Omnivory is a way of obtaining energy and nutrients by consuming an animal's food and plant origin. Animals with this diet are considered “omnivores.” Most people, with the exception of vegans, who completely exclude animal products, are also omnivores.
Meaning of the term
The word "omnivore" comes from the Latin words omnis"everything" and vora, which means "to devour or swallow" - so omnivory means "devouring everything." This is a fairly accurate definition since omnivores have a variety of food sources, including algae, plants, fungi, and other animals. Some animals can be omnivores throughout their lives, while others at certain stages (for example, some sea turtles).
Advantages and disadvantages
The advantage of omnivory is the ability to find food in the most different places and environmental conditions. For example, if it is not possible to eat a certain food, an omnivore can quite easily change its diet. Some omnivores are also scavengers, meaning they feed on dead animals or plants, which further increases their feeding capabilities.
Omnivores have to find their own food, and because they have such a varied diet, their methods of obtaining food are not as specialized as those of carnivores or herbivores. For example, carnivores have sharp teeth for tearing and capturing prey, while herbivores have flatter teeth adapted for crushing vegetation. Omnivores can have a mixture of both types of teeth (for example, our molars and incisors).
The disadvantages of omnivory can be clearly seen in the example of some species of marine organisms that are likely to invade non-native habitats. This has cascading effects on native species, which may be persecuted or displaced by invasive omnivores. An example is the Asian shore crab, native to northwestern countries Pacific Ocean. It was introduced to Europe and the USA, but the food and habitat do not correspond to it, and this animal causes significant damage to existing ones.
Examples of omnivores
Mammals
- Pig: This is probably the most famous omnivore and is currently this type is popular among people - it is kept as a pet or raised for meat.
- Bear: These animals are one of the most opportunistic creatures as they adapt well to different conditions. If there is a lot of fruit in the area where they live, then bears will eat them. If instead there is a river with a lot of fish, the bear will catch them all day. The panda, a member of the bear family, is also considered an omnivore, as it can supplement its bamboo diet with rodents or small birds.
The only exception is the carnivorous polar bear, perhaps due to the lack of plant food in its natural Arctic habitat. - Hedgehog: Many people think that the hedgehog eats insects and small animals, but these little creatures like to eat fruits and vegetables occasionally.
- Other omnivorous mammals: raccoons, mice, squirrels, sloths, chipmunks, skunks, chimpanzees, and, of course, humans.
Birds
- Crows: As shown in many films, they are always on the prowl for animal remains, but aside from dead carcasses, they also tend to eat vegetables when other food sources are unavailable.
- Chickens: They are the complete opposite of a small child as they eat everything. Whatever you give her, the chicken will swallow it without a second's hesitation.
- Ostriches: Although their main diet includes vegetables and plants, these animals are lovers of all kinds of insects.
- Magpies: These birds will also eat almost anything, although they tend to become food for dogs and parrots.
Marine organisms
- Many types of crabs (including blue crabs, ghost crabs and Asian shore crabs);
- Horseshoe crabs;
- Lobsters (for example, American lobster, real lobster);
- Some sea turtles - the olive turtle and the Australian green turtle - are omnivores. Green turtles are herbivores as adults, but the hatchlings are omnivores. Loggerhead turtles become carnivores as adults, but they are omnivores when still young.
- Common Littorines - These small snails feed primarily on algae, but may also eat small animals (such as barnacle larvae).
- Some types of zooplankton;
- Sharks are generally carnivores, although whale sharks and basking sharks can be considered omnivores as they are filter feeders and feed on plankton. As they swim through the water with their huge mouths open, the plankton they consume can include both plant and animal organisms. Mussels and barnacles can also be considered omnivores because they filter small organisms (which can contain both phytoplankton and zooplankton) from the water.
Omnivores and levels of the food chain
In the marine (and terrestrial) world there are producers and consumers. are organisms that produce their own food. These include plants, algae and some types of bacteria. Producers are at the base.
These are organisms that must consume other organisms in order to survive. All animals, including omnivores, are consumers.
In a food chain there are trophic levels, which are the food levels of animals and plants. The first trophic level includes producers because they produce food that feeds the rest of the food chain. The second trophic level includes herbivores, which feed on producers. At the third trophic level there are omnivorous and carnivorous organisms.
The brown or common bear is a predatory mammal from the bear family. This is one of the largest and dangerous species terrestrial predators. There are about twenty subspecies of brown bear, differing appearance and distribution area.
Description and appearance
The appearance of a brown bear is typical of all representatives of the bear family. The body of the animal is well developed and powerful.
Appearance
There is a high withers, as well as a fairly massive head with small ears and eyes. The length of the relatively short tail varies between 6.5-21.0 cm. The paws are quite strong and well developed, with powerful and non-retractable claws. The feet are very wide, five-toed.
Dimensions of a brown bear
The average length of a brown bear living in the European part is usually about one and a half to two meters with a body weight in the range of 135-250 kg. Individuals inhabiting the central zone of our country are somewhat smaller in size and can weigh approximately 100-120 kg. The Far Eastern bears and bears are considered the largest, their sizes often reaching three meters.
Skin color
The color of a brown bear is quite variable. Differences in the color of the skin depend on the habitat, and the color of the fur can vary from a light fawn shade to a bluish-black. The standard color is brown.
This is interesting! A characteristic feature of the grizzly bear is the presence of hair on the back with whitish ends, due to which there is a kind of graying on the coat. Individuals with a grayish-white color are found in the Himalayas. Animals with reddish-brown fur inhabit Syria.
Lifespan
IN natural conditions The average lifespan of a brown bear is approximately twenty to thirty years. In captivity, this species can live fifty years, and sometimes more. Rare individuals survive in natural conditions to the age of fifteen years.
Subspecies of brown bear
The brown bear species includes several subspecies or so-called geographical races, which differ in size and color.
The most common subspecies:
- European brown bear with a body length of 150-250 cm, tail length of 5-15 cm, height at the withers of 90-110 cm and an average weight of 150-300 kg. A large subspecies with a powerful build and a pronounced hump at the withers. General coloration varies from light grayish-yellow to blackish-dark brown. The fur is thick and long enough;
- Caucasian brown bear with an average body length of 185-215 cm and body weight of 120-240 kg. The coat is short, coarse, and paler in color than that of the Eurasian subspecies. Color ranges from a pale straw color to a uniform gray-brown color. There is a pronounced, large dark-colored spot in the withers area;
- East Siberian brown bear with a body weight of up to 330-350 kg and large sizes skulls. The fur is long, soft and dense, with a pronounced shine. The wool has a light brown or blackish-brown or dark brown color. Some individuals are characterized by the presence of fairly clearly visible yellowish and black shades in color;
- Ussuri or Amur brown bear. In our country, this subspecies is well known as the black grizzly. The average body weight of an adult male can vary between 350-450 kg. The subspecies is characterized by the presence of a large and well-developed skull with an elongated nasal part. The skin is almost black. A distinctive feature is the presence of long hair on the ears.
One of the largest subspecies in our country is the Far Eastern or Kamchatka brown bear, whose average body weight often exceeds 450-500 kg. Large adults have a large, massive skull and a wide, raised front of the head. The fur is long, dense and soft, pale yellow, blackish-brown or completely black in color.
