Anti-personnel mines Russian Army: PMN, PMN-2, PMN-3, PMN-4, POMZ-2, POMZ-2M, OZM-72, MON-50, POM-2R
Anti-personnel mines are designed to mine an area in order to destroy and incapacitate enemy personnel. According to the method of defeat, they are divided into:
1. High explosive. They inflict damage with the force of an explosion, the result is the separation of limbs and physical destruction of the human body.
2. Fragmentation. They defeat enemy personnel with fragments of their hull or ready-made lethal elements (balls, rollers, arrows), and, depending on the shape of the affected area, such mines are divided into circular mines and directed mines.
3. Cumulative. They create a so-called cumulative effect and cause damage with a cumulative jet.
Anti-personnel high explosive mines
PMN
All mines of the PMN line - P anti-infantry high-explosive m other n pressing action. Designed to destroy and incapacitate enemy personnel.
A person is injured due to the destruction of the lower part of the leg (foot, lower leg) when a mine charge explodes at the moment the foot steps on the pressure cover of the mine. Usually, when a mine explodes, the foot of the leg with which the enemy soldier stepped on the mine is completely torn off, and, depending on the distance, damage to the second leg from the explosion site can be sustained, it can also be significantly damaged or not damaged at all, but despite this , the fatality rate for someone who steps on this “beauty” is very high.
The fact is that, in addition, the shock wave of a sufficiently large explosive charge (explosive) deprives a person of consciousness; the high temperature of explosive gases can cause significant burns lower limbs. Death can occur from painful shock or blood loss if first aid is not provided in a timely manner.
Unofficially, the PMN mine received the nickname "black widow". There is no exact information why this mine was dubbed the “black widow”. Most likely, because of the black color of the rubber cover, and maybe because the person who steps on it has little chance of surviving. But most likely - because of that irrational fear of mines, which grips even experienced fighters who have been “fired at”, paralyzes their will, deprives them of courage and the ability to move forward.
Anti-personnel mine PMN (training)
PMN mine was born in the USSR back in 1949, and was adopted by the Soviet Army in 1950. Just like the famous Kalashnikov assault rifle, the PMN anti-personnel mine was and is being produced under licenses and without licenses in many countries around the world: in China it is produced under the designation Type 58, in Bulgaria - PMN, in Hungary - Gyata 64, in Argentina - FMK- 1, as well as in Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, India, Cuba and other countries.
This mine was first discussed during the Vietnam War of 1964–1975. Along with the fighting, “black widows” also spread through the jungle: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand. In 1967, the “widows” reached the Middle East, where they were actively used by Egyptian and Syrian troops. Thousands of them were installed during the Soviet-Afghan war from 1979 to 1989. This mine could be found in any country affected by armed conflict in the second half of the last century.
IN modern history, according to unofficial data, these mines were also used during the war in Libya in 2011. Currently, they are used during the war in Syria.
A - general form; B-section
1 – body; 2 - explosive charge; 3 - rubber cap; 4 - shield; 5 - split ring;
6 - rod; 7 - metal tape;
8 - rubber gasket; 9 - cap;
10 - cutter; 11 - metal element; 12 – ring;
13- safety pin; 14 - bushing; 15 - mainspring; 16 – drummer;
17 – rod spring; 18 - combat ledge;
19 - detonator capsule; 20 - tetryl block; 21 - plastic sleeve;
22 - plug; 23 - rubber gasket.
Basic performance characteristics anti-personnel mine PMN
| Type: | high-explosive push-action with a temporary fuse (metal element) |
| Frame: | plastic |
| Diameter, mm: | 110 |
| Height, mm: | 53 |
| Target sensor diameter, mm: | 100 |
| Mass of explosive, g: | 200 |
| Type of explosive: | TNT |
| Mine weight, g: | 550 |
| Actuation force, kg: | 8-25 |
| Temperature range, °C: | from - 40 to +50 |
Device
The PMN mine consists of:
1. Body.
2. Explosive charge
3. Pressing device (cover).
4. Trigger mechanism.
5. Impact mechanism.
6. MD-9 fuse.
Mine body plastic, there are two channels inside it: vertical and horizontal.
Explosive charge- This is a special TNT block fixed in the body with varnish.
Pressing device (cover) The mine consists of a rubber cap and a plastic shield. The rubber cap is placed on the body and secured to it with a metal tape.
Trigger mounted in the vertical channel of the housing and consists of a plastic rod, spring and split ring. The rod has a window with a lug. When a mine is triggered, a striker passes through the window. The combat ledge holds the firing pin on the combat cock after cutting the metal element. In the assembled mine, the rod is pressed upward by a spring towards the split ring.
Impact mechanism located in the horizontal channel of the housing. It is assembled into a separate unit and has a temporary fuse. The impact mechanism consists of a bushing, a striker with a cutter in the form of a loop of steel string, secured with an insert, a metal element mainspring, a safety pin with a ring, a cap with a rubber gasket that seals the junction of the impact mechanism with the mine body.
PMN mines manufactured before 1965 have a different cutter design. It is made in the form of a piece of steel string fixed in a metal frame at the end of the striker rod.
In the assembled striker mechanism, the mainspring is compressed, the striker rod passes through the bushing and is held in it by a safety pin. The metal element is placed in the groove of the sleeve in the cutter loop.
The MD-9 fuse is located in the horizontal channel of the housing on the side opposite to the striking mechanism. The fuse consists of a plastic sleeve, a tetryl block weighing 6.5 g and an M-1 impaling detonator cap fixed in a socket, the block on varnish. The tetryl block acts as a transfer charge. The MD-9 fuse is secured in the mine with a plug with a rubber gasket.
Preparation and installation of the PMN mine
To prepare a mine for installation you must:
1. Unscrew the cap from the impact mechanism bushing and check the serviceability and presence of the metal element.
2. Screw the cap back on.
3. Unscrew the plug.
4. Install the MD-9 fuse into the mine and screw the plug until it stops.
The preparation of mines can be carried out in a sheltered place immediately before going out for mining. Prepared mines (equipped with MD-9 fuses) are transported to the installation site in duffel bags.
In summer conditions (when the ground is thawed), mines are installed in the ground with the lid raised 1-2 cm above the ground surface and masked with local material (grass, leaves, soil, etc.). In winter (if there is loose snow cover), mines are placed in the snow, masked with a layer of 3-5 cm of snow.
Mines are installed in hard compacted snow (ice) in the same way as in the ground.
In case of frozen and very hard (rocky) soil, mines are installed on the surface of the ground and masked with local materials.
To install a mine in the ground or hard, compacted snow, you must:
Dig a hole the size of the mine, 3.5-4 cm deep;
- install the mine in the hole and, holding it by the cap with your hand, without pressing the lid, pull out the safety pin and tighten the cap with your hand;
- disguise the mine.
Installing a mine in loose snow is done as follows:
A depression of 8-10 cm is made in the snow near the installation site;
- pull out the safety pin without pressing on the mine cover and tighten the cap by hand;
- holding the cap, place the mine under the snow, through the side wall of the recess without disturbing the layer of snow above the mine;
- disguise the depression in the snow through which the mine was installed, without disturbing the snow cover around the mine.
Along with all its advantages, the PMN also had a very significant drawback: the time it took to bring this mine into the firing position was very dependent on the ambient temperature: if at a temperature of +40°C the mine is transferred to the firing position in 2–3 minutes, then at t –40° This takes on average up to 2.5 days - the cold sharply increases the resistance of the metal of the safety plate to cutting.
PMN-2
By the second half of the 60s of the last century, into service Soviet army was accepted mine PMN-2.
It differed from the PMN in that instead of a cut metal element, a rubber bellows was installed in it, in other words, a short rubber corrugated tube, which was in a compressed state in the safety position.
In the language of miners, such devices are called “long-range cocking mechanisms.” By pulling out the safety brace, the miner released the bellows, which began to fill with air through calibrated holes and straighten out. At the same time, at the end of its straightening, the bellows released a spring-loaded engine with a detonator, which stood opposite the striker.
The PMN-2 mine, in addition to the fact that the time it took to bring it into combat position was incomparably less dependent on temperature (under all conditions from 2 to 10 minutes), had another valuable property - it was always ready for work. The only operation that the miner performed was to turn and pull out the safety bracket.
Main tactical and technical characteristics of the PMN-2 anti-personnel mine
| Type: | high-explosive pressure action final equipment |
| Frame: | plastic |
| Diameter, mm: | 120 |
| Height, mm: | 54 |
| Weight, kg: | 0,4 |
| Explosive mass, kg: | 0,1 |
| Type of explosive: | TG-40 (a mixture of TNT and hexogen) |
| Target sensor type: | push |
| Actuation force, kg: | 15-25 |
| Target sensor diameter, mm: | 100 |
| Fuse type: | mechanical built-in with long-range cocking mechanism |
| Type of long-range cocking mechanism: | pneumatic |
| Cocking time, sec: | 30-300 |
| Actuation force, kgf: | 5-25 |
| Temperature range of application, °C: | from -40 to +50 |
| Duration of combat service: | up to 10 years |
Device
The PMN-2 mine consists of:
1. Housings.
2. Charge.
3. Pressure sensor.
4. Built-in fuse with a pneumatic long-range cocking mechanism.
Frame The mine is made of plastic, has cavities for accommodating the charge and the long-range cocking mechanism, one vertical and two horizontal channels for accommodating the fuse mechanisms. The top of the case is closed with a lid.
Charge(TG-40) has an additional detonator weighing 4.5 grams.
Pressure sensor consists of a spring-loaded rod placed in the vertical channel of the housing and a cross resting on it, closed by a rubber cap secured on top of the housing with a union nut.
Operating principle
The built-in safety type fuse ensures that the fire chain of the mine is broken in the transport position, cocked into the firing position by decelerating for 30-300 seconds, and the mine charge explodes when it is pressed into the firing position.
Fuse consists of a pneumatic long-range cocking mechanism, a spring-loaded engine with a detonator cap, and a firing pin with a mainspring.
Mechanism long cocking, consists of a bellows spring-loaded bushing with a diaphragm.
The bushing with its tooth holds the engine in the transport position. In the transport position, the detonator capsule is moved away from the firing pin and the additional detonator, the bellows is filled with air. The bushing is moved to the lower position, compresses the spring and is held in this position by a rod connected by a lock to a safety pin, which is secured with a shear pin.
The firing pin compresses the mainspring, passes through the hole in the rod and is held cocked by the engine.
When the safety pin is turned, the shear pin is cut off, and when the safety pin is pulled out, the rod moves, releasing the bushing. In this case, the sleeve rises upward under the action of the spring.
The bellows is compressed and the air is squeezed out of it through the hole in the diaphragm. After 30-300 seconds, the bushing tooth releases the engine, which, under the action of a spring, moves into the firing position and is held by the protrusion of the rod. The detonator cap is still retracted from the firing pin.
When you press the mine, the crosspiece presses on the rod. The rod lowers and releases the engine. The engine, under the action of a spring, moves forward and closes the fire chain with a primer-detonator - an additional detonator. The firing pin, under the action of the mainspring, punctures the detonator cap, which explodes in a chain reaction, causing the explosion of an additional detonator and a mine charge.
Installation procedure for PMN-2
PMN-2 mines are installed:
In summer - in the ground or on the ground with camouflage with soil or vegetation;
- in winter - on the ground surface or in the snow, masked with snow.
Mines are installed in hard compacted snow in the same way as in the ground. To install a mine in the ground manually you must:
Open a hole along the diameter of the mine with a depth of 3-4 cm;
- install a mine in the hole;
- turn the safety pin and pull it out of the mine;
- disguise the mine.
In winter, with snow cover up to 10 cm, the mine is installed on the ground surface. When the snow cover is more than 10 cm, the mine is installed in the snow. Through a hole pressed into the snow with a foot, after removing the safety pin, the mine is slipped under the snow so that the camouflage layer of snow above the mine is no more than 5 cm. The hole is camouflaged with loose snow.
a - into the ground
b - in snow on the ground surface with snow cover up to 10 cm.
c - on the ground surface
d- in snow with snow cover of more than 10 cm.
Compared to its predecessor, PMN-2 turned out to be much more complex to manufacture, and therefore significantly more expensive to manufacture. She was not particularly popular. While PMN is widely known throughout the world, PMN-2 was used to a limited extent, mainly in Afghanistan and some other countries.
PMN-3
By the end of the 70s of the last century, the PMN-2 mine no longer met the needs of the military. The maneuverable nature of modern wars and their short duration led to the fact that troops were often hindered by their own minefields. In addition, after the end of hostilities, minefields had to be cleared, which took a lot of resources and time.
