KRASNOYARSK, March 3 – RIA Novosti, Anton Andreev. international day wildlife celebrated on Monday. RIA Novosti compiled the top 10 most rare species animals included in the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and endangered.
CITES countries declare March 3 International Wildlife Day“Participating countries declared the third of March as International Wildlife Day and accepted the offer of the Republic of South Africa to host the Seventeenth Conference of the Parties in 2016,” the statement said.As the compilers of the Red Book of the region note, the knowledge of many rare species in the region leaves much to be desired: first of all, due to the extremely vast territory (2.36 million square kilometers) and the lack of scientists working on counting the number of animals. Sometimes compilers had to rely only on data obtained from hunters.
1. Red wolf. This is the rarest and probably almost extinct species of fauna of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. However, from time to time hunters see this animal in the Ermakovsky district in the south of the region. So, in 2002, a game warden of the Karatuz region saw a red wolf. In 2008, one predator was noted near the village of Verkhniy Kuzhebar on the Amyl River.
That same year, several individuals were seen on the Mirskaya River. In Western Sayan, a wolf was encountered in the upper reaches of the Abakan River. A survey of Old Believers hunters confirmed the presence of this wolf in the Agul River basin and on the Kryzhina ridge.
2. Siberian goat, or capricorn, like the red wolf, is a species that has practically disappeared in the region. Once upon a time this animal lived in the vast territory of the Sayan Mountains and the Sayan spurs. In Paleolithic sites, remains of ibex were found near Krasnoyarsk and near the mouth of the Biryusa River. Nowadays, individuals of the Siberian goat are extremely rare in the mountains in the south of the region.
The main threat to the Siberian goat population is predators and competition for food with other herbivores.
3. Irbis, or snow leopard is listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation; in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, according to zoologists, up to 60-65 snow leopards can live. The largest group (about 20 individuals) was found on the territory of the Sayano-Shushensky Nature Reserve.
© Photo: provided by the State Natural Resources biosphere reserve"Sayano-Shushensky".
© Photo: provided by the Sayano-Shushensky State Natural Biosphere Reserve.
Small numbers snow leopard- a consequence of a decrease in the number of ungulates and, first of all, the Siberian goat. Poaching causes serious damage to predator populations.
4. Northern fin whale or herring whale lives off the Arctic coast of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, but its numbers in this area have been little studied. In general, the population of the herring whale on the planet tends to sharply decline in numbers; the species is included in the international and Russian Red Books.
The main reason for the decline in numbers is excessive fishing. In the period from 1868-1967 in North Atlantic 57 thousand fin whales were caught. The current number is unknown.
In 1950, a case of a northern fin whale swimming into the Yenisei, 400 kilometers up the river, was recorded.
5. Lenok- a fish on the verge of extinction is listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory it is found in the tributaries and upper reaches of the Chulym River in a very limited area.
The factors causing the extinction of the lenka are river pollution, reduction of spawning grounds during the development of alluvial gold deposits along the valleys of the Chulym tributaries, and poaching.
6. Siberian roe deer. There are only two limited populations of this species in the region (in the forest-steppe of the Achinsky and Bogotolsky regions and in the Sukhobuzimsky region) with a total number of 410-440 individuals. Over the past 15-20 years, the total number of roe deer has decreased by about a third.
The reasons for the decline are poaching and habitat loss due to economic activity person.
7. Atlantic walrus included in the international and Russian Red Books. It also lives on the Arctic coast of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - in the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. The number in these areas is unknown, since no work has been carried out to count individuals. In general, there is a sharp decline in this species on the planet.
8. Gray goose. As the compilers of the Red Book of the region note, this type birds have always been the main object of hunting in the region and had to be included in the list of specially protected species due to a catastrophic decline in numbers. Besides this negative factor As well as hunting, the death of birds in wintering grounds from viral infections, including influenza A, is also noted.