The area where the brown bear lives
Natural distribution area brown bears has undergone significant changes over the last century. Previously, the subspecies were found in vast areas stretching from England to the Japanese Islands, as well as from Alaska to central Mexico.
Today, due to the active extermination of brown bears and their eviction from inhabited territories, the most numerous groups of the predator are recorded only in the western part of Canada, as well as in Alaska and in the forest areas of our country.
Bear lifestyle
The period of activity of the predator occurs at dusk, early morning and evening hours. The brown bear is a very sensitive animal, orienting itself in space mainly through hearing, as well as smell. Characteristic is poor vision. Despite their impressive size and large body weight, brown bears are almost silent, fast and very easy to move predators.
This is interesting! The average running speed is 55-60 km/h. Bears swim quite well, but they can move through deep snow cover with great difficulty.
Brown bears belong to the category of sedentary animals, but young animals separated from the family are capable of wandering and actively looking for a partner. Bears mark and defend the boundaries of their territory. In the summer, bears rest directly on the ground, nestling among forbs and low shrubby plants. With the onset of autumn, the animal begins to prepare for itself a reliable winter shelter.
Nutrition and prey of the brown bear
Brown bears are omnivores, but the basis of their diet is vegetation, represented by berries, acorns, nuts, roots, tubers and the stem parts of plants. In a lean year, oats and corn are good substitutes for berries. Also, the predator’s diet necessarily includes all kinds of insects, represented by ants, worms, lizards, frogs, field and forest rodents.
Large adult predators are capable of attacking young artiodactyls. Roe deer, fallow deer, deer, wild boar and elk can become prey. An adult brown bear can break the back of its prey with one blow of its paw, after which it covers it with brushwood and guards it until the carcass is completely eaten. Near water areas, some subspecies of brown bears hunt seals, fish and seals.
Grizzly bears are capable of attacking baribal bears and taking prey from smaller predators.
This is interesting! Regardless of age, brown bears have excellent memory. These wild animals are able to easily remember mushroom or berry places, and also quickly find their way to them.
The basis of the diet of the Far Eastern brown bear in summer and autumn is salmon going to spawn. In lean years and poor food supply, a large predator is capable of attacking even domestic animals and grazing livestock.
Reproduction and offspring
The mating season of the brown bear lasts a couple of months and begins in May, when the males engage in fierce fights. Females mate with several adult males at once. Latent pregnancy involves the development of an embryo only during the hibernation stage of the animal. The female carries the cubs for approximately six to eight months.. Blind and deaf, completely helpless and covered with sparse hair, the cubs are born in a den. As a rule, the female bears two or three babies, whose height at the time of birth does not exceed a quarter of a meter and weighs 450-500 g.
This is interesting! In the den, the cubs feed on milk and grow up to three months, after which they develop milk teeth and become able to independently feed on berries, vegetation and insects. However, on breastfeeding cubs stay for up to one and a half years or more.
Not only the female takes care of the offspring, but also the so-called nurse daughter, who appeared in the previous litter. The cubs live next to the female until they are about three or four years old, until they reach puberty. The female usually produces offspring once every three years.
Brown bear hibernation
The brown bear's sleep is completely different from the period hibernation characteristic of other mammal species. During hibernation, the brown bear's body temperature, breathing rate, and pulse remain virtually unchanged. The bear does not fall into a state of complete stupor, and in the first days only dozes.
At this time, the predator listens sensitively and reacts to the slightest danger by leaving the den. In a warm winter with little snow, and with plenty of food, some males do not hibernate. Sleep occurs only with the onset of severe frosts and can last less than a month. During sleep, the reserves of subcutaneous fat that were accumulated in the summer and autumn are wasted.
Preparation for sleep
Winter shelters are established by adults in reliable, remote and dry places, under a windbreak or the roots of a fallen tree. The predator is able to independently dig a deep den in the ground or occupy mountain caves and rock crevices. Pregnant brown bears try to create a deeper, more spacious, warm den for themselves and their offspring, which is then lined from the inside with moss, spruce branches and fallen leaves.
This is interesting! Young bear cubs always spend the winter with their mother. Such a company can be joined by bear cubs in their second year of life.
All adult and solitary predators hibernate alone. The exception is individuals living on the territory of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. Here, the presence of several adult individuals in one den is often observed.
Duration of hibernation
Depending on weather conditions and some other factors, brown bears can stay in a den for up to six months. The period when a bear lies in a den, as well as the duration of hibernation itself, may depend on the conditions imposed by weather conditions, the yield of the fattening food base, gender, age parameters and even the physiological state of the animal.
This is interesting! An old wild animal that has gained a lot of fat goes into hibernation much earlier, even before significant snow cover falls, while young and insufficiently fed individuals lie down in a den in November-December.
The period of occurrence lasts for a couple of weeks or several months. Pregnant females are the first to settle in for the winter. Lastly, old males occupy dens. The same place for hibernation in winter can be used by a brown bear for several years.
Bears-rods
Shatun is a brown bear that has not had time to accumulate a sufficient amount of subcutaneous fat and, for this reason, is not able to hibernate. In the process of searching for any food, such a predator is capable of wandering around the surrounding area all winter. As a rule, such a brown bear moves uncertainly and has a shabby and relatively exhausted appearance.
This is interesting! When meeting dangerous opponents, brown bears emit a very loud roar, stand on their hind legs and try to knock down their opponent with a strong blow from their powerful front paws.
Hunger forces the beast to often appear in close proximity to human habitation. The connecting rod bear is typical of northern regions characterized by harsh winters, including the territory Far East and Siberia. A massive invasion of connecting rod bears can occur during lean seasons, approximately once every ten years. Hunting connecting rod bears is not a commercial activity, but a necessary measure.
The bear is a predatory animal, which is the largest in the world. The length of its body reaches approximately three meters, and its mass is approximately 800. The bear has a huge body, strong paws with claws, a short tail, and a large head.
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The Bears brown look They live in the taiga, in mountain forests and near fertile meadows near water. The fur of brown bears can be of various colors, ranging from brown to dark brown. By old age, bears turn gray and become grey. Species such as the Malayan bear, white-breasted bear, sloth bear, black bear and polar bear are very common. All these types of bears are mostly found alone, but sometimes in groups. They are active at night, but polar bears are active only during the day. Bears rest mainly in caves and pits. 
Almost all bears are omnivores. But species such as the polar bear eat only the meat of mammals. Brown bears have a varied diet, which changes due to the changing seasons. After the bear wakes up, its diet includes ants, young shoots and dead animals. The bear's diet also includes various ripe berries and even nuts. Bears eat a lot, in order to feed it they need a lot of food, which is processed into fat necessary for winter living. When the year is not productive, bears eat crops of oats, corn, and also eat domestic animals. 
Many bears lead a quiet life throughout the year. Brown bears and white-breasted bears hibernate during the winter. Among polar bears, only female bears that bear cubs hibernate. The bears' den is very clean and emits a pleasant smell.
