Today we constantly hear and read about the environment, since its condition determines whether humanity will exist. Ecology, by studying the interconnection of living beings in the world, can tell us how to effectively use and conserve our resources.
For many centuries, adverse environmental influences on humans have been associated with natural disasters (earthquakes, forest fires, floods) or epidemics. Humanity has learned to successfully combat many of these factors, for example, infectious diseases(smallpox, cholera, plague, etc.).
In connection with population growth and modernization of the economy, the so-called anthropogenic factors associated with its activities are becoming increasingly important for humanity. Since the second half of the 20th century, during the era of industrialization, humanity has not thought about environmental problems. The creation of a huge number of metallurgical, engineering, chemical and other industries allowed us to enter an era of sharp growth in consumption, which inevitably led to poisoning and pollution of fresh waters, the World Ocean, the atmosphere, destruction of the green cover of the Earth, destruction of the fertile layer of soil, and the extermination of animals and birds. As a result, the world finds itself in the grip of a so-called environmental crisis.
Many scientists believe that the problem of environmental protection arose not as a result of population growth or increased production, but as a consequence of changes that have occurred in the nature of agricultural and industrial production. Natural fabrics (cotton, wool) are replaced by synthetic ones, wood and steel are replaced by plastics, soap by detergents. In agricultural production, the limited capabilities of the soil are compensated by fertilizers. In each of these cases new technology requires less labor, it is economically beneficial, but causes damage to the environment.
The chemical industry is currently developing much faster than any other, and in to the greatest extent determines scientific and technological progress, it is not for nothing that our time is called the century of polymers. A huge number and varieties of synthetic polymers currently produced, unlike natural ones, do not have enzymes that decompose them and in this sense, synthetic compounds are not biologically destroyed. The same can be said about any synthetic materials that are burned after consumption, thereby, unfortunately, also increasing air pollution.
In the 21st century, several billion tons of fuel are produced and burned on the planet annually, which consumes thousands of times more oxygen than the breathing of all humanity. The growing population of the Earth consumes oxygen mainly not so much for its breathing, but as a result of the rapid development of industry and transport. Experts have calculated that a car spends the same amount of oxygen over 1000 km as one person needs in a year. The exhaust from internal combustion engines contains carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, soot, benzopyrene and lead compounds. Yes, one a car annually absorbs an average of more than 4 tons of oxygen from the atmosphere, emitting about 40 kg of nitrogen oxides and almost 200 kg of various hydrocarbon compounds. It is in the development of motor transport and associated air pollution from exhaust gases that many scientists see as the main reason for the increase in mortality from lung cancer.
From everyday life we know that without water, none of the known forms of life is completely possible. The human body consists of 80% water; to maintain its life, it must receive about 3 liters of water per day - in the form of drinks and with food. Throughout his life, a person deals with water every day from morning to night - he uses it for cooking, drinking and simply washing his face. It is estimated that a modern large city consumes 300-600 liters of water per person per day. As a result of rapid population growth globe and the rapid development of industry, the problem of supplying humanity with clean fresh water has become today almost the number one global problem.
By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin, 2017 was declared the year of ecology. At the end of December 2016, in his speech, he spoke about measures taken by the state to protect the environment. Particular attention was paid to the effective implementation of waste-free technologies operating in the closed loops, i.e. when waste is not released into the atmosphere or water basins, but is reused.
The importance of environmental protection in the Chechen Republic is very great. Two military campaigns brought our republic to an environmental disaster at the beginning of the 21st century. The entire biosphere was destroyed. By 1999, industrial oil refining had gradually died out in the republic, replaced by widespread illegal refining in homemade straight-run plants. They produced substandard gasoline, thereby causing great harm to the environment, human health, as well as equipment that uses such motor fuel.