A reserve for the conservation of deer was created in the Krasnoyarsk TerritoryThe Byuzinsky reserve was created in the Krasnoyarsk Territory to restore the livestock of maral (red deer), the press service of the directorate for specially protected animals reported on Monday. natural areas(SPNA).9. Red deer, or deer. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory there is only an isolated population of this species and it is last years is in danger of extinction. Almost the entire population of deer lives within the Arga reserve (Bogotolsky and Achinsky districts). Until recently, the deer also lived on the Solgon Ridge, where, according to the latest data, it is no longer found. According to the regional Red Book, in 2004 there were about 5.5 thousand deer in the region. Later, no accounting work was carried out.
10. Siberian sturgeon. This species, listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, has an extremely limited habitat in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the population is in danger of extinction. It lives in the Chulym River in the west of the region and in the Arctic in the Pyasina River basin. The size of both populations has not been calculated, but there has been a continuous decline due to poaching.
The Krasnoyarsk Territory is a region with a high level of biodiversity, where representatives of Siberian, European and Chinese fauna are found.
The region has organized systematic observations of the number and reproduction of populations of certain species of fish, birds and mammals belonging to the commercial resources of the region. Data on monitoring of fauna objects classified as hunting objects, information on the state and changes in the fishery stock in the region are provided by the Office of Rosselkhoznadzor for the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Federal State Institution “Yenisei Basin Administration for the Protection and Reproduction of Fish Stocks and Fisheries Regulation”.
Information on the state of population groups of rare and endangered animal species is collected by research organizations in the region. There is no systematic recording of objects of the animal world that are not related to hunting and are not included in the Red Books of various levels. The organization of full-fledged monitoring is currently practically impossible due to the lack of appropriate funding and specialized organizations.
The region is home to about 90 species of mammals, 375 species of birds, 11 species of reptiles and amphibians, 47 species and subspecies of fish, several thousand species of insects, arachnids and other animals.
Invertebrate animals
Invertebrate animals are the most numerous part of the animal world in terms of species. Several thousand live in the region various types insects, arachnids and other invertebrate animals.
Among the diversity of entomofauna, insect pests of plants are the most studied. According to materials from the Forest Protection Center of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 55 species of insects live within the region, outbreaks of which pose a particular danger to forest plantations.
A network for monitoring the sanitary condition of forests has been created in the region, tracking the state of populations and the dynamics of the number of the main needle- and leaf-gnawing insects, as well as stem insect pests. Information about outbreaks of insect pests, their impact on forest plantations and the sanitary condition of forests is provided in section 5 “Forests”.
The proliferation of forest pests contributes to the disruption of the biological stability of plantings, reduces the growth of forest stands and causes other adverse consequences. The dynamics of mass reproduction of insects in the forests of the Krasnoyarsk Territory by groups of forest pests (pine-eating, leaf-eating, other pests) over 10 years is shown in Figure 6.1.
In 2007 largest area of the detected foci of forest stem pests is the black fir longhorned beetle (Fig. 6.2).
In general, over 10 years, the area of plantings that died from damage by dendrophilic insects fluctuated quite widely and had a cyclical pattern of increase and decrease, which is due to the frequency of outbreaks of mass reproduction of insects.
The main pests that cause drying out and death of forest plantations are the six-toothed bark beetle, the typograph bark beetle, the large black fir longhorned beetle, and the black pine longhorned beetle.
In 2007, the largest area of dead plantings as a result of damage by the black fir longhorned beetle was identified in the Motyginsky and Tyukhtetsky forest districts, with 7,817 hectares of operational and 855 hectares of protective forests lost.
Rice. 6.1 Areas of foci of mass reproduction of insects in the forests of the Krasnoyarsk Territory by groups of forest pests (pine-eating, leaf-eating, other pests) over 10 years.
Rice. 6.2 Distribution of areas of foci of forest stem pests (by species) identified in 2007 in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (ha)
Over the past 10 years, these are the highest rates of plant death in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Fig. 6.3).