It was required that after a certain time, anti-personnel mines either became harmless or self-destructed. Therefore it was developed mine PMN-3, which did not differ in appearance from the PMN-2, but had an electronic fuse, which ensured reliable operation of the mine under the soldier’s foot, excluding the explosion of the mine from the impact of the shock wave on it when the demining charges were detonated (due to the difference in the duration of pressure on the mine of the shock wave and the foot ) and automatically detonated the mine after a specified period.
You can set the counter in advance for a period of 0.5 to 8 days, after which the mine explodes without causing harm to anyone. Knowing the combat operation time of the minefield, the unit commanders were confident that by the right time this minefield would no longer exist.
The PMN-3 mine is designed for constructing anti-personnel barriers that self-destruct at a given time, as well as for constructing booby traps and delayed-action mines.
Main tactical and technical characteristics of the PMN-3 anti-personnel mine
| Type: | high-explosive pressure action with self-destruction |
| Diameter, mm: | 122 |
| Height, mm: | 54 mm |
| Weight, kg: | 0,6 |
| Mass of explosive charge, kg: | 0,08 |
| Actuation force of the target pressure sensor, kg: | 5,1-25,5 |
| Type of long-range arming and self-destruction mechanisms: | electronic |
| 8.5 ±1.5 | |
| Self-destruction time: | adjustable: 0.5; 1; 2; 4; 8, days |
| Non-retrievable element: | triggers when the mine is tilted at an angle of more than 90° |
| from -30 to +50 | |
| 10 (without electric current source) |
The device is fundamental
The PMN-3 mine consists of:
1. Housings with a built-in electromechanical fuse.
2. Explosive charge.
3. Source electric current.
Frame mines plastic. It has a socket (4) for a current source (15) and a compartment with a removable cover (20) for an explosive charge (28).
Removing the cover from the compartment is done using green nylon tape. There is a light indicator on the side surface of the case. Next to the self-destruction time switch handle there is a marking of the mine’s self-destruction time, and on the side of the base of the mine there is a current source circuit with “+” and “-” signs.
The built-in electromechanical fuse consists of a switching unit with a safety pin, a pressure target sensor closed with a rubber cap, a non-removable element (inclined target sensor), an electronic unit with a light indicator of the time switch, self-destruction and a safety actuator mechanism (PIM).
The switching unit consists of a spring-loaded rod with a plate and contacts. In the transport position of the mine, the rod is held by a safety pin installed in the slot of the rod. For easy removal of the receipt, it is equipped with a red nylon ribbon.
The target pressure sensor consists of a spring-loaded cross with a screw and a contact. The rubber cap covering the crosspiece is secured on top of the mine body with a lid and a cap nut.
An inclined target sensor (ball contact) ensures that the mine is triggered when it is tilted at an angle of more than 90°.
The electronic unit is a printed circuit board with radio elements placed on it and performs the functions of a long-range cocking mechanism, an indication unit, a non-neutralization device, an actuator and a self-destruction mechanism. It provides the time for long-range cocking and transfer of the mine to the firing position, as well as its activation when the power source is removed or at the end of the set self-destruction time.
The indicator light illuminates intermittently for 4.5±1.5 minutes after removing the safety pin to indicate the connection of the current source and the serviceability of the electronic unit.
The self-destruction time switch allows you to turn the knob to set one of five positions for the mine’s self-destruction time (0.5; 1; 2; 4; 8 days).
Safety - actuator two-ignition safety type electric igniters (EV-1) and (EV-2) type NH-PCh-A, engine, contacts, firing pin and detonator capsule 21 (MG-8T). In the transport position of the mine, the engine, restrained from moving by the shear pin, ensures that the fire chain of the mine is broken. When the EV-1 electric igniter is triggered, the engine moves, cuts the pin and closes the contacts of the EV-2 electric igniter activation circuit.
The EV-2 electric igniter is triggered, the striker punctures the MG-8T detonator cap, which explodes and transfers the detonation to an additional detonator and the explosive charge of the mine.
The charge is made of compressed explosive A-1X-1 and has an additional detonator made of PETN explosive weighing 1.1 g.
The source of electric current is placed in a special socket, which is closed with a plug.
Operating principle
When the safety pin of the switching unit is removed, the current source is connected to the display unit and the long-range cocking mechanism, the indicator light begins to glow intermittently and glows for 4.5 ± 1.5 minutes, and then goes out.
At the end of the long-range cocking time (8.5±1.5 minutes after removing the safety pin), the current source is connected to the self-destruction mechanism, the actuator and the non-neutralization device. The mine goes into combat position.
When the pressure target sensor (when stepping on a mine) or the inclined target sensor (when the mine is tilted at an angle of more than 90°) is acted upon, the actuator, the safety actuator, and the mine charge explode.
A mine explosion also occurs when the non-neutralization device is triggered during an attempt to neutralize the mine by removing the current source or the self-destruction mechanism is triggered at the end of the set self-destruction time.
The procedure for installing the PMN-3 mine
PMN-3 mines are installed manually:
In summer - into the ground masked with a layer of soil up to 2 cm thick or onto the ground masked with vegetation;
- in winter - on the surface of the ground or in the snow with camouflage with snow. Mines are installed in hard compacted snow in the same way as in the ground.
Before installation you must:
Open the package;
- inspect the mine and make sure that there is a safety pin, check for mechanical damage on the mine body;
- set the self-destruction time switch to the required position;
- check and install an electric current source into the mine.
To check and install the current source you must:
Connect a 1.6 kOhm resistor and a voltmeter in parallel with the current source, and the voltage shown by the device must be at least 8.75 V;
- if the voltage is less than 8.75 V, short-circuit the positive and negative terminals of the current source once or twice (no more than 1 s);
- check the battery voltage again, if it is less than 8.75 V, replace the battery
unscrew the plug of the socket for the current source;
- insert the current source into the socket, as shown on the base of the mine body;
- screw in the plug.
Place a mine in the ground for:
Open a hole with the diameter of the mine and a depth of 3-4 cm;
- remove the cover from the charging compartment using green tape;
- holding the mine with one hand and pointing it with the charge compartment away from you, remove the safety pin;
- by the intermittent glow of the indicator light, make sure that the mine is in working order;
- install a charge into the mine and close the compartment with a lid;
- install the mine in the hole with the pressure sensor up;
- disguise the mine and no later than 3 minutes after removing the safety pin, leave the mine installation site.
In winter, with snow cover up to 10 cm, the mine is placed on the ground surface. If the snow cover is more than 10 cm, the mine is placed in the snow so that the camouflage layer of snow above the mine is no more than 5 cm. After installing the mine, the safety pin is handed over to the commander.
PMN-4
Mine PMN-4 is the latest in the line of PMN models. It visually differs from previous models in its noticeably smaller overall dimensions and design.
Main tactical and technical characteristics of the PMN-4 anti-personnel mine
| Type: | high explosive, with pressure fuse |
| Frame: | plastic |
| Diameter, mm: | 95 |
| Height, mm: | 42 |
| Weight, kg: | 0,3 |
| Mass of explosive charge, kg: | 0,05 |
| Long-range cocking time, min: | 1-40 depending on t° environment |
| Fuse activation force, kg: | 5,1-15,3 |
| Pin pulling force, kgf: | 5 |
| Temperature range of application, °C | from -40 to +50 |
| Guaranteed shelf life, years | 10 |
Device
The mine arrives at the troops, is stored and transported in its final equipped form. Comprises:
3. Built-in fuse.
Frame sealed, cylindrical plastic, has cavities to accommodate the explosive charge and fuse mechanisms. The top of the housing is closed with a rubber cap, which is attached to it using a steel clamp.
Explosive charge It is a ring-shaped pressed TNT block placed in a housing housing under the lid.
Built-in fuze consists of a pressure target sensor, a long-range cocking mechanism, a safety-actuating mechanism and a pin. The fuse ensures the rupture of the fire chain in the transport position, cocking and detonation of the mine when exposed to the target sensor.
1 - body; 2 - rubber cap; 3 - explosive charge; 4 - rod; 5 and 7 - springs; 6 - cross; 8 and 9 - MDV rods; 10 - rubber; 11 - PIM bushing; 12 - check cover; 13 - cord; 14 - cover
The target pressure sensor consists of a rod (4), a spring (5) and a cross (6).
The long-range cocking mechanism (DCM) consists of two rods (8 and 9), a spring (7) and rubber (10), placed in a cylindrical body.
The safety-actuating mechanism (PIM) consists of an engine (3) with a KD-N-10 detonator capsule (4), a spring (2), a stop bracket (1), a bracket (6) and a striker (5) with a spring. In the transport position, the detonator capsule is offset relative to the axis of the firing pin (5) and the detonator (7).
The detonator is a block of PETN (tetranitropentaerythritol, pentrite) weighing 3 g, pressed into a cap with a cup.
The pin is a flexible metal cord (11) connected to a pin cover (10), which is placed on the body of the mine. The rope is wound on the PIM bushing.
In 1989–1990 mines were made with a bracket (1) (Fig. below), which was attached to the body of the mine.
Anti-personnel mine PMN-4 model 1989-1990: 1 - bracket; 2 - steel clamp; 3 - rubber cap
Operating principle
The mine is transferred from the transport position to the combat position after the pin is pulled out. When the pin is pulled out, the bushing rotates and moves, releasing the MDV rods.
The MDV rods rise under the action of a spring, and rubber flows through the annular gap of the piston from the upper to the lower cavity.
The engine with the KD-N-10 detonator capsule, under the action of a spring, turns the stop and takes a position on the same axis with the firing pin and the detonator. The firing pin is held by the protrusion of the target sensor rod. The mine has been placed in combat position.
When the crosspiece of the target sensor is acted upon, the rod rises and releases the firing pin, which, under the action of a spring, moves and punctures the detonator capsule. There is an explosion of the detonator capsule, detonator and explosive charge.
Transport and combat position of the main parts of the PMN-4 mine
1 - bracket-stop; 2 - spring; 3 - engine; 4 - detonator capsule; 5 - drummer; 6 - emphasis; 7 - detonator; 8 - rod protrusion; 9 - cross; 10 - check cover; 11 - cord; 12 - explosive charge; 13 - rod
Installation
The mine is installed:
To the ground surface;
In the ground with a camouflage layer of 2 cm;
In snow with a camouflage layer of snow of 20 cm;
On fords up to 50 cm deep.
Before installing the mine, it is necessary to check for mechanical damage and the presence of a pin.
To install a mine in the ground manually, you must:
Open a hole 3-3.5 cm deep;
- install a mine in the hole;
- holding the mine with one hand by the side surface, and with the other, remove it from the latches and lift the pin cover;
- remove the check cover together with the cord;
- camouflage the mine and its installation location;
- hand over the cover check to the squad commander.
In areas with vegetation that provides camouflage, the mine can be installed on the ground surface.
In winter conditions, with a snow depth of up to 20 cm, the mine is installed on the ground, and in greater depths - on compacted snow:
The markings on the mines and packaging are made with black indelible paint.
On the lower end surface of the mine are marked:
Mine index;
Symbol of the manufacturer;
Batch number and year of manufacture.
An additional red stripe is applied to the lower end surface of the combat mine.
Anti-personnel fragmentation mines POMZ-2 and POMZ-2M (trip mines)
POMZ-2 And POMZ-2M (P anti-infantry ABOUT chipped M ina Z fencing ( M modified) - Soviet anti-personnel fragmentation mine of tension action. Among soldiers and officers it received the nickname “trip-wire mine”: this is what it is most often called because its explosion occurs when it touches a trip wire.
Designed to disable enemy personnel. A person (or several opponents at the same time) is defeated by fragments of a mine body when it is detonated at the moment when an enemy soldier, catching his foot on a trip wire, involuntarily pulls out the fuse pin.
Main performance characteristics of the POMZ-2 and POMZ-2M mines
| Brand: | POMZ-2 | POMZ-2M |
| Type: | anti-personnel fragmentation all-round damage | |
| Frame: | cast iron | |
| Diameter, cm: | 6 | |
| Case height, cm: | 13 | 10,5 |
| Body weight without explosives, kg: | 1,5 | 1,2 |
| Mass of explosive charge, g: | 75 | |
| Type of explosive: | TNT | |
| Target sensor type: | tension | |
| Target sensor length (one way), m: | 4 | |
| Actuation force, kg: | 1-1,7 | 0,5-1 |
| 4 | ||
| Fuse type: | MUV-2 or MUV, MUV-3, MUV-4 | |
| Fuse type: | MD-2 | MD-5M |
| Temperature range of application, °C: | -60 to +60 | from -40 to +50 |
Device
The POMZ-2 and POMZ-2M mines consist of:
1. Body.
2. Explosive charge.
3. MUV-2 fuse with fuse and P-shaped pin.
4. Installation peg, carbine with wire 0.5 m long.
5. Two guy rope pegs and a guy wire 8 m long.
1- body; 2- explosive charge – 75 g TNT block; 3- fuse MUV - 2; 4-P - shaped pin; 5 – carbine with a piece of wire; 6- wire stretch; 7- pegs; 8- fuse MD-2.