Cities and villages were destroyed, all infrastructure was destroyed, and waterways were seriously polluted. In a word, the environmental situation in our republic was in a sad state, but, as time has shown, every difficult situation has its own savior. The first President of the Chechen Republic, Hero of Russia Akhmat-Khadzhi Kadyrov (Dala g1azot kobal doyla ts'unnan), laid the foundation for the restoration of the ecological system in our republic. Continuing the path of his father, the current Head of the Chechen Republic Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov, from his very first steps as head of the region, became concerned with environmental problems. He contributed to the adoption of " Law on environmental protection in the Chechen Republic”, which regulates relations in the sphere of interaction between society and nature.
Thanks to Ramzan Akhmatovich, nature reserves, micro-reserves, natural monuments, plantations have been created and are being created medicinal plants, National parks, recreation areas, wastewater treatment plants Wastewater. In various regions of the republic, specially protected areas, nature reserves, botanical gardens, and zoos have been created to preserve flora and fauna.
The Parliament of the Republic resolved the issue of creating school student teams for growing vegetables, fruits, etc., which contributes to the production of environmentally friendly food products and lays the foundation for environmental education of the younger generation.
It is especially important to note that the regional leadership effectively monitors compliance with environmental standards in the production of food products. Evidence of this is the demonstration of food and agricultural products of our republic at the annual VDNKh exhibitions in Moscow, where they were repeatedly awarded prizes.
In the year of ecology in our republic, new projects “Our Yard”, “Local House of Culture”, “Parks of Small Towns” were planned and implemented. The development plan for 500 courtyard areas in Grozny as part of the “Our Yard” project includes landscaping of courtyard areas.
Under the leadership of Ramzan Akhmatovich, a lot has been done in the field of ecology, not only this year, but also over the past 12 years. Subbotniks are often held to clean water and the banks of reservoirs, and plant greenery in parks and streets. Residents of the republic, in turn, actively participate in all activities related to improving the environment.
Every person must clearly understand that the preservation, protection and increase of natural resources, the protection of the biosphere for the benefit of future generations is a common task, the sacred duty of each of us. We should not, as Jacques-Yves Cousteau said, threaten nature, but, on the contrary, help it, then we will have fresh air, clean water and organic food.
Taking care of the cleanliness of the environment, you and I, with the help of the Almighty, will have the most environmentally safe region in Russia, rich in centenarians, as in old times.
May Allah help us!
Ali ISRAILOV
This material was published on the BezFormata website on January 11, 2019,Below is the date when the material was published on the original source website! In order to implement the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 19, 2017 No. 1283-r, the order of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation dated August 15, 2017.
Rosprirodnadzor
22.09.2017 ABKHAZIA. In the foothills and mountains there is heavy snow. . According to weather forecasters, on Friday the weather on the Black Sea coast of Abkhazia will be in the zone of influence atmospheric fronts Mediterranean and North Atlantic cyclones.
IA Checheninfo
09.02.2020
ABKHAZIA. Atmosphere pressure– unstable. Sukhum. February 7. Apsnypress.IA Checheninfo
09.02.2020 Alibaeva Gulyaisha Askatovna – teacher of chemistry and biology
MBOU "Allaberdinskaya Secondary School" of the Tyulgansky district of the Orenburg region"
Lesson topic: Nature conservation is everyone's duty!
Lesson objectives:
Formation of skills and abilities to work with various sources of information, familiarization with environmental protection methods, study chemical reactions underlying the purification of gaseous emissions, waste and recycled water, education careful attitude to nature, development of creative, environmentally oriented thinking.
Lesson type: Lesson - conference
Leading:
Over the past decades, it has become obvious that humans have oversaturated nature with pollutants. According to calculations, their intake from anthropogenic sources is tens or even thousands of times greater than from natural sources. An acute problem arises - to protect environment and human health. We need to listen to representatives of various professions and discuss pressing environmental issues.