In 2007, the area of stem pest outbreaks increased significantly compared to 2006. The increase in area was mainly due to outbreaks of the six-toothed bark beetle, black pine and spruce longhorn beetle. The main share of stem pest outbreaks
Rice. 6.3 The dynamics of the death of plantings in the Krasnoyarsk Territory from insect pests for 1998 - 2007 is due to the black fir longhorned beetle - “Usachevniki”, which arose in areas with a weak and medium degree of damage by the Siberian silkworm during the outbreak of 1995-1996.
Terrestrial vertebrates
Amphibians and reptiles.
The fauna of amphibians and reptiles in the region is not numerous and is represented by 11 species. These include 2 species of newts, a gray (common) toad, 2 species of frogs, as well as 2 species of lizards and 4 species of snakes, 2 of which (the common viper and the common copperhead) are poisonous. The small number of species is determined by the rather severe climatic conditions over most of the region's territory. This also explains the small number of most species and the high vulnerability of their populations.
In economic terms, the importance of amphibians and reptiles is very small. However, they play a significant role in limiting the number of slugs, insects and even mouse-like rodents, representing the main food for some birds and animals of prey, including those listed in the Red Books Russian Federation and Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Birds.
Over 370 species of birds live in the region. Several dozen representatives of Galliformes, Anseriformes, Charadriiformes and some other orders are of commercial importance. More significant are the resources of galliform birds living as sedentary birds, which are predominantly exposed to the influence of weather factors. The post-harvest abundance of this group of species in 2006 was 2.9 million individuals; in 2007 it decreased to 2.1 million individuals (Table 6.1).
Table 6.1 Post-harvest abundance of Galliformes, assessment of the dynamic state of populations, thousand individuals
Mammals.
The climatic features of the season, like last year, should be considered anomalous in many respects. This was manifested in high winter air temperatures and the late establishment of snow cover both in the northern and southern parts of the region, so fishing in hunting areas began 3-4 weeks later than usual.
The height of the snow cover in most northern regions did not exceed critical levels (values), the duration of its occurrence, coupled with frosts, presented a certain difficulty for wild ungulates in obtaining food at the end of winter. This led to a decrease in food supply during the day and a change in feeding regime.
The food supply of wild ungulates in the region as a whole can be considered satisfactory, since more than 4 million hectares of forest fund in 2005-2007. transferred to tenants for final felling, which leads to an increase in the area of deciduous young forests. In addition, the region has a large number of abandoned fields overgrown with weeds, oats and wheat, which is also a good food source for roe deer. The state of the sable food supply in general for all types of land during the winter of 2006-2007. was good. Harvest noted everywhere pine nuts, rowan, berries. However, due to the rather cool summer and heavy precipitation, the ripening of the nut was delayed until mid-September; part of it remained on the tree crowns and fell during the winter at strong winds and snowfall. According to a survey of hunters, a decrease in the number of pikas was noted almost everywhere.
In 2007, 43 districts were covered in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, including the Evenki municipal district, which previously included 3 districts. No winter route surveys were carried out on the territory of the Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets municipal district. Data on the number of game animals was compiled on the basis of an expert assessment of specialists from the Rosselkhoznadzor Office for the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Based on the results of processing primary materials (cards of registration routes and trails), the Rosselkhoznadzor Office for the Krasnoyarsk Territory prepared a comprehensive assessment of information on the number and population density of game animals, obtained by analyzing registration materials received from game users (Table 6.2).
Table 6.2 Information on the number and population density of the main species of game animals in the region according to the winter route census of 2007
In the Krasnoyarsk Territory since 2000, the state of elk resources has been stabilizing. According to the data of the last three years of winter route surveys, the number of deer has stabilized at the level of 6.0-6.5 thousand animals.
The number of roe deer decreased slightly (from 22.2 to 18.7 thousand individuals). Reindeer resources have increased. Sable resources in the region remain stable, with a tendency to increase.
Information on the development of allocated limits for the production of game animals in 2007 on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (taking into account the Evenki and Taimyr municipal districts) is given in Table 6.3.