1- body; 2- explosive charge – 75 g TNT block; 3- fuse MUV - 2; 4 - P - shaped pin; 5 – carbine with a piece of wire; 6- wire stretch; 7- pegs; 8- fuse MD-5M.
Mine body cast iron, has a chamber open at the bottom for the explosive charge and mounting peg, and in the upper part there is a threaded hole for the fuse.
For better and uniform crushing of the body, a notch is made on its outer surface.
Mine charge– drilling TNT block.
Fuze MUV-2 equipped with a P-shaped pin. The POMZ-2 mine uses an MD-2 fuse, and the POMZ-2M mine uses an MD-5M fuse. The MUV-3 unloaded fuse differs from the MUV-2 by the presence of a bracket, which increases the force of pulling out the combat pin. The MUV-3 bushing is made of diflon.
Operating principle
When the tension on the tripwire exceeds the force of the mine, the pin is pulled out of the fuse.
The striker is released and, under the action of the mainspring, pierces the fuse, which, when exploded, causes the mine to explode. The body of the mine is crushed into fragments, which, when scattered, inflict defeat on enemy personnel.
Setting min
To ensure good natural camouflage of mines, it is recommended to install them in areas with vegetation: grass, flowers, small bushes, etc.
When laying mines in forests and tall grass should be kept in mind that mines can be triggered by falling branches and lumps of snow from trees onto a guy wire. Therefore, the location for installing the mine should be chosen in such a way as to prevent the mine from being triggered by falling branches, snow and lodging of grass.
When laying mines in forests and bushes Not recommended tie guy wires to small trees and bushes, as they sway in the wind, which can trigger mines.
Installation of both modifications of mines is carried out either with one or with two branches of the guy wire.
To install a mine with one branch of guy wire necessary:
Drive the tension peg into the ground so that its height above the ground surface is 12-15 cm;
- secure the end of the guy wire to the peg;
- stretch the guy wire towards the mine installation site;
- on the mine installation site, hammer in the installation peg so that its height above the ground surface is 5-7 cm (the distance between the tripwire peg and the installation peg should be no more than 5 meters);
- push the paper wrapper with a sharpened wire against the ignition socket in a 75 gram TNT stick;
- insert a TNT stick into the mine body with the ignition socket towards the hole for the fuse;
- place the body of the mine on the installation peg driven into the ground until the lower end of the mine touches the widened part of the peg;
- measure the length of the guy wire with a carabiner and a short wire and tie the carabiner at the required length to the guy wire; the excess length of the guy wire is broken off or bit off with wire cutters;
- connect the body of the MUV-2 fuse (MUV-3, MUV-4 or MUV) with the corresponding fuse (when equipping a mine with an MUV fuse, it is used with a safety pin or pin in the upper hole of the rod, and an old MUV fuse is used with an additional rod with a safety tube);
- screw a fuse with an MD-5M fuse into a POMZ-2M mine or insert a fuse into a POMZ-2 mine;
- hook the carbine to the ring of the P-shaped combat pin;
- disguise a mine by bending down grass, flowers, branches, etc.
- after making sure that the combat pin is securely held in the fuse, remove the safety pin from the MUV-2 (MUV-3) fuse or the pin from the MUV fuse (for an old MUV fuse, additionally remove the safety tube from the rod).
1- mine; 2- guy wire; 3- stretching pegs; 4-installation peg
Installing a mine with two branches of tripwire:
Drive two guy wire pegs into the ground at a distance of about 8 meters from one another;
- tie the ends of the guy wire to the hammered pegs with a slack of 5-8 cm, while the guy wire should sag freely to the surface of the ground;
- against the middle of the trip wire, retreating 1 m from it towards the enemy, hammer in the installation peg and put the mine body with a TNT block embedded in it on it;
- fold a loop in the middle of the stretch wire;
- after trying on the length of the wire piece, tie the carabiner to the loop on the guy wire.
- all remaining actions are performed in exactly the same way as when installing a mine with one branch of the trip wire.
When installing a mine on frozen ground without snow cover and with a thin layer of snow (up to 15 cm), holes for the pegs are punched in the ground using a crowbar.
When the snow cover is more than 15 cm, the pegs are frozen into compacted snow.
When laying mines in forests and bushes in anticipation of snow drifts, mines can be tied to thick trees or installed on stakes at the height of a person’s chest.
1- mine; 2- installation peg; 3- wire stretch; 4- tripwire pegs.
Disposal of anti-personnel mines PMN, PMN-2, PMN-3, PMN-4, POMZ-2, POMZ-2M
Attention! It is prohibited to neutralize the PMN, PMN-2, PMN-3, PMN-4 mines installed in the combat position! Mines are destroyed by the explosion of an explosive charge weighing 0.2 kg, placed next to the mine, or by repeated driving through the minefield of tanks with trawls, as well as towed rollers or tanks without trawls (caterpillars). Reliable detonation of mines when passing tanks is ensured only on level ground.
Disposal of POMZ-2 and POMZ-2M mines installed with an MUV-2 or MUV-3 fuse is prohibited! They are destroyed at the installation site by trawling with cats thrown onto guy wires from a shelter.
To neutralize a POMZ-2 or POMZ-2M mine installed with an MUV fuse, you must:
1. Having found a mine, make sure that the pin is securely held in the fuse, and the pin must be inserted all the way. If the fuse pin has moved from its place and is held in the firing pin rod only by the end, it is prohibited to neutralize the mine: such a mine is destroyed by trawling with a cat.
2. Insert a safety pin or pin into the upper hole of the fuse rod (for an old fuse, first place a safety tube on the rod).
3. Cut the tripwire or unhook the carabiner from the pin.
4. Remove the fuse from the mine, unscrew the fuse and place it in a pencil case or miner’s bag.
5. Remove the mine from the mounting peg.
Anti-personnel mine OZM-72 (“witch”, “fury”, “evil”)
Just by the nicknames that soldiers and officers gave this mine, you understand that this mine is very dangerous. The explosion of this mine cannot be confused with any other due to the accompanying screeching sound of flying balls or rollers. OZM-72 ( O chipped h aggradative m ina) is still considered one of the most effective all-round anti-personnel mines in the world.
Anti-personnel fragmentation mine with a circular effect, jumping out, tension action. Designed to destroy and/or incapacitate enemy personnel.
A person (group of people) is defeated by ready-made lethal elements (balls or rollers) and fragments of a mine body when it is detonated at a height of 90-110 cm from the surface of the earth after throwing it with a powder expelling charge, which is triggered at the moment when an enemy soldier, having caught with his foot on the trip wire, he will involuntarily pull out the fuse pin.
The combat life of the mine is not limited; it is not equipped with a self-destructor. It does not have elements of non-removal and non-neutralization, but despite this, the very high sensitivity of the MUV fuse (if one is used) and in particular the MVE-72 and MVE-NS fuses makes the neutralization of this mine extremely dangerous. Can be set to non-removable using an MS-3 mine-trap (surprise mine) or homemade surprise mines.
Main tactical and technical characteristics of the OZM-72 anti-personnel fragmentation mine
| Type: | anti-personnel fragmentation jumping tension action |
| Frame: | steel |
| Diameter, cm: | 10,8 |
| Height (without fuse), cm: | 17,2 |
| Weight, kg: | 5 |
| Mass of explosive charge, g: | 660 |
| Explosive charge type: | cast TNT |
| Mass of the intermediate detonator, g: | 23 |
| Type of working explosive intermediate detonator: | Tetryl (trinitrophenylmethylnitroamine) |
| Mass of expelling charge, g: | 7 |
| Explosive charge type: | black (smoky) powder |
| Mine explosion height, m: | 06-0.9 above the ground surface |
| Pulling force of the MUV-3 fuse pin, kgf: | 2-6 (1.5-6 kg) |
| 2400 | |
| Type of damaging elements: | steel balls (rollers, cylinders) |
| Radius of continuous damage, m: | 25-30 |
| Dispersion radius of damaging elements, m: | 50 |
| Length of wire (target sensor) along the front, m: | 30 |
| Fuse type: | MUV-2, MUV-3, MUV-4, MVE-72, MVE-NS |
| Fuse type: | detonator cap No. 8A |
| Temperature range of application, °C: | from -40 to +50 |
| 10 |
Device
The OZM-72 non-final equipped mine consists of:
2. Housings.
3. Charge.
4. Explosive charge.
5. Impact mechanism.
Guide glass made of steel, has a chamber at the bottom in which a tension cable is fixed and laid at one end.
Frame It is a cylindrical cage made of ready-made fragments, shaped like cylinders, filled with polyethylene. The cage is closed at the top and bottom with steel caps connected by a central sleeve and a tube.
On the top cover there is a sleeve with a KV-11 igniter cap, closed with a cap. There is a ball at the bottom of the sleeve.
In the center of the cover there is a threaded hole, closed with a plug, through this hole a detonator cap No. 8-A is installed into the mine.
In the top cover there are two holes, closed with plugs, through which the mine was loaded with a charge. The top cover is hermetically connected to the guide cup.
Charge- cast TNT, fills the cavity inside the clip. An additional detonator (23 g of tetryl) has a socket for a detonator capsule No. 8-A, located in the upper part of the central bushing.
Explosive charge made of black (smoky) powder in a fabric bag placed in a tube.
Impact mechanism located in the lower part of the central bushing, safety cap, firing pin with mainspring, firing pin heel and bushing with igniter primer. The firing pin and the firing pin heel are connected by a detachable lock. The second end of the tension cable is attached to the heel of the striker.
The MUV-3 fuse is unloaded. The fuse is screwed onto the sleeve when installing the mine.
Detonator capsule No. 8-A installed in the socket of an additional detonator when equipping a mine during installation.
A cable with carabiners consists of two sections of cable 0.5 m long, connected by a wire 10 cm long, at the end of which a carabiner is attached to connect the cable to the fuse pin. At the ends of the cable sections there are also carabiners for connecting to guy wires.
The guy wires are 15 m long each and are stored wound on spools.
Metal pegs (2 pcs) are made of duralumin corner. At the upper end of the peg there are two holes for a cable with carabiners. One peg is used to install a cable with carabiners, and the second is used to secure a mine if it is installed on the surface of frozen (hard) soil. The mine is tied to a peg with nylon tape.
Wooden pegs (4 pcs) are used to install guy wires.
Design of the OZM-72 anti-personnel mine: a - general view of the kit; b - cross-section of an incompletely loaded mine.
1 - mine; 2 - wooden pegs; 3 - metal pegs; 4 - coils with guy wires; 5 - cable with carabiners; 6 - detonator capsule No. 8-A; 7 - MUV-3 fuse; 8 - guide glass; 9 - sleeve with primer - igniter and ball; 10 - cap; 11 - plug; 12 and 21 - covers; 13 - charge; 14 - body with fragments; 15 - additional detonator; 16 - central bushing; 17 - sleeve with igniter primer; 18 - drummer; 19 - mainspring; 20 - bushing; 22 - tension cable; 23 - striker heel; 24 - safety cap; 25 - camera; 26 - expelling charge; 27 - tube; 28 - nylon tape.
Installation
The OZM-72 mine is installed manually in the ground in the summer, and on the ground surface in the snow in the winter.
The procedure for installing a mine with a MUV-3 (MUV-4) fuse in the ground:
Open a hole along the diameter of the mine with a depth of 18-20 cm;
- set a mine in the hole;
- unscrew the plug, install the detonator primer No. 8-A into the mine with the barrel down and screw the plug back in;
- fill the free space around the mine with soil and compact it with the end of a wooden peg;
- hammer a metal peg at a distance of 0.5 m from the mine towards the enemy: the peg is driven with a recess towards the mine, the height of the peg above the ground surface should be 15-18 cm;
- install a cable with carabiners by hooking the carabiner attached to the wire onto the cork bracket and threading two other carabiners into the hole of the peg, preventing the cable from twisting;
- hook the end of the guy wire to the cable carabiner and, moving along the front, unwind it half its length;
- hammer a wooden peg at a distance of 7.5 m from the metal peg, pass the guy rope through the slot at its upper end and, continuing to move, unwind the guy wire to its entire length;
- holding the end of the guy wire, hammer in a second wooden peg near the end and tie the end of the guy line to it, pulling it with a little slack, while the sagging of the guy wire in the middle part between the pegs should be 2-3 cm;
- tighten the second guy in the same order;
- approach the mine and unscrew the cap covering the igniter primer;
- check the presence and serviceability of the metal element and cutter at the MUV-3 (MUV-4) fuse and screw the fuse onto the sleeve with the igniter primer;
- turn the fuse pin with a ring towards the metal peg
- unfasten the carbine from the cork bracket and hook it to the combat pin: if, when the carbine is hooked to the pin, it is pulled out, then in this case the tension of the extension is weakened by tilting the metal peg to the side;
- camouflage the mine: the layer of soil on top of the mine should be no more than 2-3 cm;
- after making sure that the combat pin is securely held, pull the safety pin out of the fuse
- carefully move away from the mine without touching the installed trip wires.
