Man: settlement and influence on the nature of Africa
(See the map of the physico-geographical zoning of Africa with reference to the photographs of the nature of this region)
Africa consider the most likely pranodina contemporary person (Fig. 23).
Fig. 23. Centers of the formation of a person and the path of its settlement on the earth's ball (according to V.P. Alekseev): 1 - Praodina of mankind and settlement of it; 2 - primary western focus of reassessment and resettlement of protoavravoids; 3 - the resettlement of the protoevropoids; 4 - the resettlement of protonugroids; 5 - Primary oriental focus of reoccupation and the resettlement of proto-producanoids; 6 - North American tertiary focus and settlement of it; 7 - Central-South American focus and settlement of it.
In favor of this situation, many features of the nature of the continent speak. African man-like monkeys - especially chimpanzees - have the greatest number of biological signs common with modern person compared to other anthropoids. Africa also found fossil remains of several forms of human monkeys of the family pongid (Pongidae), similar to modern man-like monkeys. In addition, fossil forms of anthropidoids - Australopitets were found, usually included in the hominid family.
Remains australopitekov Detected in the villafran sediments of South and East Africa, that is, in those strata that most researchers relate to the Quaternary period (Eopleestocene). In the east, the mainland, together with the bones of Australopiteks, were found stones with traces of coarse artificial sponge.
Many anthropologists consider Australopites as the stage of the evolution of a person preceding the emergence of the most ancient people. However, the discovery of R. Liki in 1960. Olduva location has made significant changes in solving this problem. In the natural section of the Olduva Gorge, located in the south-east of the Serengeti Plateau, near the famous Crater Ngorongoro (Northern Tanzania), the remains of primates close to Australopithek were found in the thicker of volcanic rocks of the Villafrank age. They got a name zindjanthropov. Below and above the Zindjantrophs were found skeletal remains of the congregation, or Homo Habilis (skillful man). Together with the congregation, primitive stone products were found - rudely abundant pebbles. In the overlay layers of Olduva location found the remains of African archantropov, and on the same level with them - Australopiteks. The relative position of the remains of the Vinjanthrope and Zindjanthropov (Australopitheeks) gives reason to assume that Australopita, previously considered direct ancestors of the most ancient people, in fact, formed an unproperential branch of the hominid that existed for a long time between the Villafranc and the middle of the Pleistocene. This branch is over still.
Simultaneously with it, and even a few earlier there was a progressive form - prescriptionJanTropicwhich maybe direct and immediate ancestor of the oldest people. If this is the case, then it is right that the birthplace of the congregation - the region of continental rifts of East Africa - may be considered a pranodina person.
R. Liki found Rudolph (Turkana) in the vicinity of Lake Rudolph (Turkana), whose age is 2.7 million years. In recent years, there have been reports of findings that have even more ancient age.
The remains of Archantrops besides Old, were found in the north of Africa, in Algeria. Local name of North African Archantropov - atlantha.
Modern man (Homo Sapiens) appeared on the territory of Africa during the last, gembly pluvial, corresponding to about an end of the last glaciation of the northern regions of the earth.
The fossil remains of a modern type man found in different areas of the mainland, detect significant racial differences. Obviously, the main races that exist in Africa are currently outlined in the era of the late (Upper) Paleolithic. Further differentiation of RAS continued during Neolithic. In North Africa, judging by bone residues, there was an ancient europeanoid Type in South Africa - the so-called boscopic Type, ancestor of modern Bushmen and Gottentotov. In the West, south of the Sahara was actually negroid (Negrine) type. During the Neolithic, obviously formed ethiopian Contact Race, and in the Equatorial Forests of the Congo's pool there was a raus of African Pygmeys ( negrilles).
Modern indigenous population North Africa, including almost all of the Sahara, consists of representatives of the Southern Europeoid (Mediterranean) race, more ancient in the time of formation of the branch of a large European-like race.
Anthropologically Europeoid population of North African countries is distinguished by a large uniformity. It is characterized by dark skin, dark hair and eye color, a dolo-or mesocal skull, an average of about 170 cm. There are deviations from this type: Lonely skin, blond hair and blue eyes, which can be the result of local depigmentation in mountainous areas with a more harsh climate. To the southern european race belongs to the ancient berber population North Africa and most of the modern population of North African countries historically established as a result of the invasion of Arabs and the alarization of the indigenous Berber population. Most of the mainland south of the Sahara, with the exception of areas adjacent to the Red Sea, and the Somalia Peninsula, are populated by the peoples belonging to the African branch of a large equatorial race. In its composition allocate three races of the second order: Actually Negrine (Negroid), Negrille and Bushmen (Koisan).
