Profession type person artistic image. Types of professions. Characteristics of types and classes of professions

When we talk about a profession as a community, we are not talking about an organization, but about a mentally imagined group of people with similar orientation and experience. Not only living “doers” are “assigned” to this community, but also famous workers of the past who have made significant famous contribution in one thing or another. It is rather a social group in relation to which the individual feels that he belongs, with which he identifies himself, and not the organization itself.

The main psychological issues in connection with the understanding of a profession as a community concern, firstly, those who are already included in this community. These are beginners, developing, involuting “skiing” professionals. Secondly, these questions concern those who propose or intend to join this community (those who dream of choosing a profession, who are concerned about choosing one, who are in the situation of choosing an optant).

It would be reckless to think that the profession as a community is emerging purely spontaneously due to the free and uncontrollable influx of interested people.

The factor of spontaneity in the above sense, however, does exist. But there are bound to be intelligent people and groups who begin to understand the importance of some personnel policy. They implement one or another strategy in this matter, fight against the “clogging” of the professional community with unsuitable people, establish more or less strict personnel selection, attract capable forces from related fields, etc. This is especially important when, for some reason, the profession becomes prestigious , attractive to many, including people who are clearly undesirable for business reasons.

Of course, in real activity people, these systems can interpenetrate in certain areas, forming certain subject mixes (mixings). For example, a restoration artist must understand not only the artistic styles of the old masters, but also solvents, adhesives, textile fibers (canvases are products of weavers), putties, etc. Accordingly, one should be interested in all of this

Each person is characterized by a more or less clearly expressed preference for types of activities corresponding to the subject of labor that is closer to him. This occurs due to the predominance of certain interests and personal characteristics. Some people like to work with technology, and this comes easily to them, while others, on the contrary, feel horror from just the type of household appliances, but their strong point is communication.

Specifics of the profession “person - artistic image”

To talk about the professional type “person - artistic image", we will highlight the main features of the psychological characteristics of professionals in this profession.

About representatives of professions like “person - artistic image”:

In professions of this type, the world is seen by the worker and excites him, first of all, as a certain given in which one can find and highlight the beautiful, the wonderful, and as an area that can be transformed and bring into it beauty, convenience, a form of some kind of content that excites a person . Natural conditions(for example, the topography of the Earth's surface, the sides of the horizon, prevailing winds, average monthly temperatures, etc.) is something that must be taken into account when designing buildings and structures. For representatives of professions of this type, nature is a source of not only impressions, but also, for example, dyes, as well as some troubles (there are no eternal art materials, time and microbes turn canvases to dust).

Professionals identify and hold in consciousness integrity, for example, of this kind: art styles, harmony of color scheme (painting, architectural project, designed window display, theatrical decoration), a sense of beauty given to people, stage speech, faith in what is happening on stage, performing concept, musical design of a theatrical performance, etc.

Civilization, culture, and the history of mankind are conceived here as many artistic achievements, often quite specific (in the sense of authorship, time, place) examples of dyed fabrics found in the Egyptian pyramids; etchings by Goya that amazed his contemporaries; frescoes by Michelangelo, amazing in their beauty and strength of spirit, famous all over the world, etc. International relationships as such are not emphasized: the world of people, countries, peoples appears in broad comparative excursions as devoid of political, state, and time boundaries invented by people: artistic acts of antiquity, and the achievements of modern artists, and masterpieces of ancient Russian icon painting can be compared in one row; mysterious temples of Egypt and Gothic buildings of the Middle Ages.

Typical examples of professional units of analysis of consciousness and psyche of this type: sketch, idea, visible image, form; covers, layers, missing details (in an old painting); chains of icons, inscriptions; exposition, author's text; pace, dynamics, rhythm, character created image, and so on.

Representatives of professions such as “person - artistic image” are able to embody an idea or a certain mood in a specific, directly perceived holistic image, as well as evaluate and analyze this embodiment. This could be, for example, batik (silk painting) made according to the artist’s sketch. These may be restored (restored) details of the image on the canvas of an ancient master, which have disappeared by our time.

In order for the tasks of the type indicated above to be solved, subtle, painstaking work is required both on the subject of work and on oneself. Behind the visible executive-motor components of a professional’s activity are hidden his invisible, but sometimes complex, diverse cognitive actions and personal qualities. The creator of the drawing sees and feels the beauty of the construction of figure and background in their unity. The architect is attentive to the natural landscape and takes it into account. And this, of course, is not all in which the cognitive component of the activities of workers in the area under discussion is manifested.