This is the largest not only from the bear family, but among all terrestrial predators: in males, the body length is up to 280 cm, the height at the withers is up to 150 cm, the weight can reach 800 kg (in zoos, very obese animals can reach up to a ton); females are smaller and lighter than males. The body is elongated, narrow in the front, while the back is very massive; The neck is long and mobile. The feet are wide, especially on the front paws, and the calluses are almost invisible under the thick hair. The head is relatively small, with a straightened profile and a narrow forehead, rather high-set eyes. The ears are short, rounded, and protrude slightly from the hairline. The fur is very thick and dense, coarse, not very long on the back and sides - even on the withers there is no elongated hair. But on the belly and back of the paws the hair is very long (in winter the hair is up to 25 cm), which is extremely necessary when you have to rest while lying on the snow. The hair on the feet is also lengthened, surrounding them along the entire perimeter with a kind of thick halo: this increases the supporting surface, which is necessary both when moving on snow and when swimming. The coloring throughout the body is white: this is primarily characteristic of animals living in ice and serves as a means of camouflage. Only after a long stay on land do animals acquire a dirty grayish-brown color. Thus, the brownish-gray-yellow multi-colored color in which the fur of polar bears in zoos is decorated is elementary urban dirt, completely unusual for wild animals.
Many features of the morphology and physiology of this species are associated with living in constant cold conditions, the need for a long stay in water, and feeding on seals. Its fur provides excellent protection from very cold air, but does not have water-repellent properties: it is striking that, unlike seals or sea otters, the fur coat polar bear passes ice water to the skin. But he has all year round under the skin lies a thick - 3-4 centimeters - layer of fat: it not only protects the animal from the cold, but also reduces the specific gravity of its body, making it easier to float on the water. The skin itself (the inner layer) is dark in color, which allows it to capture more sunlight on clear days. The nature of metabolism is such that even a temperature of -50°C does not seem very cold to this animal, but already at a temperature of +15°C the animal begins to overheat and tends to go into the shade. The structure of the digestive tract is also specific: the intestines are shorter than those of other bears, but the stomach is very capacious, which allows the predator to immediately eat a whole seal after a long hungry journey across lifeless ice. Eating very fatty foods, necessary to maintain normal life in the cold, is associated with an unusually high content of vitamin A in the liver of this animal.
Without much exaggeration, the polar bear can be considered a sea animal. Its range mostly extends into the floating ice of the Arctic Ocean, covering its islands and mainland coast. This unique circumpolar region does not have a northern border, but is outlined in the south by the northern coast of the continent and the southern edge of the distribution of floating ice. In the ocean spaces, the existence of a predator is closely connected with places where seals are concentrated - breaks, cracks, edges of floating ice and coastal fast ice. In particular, there are many polar bears in the area of the so-called “Great Siberian Polynya” - an extensive network of breeding grounds, the open water of which attracts many inhabitants of high latitudes. Most often, this polar inhabitant can be found on 1-2-year-old ice up to 2 meters thick, replete with ridges of hummocks and snow drifts. On older ice, the surface of which has been leveled by repeated summer melting, there are fewer polar bears due to the lack of shelter and water table. It also avoids young, still fragile ice 5-10 centimeters thick, which does not support this heavy predator. The bear rarely appears on land, mainly during migrations. However, polar bears most often make winter dens on land, but not on the mainland, but on the Arctic islands.
The habitats of the polar bear are called “ arctic desert” - partly because there are fewer animals and birds there than, for example, in the middle zone, and partly because of their low suitability for humans. Therefore, this predator spends most of its time outside active areas. economic activity of people. In the recent past, when uncontrolled hunting for the white giant flourished, he avoided human settlements. Now, having a protective status, the animal does not feel uncomfortable around them. In some places, polar bears, like their brown relatives in national parks, even form a kind of “semi-domesticated” populations, for which landfills and garbage dumps serve as food sources. Migrating animals also behave quite freely in the villages; when the opportunity arises, they even strive to invade homes for the sake of something edible.
Most of a polar bear's life is spent wandering and does not involve attachment to any specific small territory. These nomadic predators do not have specific individual areas - they own the entire Arctic. During autumn and spring migrations, animals are able to travel 40-80 kilometers in a day. In conditions of little moving sea ice, the range of their migrations is about 750 kilometers, but some animals are able to move 1000 kilometers from their main habitat. Migrations are associated mainly with seasonal changes in the ice regime and are caused by the need to search for open water, limited mainly to marine spaces and the coastline. Polar bears go deep into the mainland only through valleys, there are enough of them large rivers, like Khatanga on Taimyr or Anadyr on Chukotka, and even then no more than 200-300 kilometers from the sea coast.
Mass movements of polar bears from the deep regions of the Arctic occur mainly in a southerly direction. They begin everywhere in the fall, when the ice fields begin to close and the ice holes begin to close. The wanderings of polar bears do not occur chaotically, but along certain routes. “Bear roads” are especially noticeable off the coasts of Arctic islands and continental capes protruding far into the sea. Thus, polar bears constantly travel along the “ice bridge” between Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. The spring melting of ice and the release of wormwood encourages bears to return to their original places.
Where sea ice mobile, bears drift with them, performing “passive migrations.” Animals floating on large ice floes can be carried far beyond the Arctic by sea currents - to the shores of Newfoundland, Iceland, Kamchatka and even further south. It is noteworthy that such “navigators”, carried away by ice to the southern coast of Chukotka, return to their native places not by sea, but by land, directly crossing the tundra and high rocky mountains.
A wandering lifestyle frees the polar bear from the need to make permanent shelters. Many animals do without shelter at all, resting right on the snow or on the top of a cliff - where fatigue overtakes them. Unless from a particularly severe blizzard they hide among hummocks, coastal rocks, or buried in deep snow. The problem of establishing long-term shelters faces mainly females preparing for motherhood: like other species of bears, they need warm (by Arctic standards) wintering dens to give birth to offspring.
“Maternity” dens are most often located on large islands - Greenland, Wrangel, Spitsbergen and others, usually no more than a few kilometers from the coastline, but we also had to come across them in the mountains 25-27 kilometers from the sea. It is interesting that these animals, not numerous and generally unsociable, like all large predators, in some places set up something similar to “maternity hospitals”, digging dens not far from each other. So, on o. Wrangel every year 180-200 female bears gather for the winter; Moreover, on one of the mountain ranges in the northwestern part of this island, with an area of only 25 km2, there are 40-60 dens in different years, sometimes located at a distance of 10-20 meters from one another.