Damn actually the black race The population of Niger and Congo pools is especially pronounced. These peoples have very dark skin, curly hair, strongly pronounced prenatamism, a wide nose with low stand, swollen lips, dolo-and mesocal head. In other areas, neurodes have deviations from these classically pronounced signs. For example, in Southeast Africa, some peoples have a lighter skin color, among the peoples of the upper Nile and Senegal, the skin, on the contrary, almost black; Different peoples are expressed in varying degrees. Very great differences in growth. Especially high growth in the residents of the Nile basin.
At the border of the ranges of southern European winds and innoors, contact racial groups have been formed in early neolithic. It - ethiopian RaceTo which the peoples of Ethiopia, Somalia and neighboring areas belong to them. Representatives of the Ethiopian race are expressed almost all characteristic signs Negroids, but as if in a softened form. The skin is brown with a brown shade, but lighter than the most light-colored blacks, curly hair and even curly, but to a lesser extent than in the blackheads, the lips are full, but not swollen, prenatamism is missing, the nose is narrow, with protruding . In Western Sudan, on the border between the ranges of European views and innoors, transitional forms were also developed with a combination of anthropological characteristics of both of these races.
Special place within the African branch of the Equatorial race occupy pygmy (Negrilli). They are reset with small groups in the Equatorial Forests of the Congo basin. Their average growth is 141-142 cm, the maximum is 150 cm. The skin color is generally brighter than typical blackheads, hair curly, the nose is wide, with low stand, mouth wide with thin lips, vegetation on the face is more abundant than that tall blackheads. The fact that Pygmeys has, on the one hand, there are features rapping them with blacks, and, on the other hand, significant differences from the latter, it suggests that these races had a common ancestor. The anthropological features of the pygmeys were likely to be in the neolithic under the influence of the specific environment of equatorial forests, within which they still live.
In the south-west, Africa lives groups bushmen and Gottentotovunited by some common anthropological features in one koisan, or South African, race, or racial group. This race also has signs common with other dark-skinned Africans (wide nose and hair curls); Some signs bring it closer to representatives of the Mongoloid race (relatively bright, yellowish brown skin and epicantus); Other signs are specific for the Koisan race: the accumulation of fat in the field of buttocks (steatopygia), severe skin wrinkle. The features of anthropological similarities with blacks are explained by the fact that in the early stages of development, all races of the African branch had general ancestor. Mongoloid features depended not on the connection with the Mongoloids, which, obviously, never happened, and could not be, but on the similar conditions of the natural environment, in which these races were formed. The arid spaces of the inland areas of South Africa to some extent are similar to the areas of Central Asia. This similarity, for example, explains the presence of Epicatus Bushmen, which is considered a characteristic sign of the Mongoloids.
Moving peoples on the ground that happened with deep antiquity and intensified in the era of great geographical discoveries, during the colonization of Africa Europeans, led to a further badge Racing and formation of mixed anthropological types. The invasion of the Arabs in Africa, the penetration of them not only to the north, but also to the south, in the depths of the mainland, to the very thick of the Negroid peoples, led to the formation of mixed types of the population of South Sudan, very close to the anthropological signs to the Ethiopian contact race.
As a result of the mixing of races in the Middle Ages, the population was formed. Madagascar. It developed, obviously, as a result of contacts between neurodes and penetrated on the island of southern Mongoloids (Indonesians).
Currently live in Africa 800 million people. This population is distributed through the mainland is extremely unevenly. The huge areas are almost at all populated, many people's populated very rarely. For example, in Sahara, Kalahari, Namib desert population density 1 person per 1 km 2. The intensity of the tropical forests of the Congo basin, many mountainous areas of East Africa are very low. Significantly higher than the density of the population of the northern, south-western and southeastern coast of the mainland, the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. The Nile Valley in Egypt is especially allocated - this is one of the most densely populated areas not only in Africa, but also around the world. The population density there exceeds 200 people, and in some places up to 1000 people are 1 km 2. In some areas of Africa, elevation and mountain areas are populated denser than lowlands having less favorable conditions for the life and activities of people. About 40% of the total population of the continent lives at an altitude of more than 500 m above sea level.