When installing a mine in soft (swampy) soil, to ensure a more reliable launch of the mine, a piece of board with a thickness of at least 2.5 cm and a size of at least 15x15 cm is placed under it.
1 – wooden pegs; 2 - guy wire; 3 – metal peg; 4 - cable with carabiners; 5 - OZM-72 mine with MUV-3 fuse
In winter with frozen ground A metal peg is driven in at the mine installation site, and the mine is tied to it with nylon tape. In places where wooden pegs are installed, the snow is cleared.
Holes are punched in the ground using a crowbar or a special punch and pegs are driven into them. Masking the mines and pegs is done by sprinkling them with snow. The procedure for installing a mine in winter is the same as when installing it in the ground.
1 - wooden pegs; 2 - guy wire; 3 and 6 - metal pegs; 4 - cable with carabiners; 5 - mine with MUV-3 fuse (MUV - 4); 7 - compacted snow; 8 – snow
Neutralization
OZM-72 mines installed with MUV-3 and MVE-72 fuses are prohibited from being neutralized (removed)!
It is allowed to remove only mines installed in controlled minefields after they have been transferred to a safe state (control panels are turned off).
OZM-72 mines installed with MUV-3 or MVE-72 fuses are destroyed by trawling with "cats" or by passing tanks. When trawling with grapples manually, throwing the grapple into the minefield and pulling it up produced only from cover(for example, a specially torn trench).
M ina anti-personnel O chipped n targeted defeat controlled. Designed to destroy and incapacitate enemy personnel.
Anti-personnel mine MON-50 on legs
When a mine explodes, a person (or a group of people) is defeated by ready-made lethal elements (balls or rollers) flying towards the enemy in a sector along the horizon of 54 degrees at a distance of up to 50 meters. The height of the affected sector is from 15 cm and up to 4 meters at the maximum range.
The explosion is carried out by the operator from the control panel when the enemy appears in the affected sector, or when an enemy soldier touches the break sensor of the MVE-72 fuse, or the tension sensor (wire) of the MUV series fuse.
The mine itself is not equipped with fuses, but has two sockets in the upper part with a thread for an MD-2 or MD-5M fuse, and an EDP-R electric detonator. Thus, this mine can be activated in one of two ways.
The time of combat operation of a mine is not limited; it does not contain any elements of self-destruction, non-removal and non-neutralization. The safe distance from the mine to the rear and to the sides is determined by the instructions to be 35 meters, but combat practice shows that there is no need to fear hull fragments flying to the rear and to the sides already at a distance of 15 meters.
The mine is placed manually on the ground using folding legs. Or the mine can be attached to various local objects or surfaces using a clamp (like a folding portable photographic tripod). There is a threaded socket for this purpose in the lower part of the housing.
Later, a more powerful analogue of this mine was developed under the name MON-90, but it did not gain recognition among soldiers and officers, since it had practically no advantages over its predecessor, but was very clumsy and cumbersome due to a significant increase in size and weight , for which she received a very unflattering obscene nickname.
Main tactical and technical characteristics of the MON-50 anti-personnel mine
| Type: | directed anti-personnel fragmentation guided |
| Frame: | plastic |
| Length, cm: | 22,6 |
| Height, cm: | 15.5 (with legs folded) |
| Width, cm: | 6,6 |
| Weight, kg: | 2 |
| Weight of explosive charge (PVV-5A), g: | 700 |
| Damaging elements: | steel balls or rollers |
| Number of damaging elements, pcs: | 540 balls or 485 rollers |
| Damage area, m²: | 1910 or 1514 |
| Destruction range of passenger cars and trucks and manpower in them, m: | up to 30 |
| Dispersal range of fragments from the hull in the rear and side directions, m: | up to 40 |
| Width of the affected area at maximum range, m: | 45-54 |
| Horizontal dispersion angle of striking elements: | 54 degrees |
| Height of the affected sector at maximum range: | from 15 cm to 4 meters |
| Temperature range of application, °C: | from -40 to +50 |
| Guaranteed shelf life, years: | 10 |
Device
The MON-50 mine, not fully equipped, consists of:
1. A body equipped with ready-made submunitions (fragments).
a - general view, with open legs; b - front view, with a section along the ignition socket; c - side view, with a section of the front part of the mine; g - top view.
1 - body; 2 - plug; 3 - sighting slot; 4 – fragments; 5 - charge; 6 - additional detonator; 7 - hinge; 8 – flange; 9 – legs.
Plastic housing, has two threaded ignition sockets on top for the EDP-r electric detonator (MD-5M igniter), closed with plugs. In the protrusion of the body there is a simple sighting slot. On top of the protrusion there is an arrow indicating the direction of aiming. Four folding legs are attached to the bottom of the body with hinges. A flange with a threaded socket is used to fasten the mine to local objects using a clamp.
Damaging elements (fragments) are steel balls with a diameter of 6.35 mm or steel cylinders with a diameter of 6 mm, a height of 7 mm and a weight of 1.5 grams. They are located near the convex side of the body in one layer and filled with epoxy compound.
Charge fills the cavity in the body behind the striking elements. To ensure reliable detonation of the charge, there are two additional detonators made of A-1X-1 explosives, pressed into the ignition sockets.
Clamp serves for attaching mines to local objects (trees, wooden poles, elements of metal structures up to 30 mm thick).
1 - screw, 2 - bracket, 3 - screw; 4 - nut; 5 - bushing; 6 - screw for screwing on the mine, 7 - disk, 8 - ball joint, 9 - clamping screw, 10 - tube
Installation
The MON-50 mine can be installed in a controlled version with an EDP-r electric detonator (EDP).
The mine is installed on the ground (in the snow) on legs or attached to local objects using a clamp.
To install a mine on the ground, you must perform the following steps:
Loosen the plug of one ignition socket;
- turn the mine with its convex side (arrow on the sight) in the direction of the target;
- fold the legs down, spread them apart and press them into the ground to a depth that ensures the mine is in a stable position;
- using the aiming slot, aim the mine at the target (a milestone or a local object located in the place of the expected target), when aiming, the distance from the gunner’s eye to the slot should be 140-150 mm, the aiming line should go from the gunner’s eye through the middle of the trench at the level of the bottom the plane of the slot to the center of the target, to give the mine the required position, it is rotated on hinges and legs and then pressed into the ground to the required depth;
- screw an electric detonator connected to the wired control network into the ignition socket, check for correct aiming
- disguise the mine with local material (leaves, grass, branches).
If the situation allows, then to aim the mine, a pole made by the troops is used, which is installed in the direction of movement, the center of the expected group target at a distance of 10 or 30 m from the mine. The height of the pole from the ground surface to the crossbar at a distance of 10m is 0.6m, at a distance of 30m – 1.6m.
Installation and aiming of the MON-50 mine:
a - installation of a mine with an EDP-r electric detonator on the ground; b - view of the pole through the sighting slit; c - aiming the mine; g - milestone; 1 - mine; 2 - electric detonator; 3 – milestones.
In winter, with snow up to 20 cm, the MON-50 mine is installed on a bag filled with snow, placed on compacted snow.
After installing the mine, the legs are covered with compacted snow to the level of the mine body. After aiming, the mine is camouflaged with loose snow. The thickness of the snow in front of the mine in the direction of flight of fragments should be no more than 10 cm.
When installing a mine on local objects, the clamp is attached to:
Trees, wooden poles - by screwing in a screw;
- metal structures - using a nut and a screw.
A mine is screwed onto the clamp screw. Aiming a mine at a target and equipping it with an EDP-r electric detonator (EDP) is carried out in the same way as described when installing a mine on the ground. After aiming, the position of the mine is fixed by screwing the nut onto the clamp.
Neutralization
To defuse a guided mine, you must:
Disconnect the electric detonator from the wired network;
- remove the camouflage from the mine and unscrew the electric detonator from the mine;
- remove the mine from the installation site.
Disarming mines installed with a delayed-action fuse, VZD-6Ch or VZD-144Ch, is carried out in accordance with the rules for neutralizing the specified fuses.
Unguided MON-50 mines installed with MVE-72 or VZD-3M fuses are prohibited from being neutralized! MON-50 mines with MVE-72 are destroyed by trawling in the same way as OZM-72 mines.
Anti-personnel mine POM-2R
Mine POM-2R is P anti-infantry O chipping m another circular lesion. Designed to disable enemy personnel. A person or a group of people is damaged by being hit by shell fragments when a mine charge explodes at the moment when a person touches one of the four target sensors (thin nylon threads, each 10 meters long).
This is the “youngest” of the known anti-personnel mines in service with the Russian Army; it was put into service in December 1997.
The mine is installed only on the ground and only manually. Opportunity automatic installation mechanical means are not provided.
Based on this mine, a whole series of mines was created with different times bringing into combat position:
POM-2R (time to bring into combat position 120 seconds, self-destruction time 4-100 hours);
- POM-2R1 (time to bring into combat position 50 seconds, self-destruction time 4-100 hours);
- POM-2RBS (time to bring into combat position 120 seconds, non-self-destructing);
- POM-2R1BS (time of bringing into combat position 50 seconds, non-self-destructing);
- UI-POM-2R (practical, inert);
- UI-POM-2RD (practical, smoke, time to bring into conditionally combat position 120 seconds, non-self-destructing);
- UI-POM-2RBP (practical, containing all the elements of pyrotechnics except the explosive charge, replaced by an inert composition; time to bring into a conditionally combat position is 120 seconds, non-self-destructing).
Since all the mines of the series are similar in design, and the URP (manual launch device) for all mines is the same (except for the URP for the UI-POM-2R mine, which contains its inert analogue instead of the igniter capsule), the POM-2R mine will be described below or POM-2R1. The features and differences between the mines will be specifically discussed.
Anti-personnel mine POM-2R1 in the URP. Educational
Anti-personnel mine POM-2R1 disassembled. Educational. URP - separately
Performance characteristics of mines of the POM-2R series
| Type | anti-personnel fragmentation circular damage tension action |
| Housing material | metal |
| Height (with URP), cm | 16,5 |
| Diameter (according to URP), cm | 6,85 |
| Mine charge mass, g | 140 |
| Mine weight (with URP), kg | 1,725 |
| Explosive type | TNT |
| Target sensor type | tension (4 threads of 10 cm each) |
| Actuation force, kg | 0,3 |
| Radius of continuous damage, m | 5-8 |
| Damage radius, m | 16 |
| Temperature range of application, °C | from -40 to +50 |
| Long-range cocking time, seconds | |
| POM-2R, POM-2RBS, UI-POM-2RD, UI-POM-2RBP | 120 |
| POM-2R1 and POM-2R1BS | 50 |
| Combat work time, hours | |
| POM-2R, POM-2R1, UI-POM-2RD, UI-POM-2RBP | 4-100 |
| POM-2RBS, POM-2R1BS, UI-POM-2R | undefined |
| Self-destruction / self-neutralization | |
| POM-2R, POM-2R1 | Not really |
| POM-2RBS, POM-2R1BS, UI-POM-2R, UI-POM-2RD, UI-POM-2RBP | no no |
| Retrievability/neutralization | no no |
1. Explosive charge. 2. Cover. 3. Fuse. 4. Explosive charge. 5. Glass. 6. Fragmentation body. 7. Spring loaded legs. 8. Cover. 12. Pyrotechnic retarder. 13. Pyrotechnic sensor B-179.
URP device and installation of the POM-2R mine
The URP manual launch device is designed for manual installation of POM-2R mines and ensures the launch of the long-range cocking mechanism of the mine and its transfer to the firing position.
Consists of a body, a pinning mechanism and a retainer.
Frame ( 1 ) is a hollow plastic cylinder with four through slots and is designed to accommodate the pinning mechanism and secure the URP device to the POM-2R mine before its use.
Spring ring ( 2 ) ensures a tight fit of the URP device on the mine cup ( 3 ).