The bear digs a permanent den in a multi-meter snow blow that has accumulated on the slope of a hill or hill. This is most often a simple chamber with a diameter of 1-2 meters, which communicates with the surface with a stroke of the same length. There are more complex designs with multiple cameras. The thickness of the roof above the nesting chamber is usually half a meter to a meter, but sometimes it is only 5-10 centimeters. Such an obviously unsuccessful structure sometimes collapses and the female is forced to look for or dig a new shelter. As in the Eskimo ice dwelling “igloo,” the main chamber of the den is located above the hole, which helps preserve the heat generated by the animal itself: the chamber is usually 20° warmer than on the surface of the snow. A female bear digs a den for two or three days. After it finally lies down, the rest of the work is completed by snowstorms, which completely clog the entrance hole with a snow plug, only occasionally a small ventilation hole remains. The temporary dens of males are simpler; sometimes the animal simply buries itself in the snow. The winter decrease in activity in polar bears has its own specifics. In this species, an indispensable winter sleep is characteristic only of females who are ready to give birth to cubs: they lie in dens for 5 months, going to bed in November and emerging in March-April. Males and barren females in a significant part of the range, especially in its southern regions, can be active all year round. Only in places where climatic conditions winter is more than harsh even for such hardy animals and obtaining food is difficult; many males also take refuge in dens. They disappear in December for a month or two, but as soon as the period of bad weather ends, they leave their shelters and continue their wanderings. In rare cases, animals lie down in dens and summer time. This interesting feature characteristic, for example, of bears on the coast of Hudson Bay: some of them survive short periods of starvation in holes dug in sandy cliffs or on coastal spits.
Compared to a brown bear, a white bear seems less intelligent and not as dexterous. He is less amenable to training and is somewhat “straightforward” in his actions. All this is obviously due to its living in more homogeneous environmental conditions and greater food specialization, which does not require a variety of skills and the ability to quickly respond to unexpectedly emerging difficult situations. However, in his ability to assess the quality of ice and adapt hunting tactics to the specific terrain, he has no equal among the inhabitants of the Arctic deserts.
The animal runs very rarely; when pursued, it can gallop for a short time at a speed of 20-30 km/h, but soon gets tired and switches to a lounging trot, slowing down to 8-12 km/h. An adult heavy animal is generally not able to run more than 10 kilometers. If the chase drags on, he sits down and, barking loudly, tries to scare and put his pursuer to flight. In general, the predator does not feel too confident on land and, when pursued, tends to go onto the ice or into the water. Among the hummocks, this seemingly heavy animal is amazingly dexterous and agile: it easily overcomes ice ridges up to 2 meters high, avoiding not only humans, but also dogs. Clinging with its claws, it climbs steep, almost vertical ice walls, boldly jumps from blocks 3-4 meters high into water or onto ice, and without a splash jumps out of the water onto a flat, low ice floe.
These inhabitants of the Arctic seas swim well and willingly - however, mainly in summer, in winter only particularly well-fed individuals go into the water. The bear rows with its front paws, and mainly steers with its hind paws. It stays underwater for up to 2 minutes, with its eyes open and nostrils closed. In the open sea, adult animals are sometimes found 50 and even 100 kilometers from the nearest landmass. Already 5-6 month old cubs go into the water and swim well.
The strength of this beast is truly amazing. He is capable of pulling a walrus carcass weighing more than half a ton onto the ice and lifting it up the slope. A bearded seal, which weighs not much less than the bear itself, can be killed by a predator by crushing the victim’s skull with a single crushing blow of its paw, and, if necessary, carrying its carcass in its teeth over a distance of up to a kilometer.
The polar bear's senses of smell and hearing are most developed. When hunting or surveying the situation, he walks against the wind, often stopping and sniffing. The smell of a dead seal carcass, even if it is dusted with snow, can be smelled hundreds of meters away. He can hear the creaking steps of a person trying to approach the animal in the snow from the leeward side two hundred meters away, and the noise of the engine of an all-terrain vehicle or airplane several kilometers away. Vision is also very sharp: the polar predator can discern the dark dot of a seal lying on a snow-white ice floe at a distance of several kilometers.
The ability of polar bears to navigate the endless expanses of seemingly homogeneous ice plains is surprising and admiring. Being on land or ice, the animal is able to accurately determine the location of areas of open water, sometimes tens of kilometers away, and confidently walk towards them. During seasonal migrations, covering hundreds of kilometers in a chosen direction, these wanderers deviate from the course by some 20-30°. Even when traveling with drifting ice, animals make their way back in a straight line, and do not follow the whims of floating ice blocks.
Polar bears lead a solitary lifestyle. Only sometimes they are found in several individuals near abundant prey - for example, near a washed-up whale carcass - or on mass migration routes, and the females live side by side in places of “maternity hospitals”. In general, these animals, which do not need to protect their areas from anyone, are not aggressive. For this reason, and also because they are not fearful, when they first meet a person, the bear reacts to him in general quite peacefully, without fear or aggression, and sometimes simply with indifference. If a person tries to approach it, the huge predator prefers to move away: the real threat can mainly be a female with cubs or a wounded animal. True, cases of attacks on people are still noted, and several times it was necessary to shoot man-eating bears. It is curious that this predator usually hides a person lying on ice or snow - perhaps the bear is driven by the instinct of a seal hunter, for whom the recumbent position is most common.
IN last years Due to the introduction of measures to protect the polar bear and the growth of the population in the Arctic, meetings of people with this unique animal have become more frequent and sometimes begin to cause obvious inconvenience. As in the case of the brown bear, in a number of places the animals gather in the surrounding area settlements, where they feed on garbage, and when there is a shortage of it, they break into storage areas. Once, in one of the fishing points in Chukotka, when people were working there, an adult male settled in an empty barn and lived in it until the end of the fishing season. On the coast of Hudson Bay, where in the fall it accumulates a large number of migrating bears, they are so impudent that, for example, in the village of Churchill, they walk along the streets in broad daylight and sometimes cause traffic jams.
The polar bear, unlike its omnivorous relatives, is a predator that actively hunts large animals. Its main food is Arctic seals, primarily the smallest of them, the ringed seal, less commonly the bearded seal, and even more rarely the hooded seal and the harp seal. As an exception, the animal hunts larger prey - walruses, beluga whales and narwhals, attacking, however, only young individuals, so adult giants are completely indifferent to this predator. During winter wanderings on land, a bear, having stumbled upon a herd of reindeer, may, if he is very lucky, drive some deer into the water and crush her there. Among polar bears, cases of cannibalism are not uncommon, to which they are encouraged by the harsh conditions of existence: especially often, cubs fall into the mouths of adult males. At the end of summer and autumn, bears explore the coasts in search of the corpses of sea animals thrown up by the sea: sometimes 3-5 feasting predators gather at once near the carcass of a whale. They rarely catch fish themselves, but they willingly pick up fish washed up on the ice by the waves. However, in those days when polar bears were common in Labrador, during the salmon run they gathered near spawning rivers and, like brown bears, were actively engaged in fishing.
On land, bears sometimes feed on birds and their eggs, and on occasion they grab lemmings. Given the lack of usual animal food on the mainland and islands, they do not disdain plant foods: in the tundra they eat cloudberries, in the tidal zone - algae such as kelp (“seaweed”) and fucus. In Svalbard, bears were observed even diving underwater in search of these algae. Females have a special passion for green vitamin food immediately after leaving the den: they dig up snow and eat willow shoots found underneath it, sometimes moss and sedge leaves. Near housing, these predators willingly “graze” on landfills, where they devour everything that seems edible to them. This sometimes leads to the death of animals, because among the things swallowed there may be, for example, a tarpaulin soaked in machine oil.
Arctic foxes, white gulls and glaucous gulls feed on the remains of a polar bear's meal. Some of them gather at the feast site only after the bear has already left. Other “freeloaders” accompany the predator on its migrations among the ice, especially often in winter. With each bear you can sometimes see 2-3 arctic foxes and 4-6 large gulls.