The greater problem for Africa is represented natural focal diseaseslike malaria, tripanosomosis, leishmaniasis, yellow fever, schistosomes, etc. Many of them are associated with the ranges of carriers (mosquitoes, fly tsets, mollusks). In recent decades, in many African countries, especially to the south of the equator, AIDS was greatly distributed. In 2001, a pandemic in Africa HIV infections and AIDS claimed life 2.3 million people. The continent is characterized by the highest speed of the spread of HIV infection and the highest share of HIV-infected and AIDS patients. In 2001, 28.1 million HIV-infected and AIDS patients lived in countries from Sugar 70 % from the total number of registered worldwide. Over the past 20 years, this disease has largely influenced the average life expectancy in the region, and in countries such as Botswana and Malawi, it no longer exceeds 40 years. Now it is officially believed that in Botswana 35% of the adult population HIV-infected. Every year the number of HIV carriers and AIDS patients is growing steadily. Tribal traditions play a big role in this, encouraging early start of sexual life, as well as the orientation of some developing countries on the mining industry - terrible villages arise around the mines with many hostels, in which workers torn off from families. In the countries of North Africa, this problem is not as acute.
In Africa, the dominant position occupies rural populationThe countries of this continent are least urbanized compared to other regions of the world. In agriculture, plantational or gravy-firing agriculture and pasture cattle breeding predominate, often combined with a nomadic or half-human lifestyle. For many years of colonialism imposed an indelible imprint on the placement of the population, ways to maintain the economy and the nature of the use of natural resources.
Sharply reflected in the state of the natural environment African countries are also socio-demographic processes of the last decades: high rates of reproduction of the population, the expansion of sowing and pasture is connected with this, excessive and not always rational use of natural resources, the growth of cities. All this, taken together, led to the fact that at present, relatively few areas of Africa retained their pristine nature. The change in the composition of the forests under the influence of cutting and burning or even the displacement of the forests of anthropogenic savanna, desertification of the savannah in border crossings with desert areas, the spread of introduced plants and animals of other continents and extermination of local species - all these results of human activity were widespread not only in the most developed and populated The outskirts of the mainland, but also in its inner areas. In 1990-1995 The deforestation pace in Africa amounted to 0.7% per year. For 15 years (from 1980 to 1995), the area of \u200b\u200bAfrican forests decreased by 66 million hectares. The highest deforestation rate in the south of West Africa.
Over the past 100 years in Africa significantly worsened The state of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. The rapid growth of the population, the intensification of agriculture, urbanization and industry growth has strengthened the environmental degradation and the exhaustion of natural resources. Among the most acute environmental problems can be called the loss of soil fertility, acceleration of erosion processes, deforestation, decrease in biodiversity, growth of water deficit, as well as deterioration in the quality of water and air (Fig. 110).
help find a report. on "the influence of a person on the nature of Africa" \u200b\u200bor just in nature and got the best answer
Answer from Dordi Ledzhev [Expert]
6. The influence of a person in nature. Reserves and parks
Back in the XIX century. Africa was represented as a continent of virgin nature. However, then the nature of Africa was significantly changed by a person. The forest area was reduced, which were crushed in centuries and burned under arable land and pastures. Especially great damage to the nature of Africa was inflicted by European colonialists. The hunt, carried out by the sake of profit, and often athlete interest, led to massive extermination of animals. Many animals are completely destroyed (for example, some kinds of antelope, zebras), and the number of other (elephants, rhinos, gorillas, etc.) is greatly reduced. Europeans exported expensive wood to their countries. Therefore, in a number of states (in Nigeria, etc.) there was a danger of the complete disappearance of forests. The territory at the site of the deployed forests was held under Cocoa plantations, oilseed palms, peanuts, etc. So on the site of equatorial and variable-wet forests, savannahs were formed. Significantly changed nature and primary savannah. There are huge areas of plowed lands and pastures.
In connection with the incorrect management of agriculture (burning, excessive grazers, as well as cutting down trees and shrubs), for many centuries, the savanna is inferior to the deserts. Only over the past half century, sugar has moved significantly to the south and increased its area of \u200b\u200b650 thousand km2. The loss of agricultural land leads to the death of cattle and crops, to the famine of people.
To save Savannon from the offensive, the desert is created by a wide forest strip in sugar 1500 km long, which departs agricultural territories from dry winds of the desert. There are several sugar flood projects. Big changes natural complexes There were due to the development of minerals and the development of industry.
Spontaneous natural phenomena (earthquakes, droughts, floods, hurricanes, etc.) may bring huge disasters to the population. One of the most disastrous disasters of Africa is periodically repeated drought. This is especially affected by the population of Savannnes adjacent to Sahara. As a result of droughts, people, cattle and other living organisms die. The reason for the exacerbation of the drought is cutting down shrubs, trees, as well as excessive grazing of livestock.
Some countries suffer disasters from flooding, plant diseases, the invasions of the locust, which in a few hours can destroy the entire harvest of fields or plantations.