The pinning mechanism of the URP device serves to ignite the KV-N-1 igniter capsule, which triggers the thermal sensor ( 4 ) B-179 mines POM-2R. The pinning mechanism consists of a central bushing ( 5 ), along the axis of which the striker is installed ( 6 ), springs ( 7 ) and bushings with a KV-N-1 igniter primer ( 9 ).
The striker is held in the transport position by a ball ( 10 ), overlay ( 11 ) and nylon thread ( 12 ) 0.8 m long, wound on a sleeve in three layers. The end of the thread passes into the hole in the gasket ( 13 ) and tied in a knot. The gasket is secured in the groove of the nut ( 14 ).
The clamp is intended for visual assessment of the tight joint of the POM-2R mine with the body of the URP device when equipped. The retainer consists of a bushing ( 15 ) and a spring-loaded rod. When the POM-2R mine is equipped with a URP device, the locking rod comes out of the hole, which indicates a reliable connection between the URP device and the mine.
When preparing a mine for use, the mine in a glass is inserted into the URP with the B-179 thermal sensor down. In this case, the locking rod will come out at the bottom of the URP, which indicates that the mine is correctly connected to the URP. Then the union nut is unscrewed from the URP ( 14 ) is red in color and the nylon pulling thread is stretched. After these steps, the mine-URP assembly is installed on the ground.
If it is impossible to install the mine vertically, you can simply place it on the surface of the ground and sharply pull the union nut with a nylon thread with a force of 3 kg.
During high-speed mining from a moving vehicle or when a unit being pursued by the enemy retreats, you can simply pull the cap nut while holding the mine in your hands, and then throw it to the ground. After twisting the nut and pulling out the thread, the installation site must be left as quickly as possible at a distance of at least 70 meters.
From the activation of the igniter capsule at the moment the thread is pulled out, the force of the flame ignites the pyrotechnic composition, which in turn ignites the pyrotechnic ring of the long-range arming mechanism of the mine.
After the long-range cocking time has expired, the mine is fired from the cup. The mine is installed on its legs in an oriented (that is, close to vertical) position on the ground, the anchors of the target sensors are scattered to the sides at a distance of up to 10 m, unwinding the threads of the target sensors. The mine is put into firing position.
When the target sensor acts on the thread and creates a thread force on the fuse of 0.3 kg (300 grams) or more, the safety-actuating mechanism is triggered, which ensures the explosion of the mine.
If the mine did not take the correct position after falling, for example, due to falling into deep snow, a swamp, or the target sensors could not take the correct position (they did not turn completely or not all, or not to the full range), then the mine still works in normal combat mode.
Self-destruction and features
POM-2R and POM-2R1 have a self-destruction device, which ensures self-destruction of the mine by detonation after 4-100 hours (on average at a temperature of +20 degrees - 23 hours) from the moment of installation (self-destruction time depends on the ambient temperature). Non-removable and non-neutralized mines.
In the practical mine UI-POM-2R, all explosive and pyrotechnic materials are replaced by inert substances.
In the practical mine UI-POM-2RD, instead of an explosive charge, there is a charge of a smoke-producing substance, which, when the mine is triggered, only indicates its effect.
The practical mine UI-POM-2RBP contains all the pyrotechnic devices that provide all stages of installing a mine on the ground, but instead of an explosive charge or simulator, the cavity is filled with an inert material having the density of TNT (a mixture of rosin and cement).
In the mines POM-2RBS, POM-2R1BS, UI-POM-2R, instead of self-destruction mechanisms, their weight and dimensions are installed.
POM-2R mines are equipped with 4 pieces plus 4 URP in foam plastic capping, forming a set called “Anti-personnel manual mining kit KRM-P (KRM-P1).”
Anti-personnel manual mining kit KRM-P (KRM-P1) is a foam closure measuring 55.5 x 35.7 x 14 cm and weighing 8.6 kg. (with 4 sets of mines).
A set equipped with POM-2RBS mines (that is, without a self-destruction system) is designated as KRM-PBS
Catchphrases
Property obliges and binds tightly.
The first military mines appeared almost five hundred years ago and gradually became one of the main types of weapons used in conflicts of varying degrees of locality. At first, the word “mine” meant an underground horizontal shaft under enemy fortifications, where a powder charge was placed. Hence, by the way, the expression “laying mines,” that is, plotting. Subsequently, the charge itself began to be called a mine.
When you hear the word “mine,” many people think of explosive ammunition buried underground. Meanwhile, it comes from the French mine - “mine”, “undermining”. In military affairs, as is easy to understand, this word was established during siege wars, or rather, siege work during military operations. By the way, this is where the French “sapper” comes from, from saper - “to undermine”, “to undermine”. So, sappers dug trenches and approaches, and miners dug under the walls. With the advent of gunpowder, explosive charges began to be placed in mines. Gradually, a mine began to mean explosive ammunition. In addition to high explosive, fragmentation was also used - from the beginning of the 17th century until the beginning of the 20th century, “stone-throwing landmines” were used to protect fortifications. However, in China, various versions of gunpowder mines, including underground ones (“Underground Thunder”), were used even earlier, sometimes creating something like a minefield in which the mines were detonated almost simultaneously. Black powder remained an explosive for several centuries. A reliable method of explosion was sought for quite a long time, but significant success was achieved in the 1830s with the development of the fire cord by W. Bickford in England and the electric ignition system by K.A. Schilder in Russia.
From the middle of the 19th century, land mines and mine forges began to move from serf warfare to field warfare, and the experience of the Crimean War of 1853-1856 played a big role here. Anti-personnel mines and landmines were used in Civil War in the USA 1861-1865, in the Russian-Turkish 1877-1878.
At the same time, the history of new high explosives began: in 1832, the Frenchman A. Braconneau received xyloidin, in 1846, the German H. Schönbein - pyroxylin, in 1847, the Italian A. Sobrero - liquid nitroglycerin. In Russia, based on nitroglycerin N.N. Zinin and V.F. Petrushevsky developed explosive compounds, later called dynamites, and in 1855 A.P. Davydov discovered the phenomenon of detonation in explosives. In 1867, Alfred Nobel in Sweden proposed a design for a detonator cap based on fulminate of mercury. New explosives, the discovery of methods for their industrial production, blasting caps and detonating cord caused technical revolution in explosives. TO end of the 19th century centuries, dynamite, picric acid, TNT, ammonium nitrate explosives find practical use; at the beginning of the 20th century, tetryl, PETN, hexogen and others were added to them. “Field self-explosive land mines” appear - prototypes of modern mines with automatically operating fuses.
IN Russo-Japanese War In 1904-1905, factory-made anti-personnel mines were already used. During the First World War, the warring parties covered the approaches to their positions with mines, blocked passages, and placed mine forges under the enemy’s forward trenches. With the appearance of tanks on the battlefield, anti-tank mines began to operate, and by the end of the war, the first experienced mine detectors and mine trawls began to operate.
However, during the interwar period, mines were still considered an addition to non-explosive barriers and chemical "curtains". Although D.M. Karbyshev wrote already in the 1930s that of all types of obstacles, “mining is the most cost-effective” and pointed out the need for mines triggered by pressure, shock, delayed-action mines, automatic land mines - such mines were in service with the Red Army, but insufficiently quantity. The situation was significantly changed by the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-1940, which was followed by the rapid development in our country, on the one hand, of mine weapons, and, on the other, of means of detecting and overcoming mine-explosive barriers.
During World War II, minefields played a special role. Thus, the Red Army and Soviet partisans used about 40 types of mines. The total number of land-based anti-personnel and anti-tank mines of various types used on the Soviet-German front of World War II exceeded 200 million.
Local wars further increased the importance of various mines. Thus, in the Arab-Israeli war of 1973, 20% of the losses of armored vehicles were due to mine explosions. And in Vietnam War with its predominantly guerrilla nature, in 1970 alone, American losses from mine explosions accounted for 70% of all armored vehicle losses and 33% of manpower losses. In addition to new generations of mines, means of their mechanized installation, fundamentally new mining systems and complexes, and new mine countermeasures were created.
And the concept of “mine warfare” has been present in specialized and popular literature for a quarter of a century. The Soviet army had to face the waging of such a war by dushmans in Afghanistan. If in 1982 5,118 different mines and land mines were discovered and removed there, then in 1983-1987 8-10 thousand were removed annually. In addition to the scale of use of these weapons, the variety of their applications also grew. According to experts, explosion losses amounted to approximately 25% of all losses of Soviet troops in Afghanistan, and most of them were the result of explosions. The Russian army has been facing a mine war in the North Caucasus for more than ten years. In Chechnya, losses from mines, land mines and disguised explosive devices, according to some estimates, amounted to about 70% of all losses of federal forces. And among American troops in Iraq, losses from explosions exceed 50% of all losses.
The "projectile-armor" competition usually comes with the advantage of the "projectile", this is also seen in mine warfare - the design and tactics of using mine-explosive barriers are ahead of the development of means and methods of mine countermeasures.
Modern mine weapons represent an extraordinary variety of types, families and designs of different generations. In technical terms, the range of mine weapons is very wide - from the simplest mines and fuses, which differ from ancient crossbows only in materials and technology, to complexes of “intelligent” weapons with the ability to operate in autonomous and remotely controlled versions. In local wars and military conflicts, mines for various purposes, of various brands and generations, produced in Italy, China, Pakistan, Romania, the USSR, the USA, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia have found widespread use; other countries have made and are making a significant contribution.According to their intended purpose, mines are classified as anti-personnel, anti-tank, anti-vehicle, anti-landing (used in the coastal zone), special (incendiary, booby-traps, sabotage, signal) and object mines. But “engineering nuclear landmines” were also created.
Let's start our careful “tour” on mine weapons with anti-personnel (AP) mines. The diversity of this type of ammunition is generated by the simultaneous existence of mines of different generations, and the difference in technological capabilities, but above all, the variety of tasks and methods of using PP mines. They are placed as part of anti-personnel or combined minefields, in groups and individual mines, with them covering the approach to their positions and objects, the withdrawal of their units, or blocking the routes of movement behind enemy lines, constraining his maneuver or forcing him to move into a “fire bag”, “protecting” anti-tank mines, used as traps or means of detonating land mines, and so on. Particular attention has been and is being paid not only to increasing lethal effect mines, but also the creation of samples adapted for mechanized installation and use as part of remote mining systems (artillery, jet, aviation).
Explosion and fragments
Most mines consist of three main elements - the explosive charge, the fuse and the casing.
The basis of the action of any mine is an explosion, that is, an extremely rapid release large quantity energy, accompanied by the emergence and propagation of a shock wave.
The explosive transformation propagates through the mass of a conventional explosive (explosive) either by heat transfer and radiation released during combustion, or by the mechanical action of a shock wave propagating through the mass of the explosive at supersonic speed. In the first case, the process is called combustion, in the second - detonation.
Depending on the application, explosives are divided into: initiating (intended to initiate explosive processes), high explosive or crushing (used for destruction), propellant, pyrotechnic compositions.
Mines for various purposes mainly use high explosives that are sensitive to detonation. These include organic chemical products such as TNT, tetryl, hexogen, PETN, plastid and others, as well as cheap ammonium nitrate explosives (ammonites). Pyrotechnic compositions are used, for example, in signal and incendiary mines.
But the energy of the explosion must still be used to defeat the enemy. Mine-explosive injuries are usually combined, caused by several factors at once, but two main ones are distinguished - fragmentation and high-explosive damage.
The high-explosive effect consists of hitting the target with hot high-speed explosion products at close distances, and then with excess pressure in the front and the high-speed pressure of the shock wave. Even a slight excess pressure of 0.2-0.3 kg/cm2 can cause serious damage. A high-explosive mine explosion is usually associated with the separation or destruction of a limb, damage internal organs, great vessels, nerve columns.
As for fragments, a fragment is considered lethal when it encounters a target with a kinetic energy of about 100 J. This means that a steel fragment weighing only 0.13-0.15 grams with a speed of 1,150-1,250 m/s can be considered lethal. . A heavy fragment of irregular shape, of course, causes great tissue destruction, but the shock inflicted on body tissues at low speed is less. In addition, the fragment must still hit the target, and since the explosion is “non-targeted,” it is better to “have more fragments.” If at a certain distance from the point of explosion at least half of the targets (and the target is a human figure, approximately 1.5-2 by 0.5 meters) “receive” 1-2 lethal fragments, this distance is called the radius of effective destruction, if not less than 70 % - complete destruction (although in descriptions of fragmentation mines one can find confusion in these radii). Shrapnel wounds are usually penetrating; if the fragments are irregularly shaped, they can also be torn, with severe damage to internal organs, rupture of blood vessels and nerve tissue, and bone fractures. Ready-made spherical fragments, used in a number of mines, leave small channels in the body, but “ball wounds” are characterized by multiplicity. The steel ball in the tissues of the body moves along a unique trajectory, abruptly changing directions, the wound has numerous blind channels, and is accompanied by ruptures of internal organs.