The hunting tactics of this predator are quite flexible and are determined by the season of the year, weather conditions, ice conditions, and the number of potential prey. In essence, it is based on the use of several basic techniques: the predator hides the prey on the ice, lies in wait near the water, or approaches it through the water. In any case, the success of the hunt depends on whether or not the animal has time to grab the prey on the ice floe, because in the water a bear cannot be compared with a seal either in speed or maneuverability of movements.
Stealth is used most often: the bear looks for prey from afar and approaches it behind hummocks or snow blows. Once on smooth ice, it spreads out on its belly and crawls, pushing off with its hind legs and freezing every time a seal lying on the edge of an ice floe or hole wakes up and raises its head to look around. Having approached the prey to 4-5 meters, the bear jumps up and, in a swift rush, tries to reach the seal in one or two leaps. If it does not have time to slide into the water, the predator kills or stuns the victim with a blow to the head with its front paw and immediately drags it away from the water. The entire sneaking episode can take from 2 to 5 hours, depending on how long and winding the hunter’s path was among the shelters. Sometimes the direction of the attack changes to the opposite: the predator carefully swims through the water to the seal lying on the edge of the ice floe, diving so that only the upper part of the muzzle remains on the surface, and, jumping onto the ice floe in one jump, tries to cut off the victim’s escape route.
Quite often, a bear watches for a seal at the exit from the water, lying motionless for hours at the edge of a hole or an opening in an ice floe. If the hole is small, the animal widens it with its claws and teeth before starting the ambush. As soon as the seal's head appears, the bear's paw falls on it with lightning speed, and then the predator literally pulls the motionless carcass out of the water onto the ice, sometimes breaking its ribs on the icy edges of a narrow hole.
During the breeding season, ringed seals make shallow shelters in the snow - “huts”, where the cubs hide. The bear knows how to find them by smell and, collapsing the snow arch with its paws or with its entire weight, tries to get to the victim littered with lumps of snow as quickly as possible. If a predator encounters a nest of breeding harp seals, it can cause great devastation among the pups lying openly on the ice floes and completely helpless, continuing to kill them even after it has had its fill. According to eyewitnesses, the bear plays with the baby seals like a cat with a mouse.
The polar bear is simply afraid of adult walruses, even single ones, in water and does not touch them. And on land, the predator tries to avoid these giants. Nevertheless, he sometimes approaches their rookeries in the hope of profiting from carrion, since the screening of walruses in the first days and weeks of their life is quite large. Sometimes the bear himself “puts his paw” into this, disturbing the rookery with his appearance and prompting heavy carcasses to move from place to place, crushing one or two multi-pound teenagers.
On the sea coast, bears sometimes visit bird colonies, picking up fallen inhabitants at their base or trying to get close to eggs. They are also interested in geese colonies, hunting molting birds on them. Some “specialists” manage to hunt in the water seabirds resting on the surface - eiders, guillemots, gulls, by swimming up to them under water and grabbing them from below.
The food supply for polar bears depends on the season. In spring and summer, predators living in the ice do not lack food. The hungriest time for bears is winter: seals stay under thin ice edges of large ice fields, and sealed seals completely migrate to areas of open water. It is this circumstance that encourages the bears remaining awake to take long journeys: sometimes from one hunted seal to another, the animal is forced to travel hundreds of kilometers, remaining without food for a week or a week and a half.
At one time, an adult bear eats up to 20 kilograms of food. Most often, the predator confines itself to the most high-calorie part of the seal carcass - the subcutaneous layer of fat, which it eats along with the skin, pulling it off with a “stocking” from the killed victim. Only a very hungry animal eats meat, leaving large bones untouched.
The mating season of polar bears begins in early Arctic spring and lasts until June. At this time, you can come across double and triple chains of tracks: this is a female and the males who found her take walks together. After a showdown between the males, which is accompanied by roaring and fights, the female remains with the winner for another month, and then the couple breaks up, the animals begin to prepare for the long winter night. Pregnant females go to the islands in search of suitable places for dens, where in November-January each bear gives birth to 1-2 cubs. They are born helpless, covered with short, sparse hair, weighing 600-800 grams. Eyes and ears open towards the end of the first month of life, and the cubs begin to crawl over their curled-up mother. By the end of the second month, their baby teeth erupt and fluffy fur grows. 3 months after the birth of the cubs, the family leaves the winter shelter.
For the first few days after leaving the den, the female and her cubs stay close to it, hiding in a shelter at the first danger. Then they take short walks in the vicinity of the “maternity hospital”, and the female almost never leaves the cubs. On clear days, bear cubs happily slide down steep snow-covered slopes sparkling in the sun, leaving characteristic “paths” on the surface. A few more days later, the mother bear and her cubs set off for the coastal sea ice. During the hunt, she leaves the cubs in a safe place - away from adult males, who pose a serious danger to the cubs. The young begin to feed on the fat of seals caught by their mother at 3-4 months. Feeding with very fatty milk, like that of seals and whales, usually lasts 6-8 months, by the end of this period the cubs already weigh 50-60 kilograms. If there are not enough seals and the hunt for them is not very successful, lactation lasts longer: the female, lying in a den with second-year cubs who have not managed to gain the required amount of subcutaneous fat by winter, feeds them with milk until next spring.
All next summer, while the family is gathered, the mother bear teaches the cubs how to catch seals during joint hunts. A two-year-old bear cub is still too clumsy to steal a cautious seal lying near the hole, and its mass is simply not enough to fall through the roof of the seal’s “hut” and profit from the white. Therefore, the young begin to successfully hunt for prey themselves only at the age of three. The family breaks up in the fall, when the young animals become equal in size to the female, although there are cases of bear cubs staying together with the female bear in the same den for the second winter. Animals mature at the age of 3-4 years, life expectancy is up to 30 years, in captivity - up to 40 years.
The polar bear's ancient neighbors in the Arctic - the Chukchi, Eskimos, Nenets - have always treated him with respect. They have extensive folklore associated with this beast, praising its strength, dexterity, and endurance. Over the course of hundreds of years, specially protected cult altars - sedyanga - were formed from the skulls of hunted bears. They tried to appease the “spirit” of the killed animal by organizing a holiday in honor of a successful hunt; they brought the skin with the skull left in it into the home, offering it food, drink, and a pipe. Among the Russian Pomors, this animal, which they hunted with great difficulty and risk, also evoked respect. It is noteworthy that they themselves called themselves “ushkuiniki,” i.e. “bugbears”: the Pomors called the polar bear “ushuyem”.