Currently, humanity is more clearly understanding the need to protect nature on Earth. For this purpose, reserves are organized on all continents (territories on which natural complexes are preserved in natural condition) and national parks. In reserves, it is allowed to be only people leading research work. National parks, unlike reserves, tourists who are obliged to comply with the rules installed there. In many African countries, the protection of wild animals and the most interesting natural complexes (forests, savannah, volcanic districts, etc.) attached great importance. Reserves and national parks on the mainland occupy large areas. Especially their many in South and East Africa. A number of them enjoy world fame, such as Serengeti National Parks, Kruger. Thanks to the measures taken, the number of many animals is now restored.
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Answer from Galina Steglenko[newcomer]
Read the textbook text will be the same result.
SUBJECT . Influence of man on the nature of Africa. Reserves and National Parks Africa.
The purpose of the lesson : establish the main reasons that influence the change in the nature of Africa and the consequences to which they led; Find ways to solve environmental problems; continue the formation of cognitive activity of students, the ability to work independently with different sources of information individually and in the group, mined knowledge, work with the card, analyze, draw conclusions;
Equipment: Physical and political map of Africa, presentation, atlases, video "Serengeti - Africa Reserve", reports of students on environmental issues and ways to solve them.
Preparatory stage.
The class is divided into groups in advance and studies material on a certain problem.
In each group, the guys must solve the following tasks:
1) Find and explore the information on this issue.
2) establish causes and consequences.
3) Talk about the events held in Africa and offer their ways out of the established environmental situation.
During the classes
Ι. Organizing time.
The teacher introduces a class with the goals and objectives of the lesson.
Teacher. Today we will talk to you about the problems that are connected with the intervention of a person in the nature of Africa as a result of His economic activity. We will need to establish the reasons for the emerging environmental problems on the mainland of Africa and find ways to solve them. At the lesson, we heard the prepared performances of each group on one environmental problem. During each speech on the problem, you will need to establish causal relationships and display them in the form of a scheme in the working notebook.
Ιι. Studying a new material.
Teacher: The nature of Africa is amazing and diverse, but today it is experiencing, like the nature of other continents, ecological problems Global character. Back in the XιX century, Africa was represented as a continent of virgin nature. Especially great damage was inflicted by the nature of Africa with European colonizers.
1st problem. "Reducing Square tropical forests Africa »
Teacher: According to this problem, the guys of the first group will perform.
Researchers : Our group, using various sources of information, studied in detail this problem and concluded that over the past decades a lot of forests have been destroyed in Africa. During our work, the main reasons for reducing forest area were established. The reasons are as follows:
1) Clearing forest arrays for various business needs, and, above all, for the maintenance of fire farming. Each African family annually clears new land under arable land on average from 0.5 to 1g, destroying forests. For this reason, the forest area was reduced.
Every year, 3 millionth of forest is burned under the crop. In the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire in the West Africa, the gravy farming over the past decade has led to a decrease in forest cover by a third. Not the best position in neighboring countries - Ceanor-Leone, Liberia, Cameroon, Nigeria.
2) the use of wood population as fuel.
The tree is used as fuel in the peasants of all Africa, which cannot have more expensive kerosene and gas, and are forced to cut the trees more and more, devastating the terrain
around the villages. In the countries of the Sahel - the region, separating the Sahara from Savannan in West Africa, more than 14 million is burned annually for cooking and heating the housing. Wood and charcoal. In Ethiopia, energy needs for 95% are satisfied at the expense of forests. The peasants, for 10-15 km volstick on the back of the knitting firewood for a family hearth, is one of the most frequent paintings on African roads.
3 ) An increase in wood exports In the developed countries of the world due to commercial agreements between the developed capitalist countries of the West and developing African, which provide for the export of unprocessed wood to the countries of Western Europe. Over the past 100 years, from the moment of active logging, forests on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean are almost completely reduced in the Congo country. Grow here, which are in great demand in the global market, valuable species of trees: Okum, Akazu, Sapel. With modern
intensive exploitation of the area in which French, Swiss, Algerian, Libyan firms take part for several decades.
Ecologists : 1) The area of \u200b\u200bAfrican forests has almost doubled in 200 years. This led to disappearance or decrease rare species Animals and plants.
2) We should not forget that tropical forests are the main "oxygen production factory". It produces about a third of oxygen contained in the atmosphere, and, it means its amount will decrease on the entire planet;
3) Wet equatorial forests Clean the atmosphere from pollutants, reduce the amount of carbon dioxide. But today, as a result of the deforestation of forests, the amount of carbon dioxide increases, which leads to the "greenhouse effect", which means that climate warming throughout the planet, which in turn causes the melting of glaciers and leads to an increase in the water level in the world ocean.
4) The destruction of vegetation cover leads to a disruption of the seasonal rain cycle, drying rivers.