A professional relies on folk experience and cultural heritage. But he needs all this as his own baggage of very diverse knowledge, acquired through considerable effort, both scientific and purely practical. This is a comprehensive knowledge of the subject area (the world of colors, shapes, sounds, subtleties of space organization), and the world of past and modern culture, the life of society.

To the employee visual arts a developed sense of color, an accurate spatial eye, and vivid images of the imagination are required. A musician needs vivid auditory perceptions and a subtle discrimination of the quality of sounds. An actor, in order to not only remember clearly, but also to feel which actions in a given role are natural, believable, logical, and which are not, mentally imagines such a complex system as the personality of the character being portrayed.

As a rule, a non-standard mind is required, the ability to see events unbiasedly; thinking that is not limited by those frameworks and patterns that could be learned during training is important.

A developed aesthetic sense is required. It is important not just to understand, not to “calculate”, but to directly feel the beauty and uniqueness of a life event, a work of art; not only know, but also feel the compositional principles in their field (fine art, sculpture, architecture, music, dramatic art).

What is important is artistic tact and respect for the completed work of art. The best representatives of professions of this type are characterized by a clear consciousness of responsibility for the formation of the spiritual image of the consumer of artistic products. A worker in this field must take care of his professional development, not fall into pride, and be able to subordinate his author’s ambitions to socially significant goals. Persistence and self-discipline are important signs of a professional in this field.

People often talk about the artist's self-expression. However, self-expression is characteristic of any active human being: as soon as he feels his speech organs, the baby begins to “walk”, “babble”, and then speak out, creating, in particular, new words and trains of thought. A preschooler clearly expresses himself in play, a teenager in relationships with others, etc. So one should not assume that self-expression is an indispensable sign of an artistic mentality.

There are many ways to excel, and some of them require great job over themselves and great self-discipline, self-criticism, good adherence to the idea of ​​​​serving society, and some are just an unbridled hysterical demonstration of themselves to others on the assumption that these others are simply doomed to listen to some unusual person.

Self-expression for a high professional is not a goal, but an inevitable by-product of selfless dedication and service to social ideals. The feeling of beauty given to people supports the master’s exacting attitude to each of his actions.

The peculiarities of creativity (creativity) of representatives of the type of professions under discussion are that they are innovators at their core; they relate to the world in which they live as transformers: not to preserve or simply multiply the good, but to change. What is unique, one of a kind, unique, and non-standard is especially valued here.

Open-mindedness, uninhibited artistic thought (but not unbridled character, this should not be confused), bold flights of imagination, flexibility in decision-making (the ability to abandon previously made decisions in favor of better ones) are very important. But the broad horizons of creativity expand before a person only when, through sometimes difficult efforts, he has perfectly mastered the skills and techniques of painstaking work.

For example, an artist can be original if he has overcome the purely technical difficulties of performing numerous exercises, that is, when he does not have to think about how the material “works.”

The peculiarities of self-regulation of representatives of this type of professions lie in the fact that one must be able to subordinate the author's ambitions to common goals.

For example, an artist-designer of industrial products works as part of a development team. It includes specialists of different profiles: economists, design engineers, and, possibly, physiologists and psychologists. It is clear that the position of a capricious child who insists that everyone agrees with him is simply meaningless here. With all the creativity, performance precision and self-discipline are needed (if you can’t do it well, do it the best you can, but on time, etc.). Perseverance, patience, ability to redo things repeatedly important qualities creative worker.

The difficulties of professions of this type often include long-term static loads of individual muscle groups, high demands on the sensory organs and the musculoskeletal system. Considerable nervous stress.

One of the features of professions of this type is that a significant portion of the employee’s labor costs remains hidden from an outside observer. Moreover, special efforts are often made to create the effect of lightness and ease of the final effect of work. Thus, an artist’s performance in public can last several minutes. But to implement it, the artist works daily and for many hours to improve and maintain his skill at the required level, strictly follows a special regime, etc. An artist’s masterpiece may leave the impression of ease, a small amount of effort, but behind this there is often a huge amount of work, knowledge, mastery of the material, mastered over years.

These are professions in which work is aimed at artistic objects or the conditions for their creation. All professions of the “person - artistic image” type can be divided into subtypes in accordance with historically isolated types of artistic reflection of reality.

1. Professions related to visual arts.

2. Professions related to musical activities.

3. Professions related to literary and artistic
no activity.

4. Professions related to acting and stage activities.

The listed subtypes are not strictly limited from each other and are more or less strongly intertwined.