The polar bear has always been of great practical importance to local residents. Meat and fat were used as food and to feed sled dogs, shoes and clothes were made from skins, bile was used as medicine. It is possible that the masterly ability to hunt seals, the art of building an “igloo” that retains heat in severe frosts, northern peoples borrowed from this polar predator. Intense widespread hunting of polar bears began in the 17th-18th centuries, when hunters, whalers, fur traders, and later polar expeditions rushed to the north. Although their goals were different, they all viewed polar bears in exactly the same way - only from a “gastronomic” point of view, as a source of fresh meat. Another purpose of the trade was skins used for making carpets. In arctic fox hunting areas, this predator, “inspecting” hunters’ traps and warehouses during winter hungry migrations, was shot as a supposed “dangerous pest.” The animals were beaten without counting and without pity, sometimes up to 1.5-2 thousand a year, even females with cubs in “maternity hospitals”. The result was not slow to show itself: already by end of the 19th century centuries, there were clear signs of a decline in the number of polar bears. However, even in the 30s of our century, when it became clear that the reproduction of bears could no longer compensate for losses from predatory hunting, the volume of the annual harvest fell only slightly.
The turning point occurred in the 50s, when polar bear hunting was banned in most countries. Only the indigenous inhabitants of the North were allowed to hunt a certain number of predators, and shooting for self-defense was also allowed (which is sometimes the justification for poachers). The annual capture of a small number of bear cubs for zoos and circuses is also permitted. To protect the “maternity hospitals” of polar bears, sanctuaries and reserves have been organized - in the northeast of Greenland, off the southern shores of Hudson Bay, on our island. Wrangel. If we consider that this animal successfully breeds in zoos, we can assume that the threat of direct destruction of the species has now been averted.
However, the ban on polar bear hunting remains; populations from the European and Beringian (Chukotka, Alaska and adjacent islands) sectors of the Arctic are included in the Red Book of Russia.
Pavlinov I.Ya. (ed.) 1999. Mammals. Large encyclopedic dictionary. M.: Astrel.
THESE AMAZING BEARS
The youngest
The youngest of the modern species of the bear family is the polar bear, or oshkuy, which evolved from the coastal Siberian brown bear 100 - 250 thousand years ago. Today it is the largest predator among terrestrial mammals.
Bears' claws do not retract
The soles are convex, the surface is rough, adapted for movement on slippery ice. The paws of polar bears are much larger in relation to the body than those of other bears. When walking, bears step on the foot completely, like a human, and not like canines - with their claws
Flat feet
All bears are flat-footed: the sole and heel of the foot touch the ground equally. On each paw they have five long curved claws, with which the bear is equally good at digging the ground (or ice) and coping with prey. The polar bear has long fur growing between its toes, which makes it easier for the animal to move on the ice and warms its paws. The very wide front paws serve as skis when moving on land and help when swimming. Polar bears are kept on the water by a thick layer of subcutaneous fat and two rows of hair, greased and waterproof.
Up to 40% of a polar bear's mass
makes up subcutaneous fat, which reliably protects the animal from hypothermia.
Bears' vision and hearing
Not well researched, available evidence suggests they can be compared to canine vision and hearing
Orientation and smell
Polar bears have a well-developed sense of orientation and a keen sense of smell: a polar bear can smell a dead seal from a distance of 200 miles. It senses prey even under the ice: it detects a live seal from a distance of 1 m, even if it is under the ice in the water, and a polar bear on land.
Bears are very smart
They are very smart when it comes to getting food. All polar bears Ursus (Thalarctos) maritimus are left-handed.
Can withstand temperatures down to -80C
Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and seals can withstand temperatures down to -80°C; ducks and geese are less afraid of the cold, withstanding temperatures down to -110°C. Polar bear hair has the properties of fiber optics: colorless hairs conduct sunlight to the skin, which absorbs it. In the summer, the bear receives up to a quarter of the energy it needs in the form of solar heat.
The polar bear's ears are smaller than those of its relatives
This helps him retain body heat.
Polar bear fur
...corresponds to the name of the mammal, but in summer it sometimes turns straw-yellow, oxidizing in the sun. The individual outer hairs, called guard hairs, are transparent and hollow. Absorbing ultraviolet light, they conduct it into the black skin of the bear, like the nose and lips. Wool retains heat so well that it cannot be detected by infrared photography, only ultraviolet. When air temperatures are below zero, a bear can swim up to 80 km in icy Arctic water without resting.
In the tropics, polar bears turn green
The white-yellow fur of polar bears living in the Singapore Zoo has turned green due to the fact that algae has begun to actively bloom on the fur. This is a consequence of hot and humid climate Singapore. The bear was able to be cleaned with hydrogen peroxide, but her son still continues to turn green and moldy: he has bright light green marks between his ears, on his back, and also on his paws. The last time a similar case of “greening” of polar bears was observed at the San Diego Zoo was in 1979. Three bears were cleaned using a saline solution.
Fur indicates an allergy
An unusual allergic reaction was discovered in a polar bear that lives in an Argentine zoo. After a doctor gave the bear an experimental drug for dermatitis, the bear changed color. It used to be white, but now it is purple. The bear itself did not react in any way to what happened. Veterinarians say the bear will turn white again in about a month.
42 teeth
Bears have 42 teeth
Hobo Bear
The polar bear is distributed throughout the Arctic. In Yakutia - in the basins of the Laptev and East Siberian seas. But it’s not for nothing that they call him a tramp. In search of food, it makes long migrations, sometimes reaching Iceland and southern Greenland on drifting ice floes. From there, along the western shores of Greenland, it goes under its own power to the islands of the Canadian Arctic.
Polar bear migration
The nature of seasonal migrations of polar bears is also closely related to changes in ice conditions. As the ice melts and collapses, polar bears move north, to the border of the Arctic basin. With the beginning of stable ice formation, bears begin their reverse migration to the south.
Bear swimmers
A polar bear is capable of chasing a deer for half a kilometer, but it swims much better than runs on land. At one time, a bear can swim over 80 miles. Polar bears are also good dives - it is common for them to dive under floating ice floes. The polar bear swims at speeds of up to 6.5 km per hour and can remain underwater for up to 5 minutes. This allows it to move long distances from the coast; there are known cases of meeting the animal 100 km from the ice edge.
Hunts near the Great Siberian Polynya
Most often, our polar bear hunts near the Great Siberian Polynya. This is a water surface that is open all year round in the area of the Laptev Sea adjacent to the Lena delta. It attracts all arctic animals and birds, especially in winter. The bear's main diet consists of sea hares and seals, and if you're lucky, seals. The polar predator can endure long hunger strikes, but on occasion it immediately eats up to 20 or more kilograms of meat and fat.
They live to eat
In order to maintain the necessary fat reserves, a polar bear must eat a lot of food. At one time he eats at least 45 kg of seal meat. Half of the calories go towards maintaining body heat. Polar bears feed on seals, reindeer, walruses, and white whales. They supplement their diet with berries, mushrooms, lichens and rare tundra vegetation. In general, bears are omnivores, like foxes, badgers and mongooses. The polar bear prefers to stay among floating ice or on fast ice at its edge, near polynyas and clearings. Here, seals are the most numerous all year round, which serve as the main food of this predator (in a year the bear catches and eats up to 40 - 50 seals).
But polar bears do not drink water - they get the necessary moisture from their prey.
What do bears do?
During the daytime, polar bears roam in search of prey. The she-bear is always with the babies, and the older cubs play, simulating a fight.
Not particularly lucky hunters
Although polar bears hunt almost all of their time. Their hunt is successful only in 2% of all cases.