5) Gilaya holds and retains poor and unstable soils. When forests, the soil will completely collapse, turning into the desert.
The task.
Reducing the area of \u200b\u200btropical forests. Scheme number 1.
Country-firing agriculture wood - fuel export wood
Disappearance and reduction of rare species
Animals and plant rainforest
Reducing the amount of oxygen
And increasing carbon dioxide.
"Greenhouse Effect", climate warming on Earth.
Melting glaciers and raising the level of water of the ocean.
2nd problem. "Deflation of Soil"
Teacher : On the second issue, we will tell us the guys of the second group.
Researchers : Our group worked on the problem - deflation of soil, i.e. blowing a fertile soil layer. This phenomenon is often observed in the zone of the Sahel and in the savannahs, which are located in tropical and sub-screen climatic belts.
We set the main reasons for blowing the soil:
1) the destruction of the vegetation of Savannne for maintaining the gravy agriculture;
2) intensive grazing of livestock in countries with a dry climate;
3) the proximity of the desert also accelerates the process of blowing, as there are often there strong winds Samum, developing speed up to 50km per hour.
Ecologists : After studying this problem, we saw those consequences to which the destruction of the grassy cover of Savannon led to the cut-down agriculture, intensive grazing of livestock in countries with a dry climate - Chad, Mali, Sudan, Niger. This consequence is all the time the deflation of soil increasing on the mainland.
The task. Create a scheme for causal relationships on this issue.
Deflation of soil. Scheme 2.
Country-firing agriculture Intensive cattle grazing
Destruction of vegetation
The destruction of soils
Deflation of soil
3rd problem. "The offensive of the desert"
Teacher: According to the third issue, the guys of the third group will perform.
Researchers : In front of African countries is sharply worth the problem of the offensive of the desert. For many centuries, due to improper management of the economy, the savanna began to give way to the deserts. Only over the past half century, the Sugara area increased by 650 thousand km². It may happen that almost all of Africa turn into the desert. Their area is increasingly increasing, and they are closer close to the equator. We have studied and identified the reasons for this offensive:
1) Africa is the hottest and dry mainland, for which the continental and dry climate is characteristic. There are often drought here. 44% of the mainland territory is drought, which leads to soil deflation.
2) Forest cutting, intense grazing of livestock, the destruction of grassy cover Savann, also increase the deflation of soils and its erosion. All this leads to the formation of moving sands and an increase in desert square.
You see that all those problems that were considered by us are the causes of the offensive of the desert. This suggests that in nature everything is interconnected.
The task. Create a scheme for causal relationships on this issue.
The offensive of the desert. Scheme number 3.
Climate Continentality Country-firing agriculture Forest cutting
The formation of rolling sands
Increased area of \u200b\u200bdesert
4th problem. "The destruction of animals of Africa"
Teacher: The guys fourth group will tell us about this problem.
Researchers: Africa is the edge of deserts and savannah, in which both people and animals live according to the laws of nature. African animals are diverse and amazing. The mainland has a rich and diverse fauna, 1 thousand species of mammals and 1.5 thousand species of birds live here.
Savanns and gentlemen take more than 40% of the mainland, therefore the main part of the fauna is those animals that live there: rhinos, gazelles, buffaloes, elephants, cheetahs, sacking. The deserts occupy huge spaces of the continent, but the difference in the fauna between the north and south is quite noticeable. The northern deserts are very similar to the desert of Asia: there live a large number of tubes, gerbars, sacks and hyenas. The southern deserts, in turn, are characterized by a large number of endemics and turtles. Wet equatorial forests do not shine a variety of animal world, but, nevertheless, they can be found in them: gorilla, hippopotamus, capital, monkeys, chimpanzees and crocodiles.
Ecologists: African fauna, peculiar and one of the richest faunities of the earth, great damage was caused by human activity:
1) Long years of European colonialism;
2) the population of its need for meat food by 80% satisfies due to animal hunting;
3) In the budget of a number of countries, the bone trade, leather or animal skins plays a major role.
All this can not not lead to the depletion of fauna. In the past times everywhere, as far as the eyes grabbed, you could see the huge herds of grazing animals. Now the largest herds are focused in national parks, mainly in Serengeti - Tanzania, Queen. For the sake of sports interest, during the hunt, elephants were killed because of the appearance, therefore their amount decreased sharply, the number of rhinocies, gorillas and other animals was significantly reduced. Zebra Kaggi were completely destroyed - bags made bags from their skins. At the same time, in a number of countries in Africa, a lot of attention is paid to the protection of fauna, and many species only due to this have escaped complete destruction. However, the hazard is threatened with an extensive and diverse biological heritage in all subregions of Africa. Civil wars And armed conflicts are sometimes applied by irreparable damage to the mainland biodiversity. Thus, in 2002, 289 species of mammals, 207 species of birds, 127 species of fish, 48 species of reptiles and 17 species of amphibians were under threat of disappearance.