The first manifestations and forms of art in the history of mankind (image, song, dance) have always been by no means idle, but the most important public matter - the work of the collective. The song set the rhythm of joint work or created the necessary mood (sorrowful, joyful or militant). Drawing or dance determined and clarified intentions, goals, plans, and served as a kind of preparation for hunting, battle, etc. Art was associated with the life support of society and labor.

In the process of human development, there was a separation and isolation of the production of artistic values ​​from the production of material values. Artistic specialists appeared. They satisfy their material needs at the expense of those who work in the area Agriculture, industry, and in return they contribute aesthetic values ​​to the common cause.

There is a natural exchange of labor products. Of course, from time to time a “crazy piano” appears, which begins to seem that “it is playing for itself”, in other words, ideas appear that art is something exceptional (“art for art’s sake”, etc.). This is no more witty a position than if someone proclaimed: “industry for industry,” “beekeeping for beekeeping,” etc. In any field of work, skill can be unattainably high; True, not in every area it is expressed in spectacular effects. Therefore, not all areas of work have the same conditions for “pride” to take possession of a person.

One of the features of professions of this type is that a significant portion of the employee’s labor costs remains hidden from an outside observer. Moreover, special efforts are often made to create the effect of lightness and ease of the final product of labor. Thus, an artist’s performance in public can last several minutes. But in order for it to take place, the artist works daily and for many hours to improve and maintain his skill at the required level, strictly adheres to a special regime, etc.

When choosing the appropriate professional path, it is important to think about this hidden side of work, which may turn out to be an unaffordable price to pay for success. In order for work to bring satisfaction, it is important to cultivate a realistic level of claims for public recognition (not to claim more recognition than what you deserve based on the actual results of your activities). However, this is not easy to achieve if someone has already praised the person. A person with an unrealistic level of aspiration drives away the idea that the true reason for the lack of great success is in himself. He is inclined to explain failures by the actions of other people (“they interfered with”, “they do not allow passage”, “they envy”, “they slow down”, etc.).

Subtypes of professions such as “Human – Artistic Image”

Professions related to visual arts:

Wallpaper painter, tiler, photographer, toy painter, embosser, wood carver, cutter of jewelry inserts, makeup artist, lighting designer, restorer, production designer.

Professions related to musical activity:

Piano tuner, accompanist, vocalist, orchestra artist, musical toy tuner.

Professions related to writing:

Editor, newspaper employee, correspondent, writer.

Professions related to acting and stage activities:

Drama artist, circus artist, Vgoing to the concert.

2.1 Characteristics of professions of the “human artistic image” type and requirements for the individual characteristics of a specialist

Of course, above were given very general characteristics of a person as a subject of activity in different types professions. To understand the specifics of professions of this type, I believe it is necessary to consider some of the most common professions, an analysis of the requirements that are imposed on the personality of a specialist mastering the profession of “person - artistic image”, everything that is typical, as a rule, does not completely coincide with an individual specific case , and in some part it may contradict it.

Artist - constructor (designer). The main task of the designer is to satisfy the needs of a person (customer) in harmony with the subject environment by designing the aesthetic properties of industrial products.

Required qualities: analysis and synthesis, spatial thinking and design abilities, creativity, artistic abilities (composition, harmony, proportions, sense of color), communication and verbal abilities, flexibility of thinking, independence, responsibility, realism, resourcefulness.

At the design stage, it should be taken into account that things are produced in editions of thousands and even many thousands. The designer's mistake, like the design engineer's mistake, is multiplied accordingly and thus becomes very costly. That is why a designer must combine, to a certain extent, opposing qualities. On the one hand, a bold flight of fantasy, open-mindedness, and relaxed thoughts. On the other hand, a high sense of responsibility, mental discipline, and the ability to take into account the real conditions of production as much as possible.

The creative process of an artist-designer begins with thinking possible options future product. It is important to collect information about existing similar products and critically examine and discuss them. A worker with a broad outlook will successfully solve the problem. A good specialist is always concerned with collecting data in his field. Therefore, he turns out to be ready to solve an unexpectedly posed task.

The designer must be able to take into account economic and technological considerations. For example, the original shape of a product conceived by a designer may turn out to be unprofitable from the point of view of an economist or difficult to implement from the point of view of a technologist.

A person who devotes himself to the service of technical aesthetics must be interested in the fine arts and be an artist himself. He also needs to know technology, natural and social sciences, draw well, and have skillful hands. He must navigate cultural heritage their own and other peoples. Not every artistically and technically trained person will successfully cope with his responsibilities as a designer, but only those who relate to the world of things as a transformer.