Ecologist:
Nowadays, we are increasingly talking about the greenhouse effect. Its essence is that layers of air enriched with carbon dioxide transmit solar radiation (ultraviolet rays) well and at the same time retain the Earth's thermal radiation (infrared waves), which leads to an increase in temperature in the lower layers of the atmosphere. Over the past 100 years, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased 1.2 times. Due to the absorption of thermal radiation by the molecules of this substance, the average annual temperature in the Northern Hemisphere increased by 0.2 - 0.6º C. Calculations show that doubling the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere will lead to an increase in temperature on the planet by an average of 2 -3º C.
As a result, the water level will rise by 4–8 m, and some areas of land will be flooded. Glaciers will begin to melt. The circulation of the waters of the World Ocean will change. Permafrost zones will turn into peatlands, releasing new portions of carbon dioxide and methane (the second greenhouse gas).
Biologist.
Green plants absorb carbon dioxide, which is why it is so important to protect forests. In 1915, Peter I issued a decree on fines for unauthorized cutting of forests: for oak - 15 rubles, for other trees - 10 rubles. In addition to the fine, the chopper was also threatened with a whip.
Ecologist:
The composition of the atmosphere has been constant over the past ten thousand years. In air, which is a mixture of gases, only 1% should be impurities: inert gases, water vapor, carbon dioxide. But as a result of human activity, the air is polluted. The main pollutants are ammonia NH 3 hydrogen sulfide H 2 S, carbon monoxide CO, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide SO 2, sulfuric anhydride SO 3, hydrocyanic acid HCN, nitric acid HNO 3, phosphoric acid H 3 PO 4.
What are the main sources of formation of these substances?
The main one is fuel combustion. Every day the world burns 3 billion tons of coal, 2 billion tons of oil, 800 billion m 3 of natural gas. This consumes 15 billion tons of oxygen. When 1 ton of fuel is burned in a car engine, 12 -24 kg of nitrogen oxides, 0.3 - 5 kg of ammonia and hydrocarbons and 40 - 50 kg of carbon oxides are formed. After takeoff, a jet plane leaves a plume equal in volume to the exhaust gases of 7 thousand cars. Sulfur oxide (IV) is formed during the roasting of sulfide ores:
2ZnS + 3O 2 =2Zn O +2 S O 2
Millions of tons of sulfur and nitrogen oxides dissolve in rainwater, forming acid rain, which acidifies the soil and increases the corrosion of metals. If sulfur oxides emitted into the atmosphere were evenly distributed over the entire landmass of our planet and returned to it as precipitation in the form of sulfuric acid, then over the course of a year each square kilometer of land would receive 300 kg of sulfuric acid. In large industrial cities there is thick fog, toxic due to the presence of poisonous gases. Smog appears as a result of the oxidation of nitrogen oxide (II) formed in automobile engines to nitrogen oxide (IV):
2NO + O 2 =2 NO 2
This gas decomposes under the influence of sunlight:
NO 2 = NO + O
Atomic oxygen reacts with oxygen in the air to form ozone. Atomic oxygen and ozone react with unburned hydrocarbons, forming toxic substances that irritate the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract.
GCOS inspector: For many large cities, the problem of air and water pollution remains serious. In a city with a population of 1 million people, the following is consumed per day: oxygen - 31,500 tons, water - 625,000 tons, fuel - 9,500 tons, food - 2,000 tons. This generates waste: carbon dioxide - 28500 t, waste water – 500000 t, carbon monoxide (II) – 450 t, dust – 150 t, solid household waste– 800000 m3. The result of the rapid development of road transport is an increase in the concentration of lead in the air and soil. In some large cities, people inhale from 16 to 60 mg of lead per day, with a third being adsorbed in the body. In addition, it should be added that each car produces 10 kg of rubber dust per year, and over 1000 km it consumes as much oxygen as its driver does in a year.
Journalist:
We receive many letters from readers asking us to tell them if it is possible to somehow improve the situation, what has been done and is being done today to protect the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere?
Chemist - technologist:
The optimal measure to protect the atmosphere from harmful emissions is the rational organization of new production processes and the improvement of existing ones. The maximum reduction of harmful emissions into the atmosphere can be achieved through the use of closed, cyclic processes, waste-free technologies, improvement of devices, installations, mechanisms, and the transition to new energy sources.