Data on the use of allocated limits confirm the continued high demand among fishermen for licenses to hunt sable, musk deer, elk and Siberian roe deer. For these same species, a high degree of utilization of the allocated quotas is also indicated. Significantly lower indicators characterize the annual development of limits for wild boar, bear and reindeer.
In 2007, the Rosselkhoznadzor Office for the Krasnoyarsk Territory issued 35 long-term licenses for the use of wildlife objects, as well as during the spring and autumn-winter hunting seasons - 112,430 one-time permits for the removal of wildlife objects from their habitat. The amount of the fee for the use of wildlife objects classified as hunting objects amounted to 16.9 million rubles.
Every day several species of animals and plants disappear around the world. Unfortunately, not everything is going well for us either. Over 3,000 species of higher vascular plants grow in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, as well as a variety of bryophytes, lichens and fungi.
Due to intensive economic development, many species of wild plants and mushrooms have practically disappeared.
The new edition of the list of rare, endangered, wild plants and fungi includes 498 species, including: 299 species of flowering plants, 2 species of gymnosperms, 24 ferns, 5 clubmosses, 33 mosses, 18 liverworts, 53 lichens and 64 species of mushrooms .
The increase in the number of objects in need of protection is directly related to the inclusion in 2007 of the Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets and Evenki municipal districts into the united Krasnoyarsk Territory.
For ease of use, those listed in the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and those listed in the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are presented.
The species of plants and animals listed simultaneously in the Krasnoyarsk Territory have already been described in the main sections of the site, therefore it was advisable not to duplicate them in this section; in the lists they are presented in the form of active links.
For those who care, for those who love their Earth, honor their ancestors and think about the future generation!
Insects are far from leaders of public sympathy. Many sensitive people feel uneasy at the mere thought of something small, six-legged. Meanwhile, insects are interesting creatures, and even cute in their own way. Therefore, today we decided to talk about 11 of the most interesting local residents. And since we are not quite in the subject, we called Krasnoyarsk biophysicist Yakov Kolesnikov for help.
Nicrophorus vespilloides
He's the same gravedigger- a cute, but gloomy beetle that specializes in eating carrion. For this reason, there are few hunters to admire it. The beetles not only eat the corpse, but also bury it so that the prey does not go to other lovers of dead flesh. There, in the carcass, beetle larvae hatch, feeding on carrion until they grow or until the food runs out. According to Yakov, he himself “met an adult gravedigger at the Krasnoyarsk reservoir who flew in at night to the smell of fish offal.”
Chrysolina fastuosa
A small but beautiful bug with stunning rainbow colors. It sparkles and shimmers in the sun like a little precious horseradish. The Russian name for the beetle is leaf beetle- hints at the main diet of the six-legged creature, which feeds mainly on the leaves of the damselfish. However, the beetle eats nettles with no less pleasure, without causing any inconvenience to anyone. Actually, in the meadow among the nettles you can meet and admire it.
Papilio machaon
Swallowtail- a hefty, beautiful butterfly listed in the Red Book. The butterfly is so rare that Yakov asks “not to touch it and observe from afar.” The butterfly itself naturally feeds on nectar, but its caterpillars feed mainly on umbrella plants: hogweed, angelica and, unfortunately for summer residents, dill and carrots. It is better to look for butterflies on flowers in sunny weather.
Ascalaphus sibiricus
To describe the animal, we immediately give the floor to Yakov. “If the swallowtail is rare, then Siberian ascalafus epically rare. And even more epically ancient. You can meet at open areas and river valleys, light-loving, fly quite low.” So, if you meet an ascalaphus, then do not touch it, even if the rare beauty of the insect does not cause a response in your heart.
Inachis io
Peacock eye- another beautiful, but this time not so rare butterfly. They flutter in large numbers in flowering meadows. But this does not mean that you need to catch them in batches. Just admire the motley coloring with bright eyes and enjoy. By the way, if you wait until the butterfly closes its wings, you can see that their reverse side is painted much more modestly and resembles tree bark.