Painter (porcelain painting). There are several methods of painting porcelain, one of which is hand painting.

The artist must find particularly subtle and delicate relationships of color with white in the applied paints and the same transitions of tone from one color to another. In addition, the master must constantly keep the intended color composition in his mind, because it is finally formed only after firing porcelain (faience) under glaze in a kiln. He must be able, when applying a color, to see another in it - and this in all the compositional complexity of the plot being performed. Painting with created gold did not cause any difficulties in itself, but it required finding the correct ratio of gold and paints on porcelain

Drawings can be complex and varied: these are landscapes, plots, literary portraits, characters, fairy-tale images, stylized images of the plant and artistic world, and ornaments.

The master painter is fluent in the techniques of painting and graphic work, methods of copying drawings at various scales, techniques of engraving on gold and silver, and techniques for independently developing the details of drawings.

Before starting work, the painter must imagine the drawing in his mind, mentally decompose it into parts, and outline the sequence of coloring its parts. And while performing each operation, he sees the drawing ready in his imagination.

Artist - illustrator. Contents of the activity: the illustrator’s task is to adequately and colorfully express the author’s thoughts literary work, articles in the media with vivid artistic images. The type of work depends on the order: it can illustrate books, magazines, newspapers, etc.

Must know: painting, drawing, graphics, art theory, literary creativity, special artistic disciplines, techniques and technologies, etc.

Must be able to: Select the appropriate drawing technique (from a simple pencil before computer graphics). Plan your work. Use complex techniques: aquatin, etching..., computer programs (for example, to develop a layout for a future work). In a short time, complete the necessary sketches in several versions. Present sketches and finished work, “portfolio”. Express the uniqueness of your style. Work in a team of artists. Must have: your own distinct author’s style (if individual work). Dominant interests: Fine arts, literature Related: Entrepreneurial activity. Advertising. Photo

Necessary qualities that ensure success in the profession: Imaginative thinking. Fantasy. High level of development of general abilities (analysis, synthesis, logic, verbal abilities, verbal and logical thinking). Observation. Developed imagination. The ability to express your mental images in a drawing. Color sensitivity. High level of special artistic abilities. Determination. Responsibility. Organizational skills. Good coordination, fine motor skills of fingers. Medical restrictions: Allergy to work materials, book dust

Retoucher. Illustrations printed in the book almost always have a loss in quality compared to the original. The task of the team working on the printing reproduction of the original is to make these losses minimal.

The retoucher's job is to ensure that the printed form can ultimately be created. The print (imprint) from it, of course, will differ from the original, but for human vision this difference will be acceptable.

There are two types of retouching: technical (correction) and artistic. Technical retouching consists of removing scratches, dark or light spots or dots, coarse grain, etc. from the publishing original (the material from which the printing form will be made).

The role of artistic retouching is much broader. With its help, the plot and graphic elements of the illustration are emphasized. Their shapes and spatial relationships are clarified, and shortcomings in the gradation of tones and colors are eliminated. Such work is accessible only to those who are fluent in drawing, have a good feel for the tonal relationships of colors and know how to use them.

All operations that a retoucher has to perform require active mental activity and good memory. He must remember and take into account various factors, on which the choice of technique and retouching method depends, compare them, analyze and make the necessary decisions. The specificity of his work is that the retoucher must constantly keep in mind the visual image that he seeks to embody.

The process of reproduction (typographic reproduction) of images is based on a deep understanding of the original. The retoucher perceives in the original what is sometimes hidden to the average viewer. To do this, he must have observation skills. For a deep aesthetic appreciation of a work, he also needs a developed sense of color and form.

The work of a retoucher is associated with great mental stress: throughout the working day, he has to analyze complex works of art and solve various spatial and color problems. Creative imagination and great aesthetic taste must be accompanied by such qualities as accuracy, patience, and perseverance.

Restoration artist. Paintings are most often subject to the destructive effects of time. The paints on the paintings separate from the ground with which the canvas or wood is covered, and the strokes applied repeatedly become stratified. Art restorers can save works of art.

A special commission consisting of art historians, art curators and restorers carefully examines the painting, identifies all defects and establishes the reasons for their occurrence. Based on this analysis, experts assess the possibility of restoring the artistic features of the work, determine the necessary working methods, as well as materials.

The restorer studies the peculiarities of the painting. The methods of writing, the materials used, the thickness of the paint layer, the author’s individual stroke style, the quality of texture processing, etc. This allows him to determine the objectives of his work. Comprehensive erudition, good memory, and experience from previous work contribute to the success of his business.