Air pools become cleaner when replacing solid fuel with gaseous fuel.
Leading.
What measures are being taken to protect the air basin?
Chemist.
A powerful means of combating air pollution - sealing technological equipment. Large solid dust particles are removed mechanically in settling dust collection chambers, gas washing followed by filtration. Fine solid and liquid aerosols are retained by electric precipitators. Gases are purified using the absorption method - individual components are absorbed by a solvent. Some pollutants are removed by adsorbing on activated carbon or other adsorbents.
Journalist.
We are asked in a letter: “Is it possible to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?”
Chemist-technologist:
You can install installations for separating liquid air - at 57 C, carbon dioxide freezes out. The second method is the separate separation of carbon dioxide from a mixture of gases using artificial semi-permeable membranes.
Journalist:
I've been close to cement plant. The smoke screen enveloped the plant so tightly that it was almost invisible.
Chemist - technologist:
Now they have begun to use dust removal of exhaust gases using the electrical method and in cyclone devices. The technology of cement production has also changed - the firing of raw materials is carried out in tubular rotary kilns or in fluidized bed kilns.
Journalist:
Schoolchildren sent an interesting letter: “We read that approximately 6 million tons of oil and oil products have been spilled on the surface of the World Ocean, which cover the surface of the water with a thin film. This disrupts the gas and thermal regime of the seas and oceans, which leads to the death of plankton, fish and birds. What is the role of chemistry in keeping the oceans clean?”
Chemist:
We propose to equip tankers and ships with an emergency system containing a polymer substance. In the event of a ship being holed, turning on such a system will create a foam shell. The addition of surfactants accelerates coagulation and sedimentation of substances. You can use hydrogen peroxide or enzymes that work as catalysts, accelerating self-purification reactions.
Biochemist.
The most common method of treating wastewater containing organic contaminants is biochemical treatment. Its essence lies in the destruction of organic and some inorganic substances with the help of microorganisms that use them for their vital functions. As a result, organic compounds are converted into water, carbon monoxide (IV), sulfides and sulfates.
GCOS Inspector.
To objectively characterize the state of a particular environment, special criteria have been developed, for example, maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of pollutants. So in reservoirs for sanitary purposes, the maximum permissible concentration (in mg) of zinc and cobalt is 1.0, copper, nickel, titanium, gasoline is 0.1, iron is 0.5, oil and petroleum products is 0.3. atmospheric air populated areas MPC (mg/m 3) dust and sulfur oxide (IV) - 0.5, soot - 0.15, carbon monoxide (II) - 3. The State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service systematically monitors water quality in the entire water supply system.
Journalist.
Our readers also ask the following questions: “What are the sources of soil pollution?”, “What is being done to preserve soils?” There are known cases of poisoning by plants growing on contaminated soils.
Soil scientist
To increase the amount of land in economic circulation, the following methods are used to improve them: hydraulic engineering (irrigation - drainage), chemical and agrobiological (liming, gypsum, deep plowing), agroforestry (protective forest plantations, agrotechnical methods of combating soil erosion), as well as cultural - technical (general cultivation)
GCOS inspector.
In the most developed countries of the world, 400 - 600 kg of waste per capita is generated annually, and taking into account mining and processing factories - 4-6 tons. Huge amounts of solid household waste litter the territories, removing them from economic circulation.
Engineer-technologist.
The current practice of solving the problem of solid waste disposal through incineration and burial is no longer acceptable. A new approach to solving this problem has emerged - comprehensive processing of solid waste at waste processing plants. The capacity of such plants is 100 thousand tons. In biothermal towers, compost is produced through an aerobic process. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals are extracted using magnetic separators.
Leading.
I would like to know about research on neutralizing soils around oil wells and gas stations.
Microbiologist.