Order to defeat
Let's start with the most important thing in a mine - the fuse. After all, if it doesn’t work on time, the power of the charge, the shock wave or fragments, the efforts of the designers and sappers will be in vain or even harm their own. On the other hand, it is the “cunning” of the fuse that makes the mine really dangerous for the enemy.
According to the principle of action, fuses are divided into contact fuses, which require direct contact with the object, and non-contact fuses, according to the timing of operation - instantaneous and delayed action. An instantaneous contact fuse “reacts” to an impact from the target, which can be touching a tensioned wire or thread (tension action), applying pressure (pressure) or, conversely, removing pressure (unloading) from the mine cover. Pull-action and push-action mechanical fuses are older but still the most common types. Combination fuses like the American M3 can use tension, push or release action.
In front of everyone modern technologies A tripwire is still widely used - a low-tensioned wire or thread connected to a pin or lever of the fuse impact mechanism. But the tripwire still needs to be placed and camouflaged in the grass, bushes, and debris. In addition, the grass and branches have a habit of swaying. The target sensor can be the “antennae” (short elastic rods) of the fuse or thin threads with weights scattered to the sides of the mine. Of course, this requires a more sensitive fuse, and in order to protect the miners, it is automatically switched to the firing position only some time after the mine is installed. For this purpose, a long-range cocking mechanism is used. In remote mining systems, such a mechanism is especially important.
For proximity fuses, the target sensor can be a device that responds to mechanical or electromagnetic vibrations created by the target (or the target crossing the “beam”). Examples are a vibration or thermal sensor configured to operate above a given level, a paralaser emitter-receiver (for beam intersection), and so on. The fuse serves to directly initiate the detonation of the charge and can be part of the fuse or inserted into the mine separately when it is installed.
The fuse may include, for example, an igniter capsule, which is triggered by a puncture by a striker and detonates the detonator capsule, which in turn causes an explosion of the detonator and explosive charge. The grating fuse operates due to friction. When equipping a mine with cast TNT or ammonium nitrate explosives, an additional detonator is also required.
An electric igniter, including an electric detonator, a current source, wires and a contactor, allows the use of a wide variety of contact and non-contact circuits. For example, there may be a contact under a swinging deck board, separated by a small gap from the contact on another board. By stepping on a cover or board, the soldier will close the electrical circuit, and the fuse of a mine installed on the side of the path or flooring will be triggered. A more modern option is to have a loop of optical cable across the road. It is enough to crush or tear it so that the receiving element stops receiving the signal, and a simple electronic circuit will issue a command to detonate. The signal to the electric detonator can also come from a target sensor such as a combination of a pressure rod and a piezoelectric element, an LED-photodiode pair (the target crosses the beam), from a photosensitive sensor that responds to illumination with a strong flashlight, etc.
A number of mines are equipped with an additional detonator and a socket for a fuse to be set to non-removable - the fuse will react to an attempt, say, to move the mine or disarm it.
There are also mechanisms of self-destruction (self-detonation). An option is an electronic timer, launched simultaneously with the mine being brought into firing position. True, electronic mechanisms easily fail when power sources freeze, and when high temperatures their work is unstable. And yet, such fuses are finding increasing use. They allow you to give mines a number of capabilities at once - target selectivity (person, machine), long-range arming, self-destruction or self-neutralization (transfer to a safe position) after a given time or by a coded signal, setting to non-removable under various conditions (shift, tilt, approach of the mine detector ), the ability to “interview” mines and determine their combat status.
"Many faces" land mineHigh-explosive mines are designed to defeat one infantryman in army boots, and are small in size and weight. They are difficult to detect visually or with a probe. During the Great Patriotic War Soviet troops widely used the PMD wooden high-explosive anti-personnel mine with a pressure cap. Her scheme was used after the war. In Hungary, for example, they first produced a wooden copy of the Soviet PMD-7, and later the M62 with a plastic body. The Yugoslav PMA-1A mine was made using almost the same design, but with a different fuse (grating instead of impact). In high-explosive mines, casings made of plastic, ceramics, pressed cardboard, and fabric have long been widely used. The use of plastics is caused by a number of factors - weight reduction (with the size of these mines, the strength did not decrease), cost reduction, difficulty of detection with an induction mine detector (and high-explosive PP mines are placed at a shallow depth). Non-metallic parts in the fuse also contribute to difficulty of detection. Thus, the Italian SB-33 mine contains only 0.86 grams of metal, and the fuse of the Chinese Type 72A mine has only one metal part - the firing pin.
An example of a high-explosive PP mine with a plastic casing is the Soviet PMN-4. The fuse built into the design is very sensitive, so there is a long-range cocking mechanism of the hydromechanical type. The pressure sensor is designed to “catch” pressure on the rubber cap of the mine even with slight contact with the leg. In the Yugoslav PMA-3, for the same purpose, the upper part with the warhead rotates under foot pressure relative to the lower one, causing the grating fuse to fire.
They tried to further reduce the size of the PP-min by using a shaped charge. Thus, the American M25 LC mine carries a cumulative charge of only 8.5 grams and has the appearance of a peg driven into the ground. And the Gravel mine was made simply in the form of a fabric bag with a charge based on lead azide, which explodes under pressure and does not require a special fuse.
In fact, high-explosive anti-personnel mines also include mines or charges used as anti-removal elements. For example, the Soviet surprise mine MS-3 with a plastic body, weighing 550 grams, a charge of 200 grams and a discharge fuse. Such a mine, placed under an anti-tank or anti-personnel mine (if they do not have their own anti-removal devices) or a demolition charge, will work when trying to move them and cause detonation. The ML-7 booby trap weighing 100 grams is used in a similar way.By the way, PP mines were produced with an even more “local” effect - “bullet” mines that shot a soldier in the leg. Here you can recall the German Kugelmine from the Second World War, and the Soviet PMP from the early 1960s (equipped with a 7.62x25 TT pistol cartridge, triggered by pressing the cap with a force of 7-30 kgf), and various partisan homemade products different countries and peoples. However, the effectiveness of bullet mines turned out to be very low.
On the other hand, incendiary mines and landmines of circular or directional destruction were used to combat infantry. For example, the Americans in Korea and Vietnam prepared them using barrels, canisters or cans with liquid or thickened (napalm) flammable mixtures and expelling charges. “Fire” mines could also be filled with solid mixtures - for example, pressed thermite. Gradually, the use of “fire” PP mines almost disappeared, but incendiary mixtures were replaced by volumetric detonating and thermobaric ones. For example, the Yugoslav UDAR guided mine contained a container with 20 kilograms of liquid fuel, which, when sprayed into an aerosol cloud and detonated, caused damage to manpower within a radius of 40 meters.
"All-round defense"Fragmentation mines differ primarily in their installation methods and in the “direction” of their action. An example of a simple and cheap mine is the Soviet anti-personnel fragmentation mines like the POMZ-2, developed during the Great Patriotic War, and its modification POMZ-2M. A cast-iron cylindrical body with an external notch is placed on a wooden peg somewhere in the grass, equipped with a standard 75-gram TNT block, and trip wires are pulled from 2-3 pegs to the MUV-2 mechanical fuse.
POMZ mines were widely copied around the world, and among their analogues (not copies) we can mention the Belgian PRB-413 mine. The POM-2 all-round mine belongs to a completely different generation, if only because of its use in remote mining systems. They are loaded into cassettes and installed “thrown” using the VSM-1 helicopter system, the UMZ self-propelled minelayer or the PKM portable kit. This required simple “automation” to install and bring the mine into firing position. After falling to the ground, six folding spring-loaded blades place the mine in a vertical position, then thin wires with weights are shot to the sides, serving as target sensors. When an explosion occurs, fragments of the hull hit the enemy. In the self-destruction mechanism, there were no electronic circuits - simply the piston gradually “pushes” the rubber gel until the firing pin reaches the primer. Although the system depends on air temperature, it ultimately works where the electronics may fail.
The American BLU-92/B mine is also installed by a remote mining system on the ground, but its firing position is simpler. In addition to target sensors in the form of four nylon threads with weights, it has a backup seismic sensor that is triggered when the target approaches 3-4 meters. The fuse also acts when trying to move the mine, that is, it serves as an anti-removal device.
Deadly "frogs"Explosive devices simply installed above the ground are easier to detect. Therefore, the appearance of “bouncing” mines hidden in the ground was only a matter of time. Their prototype, in fact, was the “shrapnel landmine” of Staff Captain Karasev, which was used during the defense of Port Arthur. During the Second World War, Soviet troops widely used guided mines of the OZM type based on an expulsion chamber and fragmentation shells or mortar mines, detonated by a signal via wires. However, the most effective was the German “Springmine” SMi-35 with three automatic fuses, nicknamed “frog” by our sappers. The explosion of a fragmentation element equipped with 300 steel balls occurred 1-1.5 meters above the ground, the damage radius reached 20 meters.
Jumping mines underwent further improvements after the war. An example is the Soviet OZM-4 and OZM72. The latter is installed in the hole, the fuse is screwed into the socket, after which the device is masked. If a mechanical MUV fuse is used, a trip wire mounted on pegs is connected to its pin. When using the MVE-2 electromechanical fuse, an enemy soldier only needs to hook a wire thrown along the ground from the fuse to the mine. When the fuse is triggered, the expelling charge ejects from the guide glass a steel case with an explosive charge and ready-made fragments in the form of steel rollers laid in several rows. When the cable connecting the glass with the striking mechanism is tensioned, the firing pin and fuse are triggered, and at a height of 0.6-0.9 meters an explosion occurs, ready-made fragments and fragments of the body hit the enemy within a radius of up to 25 meters. Let's compare - the POM-2, which explodes above the ground, has a damage radius of no more than 16 meters.
Bouncing mines have also found use in remote mining systems. Such are, for example, the American M67 and M72, which are fired “thrown” using 155-mm artillery shells (ADAM system). The mine has the shape of a cylinder segment and a fuse with tension threads that are thrown to the sides by the force of springs after the mine “landing”. When the thread touches, the explosive element is thrown upward and explodes at a height of 1-1.5 meters, giving a damage radius of 10-15 meters. And based on the M67, the M86 jumping PDB was created, quickly installed with a simple hand throw, like a grenade.
Balloons and rollers are flyingSimple geometric considerations make it clear that the effective damage radius of a circular mine is small. The lethal range, depending on the charge power and the mass of the fragment, can reach 200 or 300 meters, but the number of fragments per unit area is rapidly decreasing. On the other hand, when laying mines it is often possible to predict with a high degree of confidence from which direction the enemy will appear. So wouldn't it be better to direct the flow of fragments to a certain sector of space? This idea also has a long history - let’s remember the same stone-throwing landmines.
In the second half of the 20th century, the American experience of using M18 Claymore directed destruction mines with a plastic case and ready-made fragments in Vietnam attracted much attention. The use of ready-made fragments with a light hull makes it possible to create a more uniform and “predictable” fragmentation field and reduces energy loss due to the destruction of the hull. "Claymore" began to be widely copied and modified. Its Soviet analogue was MON-50.
The body of the mine is a flat plastic box, curved in two planes, and due to the concavity of the front wall of the MON-50, the vertical dispersion of fragments is less than that of the American prototype, which means the fragment flux density is higher. An explosive charge is placed inside the case, and a layer of fragments is located at the front wall total mass about 1 kilogram. MON-50 is installed on four folding legs or mounted on a tree, wall, or metal pipe.
When installing a mine, using a simple “sight” it is aimed along the axis of the intended sector of destruction. The shock wave, of course, spreads both backwards and to the sides, so the mine is “dangerous” even outside the sector, which is taken into account when installing it. Fuses can be used of various types - electromechanical MVE-72, mechanical MUV-2 and MUV-4, electric detonator EDP-r. The latter receives a signal from the control panel, then a mine or a group of mines becomes a kind of salvo fire weapon in the hands of the operator.Directional mines are placed on the enemy's routes of movement, covering their positions and approaches to objects with them. They are considered very convenient for organizing booby traps. The number of fragments and the angle of their scattering are linked to the radius of continuous damage. Let's say, for the French F1 (APED), containing 500 fragments, it is 30 meters at an angle of 50°, for MON-50 (485 fragments) - 50 meters at an angle of 54°. For comparison, the OZM-160 guided jumping mine has a circular damage radius of up to 40 meters, but the mine itself weighs 85 kilograms, and its fragmentation projectile weighs 45.