Oryctes nasicornis
Domestic name rhinoceros beetle- and this name quite comprehensively describes both the appearance and size of the insect. The rhinoceros is the largest beetle in our strip. Unfortunately, the guy's larvae are not so noticeable and often become victims of entomological illiteracy of the population.
“Unfortunately, to the untrained eye, their larvae will appear to be chafer larvae, which often leads to their destruction, and, alas, fertilized beds, composts and manure heaps attract many fertilized females, which ultimately ends in the death of the larvae from a shoe or insecticide,” says Yakov.
Cetonia aurata
Bronzovka ordinary, beautiful shiny bug, as you might guess, bronze color and metallic sheen. He loves to live in gardens, where he does nothing wrong, hanging out on flowers and feasting on nectar. Unfortunately, summer residents tend to see all beetles as competitors, and harmless bronze beetles are crushed by the kilograms.
Bombus terrestris
The same furry bumblebee that smells of fragrant hops. He lives in the ground, collects honey, doesn’t bother anyone, and generally leads a highly moral lifestyle. Mainly found near flowers, it can also fly in the city. The creature, as already mentioned, is peaceful, but it is better not to climb into their nest. “A bumblebee stings no worse than a wasp, and there’s a whole swarm of them,” says Yakov.
Formica pratensis
Yakov calls these hefty red ants “orcs of the ant world” and tells such a creepy story about their habits. “It is noteworthy that the first workers are born completely incompetent, because of which the queen, during the flight, looks for a young, just burrowed queen of the subgenus Serviformica, kills her and raises her native workers as her own, and it is they who will teach everything to their own children of the pratensis queen.” Cruel but effective.
Coccinella septempunctata
Or simply ladybug- the one whose children eat dishes made from chopped meat in heaven. The cow itself, contrary to its name, is a rather predatory creature and devours dozens of aphids. Everyone likes this behavior, except, of course, aphids, as it allows you to regulate the number of this garden pest. In general, the cow is good, but there is one caveat: after you have launched it from your finger to the sky, wash your hands. The cow, although a creature of God, is very poisonous.
Aeshna juncea
Or blue rocker . A hefty dragonfly with a wingspan of up to 11 centimeters and capable of speeds of up to 60 kilometers per hour. It flies over ponds, streams and rivulets, willingly devouring anyone who is suitable in size. Even more voracious are the dragonfly larvae, which live in the water of ponds and grab everything that floats past, from small crustaceans to fish fry.
Living in Krasnoyarsk. Now it’s the insects’ turn. Perhaps for some these reports will seem a little simple. But, it seems to me, in the end it will be an excellent guide for the children of our readers.
More than one million species of insects live on Earth. These are the most numerous living creatures in terms of species. Several thousand different species live in our region. It would be very long to list everyone, so we will focus on the most famous representatives. By the way, arachnids and other invertebrates are often confused with insects, although the former have a distinct feature - three pairs of limbs. I’ll immediately note that I myself am less familiar with insects than with vertebrates, so I apologize in advance for possible inaccuracies.
Butterflies
The most beautiful representatives Insecta- these are definitely butterflies. But their larvae - caterpillars - do not cause much admiration for many. But last summer, not far from Krasnoyarsk, I found an impressively sized caterpillar, as it turned out, a bedstraw hawk moth. It had bright yellow spots on the sides of its body and a large red spike on the back. The caterpillar itself barely fit in my palm. Hawkmoths are the best flyers among butterflies and are mainly active at night. But I prefer the small representatives of the order Lepidoptera (or butterflies) - blueberries. On top of their wings, as the name suggests, is a delicate blue color, with dark spots along the edges. They can often be found sitting on damp ground in the summer. Here you can also see hawthorns in huge quantities - white-winged, with black veins.