Experts have created a bank of bacteria from the subclass of lipophages that feed exclusively on hydrocarbons. They are able to very quickly neutralize spilled oil - oxidize it to harmless compounds. Currently, microorganisms have been discovered that destroy plastic packaging and bottles.
Journalist.
Rivers of mud flow from poultry and pig farms. Their harm is due to the high concentration of nitrogen compounds, mainly ammonia.
Engineer-technologist.
Every large livestock farm must have a waste treatment and disposal system. Fuel oils and biogas can be produced from manure. As a result, methane is produced, which is used for heating the premises.
Teacher's word.
Today you help protect the environment, and tomorrow you can become responsible specialists. All employees chemical industry must be well prepared chemically. If you want to be real defenders of nature, acquire knowledge, skills, and develop the necessary personality qualities today. Please note: nature loves the kind.
“The earth does not forgive indifference” an essay on this topic can be written using the options given below.
“Nature conservation is the duty of every person”
The earth is ours native home. Therefore, the connection between man and nature is certainly special. Our great-grandfathers, fathers, brothers and sisters grew up on this land. This is our wealth, which people have preserved and protected for centuries. Then they understood that the earth would definitely reciprocate love.
But outside the window is the twenty-first century - a time of nanotechnology and concrete jungle. With the advent of such changes in nature, the balance was shaken. Man felt himself master, master and even owner of the Universe. He knows what is good and what is bad. However, not all so simple. We are on the verge of an environmental disaster. Pollution of water bodies, deforestation, emissions of toxic substances into the air - this is a list of problems that cover the Earth from year to year. The irresponsibility of people is amazing. It has already led to Chernobyl disaster. What's next? Everywhere you look - abandoned villages, deforestation, swamps in places where rivers once flowed. big rivers. Everything has changed.
People are gradually turning into robots. And they explain their indifference to nature by being constantly busy. It’s a pity that they are indignant only when nothing can be changed.
But is it really not clear how nature asks for help? She wants to give us her love, tenderness, warmth. She wants to smile fully again and not cough up harmful substances. Is it really necessary to destroy it so that it will have to be revived again? We need to start changing with ourselves, with everyone. It is worth reconsidering our attitude towards Mother Earth, because she will not give us another chance like this.
“To protect nature is our duty” essay
Nature is our home, in which we must keep clean. Every person should be aware of the need to preserve nature. This will help us take care of the future of our planet, find ways to solve many environmental problems. Nature is the common heritage of all nations, so its purity depends only on each of us. Only we ourselves can create a safe future for ourselves.
The Earth does not forgive indifference; it rewards our negligence with various environmental disasters that negatively affect the health of every person on the planet. Human dishonesty is the biggest problem in the interaction of living beings with nature. The only opportunity to restore the health of our planet lies in the correct spiritual education of our children, in a conscientious attitude towards our own needs, and in each individual’s awareness of universal human problems. The land is proud, so it does not forgive self-neglect. Doesn't like indifferent people. But I believe that it will be reborn in human souls right attitude to nature and each of us will begin to appreciate what our planet gives and has.
“Plant protection” - Why do plants need to be protected? Measures for plant protection: Research objectives: Oxygen Nutrition Health Raw materials for the beauty industry. Every person should treat all plants with care. Because of economic activity people, collecting bouquets of plants become rare. What human actions negatively affect plant life?
“Plants under protection” - The entire clearing is covered with blue flowers. Garlands of white small peas hang between the spiky leaves in spring. And in the summer, instead of flowers there is a red berry. The flower trembles in the wind. What is the importance of plants for animals? What significance do plants have for humans? Plant protection. Nature's Friends Rules.
“Animal protection” - Reserves. Benefits of the forest. Crossword. Content. “A fish needs water, a bird needs air, a person needs a homeland. To protect nature means to protect the homeland.” M. Prishvin. The dodo bird has been completely exterminated. Further. Animal protection. Protect nature. Forester. Huntsman. Plant protection.