5th problem. "Construction of the Asuan Dam on the River Nile"
Teacher: The word is provided to the guys fifth group.
Researchers: on the territory of Africa proceeds the most long river In the world - Neal. The Nile Valley is very fertile, here peasants round year Are engaged in agriculture. In 1964, the ASUAN Dam, HPP, a reservoir was built on the Nile River, with the assistance of the USSR. The high-altitude dam delivered Egypt from the devastating Nile floods, and Egypt was saved from droughts that are frequent here. Water from the reservoir was used not only for irrigating fields, but also for fish breeding. Every year 35-40 thousand tons are caught here. fish. All villages and industrial enterprises were electrified.
Ecologists : I would like to note that the construction of the Asuan dam
had not only positive side, but also negative consequences:
1) Neil annually endured the fertile layer of the alley on the field during flooding.
After the construction of the dam Il began to settle in the reservoir, the soil fertility deteriorated.
2) the destruction of the shores of the northern part of the river delta intensified.
3) Sardin's fish migrations decreased due to barriers - dams.
The task. Guys, make a diagram of causal relationships on this issue.
Teacher: Guys, today we have heard with you the problems faced by residents of African countries, but who relate to every person on our planet, as they are global. During the lesson, you all accounted for diagrams of causal relationships, on which one can judge the consequences of human intervention in Africa. So you can define paths to improve the current situation on this continent. Guys, offer your measures to solve environmental problems.
The guys speak with their suggestions to solve environmental problems on the mainland of Africa.
Let's listen to the message.
In many African countries, the protection of wild animals and interesting natural complexes (forests, savannah) is given great importance:
1) laughing (1973 - 1993). A grandeage project was created in Algeria - to grow a green wall of 7 billion trees on the path of Sugar. The forestry strip stretched at 1500km, 20 km wide. On the path of the desert, various trees are planted: the dovety palm tree, which grows at a temperature of + 50 to - 14º C, which grows on any soil; Heat-loving acacia, evergreen taller Australian Eucalyptus.
2) Africans love their nature, carefully treat it, try to preserve its uniqueness and uniqueness. For this purpose, reserves and national parks are created on the territory of Africa, reserves for the preservation and protection of animal and continental plants. In Ethiopia - a seale in the mountains, in Tanzania - Serengeti, in Kenya - Tsavo, in South Africa -Kryurger, etc.
Reserves and national parks on the mainland occupy large areas, their total number is about 400. (Message).
3) in the Republic of Mali from 1986. The law of the forest is valid: "Citizens who will burn forest - imprisonment up to 2 years or a large penalty."
3) In the Republic of Niger, a holiday is held annually - the day of the tree, on this day, all the trees are planted.
4) UN adopted a document "Stop the Offensive of the Desert".
The problem of the offensive of the desert remains today even open. It is necessary to hold a joint conference to the government of all African countries, where to consider the reasons for the offensive of the desert on the continent and take more radical measures to solve it. Only together to all countries in Africa can solve this global problem mankind.
The outcome of the lesson.
Teacher: Guys, we found that the nature of Africa suffers from the fact that a person does not intelligently use its wealth and does not always lead to agriculture. But Africa, the mainland of land, which is also exposed and the highest quantity natural Disasters.
Our lesson came to the end. I hope that today you have received a lot of useful information about the current environmental situation in African countries and made the right conclusion - "Nature is our common Home"And the fact that in nature everything is interconnected. The problem of nature conservation worldwide is considered the most important after the preservation of peace on Earth. Any natural complex is a fragile planet ecosystem. Human intervention must be very thoughtful and limited. Let's take care of nature, protect everything that she gave us.
Estimates for active guys
Homework. § 21, questions 4-8, repeat the nomenclature of Africa.
Thanks for the work.
Additional material.
Messages about reserves and national parks of Africa.
The creation of national parks is the main condition for the preservation of the protected areas, where nature remains untouched - her animal world. National Parks of Africa, the importance of which is difficult to overestimate, not only foreign tourists visit, but also the Africans themselves, especially schoolchildren and students. National parks preserve nature, serve natural research laboratories for major observations.
1. Kruger.
The very first reserve of Africa, founded in 1898 by the President of Transval Paulus Kruger, located in the north-east of South Africa.Up to 1926 wore the name of Sabi - Game, then was transformed into national ParkAnd he was awarded the name of the creator, Powlyus Kruger. It has a length from north to south - 345 km, and from west to east - 54 km. Its area (20 thousand km²) the park territory crosses several relatively large riverscurrent from west to east.