Aggressive polar bear
Aggression peaks during the breeding season, when males fight over females. Female bears, although half the size of males, attack them when protecting their offspring. More often it happens that fights are avoided, and the fight is limited only by the demonstration of aggressive poses. One of these poses can be observed when the bear rises on its hind legs and opens its mouth wide, exposing its fangs. The fight continues until the first blood is drawn, after which, as a rule, it stops.
Polar bear vs whale
On rare occasions, beluga whales get caught in traps and become trapped by drifting ice. They are forced to swim to the holes that the seals create for themselves in order to breathe air. In these cases, polar bears have a chance to attack whales exhausted from fighting the ice. When the whale swims up to the hole, the bear attacks it, tears it with its claws and teeth - and wins.
Why do bears have to be big?
The larger the bear, the more likely she is to bear healthy offspring. For a male, weight also means a lot; a giant has a better chance of finding a mate. It is known that bears are 1.2 - 2.2 times heavier than female bears.
Lone bears
Unlike other species, polar bears live alone.
Families and singles in the world of bears
Bears are family animals; a family group consists of a mother bear with cubs, between them for a long time The warmest relations are maintained. The cubs are born very small, weighing no more than a kilogram, they remain blind for 40 days, and the mother bear feeds them many times a day. She holds them close to her, warming them with her warmth. With the exception of the breeding season, males stay solitary and wander over vast areas in search of food. The mating season is short - from May to June. At this time, males fight fiercely over females. Pairs are fragile; the male and female can mate with several partners.
Short family life
Females breed once every three years, mating occurs in March-May. The pair stays together for only a few days, and during this time the partners continue to mate frequently. Like other carnivorous Carnivora, the male has an ossified penis structure, the "baculum". through which the female is stimulated to ovulate. Mating can last 10 - 30 minutes, and during this time the partners cannot move away from each other. The fertilized egg appears by September. Females first bear offspring between 4 and 8 years of age and maintain reproductive capacity until age 21, with a peak between 10 and 19 years. There are usually 2 cubs in a litter, less often - 1, occasionally - 3.
Polar bears have delayed conception
Pregnancy lasts 190 - 260 days, this interval is explained by the possibility of “delayed conception,” that is, the embryo begins to develop in the mother’s body not from the moment of her fertilization. The sperm is stored in her body until conditions are favorable for breeding.
Only females hibernate
Unlike other bears that live in cold climates, polar bears do not usually hibernate for long periods of time. They rarely overwinter, with the exception of pregnant females, who overwinter every 2-5 years. A she-bear makes a den in the snow. Typically, this is a long tunnel leading to an oval-shaped chamber. In some cases, bears have additional tunnels and chambers.
Duration of hibernation
Black, brown and polar bears hibernate and spend 3-5 winter months without food. In northern Alaska, bears spend the winter for 7 months. At this time, their metabolic process is slowed down, waste products are not excreted from the body. If you compare hibernating bears with hibernating rodents, you get a similar picture. The body temperature of bears is higher than that of rodents. but the heart beats at a speed of 10 times per minute (at normal times 45). In warm weather winter months Wintering bears leave the den for a while, then return to sleep.
Polar bear cubs
... at birth weigh less than 700 grams. Polar bear cubs weigh only a tenth of the normal cub weight of other mammals of the same mass. The reason for this is the prolonged fasting of the mother, who does not feed during pregnancy. As a result, the fetus receives nutrients from the mother's body, rather than from the food she absorbs. To compensate for the lack of nutrients, especially fatty bear milk is used, which in polar bears exceeds in calorie content all other relatives in the family. Typically, a female gives birth to two cubs, but there have been cases of five cubs in one litter, but none of them survived. The cub stays in the den until it gains a weight of 8-9 kg. The cubs stay with their mother for two and a half years. Physical maturity occurs at the age of 5-6 years for females and 10-11 years for males, sexual maturity - at the age of 5 years.
Not afraid of man
The polar bear is the only large land mammal that is not afraid of humans. He continues to pursue the hunters even after being severely wounded, struck in vital organs. Polar bears often do not pay attention to people - but this is only if they are not hungry and do not hope to profit from prey.
Lifespan of bears
Mortality among adult bears is estimated at 8-16%, among immature bears 3-16%, and among cubs 10-30%. Maximum lifespan is 25-30 years, rarely more. There is evidence of a polar bear reaching the age of 37 years.
Polar bear metabolic rate
The metabolic rate of a polar bear is obviously higher than that of a brown bear. White has also been found to have extraordinary resistance to the effects of low temperatures not only due to its perfect thermoregulation, but also due to the low “critical temperature”. Even at - 50 °C, he does not experience a noticeable increase in the level of gas exchange, i.e., there is still no need to use the physiological mechanism of thermoregulation (“chemical”), associated with high energy consumption
Polar bear breathing rate
The polar bear's breathing rate increases noticeably as the air temperature rises; at - 10...- 20 °C it is 5.3, and at 20...25 °C - 30 per minute.
Body temperature of an adult polar bear
The body temperature of an adult polar bear, measured rectally, is 36.8-38.8 °C (lower than that of a brown bear); no daily temperature changes were noted. The surface temperature of the skin, measured in calm weather, reaches 30-36 °C, and in the wind drops to 27 °C. The difference between temperatures under the skin and on its surface increases to 10-14 ° C when the animal is in water. Internal temperature the body of bear cubs aged from 2 to 8 months, measured using radio pills, varied from 37.4 °C in dormant animals to 40 and 40.5 °C when animals moved uphill, and in swimming animals it was about 38.5 °C.
Heart rate of an adult polar bear
The heart rate of an adult bear at rest is 50-80 per minute, and in an active state it can reach 130 per minute; during sleep it decreases to 50 and during artificially induced hibernation - to 27 per minute (in American brown bears). and black bears in the latter case was reduced to eight)
Polar bear milk
Bear milk is very thick, fatty, with the smell of fish oil, contains 44.1% dry matter (including 1.17% ash, 31% fat, 0.49% lactose and 10.2% protein). By chemical composition it approaches the milk of cetaceans and pinnipeds. Milk fat contains 13.9% bituric acid, 22.6% palmetic acid and 33.4% oleic acid.
The hemoglobin content in the blood of polar bear cubs ranges from 66 to 84%, erythrocytes - from 3.5 to 4.9 million, and leukocytes - from 5800 to 8300 per 1 mm3. Of the total number of leukocytes, 5% are neutrophils, 1.2 are eosinophils, 4 are basophils, 2-3 are monocytes, 34-40% are lymphocytes. In adult female bears, the leukocyte formula is different: band neutrophils - 10 and segmented - 17%, eosinophils - 1, besophils - 2, monocytes - 4 and lymphocytes - 60%
In terms of general serological characteristics, the polar bear is very close to the brown bear.
Evolution, systematics and variability of the polar bear
According to modern ideas, the family tree of the bear family - Ursidae - begins in the Middle Miocene from large representatives of the genus Ursavus, known from finds in Europe. In the Pliocene, 14 genera, or groups, of bears emerged in Eurasia and North America. In the Pleistocene, obviously, there were representatives of all modern genera of bears, including the genus Thalassarctos Gray, and a number of others that are now extinct.