Must be able to work step by step, patiently work out all the details, be able to subordinate your creative imagination to the intention of the author who created the picture. Any deviation from the original artistic idea is a distortion of art. Must know all the intricacies of working with the material.

Art historian. The work of art critics, and even more so historians, is less obvious to the general public, but very important.

Specialists work in organizations where works of this type of art are presented or studied. These are workers of museums and publishing organizations. These specialists also work in research institutes, studying the history of fine arts and design, as well as in art galleries and various exhibition organizations. Art historians also teach. The subject “History of Art” is on the agenda of many educational institutions.

Museum workers prepare, in particular, scientific catalogues. This requires painstaking work and familiarity with many sources. Specialists working in museums, as a rule, participate in a variety of research events, conferences, and interviews.

In general, their activities can be divided into work with the art monument itself and work at a desk, in a storage room, or in a library.

In order to work successfully in this field, you must have some specific abilities. This is, as professionals say, “the eye”, artistic taste.

You must be able to deeply perceive and understand works of fine art. This talent can be developed through the process of learning.

Theater artist. The definition of “scenography” in the domestic theater took root not so long ago. Much closer to the viewer is the ancient concept of “theater artist” or, as is usually written on the poster, “production designer”. The result of the work of the production designer of the play, in fact, is everything that appears before the viewer's gaze on stage - from fortress walls, thunderclouds or a raging ocean to the heels of shoes, daggers or handkerchiefs.

A set designer is a theater designer who translates the production designer's original vision from (flat) sketches to (three-dimensional) scenery.

There is a theatrical expression: “The artist is responsible for beauty.” This “beauty” consists of: costumes, scenery, furniture, props, lighting, costumes, makeup, and so on. Each side of the overall business corresponds to separate specialties: costume designer, lighting designer. But the creative leader of the group traditionally remains the set designer.

Personal qualities: love of theater, spatial thinking, artistic taste, good memory, accuracy

In real production conditions, the production designer’s plan is embodied by a production artist. In a modern theater it is difficult to separate the artistic and technological components of set design. The nature of the transformation of scenography, the possibilities of its lighting development, the texture of the material used - all this influences the style and image of the performance. Nowadays it is not a problem to find a good designer who could calculate the truss or select the required section of the beam. What remains scarce is a specialist capable of “reading” the artist’s and director’s intentions and offering a witty technical solution and at the same time preserve that very individual artistic statement.

Jeweler. Manufactures artistic products (jewelry, household items, religious objects, weapons) mainly from precious metals, as well as some non-ferrous metals in combination with precious and ornamental stones, amber, mother-of-pearl, bone, according to the drawings, drawings and models of the artist and developer.

A jeweler must know the technical and artistic requirements for products, the properties of precious and semi-precious metals and their alloys, the properties of precious and semi-precious stones and other materials (amber, mother-of-pearl, bone, enamel) used in the manufacture of jewelry, and the rules for reading drawings. He should be familiar with various methods of making blanks and parts from ingots, types of ornaments and their implementation. He must be able to make jewelry tools himself.

Working conditions: high visual load. A static asymmetrical working posture is characteristic.

Necessary qualities: good eye, developed color perception, good coordination and developed fine motor skills, ability to concentrate, accuracy, perseverance, patience, artistic taste. Obvious cardiovascular diseases, scoliosis, and increased nervous excitability can prevent one from becoming a jeweler.

Related professions. When the creation of a piece of jewelry goes beyond simple execution according to a ready-made sample, drawing or sketch, but is invented by the author in order to convey some artistic intent, or an original work is created for a specific customer - we are talking about the profession of jewelry designer.

Fashion designer (artist-fashion designer and fashion designer). The fashion designer develops new types of clothing taking into account consumer demand and production capabilities, and also creates clothing collections for display in various fashion shows.

A fashion designer's activities include creating a new clothing concept in the form of sketches, searching for a design solution for a planned model, developing samples of new models, preparing samples for industrial production, organization of fashion shows.

Required qualities: artistic abilities; developed imaginative thinking, design abilities, developed sense of color, good eye, creativity, organizational skills, innovation.

To participate in elite shows, according to the haute couture rules, you need to present from 4 to 60 ensembles, and any product must be 50-80% made by hand. One dress takes at least a month to sew, and especially complex ones can take up to six months... Only fans survive who cannot imagine themselves outside the profession, ready to develop new ideas, not afraid of bold experiments and long, sleepless nights spent at work.