There are also harmful species among butterflies. While walking in the city, you have probably noticed the yellow, spotted leaves of poplars more than once. If you look closely, you can see small caterpillars inside. These are the caterpillars of a small and inconspicuous poplar moth. If the damage is significant, the leaves fall off as early as July. But the mass reproduction of the Siberian silkworm can cause significant harm to forestry. Caterpillars of this species feed on needles, and with their large numbers, this leads to the drying out of vast areas of forest.
Beetles
Our largest representative is the common rhinoceros beetle. Rare species listed in the Red Book. But, nevertheless, I have already met him several times near my house. The black fir longhorned beetle is slightly smaller in size than the rhinoceros beetle. The length of the antennae of the male can be 2-3 times the length of the body. The black fir longhorned beetle is a species that also causes damage to forest plantations. Its larvae gnaw holes in wood and, in addition, are also carriers of fungal spores that cause a disease called wood blue. The presence of barbel larvae can be recognized by the characteristic squeaking noise they make.
But the most famous beetle is probably the ladybug. The most common one in our country is the seven-spotted ladybug. Not only beautiful, but also useful look. ladybugs destroy large quantities of such dangerous pests as aphids, psyllids, scale insects and mites and bring enormous benefits to agriculture.
Mosquitoes and flies
Diptera are probably the least favorite representatives of insects. Distinctive feature detachment is the presence of only one front pair of wings. Their posterior pair is transformed into club-shaped organs of balance - halteres. Diptera include flies, mosquitoes, midges, and horseflies. Many of them are pollinators of plants, including cultivated ones, and therefore are useful for humans. And for science, the most valuable insect is the small fruit fly, which serves as a model object for genetic research.
But when we mention dipterans, most of us will think first of all about annoying mosquitoes and. I, too, will not be an exception, remembering my last trip for mushrooms. We also have biting midge, which if you see it, you won’t see it right away, only when you feel that someone is biting you. Horseflies also belong to the vile complex. Horseflies are carriers of dangerous diseases in cattle and humans. In addition, horsefly bites themselves are quite painful.
Wasps and bees
Hymenoptera, in my opinion, are the most useful insects. I think everyone who likes to drink tea with honey in the evening will agree with me. It is to this order that honey bees belong, to which we owe useful product. Along with them, this order includes wasps, bumblebees and hornets. All these insects have stings and are organized. If you disturb, for example, a wasp nest, the whole family will attack you at once, which is very painful (I experienced it myself).
My mother also told me how, as a child, she was stung on the finger by a hornet, the most major representative public os. After this, the finger swelled and more than doubled in size. I have noticed more than once that bumblebees are the “early birds” among insects. It turns out that they are able, by quickly and often contracting their chest muscles, to quickly warm up their body, which allows them to fly out early in the morning and collect the first nectar, when the air has not yet warmed up enough. Hymenoptera also includes ants, which have the most complex social organization. We most often see forest ants, black garden ants and carpenter ants.
Rest
I would also like to mention the larvae of insects such as stoneflies and caddisflies. And I remembered them because they are excellent bait for fish (grayling, dace), which I personally saw when we rafted along the Mana. Stonefly larvae are also called stonefly larvae; they are obtained by turning over stones under water. They differ from mayfly larvae by two tail filaments (mayflies have three). Mayflies are also called ephemerals, since adult individuals often live only a day, and sometimes even less. Their main function at this time is to leave offspring; their mouthparts and intestines are not developed.
The caddisfly larva builds a kind of house around its body from grains of sand and various twigs. At the bottom of the reservoir you can also find dragonfly larvae - probably the most voracious of insects. Adult dragonflies catch prey (other insects) in flight and can eat several times their own weight in a day. And, in addition, these predators are also unsurpassed flyers, capable of “accelerating” faster than 100 km/h.
I also remembered about the red cockroaches that live in our apartments. Many people say that there are much fewer of them, but no one knows why.
There are still many unmentioned insects (bugs, grasshoppers, etc.), but, of course, you can’t tell about them all in one message.
Nastya Evtikhova