The scarcity of paleontological materials is the reason for the divergence of opinions among researchers about the antiquity of the divergence of the polar bear from the trunk of brown bears themselves (no one doubts the latter). Most authors attribute the time of isolation of the polar bear to the early or middle Pleistocene (1.5 million years ago), or to the transitional era between the Pleistocene and Pliocene, and the species Ursus etruscus Fale is considered the direct ancestor of the brown and polar bears. generalized bear type. However, I.G. Pidoplichko admits its isolation already in the Pliocene (more than 2 million years ago).
In the languages of the local indigenous population of the Arctic regions, the polar bear is called:
sira bogto, uloddade boggo, seruorka,
Yavvy - in Nenets (north of the European part of the USSR and Western Siberia);
Uryungege and Khuryung-ege - in Yakut;
nebaty mamachan - in Evenki;
poinene-hakha - in Yukaghir;
umka and umki - in Chukchi;
Nanuk, Nyonnok and Nanok - in Eskimo (north-eastern Siberia, northern North America, Greenland).
The acquaintance of a person with a polar bear has a history as long as the settlement of coasts and islands by humans. northern seas, in northern Europe it may already go back to the Holocene, and in northern Asia to the Paleolithic. The first written sources containing mention of a polar bear also date back to very distant times. It became known to the Romans, apparently, in the 50s. ad. In Japanese manuscripts, living polar bears and their skins were first mentioned in 650, and the first records of these animals from Northern Europe (Scandinavia) date back to 880 AD. Later, live animals and their skins began to quite often end up in the hands of European rulers.
How bears communicate
Studying polar bears, scientists have found that they prefer to stay alone. This does not apply to a family consisting of a female bear and her offspring; they have a well-developed language for communication. If you hear a dull growl, this means that they are warning their relatives of approaching danger. With the same sound, the bear drives others away from its prey. Begging for food from a more fortunate fellow, the bear approaches slowly, sways, then reaches nose to nose for a greeting ritual. As a rule, a polite request does not go unanswered, and after an exchange of pleasantries, the relative is allowed to eat together. Young bears love to play, it’s boring to play alone, so when inviting you to have fun, they swing their heads from side to side.
Polar Bear Day
In winter, in some countries of the world, February 27 is celebrated as Polar Bear Day. Based on data from the World Fund Wildlife(WWF), on this moment There are 20-25 thousand polar bears in the world. But due to many factors, by 2050 the population of this species may decrease by two-thirds. The polar bear is the largest representative of the order carnivorous mammals on the ground. It reaches a length of 3 meters and weighs up to 1000 kg. Typically, males weigh 400-600 kg; body length 200-250 cm, height at the withers up to 160 cm. Females are noticeably smaller (200-300 kg). The smallest bears are found in Spitsbergen, the largest in the Bering Sea.
The polar bear is the largest representative of predatory animals
Just think about the tests Mother Nature sometimes subjects her creatures to. Getting acquainted with the way of life of some animals, you involuntarily ask yourself the question: “How do they survive?” After all, they live where, it would seem, life is impossible, and are subjected to all kinds of hardships. Well, those who turned out to be unable to gain a foothold on the “edge of life” are eliminated by natural selection. Others, the most incapable of life, live and prosper.
One of these winners is the polar bear, an eternal wanderer among the vast polar expanses. He reigns here in splendid isolation; he has no equal. This bear is not at all similar to its brothers living in southern countries - neither in appearance, nor in habits, nor in living conditions. But there is one sad similarity for which the bear is not to blame. This inhabitant is behind polar ice, like some clubfooted forest inhabitants, due to human fault it has become rare in nature. It is included in the Red Book of the USSR, where it has category III protection, and by the IUCN.
The polar bear is the largest representative of the order of carnivorous mammals, the largest land predator. Its body length reaches 3 m. Can you imagine if it stands on its hind legs? An impressive sight! The weight of large males sometimes reaches 800 kg. The polar bear's physique is quite massive. At the same time, the “outline” of his body in some details is not at all bearish, probably because of his neck, which is long and flexible. The legs are quite high, thick, and powerful. The feet of the front paws are wide, their surface is additionally enlarged by overgrown thick hair. The fur is very thick and long, especially on the belly. The color is white, with a yellowish-golden tint along
To the question: Are bears herbivores or predators asked by the author? Elena Yakshigulova the best answer is Bears are omnivores. They eat grass, berries, mushrooms, they will not refuse fish, especially meat, they put on fat - they eat everything until they are completely stupefied.
But pandas only eat bamboo, and polar bears prefer the fat of seals and seals.
Answer from Anastasia[newbie]
Predators))
Answer from CupalCA[guru]
predators, of course
Answer from Artyom Kirillov[master]
omnivores!!
Answer from Anyushka Selivanova[active]
predators, but when they are hungry they can pick raspberries and chew grass =)
Answer from Anton Schaefer[newbie]
The bear is an omnivore like humans
Answer from Nastyusha Ropcea[master]
omnivores
Answer from Natasha[guru]
Bears (lat. Ursidae) are a family of mammals from the order Carnivora. They differ from other representatives of canids in having a stockier physique. Bears are omnivores, climb and swim well, run fast, and can stand and walk short distances on their hind legs. They have a short tail, long and thick fur, and excellent sense of smell and hearing. They hunt in the evening or at dawn. They are usually afraid of humans, but can be dangerous in areas where they are accustomed to people, especially polar bears and grizzly bears. Immune to bee stings. In nature they have almost no natural enemies.
Answer from Marina Mirutenko[guru]
Answer from Olesya Yudintseva (Yumasheva)[newbie]
100% carnivores-predators, because they eat meat and hunt. Only carnivores can hunt and eat meat, first of all, and only then fish, mushrooms, nuts, honey, berries, grass, roots. But herbivores cannot eat meat.
Answer from Lyudmila Valentinovna[guru]
white bear, grizzly bear, spectacled bear and many other representatives of the bear family eat wild berries, nuts, honey, rodents, carrion, large mammals, other plants. FROM THE ORDER THEY ARE PREDATORS. but the koala, which belongs to the marsupial bear family, is a herbivorous bear.
Answer from Iodionov Sergey[guru]
the bear is omnivorous. he eats almost everything he can eat. In the summer, plant foods predominate; most of the animal protein in a bear’s diet comes from small animals. rodents. insects. The bear engages in direct hunting, especially hunting large animals, only in the absence of more accessible and less “dangerous” food
Answer from Neuvind Storm of the Fiords[guru]
Bears are omnivores. In principle, they eat plant food all the time, and animal food only when it comes into their paws
Answer from KOMOV MIKHAIL[guru]
Browns are omnivores. Whites are predators
Answer from Alesya Benitsevich[newbie]
omnivorous
Answer from Marat Timirgalin[active]
omnivorous
Answer from Jena Slučić[newbie]
Differently
Answer from Gulnara Abulkhanova[newbie]
Anatomically they are predators. Teeth, this and that. And he cannot live on plant foods all the time. But in recent years, in many regions, bears are increasingly using plant foods. In this regard, its numbers are growing; in some places there are significantly more of them than wolves. That is, he seems to be falling off the top of the food pyramid.
