore, in colloquial speech all the riches of intonation, facial expressions, and gestures are used. One of its most important features is its reliance on the extra-linguistic situation, i.e. the immediate context of speech in which communication takes place. For example: (Woman before leaving home) What should I wear? (about the coat) This is it, or what? Or that? (about the jacket) Won't I freeze? Listening to these statements and not knowing the specific situation, it is impossible to guess what they are talking about. Thus, in colloquial speech the extra-linguistic situation becomes integral part act of communication. A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. Here you can find the most diverse thematic and stylistic groups of vocabulary: general book vocabulary, terms, foreign borrowings, words of high stylistic coloring, as well as facts of vernacular, dialects, jargons. This is explained, firstly, by the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics and everyday remarks; secondly, the implementation of colloquial speech in two tones - serious and playful, and in the latter case it is possible to use a variety of elements.

Syntactic constructions also have their own characteristics. For colloquial speech, constructions with particles, with interjections, and phraseological constructions are typical: “They tell you!” In the colloquial style, the law of “saving speech means” applies, so instead of names consisting of two or more words, one is used: evening newspaper - vecherka, condensed milk - condensed milk, utility room - utility room, five-story building - five-story building. In other cases, stable combinations of words are transformed and instead of two words one is used: forbidden zone - zone, academic council - council, sick leave - sick leave, maternity leave - maternity leave.

Special place in colloquial vocabulary there are words with the most general or vague meaning, which is specified in the situation: thing, piece, matter, history. Close to them are “empty” words that acquire a certain meaning only in context (bagpipes, bandura, jalopy). For example: Where are we going to put this bandura? (about the closet); We know this music!

The conversational style is rich in phraseology. Most Russian phraseological units are of a colloquial nature (at a stone's throw, unexpectedly, like water off a duck's back, etc.), colloquial expressions are even more expressive (no law is written for fools, in the middle of nowhere, etc.). Colloquial and colloquial phraseological units give speech vivid imagery; They differ from book and neutral phraseological units not in meaning, but in special expressiveness and reduction. Let's compare: to leave life - to play in the box, to mislead - to hang noodles on one's ears (to rub one's glasses in, to suck it out of one's finger, to take it from the ceiling).

The syntax of colloquial speech is very unique, which is due to its oral form and vivid expression. Simple sentences dominate here, often incomplete, of the most varied structure (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal and others) and extremely short. The situation fills in the gaps in speech, which is quite understandable to the speakers: Please show me in the line (when buying notebooks); I don’t want Taganka (when choosing theater tickets); From the heart to you? (in a pharmacy), etc.

In oral speech, we often do not name an object, but describe it: Were you wearing a hat here? They love to watch until they are sixteen (meaning movies). As a result of unprepared speech, connecting constructions appear in it: We must go. In Saint-Petersburg. To the conference. This fragmentation of the phrase is explained by the fact that the thought develops associatively, the speaker seems to recall details and complements the statement.

In conclusion, we note that the colloquial style, to a greater extent than all other styles, has a striking originality of linguistic features that go beyond the scope of the standardized literary language. It can serve as convincing evidence that the stylistic norm is fundamentally different from the literary one. Each of the functional styles has developed its own norms that should be taken into account. This does not mean that colloquial speech always conflicts with literary language rules. Deviations from the norm may vary depending on the intra-style stratification of the conversational style. It contains varieties of reduced, rude speech, vernacular speech that has absorbed the influence of local dialects, etc. But the colloquial speech of intelligent, educated people is quite literary, and at the same time it differs sharply from bookish speech, bound by the strict norms of other functional styles.