Confectioner. Prepares confectionery products in confectionery factories and in specialized workshops of bakeries. Prepares different kinds dough, fillings, creams according to a given recipe. Bakes and decorates products. Checks the weight of finished products. Uses hand tools, mechanical and electromechanical equipment.

The activity requires fine taste and olfactory sensitivity, fine color discrimination, and good hand-eye coordination (at the level of hand movements).

Work is not recommended for people who have allergic reactions to food products and diseases: respiratory organs (bronchial asthma, chronic pneumonia, etc.); cardiovascular system (hypertension, heart failure, etc.); kidneys and urinary tract (nephritis, renal failure and etc.); musculoskeletal system, limiting hand mobility; nervous system(meningitis, myelitis, etc.); organs of vision (significant decrease in visual acuity and color discrimination); skin localized on the hands (dermatitis, eczema, etc.).

The confectioner must know the range of products, recipes and modes of their preparation, types of raw materials and methods of their processing, methods of finishing and decorating confectionery products

So, it is worth remembering that a pastry chef works while standing, carrying heavy objects (up to 40-50 kg), and tensing the muscles of the arms and legs. Sometimes the working conditions are not entirely favorable: the room may be heat, increased humidity and air pollution, drafts and industrial noise. There is also a certain danger of injury and burns, so you must carefully follow safety precautions.

Necessary qualities: developed sense of smell, taste, touch, color sensitivity, temperature sense, observation, concentration, coordination of movements, sufficient physical strength, accuracy, neatness.

Psychological and pedagogical support can help solve students' problems in professional self-determination. When introducing our proposed model of psychological and pedagogical support for professional self-determination into the school education system, we believe that the image of a modern graduate should change somewhat. And in this regard, we propose our own directional scheme...

Choosing a profession is one of the main life choices made by a person at a young age, since by choosing a profession, he chooses a way of life.

A person who chooses his future profession is called an optant (from Latin optacio - desire, election). The selection stage should end with the formulation of a realistic and fairly clear idea of ​​the professional community into which the growing person will include himself in the future.

The number of professions these days is measured in five figures, and their world is a moving picture. According to the same different researchers, ninth-graders, for example, can name on average only 20-26 professions, so career guidance is often spontaneous. A study of the motives for choosing a profession by schoolchildren showed that the advice of others plays a significant role in this: 25% of children choose a profession under the influence of a friend who is more independent, 17 - on the advice of their parents, 9% - under the influence of funds mass media. Another 9% are guided by minor factors, such as the proximity of the university to home, and only 40% of teenagers choose a profession based on the content of the activity. But professional intentions turn out to be more stable, and mastery of activities is faster and more effective if the main reason for the choice is an orientation towards the content of the upcoming activity.

When choosing a future profession, a high school student, as a rule, focuses on his interests and inclinations, without taking into account his own adequacy to the requirements of a particular area professional activity: the presence of psychophysiological capabilities, intellectual potential, professionally significant personality qualities.

For many people, the choice situation turns out to be stressful. The reasons for this lie in the fact that, on the one hand, a person is afraid to take responsibility for his actions, on the other hand, he simply does not know how to competently make a decision so that it corresponds to his interests and goals.

When turning to a specialist, a person asks to determine what type of activity he is most capable of, expecting to receive unambiguous recommendations regarding his professional destiny. Behind this lies not only a common misconception regarding the predisposition of each of us to a certain type of activity (and only to it), but also, perhaps, an unconscious desire to shift the solution to the most important life problem to another person, even a specialist.

Qualified assistance means that a consultant helps a person determine the presence and direction of his professional interests and inclinations, personal and business qualities necessary for mastering a certain area of ​​professional work; informs him about the content and working conditions within the profession of interest; introduces you to the rules for making decisions and planning your professional path. The final choice future profession remains with the person himself.

Psychological classification of professions (specialties)

A specialty is a limited (due to the division of labor) area of ​​application of a person’s physical and spiritual forces necessary for society, which gives him the opportunity to receive in return for the labor he has applied (expended) the necessary means of existence and development. A profession (from Latin professio - officially specified occupation, profiteor - I declare my business) is a group of related specialties. For example, there is no turner at all, there is a rotary turner, a boring turner, a revolver turner, a universal turner, etc. All these specialties are theoretically combined into a group designated as the “turning profession.”

There are thousands of specialties, and for ease of orientation in them, their classification is necessary. Various classifications are possible: according to sectors of the national economy, according to the level of required qualifications, according to the similarity of psychological requirements and on many other grounds.

For a rough distinction and “trying on” by each person different professions, a four-tier overview classification of them according to the characteristics of the subject, goals, means and working conditions, developed by the scientist E.A., is suitable. Klimov and his staff.