More powerful models are also in service - say, MON-100 and MON-200. Their body in the form of a concave disk is suspended on a support. These mines are used only in a controlled version. When an MON-100 explodes, 400 fragments hit targets within a radius of up to 100 meters. In addition to manpower, these can be unarmored vehicles, and car tires, so heavy directed mines like MON-100 or FFV model “13” can also be considered anti-vehicle. There are also “homemade” products here. For example, Afghan dushmans made directed mines from shell casings, pouring pieces of metal on top of gunpowder, and using an electric igniter instead of a primer.
Mines are fire!“Controlled” mines (exploded at the request of the miner) appeared earlier than “automatic” mines. An example of a modern anti-personnel minefield control kit made up of OZM or MON type mines is the domestic UMP-3. The operator uses a control panel, from which 4 wire control lines go to 40 actuators installed on the minefield; mine electric detonators are connected to the actuators. UMP-3 allows you to control 80 mines at a range of up to 1 kilometer, carry out their selective explosion, quickly, in 5 seconds, bring the minefield into a combat position, and in 3 seconds transfer it to a safe position. True, such a set weighs 370 kilograms. The more portable (95 kilograms) Krab-IM kit allows you to control only 11 mines by wire at the same range.
More complicated will be the NVU-P (“Hunting”) proximity explosive device, which successfully underwent its baptism of fire back in Afghanistan. NVU-P allows the use of a group of five OZM-72 or MON-50 mines with remote control (from the MZU remote control, via wired lines) or autonomous control. In the latter case, the target sensor is a geophone (seismic vibration sensor). The signal from the geophone is processed by a logical device, which selects human steps from the entire spectrum and sends a signal to the distribution device, which detonates the first mine through a pin-type device mounted on the mine. If the footstep signal arrives again (the target is not hit or a new one has appeared), the second mine is detonated, and so on. With the detonation of the fifth mine, the device itself self-destructs. In addition, NVU-P provides long-range arming and self-destruction when batteries are discharged.
Modern technologies make it possible to advance much further in the organization and management of a minefield. Let's say the Scientific Research Mechanical Engineering Institute proposed an “engineering munition with a cluster warhead,” known as the M-225. Essentially, this is a cluster rocket, installed vertically in the ground and controlled remotely from a PU404P wired remote control (at a range of up to 4 kilometers) or a PU-404R radio remote control (up to 10). One remote control can control work for up to 100 minutes. Each of them is equipped with a combined target sensor, including a seismic sensor with logical selection of targets (machine or person), magnetic with selection by metal mass, thermal with selection by the amount of heat generated. The console, using its software and hardware, processes signals from mines and gives the operator recommendations: which mine or group of mines is more appropriate to explode. According to a signal sent from the remote control, the mine cover with a layer of soil is first torn off, then the jet engine lifts it to a height of 45-60 meters. Here, 40 combat cumulative fragmentation elements with belt stabilizers are scattered within a radius of 85-95 meters. When it hits the ground or a target, the element is detonated and hits either manpower with fragments within a radius of 17 meters, or a vehicle with a cumulative charge (the thickness of the armor being penetrated is up to 30 millimeters). Taking into account the possible set of combat elements, the mine can be considered anti-personnel, anti-vehicle, and anti-tank. The control panel sets the mines to combat duty or passive standby mode, self-destruction (by time or when communication with the control panel is lost), detonation (non-removable) or self-deactivation.
That is, the minefield turns into a “reconnaissance and barrage” complex - by analogy with missile and artillery reconnaissance and strike complexes.
(To be continued)
Anti-personnel mines are considered an inhumane means of warfare, but most states continue to actively use them. Main damaging factor This weapon - the soldier's fear of an invisible danger - stopped the advance of entire divisions. Cheap, cheerful and effective.
Here is a selection of the most dangerous anti-personnel mines in service with the Soviet, and now Russian army.
"Witch"
The OZM-72 fragmentation barrage mine was developed in the USSR back in the early 70s, but is still in service. This is a very insidious and dangerous weapon, belonging to the class of so-called bouncing mines. Structurally, it consists of a steel “glass”, an expelling charge and a warhead, which contains 660 grams of TNT and 2400 destructive elements. The “witch” is triggered after a careless soldier touches a tripwire with his foot. The expulsion charge throws the mine out of the “glass” vertically upward. Its detonation occurs at a height of 60 to 80 centimeters. The radius of continuous destruction of the OZM-72 is 25 meters. It is very difficult to remain unharmed after it explodes.Mines OZM-72
The “Witch” underwent a baptism of fire in Afghanistan, where mountain passes and gorges were mined. OZM-72 proved to be an effective and simple, but, unfortunately, illegible weapon. On April 20, 1984, during the Panjshir operation, the “Witch” was blown up by soldiers of the 345th Parachute Regiment. A single mine instantly killed 13 and wounded 14 people. It later turned out that it was installed by Soviet troops during a previous operation.
"Petal"
The PFM-1 Lepestok anti-personnel high-explosive mine is never installed on the ground manually. These small explosive devices, each weighing only 800 grams, are made of polyethylene and are scattered over the area using remote mining. In Afghanistan, Soviet Su-25 attack aircraft “seeded” problem areas with them. A brown or green silhouette 12 centimeters long and 6.5 centimeters wide cannot always be seen on the ground, especially in the dark.
"Butterfly" high-explosive anti-personnel mine PFM-1 ("Lepestok")
“Petal” is a cruel mine. 37 grams of explosives are not guaranteed to kill a person; the damage is caused by injuring the lower part of the leg. During the explosion, practically no lethal fragments are formed, with the exception of the metal parts of the mechanism in the central part of the mine. However, the foot is completely torn off. A unit that runs into a minefield quickly loses its combat effectiveness. The wounded person must be bandaged and taken to a safe place. It is hardly worth clarifying that the demoralizing factor of the insidious “Petal” is enormous.
"Monka"
The MON-50 targeted anti-personnel fragmentation mine was developed in the 1960s and 1970s and still remains one of the most effective. It can be installed on the ground, in snow, at entrances to premises, or mounted on trees. The mine is detonated by the operator from the control panel when an enemy appears in the affected sector or when the tension sensor of the fuse is touched. All living things in the sector at a horizon of 54 degrees and at a height of 15 centimeters to 4 meters are “mowed down” by 540 damaging elements.
Anti-personnel mine MON-50
MON-50 is ideal for organizing ambushes along the route of enemy columns. Seven hundred grams of explosives and hundreds of destructive elements can disable even an army truck. And in order to accurately calculate the sector of destruction, the miner can use a special sighting device in the upper part of the “monkey”.
"Black Widow"
The PMN pressure anti-personnel mine has been in service with engineering units of the Russian Army since 1950, as well as a number of CIS countries and foreign countries. The "Black Widow", as it was nicknamed by the US military during the Vietnam War, is a fairly powerful high-explosive mine. It is not equipped with destructive elements; damage to the target is caused by an explosive - 200 grams of TNT. The light weight of the product (550 grams) allows the sapper unit to stock up on these mines in reserve and quickly turn a wide area of terrain into an impassable “swamp” for enemy infantry.
PMN-1 anti-personnel mine produced in 1978
Detonation, as the name suggests, occurs when the mine cover is pressed. Such an explosion results in death or very serious injuries. This mine could be found in any country affected by armed conflict in the second half of the last century. It was the PMN that deprived the leg of one of the leaders of the Chechen bandit underground, Shamil Basayev, when he and his accomplices were breaking out of Grozny in January 2000.
"Edema"
Entered service in 1986. The tension-action anti-personnel fragmentation mine POM-2 “Otek”, like PFM-1, is installed on the ground using the remote mining method. The peculiarity of this weapon is its independent “character”. After the POM-2 falls to the ground, the process of bringing it into combat position begins, which lasts about a minute. First, the locks of six spring-loaded blades open, which, leaning to the sides of the body, lift it to a vertical position. Then, from the upper part of the body, four anchor weights are shot in different directions, pulling thin broken wires behind them. From this moment, the mine is in a combat position, and the countdown of combat operation time begins, which can range from 4 to 100 hours. After this time, the ammunition self-destructs.
POM-2
A mine explodes when any of the four wires breaks. The radius of continuous damage is up to 16 meters. POM-2 provides all-round engagement of targets. At the same time, it is impossible to remove it - “Swelling” is non-removable and non-neutralized.
Modern warfare is impossible without minefields. An anti-personnel mine is a reliable means of incapacitating enemy soldiers; in addition, they can be used to create areas of terrain that are completely impassable for infantry. For the first time they started talking about mines in XIV-XV centuries, then these were stone-throwing landmines.
Which entails the loss of a limb if a TS50 explodes or the death of a person if a PMN explodes. Later high-explosive mines are aimed specifically at incapacitating a person. It is believed that the wounding of one person requires delivery to a medical station, therefore delaying the enemy and weakening his forces by 1-2 people additionally.
Mines of this type can only be destroyed by detonation; removing anti-personnel landmines, which are quite often set to “non-removable”, is a very dangerous task. So, for example, the possibility of not removing PMN-type mines can be duplicated by installing a surprise MS-type mine next to or under it.
Characteristics of PMN, TS50 and M14
| Options | PMN (USSR-Russia) | TS50 (Italy) | M14 (USA) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Weight, g | 550 | 200 | 130 |
| Explosive mass, g | 200 | 52 | 30 |
| Overall dimensions, mm | 53x110 | 90x48 | 40x56 |
| Target sensor, mm | 100 | 48 | 38 |
PMD-6
Separately, it is worth noting the Soviet anti-personnel mine PMD-6, its peculiarity is the simplicity of the device. The mine is a wooden box with a hinged top lid; a TNT block weighing 200 grams is installed in it. into which an MUV type fuse with a T-shaped pin is screwed in.
When the mass impacts the mine cover, the side wall squeezes out the T-shaped pin and the fuse is triggered. Ammunition of this type can be mass-produced in any carpentry workshop; to complete them, only fuses and standard-type TNT blocks are enough. The same mine, but with a sealed casing, was called MKF.
PMP
Based on the principle of economy, the PMP mine was created, which is a 7.62 mm TT pistol cartridge, in a barrel, the cartridge itself is spring-loaded, with pressure on the target sensor, the hollow upper part of the cylinder cuts off the pin, the cartridge, under the action of a spring, falls down onto the tip of the striker, after which results in a shot being fired at the enemy’s foot. If necessary, the cartridge can be replaced with any other one.
The peculiarity of a wound from such a mine is that not only the bullet acts on the foot, but also powder gases and dirty fragments of shoes and soil enter the wound channel.
This subsequently leads to gangrene. This reliably incapacitates the enemy, and also requires several people to deliver him to the dressing station.
PFM-1
The PFM-1 high-explosive anti-foot mine is distributed by dropping from aircraft or dispersion from MLRS cluster shells. PFM is known as "Petal".
Liquid explosives are used as explosives; the power of the explosion is enough to concuss a limb even without a wound.
Fragmentation anti-personnel mines: device, methods of use
Fragmentation mines are activated both through direct action on the network of tripwires around the installed ammunition, and remotely using a radio fuse. Mines vary in their effect.
POMZ-2
The simplest version of fragmentation mines is POMZ-2 and POMZ-2M. This is a cast iron jacket with a ready-made notch, inside which a standard 75 g drill bit is inserted. In the lower part of the body there is a hole for a peg, on top there is a glass for placing an MUV tension fuse with a P-shaped pin.
The principle of operation of the fuse is similar to the action of the UZRGM fuse, but without a moderator. The fuse fires instantly. Currently, POMZ is not produced, but, like PMD, production of casings of this type of ammunition can be launched in a matter of days at any foundry.
MON
USSR anti-personnel mines of the MON series are best known in modern world, in fact, this is an analogue of the American Claymore, but with Soviet additions. The body is curved to direct the sheaf of fragments in the desired direction; the body has simplified sights and mustache legs for its installation. Depending on the range of damage there are:
- MON-50, destruction range 50 meters (actually 25-30);
- MON-90, a greatly enlarged and inconvenient version of the MON-50;
- MON-100, a directional mine designed to kill at a range of up to 100 meters. But given its mass and size (the basin is 23 centimeters in diameter, weight 5 kg), it is not the miners’ favorite item;
- MON-200, a monster in the mine kingdom, circumference 45 cm, weight 25 kg. Probably no one except the designers of this masterpiece can imagine how to disguise such a basin during installation.
Defeat due to fragments of the hull and ready-made submunitions located in the hull. Two types of striking elements are used - ball-like and roller-like fragments.