The plant world is represented by 1968 species of plants, of which 457 species of trees and shrubs, 235 - Zlakovy, 27 - Fern, 16 - Lian, 1213 - herbs and flowers. The National Park presents more than 800 species of animals: 147 species of mammals, 34 amphibians, 114 - reptiles, 49 - fish, 507 fish. For 2009, in the National Park, there are 9,000-Aanthoplihili, 27,000 - African buffaloes,9600 - Blue GNU,5400 - White Rhinos, 2500 - Spotted Gien, 300 - Cannes Antelope (the largest in the world,)200 - Cheetahs.
In the territory of the National Park, the recovery of such animals is recently begins to restore the population of such as - black and white rhino, a giant elephant.
2.Sergetti ( video Film "Serengeti - Africa Reserve)
Serengeti National Park was founded in 1951, he is one of the largest in Africa, has world fame, located in East Africa, on the border of Tanzania and Kenya. About 30 species of animals live here, including the "big five": elephants, rhinos, lions, cheetahs, buffaloes.An important role was played by the National Park in the preservation of elephants, recently their number has increased dramatically. Part of the elephants today to be exported.
On the territory of the Serengeti Park in 2005, the world's largest package of Lviv was discovered, or as scientists call, lION'pride, It consists of 41 lions.
Savannah Salegets, the Savannah Salenna, remember the "Great White Hunters": Winston Churchill, Theodore Roosevelt, Ernst Hemingway, who loved on Safari.
help find a report. on "the influence of a person on the nature of Africa" \u200b\u200bor just in nature and got the best answer
Answer from Dordi Ledzhev [Expert]
6. The influence of a person in nature. Reserves and parks
Back in the XIX century. Africa was represented as a continent of virgin nature. However, then the nature of Africa was significantly changed by a person. The forest area was reduced, which were crushed in centuries and burned under arable land and pastures. Especially great damage to the nature of Africa was inflicted by European colonialists. The hunt, carried out by the sake of profit, and often athlete interest, led to massive extermination of animals. Many animals are completely destroyed (for example, some kinds of antelope, zebras), and the number of other (elephants, rhinos, gorillas, etc.) is greatly reduced. Europeans exported expensive wood to their countries. Therefore, in a number of states (in Nigeria, etc.) there was a danger of the complete disappearance of forests. The territory at the site of the deployed forests was held under Cocoa plantations, oilseed palms, peanuts, etc. So on the site of equatorial and variable-wet forests, savannahs were formed. Significantly changed nature and primary savannah. There are huge areas of plowed lands and pastures.
In connection with the incorrect management of agriculture (burning, excessive grazers, as well as cutting down trees and shrubs), for many centuries, the savanna is inferior to the deserts. Only over the past half century, sugar has moved significantly to the south and increased its area of \u200b\u200b650 thousand km2. The loss of agricultural land leads to the death of cattle and crops, to the famine of people.
To save Savannon from the offensive, the desert is created by a wide forest strip in sugar 1500 km long, which departs agricultural territories from dry winds of the desert. There are several sugar flood projects. Large changes in natural complexes occurred in connection with the development of mineral resources and the development of industry.
Natural natural phenomena (earthquakes, droughts, floods, hurricanes, etc.) can bring huge disasters to the population. One of the most disastrous disasters of Africa is periodically repeated drought. This is especially affected by the population of Savannnes adjacent to Sahara. As a result of droughts, people, cattle and other living organisms die. The reason for the exacerbation of the drought is cutting down shrubs, trees, as well as excessive grazing of livestock.
Some countries suffer disasters from flooding, plant diseases, the invasions of the locust, which in a few hours can destroy the entire harvest of fields or plantations.
Currently, humanity is more clearly understanding the need to protect nature on Earth. For this purpose, reserves are organized on all continents (territories where natural complexes are preserved in natural condition) and national parks. The reserves are allowed to be only people leading research work. National parks, unlike reserves, tourists who are obliged to comply with the rules installed there. In many African countries, the protection of wild animals and the most interesting natural complexes (forests, savannah, volcanic districts, etc.) is of great importance. Reserves and national parks on the mainland occupy large areas. Especially their many in South and East Africa. A number of them enjoy world fame, such as Serengeti National Parks, Kruger. Thanks to the measures taken, the number of many animals is now restored.
Answer from Evgeny Fomichev[newcomer]
Malamut, and what?
Answer from Alexander Rodnov[newcomer]
Answer from Galina Steglenko[newcomer]
Read the textbook text will be the same result.