In accordance with the distinguishable varieties of object systems, five types of professions are distinguished: “man - nature” (P), “man - technology” (T), “man - man” (H), “man - sign” (3), “man - artistic image" (X).

World map of professions

Professions like “Man - Nature”

These are professions where the labor of workers is directed to objects of living nature. Educational subjects help to navigate this area: botany, zoology, anatomy, physiology, general biology.

The peculiarity of biological objects of labor is that they are complex, changeable, and non-standard. They transform according to their internal laws. Plants, animals, and microorganisms live, grow, develop (and also get sick and die). The worker needs not only to know a lot, but also to mentally anticipate changes in the objects of labor.

The employee is required to have initiative and independence in solving specific work tasks. Care and foresight are important, because many changes in animal and plant organisms may be irreversible (plants may wither, die from pests, widespread livestock diseases may begin, etc.). Changing working conditions require the employee to creatively solve emerging problems.

Human labor in the field of “man-nature” professions is aimed not only at the objects mentioned above. For example, plant growers use various and complex techniques in their practice. Working in a team, they are, in particular, busy establishing interpersonal relationships. They also have to delve into accounting issues, economic assessment of your labor. There are even professions of this type that necessarily require artistic inclinations (along with an inclination towards biology and botany), for example, flower growers and decorators (florists), green building technicians (specialists in landscaping cities and populated areas). But still, the main subject of attention and concern of workers in this case is plants and their environment.

The situation is similar with animal husbandry professions. Livestock farming is increasingly being transferred to an industrial basis and equipped with technology. A livestock breeder is also a machine operator. But if he does not have a special attitude, special inclinations to work with animals (and only has an interest in technology), then this negatively affects his work.

The microbiologist is surrounded on all sides by laboratory equipment, and the biological subject of research itself is not even visible to the naked eye. But here, too, the main thing is interest in natural phenomena. And technology is a means, but not the main subject of labor.

When choosing a “man-nature” profession, it is very important to take into account the following. For many people, nature acts as an attractive environment associated with recreation. City residents tend to go to the forest or mountains after work or during vacation. But all this is not the love for nature that is expected from a professional in the field of “man-nature”. Therefore, it is very important to understand exactly how a person loves nature: as a workshop in which he is going to devote all his energy to the production of this or that product, or he just likes to walk in the forest, breathe fresh air, lie on the lawn. You need to test your love for nature in practical work.

Professions like “Human-Technology”

These are professions where the labor of workers is directed to technical objects (machines, mechanisms, materials, types of energy). In professions of this type, educational subjects such as physics, chemistry, mathematics, and drawing help to navigate. It should be taken into account that the field of technical objects includes not only hardware, but also all kinds of non-metallic materials - fabrics, plastics, food raw materials, semi-finished products. The field of technology must be understood broadly.

The peculiarity of technical (and inanimate natural) objects is that, as a rule, they can be accurately measured, determined by many characteristics, and when processing, transforming, moving or evaluating the worker is required to perform precise and definite actions.

It is impossible to invent machines that would be very exhausting, wear out a person, would be very inconvenient and dangerous for him.

Designers, together with psychologists and design artists, strive to make technology as convenient, safe, and comfortable as possible.

In the world of technology there are many opportunities for innovation and invention. In this regard, technical imagination, the ability to mentally connect and separate technical objects and their parts - important conditions success in this area. It is possible to invent not only new products of labor (products in technology are often strictly defined by drawings or technical specifications), but also methods of work.

Innovators come up with new types of tools, devices, and improve product processing technology. Therefore, it is incorrect to divide professions into creative and non-creative. There are creative and uncreative people. One worker was assigned to crack nuts. Nobody would call it a creative activity. And this man came up with the following: he made a tightly closed metal container (a large balloon), poured nuts into it, closed the container, pumped air into it, and then suddenly released it. And all the nuts neatly cracked at one moment. All that remained was to select the kernels and throw away the husks.

Along with a creative approach to business in the field of technology, a person is required to have high performance discipline. Discipline is needed everywhere, but technology with its precision is especially sensitive to this quality of workers.

This is the largest (in terms of the number of professions and specialties) type of professions. The work of professionals here is, of course, not only aimed at technology. Thus, a radio equipment installer cares, in particular, about the beauty of the installation, a trolleybus driver communicates with people during his work, an operator or mechanic can calculate something, and a crane operator can be busy loading cages, for example, with zoo inhabitants being sent on tour. But still, the main subject of professional attention and concern of workers in this case is technical objects and their properties. After all, a crane operator (crane operator) is a specialist in operating a crane, a mechanic is a specialist in metal processing.