Balls – 540, rollers 485 on MON-50. It is installed with the curved part towards the enemy. Mines of this series can be installed using a radio fuse, or use conventional pull-action fuses.
OZM-72 or simply “Witch”
Fragmentation barrage mine, this is what this abbreviation stands for. When detonated, the ready-made submunitions make a noise similar to a whistle, hence the name. This ammunition was developed on the basis of German springmines or simply “frogs”.
When the fuse is triggered, the expelling charge is detonated first, the body flies up to a height of 1.5 meters above the ground, and only after that the main charge is triggered. A hail of shrapnel is falling all around; the OZM body contains 2,400 ready-made submunitions. OZM-4 is no longer currently in production.
Characteristics of OZM-72 and OZM-4
Enlarged versions OZM-160 and OZM-152 are also known, which are used in a controlled version. The warheads of these ammunition are 152 mm OFZ and 160 mm mortar mines.
Manual installation of this type of anti-personnel mines is extremely time-consuming, since placing them requires digging a well of decent depth.
Anti-personnel mines of the Russian army
POM-2
Cluster mounted anti-personnel fragmentation mine, also used for manual deployment. The device is similar to the OZM; it also has an expelling charge. Staging is carried out from cassettes, stabilization in flight is carried out due to perforated stabilizer flaps.
Manual installation only POM-2R. The weight of the mine is 1.5 kg, the mass of explosives is 140 grams, it can be damaged by fragments of a metal body and two types of ready-made submunitions. Similar to MON-50.
FOB, replacement for “The Witch”
To replace the OZM-72, a new anti-personnel fragmentation munition was developed, an analogue of the American M86, which seems to be not a mine.
The steel of the body was replaced with plastic, the damaging elements were in the form of flat rings with teeth stacked in the body around the explosive charge.
The expelling charge was transferred, this ensured a vertical position of the hull when rising above the ground. The lifting height was significantly reduced to 0.4-0.6 meters. The weight of the FOB is 2.3 kg, the mass of the explosive is 510 g.
Surprise mines type MS and ML
Mines designed specifically for catching sappers and curious people. All types of fuses are used. Contact, non-contact, vibration and electric induction triggered by the mine detector.
Mine ML-7
Used to install sapper ammunition in the “non-removable” position. The weight is only 100 grams, with a charge weight of 40. The type of target sensor is unloading, in other words, to trigger it, it is enough to remove a load weighing at least 300 grams from the sensor.
Using surprises is quite simple; under the body of an OZM or TM-57 it is enough to put a cocked ML-7, after the long-range cocking time has expired, the fuse is cocked and when the load is removed from the target sensor there will be an explosion, from which the mine being removed will most likely detonate .
MS-5, cigarette case mine
One of the rare booby traps that imitates a specific object. Weight 660 g, explosive weight – 110 g. Unloading type target sensor, reaction to opening a cigarette case or opening its lid.
ML-2 or MS-6M, sapper trap
Mines of this type have a fuse that reacts to the operation of the electromagnetic inductor of the metal detector, no further than 30 cm. The second version is MS-6Shch, with a contact target sensor. Weight 4.4 kg, with electric induction fuse 8.4 kg. Explosive mass – 1.2 kg.
It is used for organizing mine protection of strongholds and for mining anti-tank minefields that are of particular importance.
There is only one option to combat this type of mines. Do not pick up anything from the ground, even a box of matches or an empty magazine.
Conclusion
The mine is a defensive weapon, but extremely dangerous. Unlike bullets and shells, a mine can lie on alert for ten years, waiting in the wings. For this reason, a restriction on the development of this type of ammunition was adopted in Ottawa in December 1997.
But this, as we have seen, has not reduced the number of mines in the world. But at the same time, now mines are being improved, including with self-destruction systems, no one wants to have such a dangerous enemy in their land.
Video
By application they are divided into:
Anti-tank mines
Designed to destroy or disable armored vehicles, vehicles, etc. They are usually installed underground. They are triggered when a wheel or track hits them. Lately Mines are being widely developed and introduced into troops, having seismic, infrared and acoustic sensors and independently striking equipment with a shock charge within a radius of 100 - 150 meters, without hitting them.
Anti-personnel mines
Designed to defeat enemy personnel with shrapnel and shock waves. They are usually installed underground or on a stretched wire. They are triggered when you step on them with your foot (there are options when you remove your foot from them), or when you pull on the wire (for “trip wires”). Recently, mines have been widely developed and introduced into troops, having seismic, infrared and acoustic sensors and independently striking enemy personnel with a directed charge within a radius of 50 - 100 meters, without directly pressing them ( Russian complex"Hunting - 2M" is already successfully used by the troops).
Anti-landing mines
Designed to protect against enemy landings at likely landing sites. They are divided into sea and land. Naval anti-landing mines are designed to protect the coast. They are triggered when the bottoms of landing ships or floating vehicles touch them; the second option for detonation is the anchors of landing ships. Land mines are triggered when touched by a parachute. Land and some sea anti-landing mines have a special mast, when it deviates (under the weight of a parachute, when the bottom touches landing ships or floating vehicles) from its normal position, the mine is detonated.
So, a few of our mines...
MON - 50 (Fragmentation Directional Mine)
The Soviet anti-personnel mine MON-50 directed action is designed to destroy enemy personnel with fragments and a shock wave at a distance of up to 50 meters. The mine was developed on the basis of the American M18 Claymore mine, first used by the United States during the Vietnam War. Unlike the prototype, MON-50 has a more focused directional effect of dispersal of fragments due to a different vertical bending angle of the body.
The mine consists of a plastic body in the form of an inwardly curved rectangle on folding legs. At the top of the mine body there are two holes for installing fuses and a special peephole, looking through which the miner accurately determines the direction of the mine explosion.
Complete with MON-50, pull-action fuses, electric detonators for remote detonation and other devices for constructing mine traps are used. Inside the mine body, on the side of the explosion direction, there is a layer of ready-made lethal elements in the form of steel balls. At the bottom of the mine body there is a threaded hole into which a special clamp is screwed - a tripod (supplied in the kit), which is used to install the mine on various objects and surfaces (trees, walls, ceilings, etc.). There are also two brackets at the bottom on which the legs are attached. In the stowed position, they are folded under the body by turning.
Mine weight 2 kg
Explosive mass 0.7 kg
Mine body width 22.6 cm
Mine body height 9 cm
Mine body thickness 6.6 cm
Number of damaging elements 490 - 540 pcs.
Horizontal affected area 540
Vertical damage zone 4 meters
Damage zone at a range of 50 meters
Anti-landing mine PDM - 2
The PDM-2 anti-landing mine is designed to protect the coastal zone of seas, rivers and lakes from enemy landing craft overcoming water obstacles. Installed underwater on soil or silt.
The mine consists of a steel body in which a shaped explosive charge directed upward is placed, a mast fuse, a mast and a stand. The stand is collapsible and consists of a cross, stabilizing plates and cables. A mine detonation occurs when the mast is tilted towards the bottom of landing craft or amphibious vehicles.
Weight on low stand 100 kg
Weight on high stand 135 kg
Charge weight 15 kg
Height on low stand 1400 mm
Height on high stand 2700 mm
Installation depth 1.5 ... 3.8 meters
Explosion resistance 8 meters
Storm resistance up to 6 points
Floating river mine SRM
The SRM floatable river mine is designed to destroy floating and low-water bridges, as well as hydraulic structures.
Structurally, the SRM mine consists of a housing with an explosive charge, a float, six side and one central contactors, a safety device, a non-neutralization element, a self-liquidating device ChMV-16, a power source, an electric ignition device and a detonator capsule No. 8-A. The fuse is contact, electromechanical.
The mine is installed from the shore, floating craft or helicopter. The mine is lowered into the water upstream from the object that needs to be destroyed. Next, the current carries the mine, kept afloat under water by its own floats, to the target. When a mine touches an object, an explosion occurs.
Diameter 310 mm
Height without rod 580 mm
Height with rod 1800 ... 2400 mm
Weight 40 kg
Charge weight 20 kg
The permissible river depth is at least 1.5 meters
Allowable river flow speed 0.3 m/sec
Anchor river mine YARM
The YARM anchor river mine is designed to protect the coastal zone of seas, rivers and lakes from enemy landing craft overcoming water obstacles. It consists of a housing with an explosive charge, a mechanical fuse VRM with a cross, an anchor with a mechanism for automatically setting it to a given depth. The mine is installed underwater from watercraft. After setting the anchor to the bottom, the cable automatically unwinds and the mine floats to the specified depth.
Diameter 275 mm
Height 510 mm
Weight 13 kg
Charge weight 3 kg
Installation depth 1 ... 12 m
Explosion resistance of at least 12 meters
Allowable current speed 1 m/sec
PVM (Anti-Helicopter Mine)
The PVM mine (Anti-Helicopter Mine) is designed to destroy enemy helicopters and low-flying aircraft with a high-speed strike core. Developed by FKP GkNIPAS. Serves to protect military and civilian objects from helicopter attacks, to protect areas of the sea coast where helicopter landings are possible, to protect minefields from helicopter mine clearance, to block the runways of enemy airfields, to block places where alternate airfields or dispersal airfields can be deployed, psychological influencing a helicopter pilot to force him to fly at high altitudes.
The PVM mine consists of an acoustic system, a multi-frequency IR sensor and a warhead. The mine, using an acoustic system, detects a target at a distance of up to 1 kilometer and deploys combat unit towards the target, and, scanning using a multi-frequency IR sensor, determines the true direction to the target and the moment of detonation of the warhead. The charge is aimed at the upper hemisphere of the helicopter (on the engine and blades). The mine can be installed either manually or using ground or air delivery vehicles. The mine for aircraft delivery vehicles has not four, but six stabilizing petals for precise installation in the vertical plane. When carrying and transporting mines, the petals are pressed against the warhead of the mine and serve as a case - a case.
Curb weight 12 kg
Target detection range up to 1000 meters
Target speed up to 100 m/sec
Transition time to active mode 15 sec
Damage range up to 150 meters
The speed of the striking element is up to 2500 m/sec
Anti-tank mine PTM-3
The PTM-3 anti-tank mine is designed for remote mining of terrain against enemy tanks and other armored vehicles. It is housed in a KPTM-3 cassette and consists of a steel body, an explosive charge and a fuse. Installed by aviation and artillery remote mining systems, UMZ minelayer and PKM portable mining kit. To detonate a mine, a non-contact magnetic fuse with a self-destructor and a long-range cocking timer is used.
Diameter of cassette with mine 140 mm
Length of cassette with mine 180 mm
Weight of cassette with mine 7.4 kg
Mine weight 4.9 kg
Charge weight 1.8 kg
Long-range mine cocking time 60 ... 100 sec
Self-destruction time 8 ... 24 h
Temperature range of application - 40 ... +50 C
Anti-tank mine TM - 62M
The TM-62M anti-tank mine is designed for mining terrain against enemy tanks and other armored vehicles. Installed manually or using mechanized mining equipment.
It consists of a steel case with an explosive charge placed in it, and a contact or non-contact fuse. To detonate a mine, the following fuses are used: MVCh - 62, MVZ - 62, MVSh -62, MVD - 62, MVN - 80. The fuse is screwed into the hole on top of the mine body. In the stowed position, this hole is closed with a plastic cover. The mine has increased resistance to shock waves nuclear explosion and the explosion of mine clearance charges.
Diameter 320 mm
Height 128 mm
Weight 9.5 ... 10 kg
Charge weight 7.0 ... 7 kg
Temperature range of application ±50 C
Anti-landing mine PDM - 1M
Charge weight 10 kg
Length 280 mm
Width 115 mm
Height 75 mm
Mine weight 3 kg
Charge weight 1 kg
The force of attraction of the mine to the steel sheet is 400 ... 600 N
Installation depth in water up to 10 meters
Temperature range of application ± 40 C
Anti-tank mine TM - 83
The TM-83 anti-tank mine is designed to destroy enemy tanks and other armored vehicles. TM-83 was adopted by the Russian Army in 1983.
Structurally, the TM-83 mine consists of a wooden platform, a directed shaped charge, seismic, acoustic and thermal sensors. The mine is a non-contact mine and is installed in tank-hazardous areas. When tanks and other armored vehicles approach, a seismic sensor detects their appearance and the mine switches from standby mode to combat mode. Next, acoustic and thermal sensors calculate the speed and direction of movement of the tank and, when the tank passes at a distance of less than 50 meters from the mine, the warhead of the mine, consisting of a directed shaped charge, is detonated.
Height 670 mm
Length 455 mm
Width 377 mm
Weight 20.4 kg
Charge weight 9.6 kg
Damage range up to 50 meters
Temperature range of use -30 ... +50 C