Africa is of great importance for the whole world, because it is the second largest continent and the population exceeds 1 billion inhabitants. The population density on average is 31 people per square kilometer.
Scale
The ecological problems of Africa affect 55 countries in which there are 37 cities with a population of more than a million. It is on the planet, since it is located in the tropics. However, due to the size of the territory, zones can be distinguished with different climate modes.
African territories requiring environmental problems are deserts, tropical forest forests and much more. Basically, the plains, occasionally of the highlands and the mountains prevail. The highest point is Kilimanjaro, volcano, rising at 5895 meters above sea level.
Neglect
The government of the continent's countries do not pay attention to the environmental problems of Africa and the ways to solve them. Few people take care to reduce malicious effects on nature. Modern technologies software are not implemented. The environmental issues of Africa to reduce or complete waste disposal are not solved.
Considerable attention should be paid to such industries as hard and light industry, metal processing, animal breeding, and the agricultural sector as well as mechanical engineering.
The environmental problems of African countries are due to the fact that in the manufacture of certain goods neglected the safety technique, harmful emissions are not purified and fall into the atmosphere in the raw form, a large amount wastewater It goes into reservoirs.
Main negative factors
Chemical waste falls into the natural environment, polluting and porting it. The ecological problems of Africa arise, because resources are consumed chaotic, and not rationally and thoughtfully.
The land is exploited, the city is too flooded by people who live in poverty. Unemployment B. settlements Sometimes it reaches 75%, which is a critical level. Specialists are preparing bad. So the environment degrades, like a person - an integral part of it.
In fact, this continent has a unique animal peace and vegetation. In the local savanna, you can find beautiful shrubs, small trees such as Terminal and Bush, as well as many other beautiful species. The same can be said about the beasts. However, lions, cheetahs, gorgeous leopards and other residents of local territories suffer from poachers, whose criminal activity does not stop by the state at the proper level.
The disappearance threatens very many representatives of wildlife, and someone completely disappeared from the face of the earth. For example, it was used here to meet Kagugu, which is a close relative of the zebra, also a non-parunning creation. Now it is completely exterminated. At first, people tamed this animal, but then they also abused him trust, which was brought to extinction. IN wildlife The last one was killed in 1878. They were trying to preserve in the zoo, but also there their race was interrupted in 1883.
Fingering Nature
The environmental problems of North Africa mainly consist in desertification, which is associated with uncontrolled cutting of forest arrays, which extends to all new territories, devastating them. Thus, degraded, the soil is subject to erosion.
From here and the deserts appear, which on the continent and so enough. It becomes less forests that are the creators of oxygen.
Environmental problems and the center are much to destroy the arrays of the tropical sector. Also dangerous and harmful nature is the place formed on the continent a kind of city that performs the funki functions called Agbogbloch.
It was created in the north-western part of the continent near the capital of Ghana - Accra. This is the place of "focus" of electronics waste collected throughout ground Shar.. Here you can see old TVs and details of computers, phones, scanners and other similar devices.
From such a garbage to the ground, mercury, harmful hydrochloric acid, poisonous arsenic, various metals, lead dust and other types of chemical compounds in terrifying quantities exceeding all sorts of holes and doses of concentration a few hundred times.
In local water, all the fish died long ago, the birds are not solved flying in the air, there is no grass on the ground. People living nearby, die very early.
Betrayal from the inside
Another negative factor is that the heads of local countries have signed contracts, in accordance with which the waste of the chemical industry is imported and buried on this land.
This is either unwillingness to understand the dangers of the consequences, or a simple greedy gust to prove on the destruction caused by the nature of their own edge. In any case, all this monstrically affects the environment and life of people.
From developed industrial countries, toxic substances and radioactive compounds formed during the production process are carrying, since they will be recycled much more expensive. Thus, no only representatives of other countries are destroyed for mercenary purposes, but those who should take care of this territory and take care of it.
Fauna depletion
Throughout the 18th century, the number of outer decreased, since their fur was very popular. For the sake of "soft gold", people went to this crime before nature. In 1984, dam gateways were opened, which killed 10 thousand cars who committed migration. Tigers, wolves and so many other animals were also injured.
In the west of the continent, the rhinos of black color are rapidly extinct. Specialists believe that the fault of the non-contracted action of poachers, which the horns of these animals are very attracted, sold at a high price in the black market.
White representatives of the species that can be met in the north also suffer. About a quarter of mammalian species, inhabiting continent, close to total extinction. Amphibians disappear even rapidly. Statistics are constantly updated, but brings no good news.
If governments are seriously thinking about environmental protection, the list of problems can only increase, so in this moment It is very important to implement positive changes.