It is important to keep the following in mind. Some names indicate the predominantly female nature of the work (knitter of textiles and haberdashery, etc.). But most of the names of professions are traditionally used in the masculine gender, although both men and women can work here (cook, projectionist, operator, turner, etc.).

Professions of the “Human-Human” type

These are professions whose object of attention is a person. They are associated with training, education, service, leadership. Academic subjects such as history, literature and others related to the study of people and society help to navigate in this area.

The first feature of professions of the “person-to-person” type is that the main content of work here comes down to interaction between people.

The second feature of professions of this type is that each of them requires a person to have double training:

1) you need to be able to establish and maintain contacts with people, understand them, understand their characteristics;

2) it is necessary to be trained in one or another field of production, science, technology, art, etc.

Professions like “Man – Sign” (“Man – Sign System”)

People with these professions are engaged in processing information (information) presented in the form of symbols, numbers, formulas, and texts.

Modern man is immersed in the world of signs and sign systems. Drawings, diagrams, topographic and geographical maps, numerical data, tables, formulas, signatures, inscriptions, texts, road signs, various kinds of conditioned signals - all these are integral features of the manifestation of modern civilization.

In the conditions of modern culture, a large role is played by signs that do not have a pictorial resemblance to the designated object (words do not resemble the objects about which we're talking about, notes are not like music, money is not like goods, mathematical formulas that describe and allow one to determine the course of an airplane are not like either the airplane or its flight path, etc.). Therefore, in order to successfully work in any of the professions of this type, you need special inclinations to mentally immerse yourself in the world of dry designations, to distract from the actual objective properties of the surrounding world and concentrate on the information that certain signs carry with them. When working with signs, as when working with any objects, the tasks of control, verification, accounting, processing of information arise, as well as the task of inventing new signs and sign systems. In other words, in this area of ​​work, like in any other, there are unique opportunities for creativity.

Professions like “Human – Artistic Image”

These are professions in which work is aimed at artistic objects or the conditions for their creation. All professions of the “person - artistic image” type can be divided into subtypes in accordance with historically isolated types of artistic reflection of reality.

• Professions related to visual arts.
• Professions related to musical activity.
• Professions related to literary and artistic activities.
• Professions related to acting and stage activities.

The listed subtypes are not strictly limited from each other and are more or less strongly intertwined.

The first manifestations and forms of art in the history of mankind (image, song, dance) have always been by no means idle, but the most important social matter - the work of the collective. The song set the rhythm of joint work or created the necessary mood (sorrowful, joyful or militant). Drawing or dance determined and clarified intentions, goals, plans, and served as a kind of preparation for hunting, battle, etc. Art was associated with the life support of society and labor.

In the process of human development, there was a separation and isolation of the production of artistic values ​​from the production of material values. Artistic specialists appeared. They satisfy their material needs at the expense of those who work in the field of agriculture and industry, and in return for this they contribute aesthetic values ​​to the common cause.

There is a natural exchange of labor products. Of course, from time to time a “crazy piano” appears, which begins to seem that “it is playing for itself”, in other words, ideas appear that art is something exceptional (“art for art’s sake”, etc.) This is not a more witty position than if someone proclaimed: “industry for industry,” “beekeeping for beekeeping,” etc. In any field of work, skill can be unattainably high; True, not in every area it is expressed in spectacular effects. Therefore, not all areas of work have the same conditions for “pride” to take possession of a person.

One of the features of professions of this type is that a significant portion of the employee’s labor costs remains hidden from an outside observer. Moreover, special efforts are often made to create the effect of lightness and ease of the final product of labor. Thus, an artist’s performance in public can last several minutes. But in order for it to take place, the artist works daily and for many hours to improve and maintain his skill at the required level, strictly adheres to a special regime, etc.

When choosing the appropriate professional path, it is important to think about this hidden side of work, which may turn out to be an unbearable price for success. In order for work to bring satisfaction, it is important to cultivate a realistic level of claims for social recognition (not to claim more recognition than what you deserve according to real results of their activities). However, this is not easy to achieve if someone has already praised the person. A person with an unrealistic level of aspiration drives away the thought that the real reason for the lack of great success is in himself. He is inclined to explain failures by the actions of other people (“they interfered with”, “they do not allow passage”, “they are jealous”, “they slow down”, etc.)

Based on materials from the book by T.L. Pavlova “Career guidance for high school students.
Diagnosis and development of professional maturity"