“Protection of the cultural heritage of the Tver region” - Natural heritage Tver region. Federal Law on Specially Protected Persons natural areas. Protected natural areas of the Tver region. Accepted State Duma February 15, 1995 (as amended) Russian Federation Federal law on specially protected natural areas. Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.
“Protection of water resources” - To produce 1t of sugar, 100M3 of water is consumed. To produce 1t of rubber – 1500M3 of water. Snowfalls. Natural phenomena. Naledi. Tsunami. Ice. A large metallurgical plant consumes about 1 million per day. Saving water consumption, paying for each cubic meter according to the meter. Water protection Water resources.
“Environmental protection” - Emissions of air pollutants, thousand tons. Social sustainability (9 indicators). Purpose and direction. Efficiency of resource use (7 indicators). Environmental statistics. Availability of data. Regulatory framework. Emissions and capture of air pollutants from stationary sources.
The instruments for ensuring the normal functioning of the individual and society are not only subjective environmental rights, which can be effective, of course, only if other conditions related to the functioning of the state and society are met, in particular, if the corresponding responsibilities of individuals in this area are available and properly performed. It is obvious that we can count on respecting our birthright to a favorable environment only if we ourselves protect nature and preserve its riches. Without corresponding responsibilities, rights and freedoms “hang”, not being ensured by the proper actions of other individuals, organizations, and the state, on whom the normal implementation of these rights and freedoms depends. By accepting obligations to ensure the rights of citizens, the state has the right to demand from them lawful behavior that would correspond to the standards established in legal norms*.
In Art. 58 of the Russian Constitution establishes the obligation of everyone to preserve nature and the environment and take care of natural resources. It is important to pay attention to the subject of this responsibility. Every person and citizen comes into contact with nature (the environment) in the process of their life activity, being in different capacities - as a resident of the city and another settlement and as an employee, including executive. Accordingly, as a resident, at home and on vacation, everyone must fulfill this constitutional duty. At the same time and first of all, the duty to preserve nature and the environment is also assigned by the Constitution to everyone whose work activity associated with natural resource management and environmental impact. It is this category of citizens that determines the ability to ensure a favorable state of the environment in the process of making environmentally significant decisions and performing routine job duties related to environmental protection.
The legal criterion for compliance with the obligations to preserve nature and the environment and to take care of natural resources is the implementation by a person of activities related to harmful effects on the environment and natural resource management, in accordance with the requirements of environmental legislation.
The constitutional obligations to preserve nature and the environment and to take care of natural resources are specified in the current legislation of the Russian Federation. Article 12 of the Law “On the Protection of the Natural Environment” establishes that citizens are obliged to: take part in the protection of the natural environment, comply with the requirements of environmental legislation and established standards for the quality of the natural environment, protect and increase natural resources through their personal work, constantly improve the level of their knowledge about nature, environmental culture, to promote environmental education of the younger generation.
The responsibilities for nature protection and careful use of natural resources of citizens as nature users are most fully defined in natural resource legislation.
So, in accordance with Art. 53 of the Land Code of the RSFSR, owners of land plots, landowners, land users and tenants are obliged to: effectively use the land in accordance with its intended purpose, increase its fertility, apply environmentally friendly production technologies, and prevent deterioration of the environmental situation in the territory as a result of their economic activities; carry out a set of measures to protect land in the manner established by Art. 100 and 101 of the Code.
The Federal Law of April 24, 1995 “On Wildlife” established the following obligations of users of wildlife: to carry out only the types of use specified in the license; comply with established rules, regulations and terms of use; use methods when using the animal world that do not violate the integrity of natural communities; prevent destruction or deterioration of the habitat of fauna; carry out accounting and assessment of the condition of the objects of the animal world used, as well as assessment of the condition of their habitat; carry out the necessary measures to ensure the reproduction of fauna; provide assistance government agencies in the implementation of the protection of wildlife; ensure the protection and reproduction of fauna, including rare and endangered species; use humane methods when using the animal world (Article 40).
